EP3214370A1 - Method and apparatus for burning solid organic fuels - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for burning solid organic fuels Download PDFInfo
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- EP3214370A1 EP3214370A1 EP17157320.7A EP17157320A EP3214370A1 EP 3214370 A1 EP3214370 A1 EP 3214370A1 EP 17157320 A EP17157320 A EP 17157320A EP 3214370 A1 EP3214370 A1 EP 3214370A1
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- Prior art keywords
- combustion
- sensors
- exhaust gas
- temperature
- phase
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 14
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 logs Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000007829 Haematoxylum campechianum Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004868 gas analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N3/00—Regulating air supply or draught
- F23N3/002—Regulating air supply or draught using electronic means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
- F23N5/006—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties the detector being sensitive to oxygen
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N2223/00—Signal processing; Details thereof
- F23N2223/44—Optimum control
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for its implementation for the combustion of solid organic fuels in a domestic combustion system, wherein the combustion process is controlled by sensors at different combustion phases by means of a control of at least one air supply device depending on a composition of the exhaust gas of the house heating system.
- Furnace systems especially domestic combustion systems are used for heat generation for heating, hot water preparation and the like in buildings by means of solid organic fuels such as logs, pellets, wood chips and the like.
- the ignition takes place as the ignition of the fuel at the beginning of supply of air by means of an air supply.
- the combustion temperature increases within the ignition phase.
- the ignition phase goes into a high-temperature phase, which merges with discontinuous feeding a home heating system, for example in a log wood stove after burning of the combustible material in a burn-out.
- there are different combustion conditions for the fuel which each lead to a different energy yield and exhaust gas composition.
- the pollutant emission can serve as a control parameter for the control of the domestic heating system.
- the first supply device is controlled in the ignition phase as a function of the combustion temperature and in the high-temperature phase as a function of the temperature and a content of oxygen in the exhaust gas.
- the second air supply device is controlled by the temperature and the content of afterburnable reaction products in the exhaust gas.
- a single sensor is used, which forms a sum signal for all nachverbrennbaren gases, ie carbon monoxide, oxidizable hydrocarbons and the like.
- the object of the invention is the advantageous development of a method and a device for burning solid organic fuels.
- the object of the invention is to reduce the emission of pollutants of a furnace, in particular a domestic heating system.
- the proposed method is for the combustion of solid organic fuels in a furnace, in particular a domestic heating system.
- Furnace systems may be burners or furnaces such as tiled stoves, so-called Swedish stoves or the like.
- the fuel may occasionally be provided as firewood, for example for batch charging or as pellets, wood chips or the like for continuous charging.
- the combustion process can be controlled by means of the control device during different firing phases by means of a controlled by a composition of the exhaust gas and the furnace and optionally the combustion temperature air supply.
- at least two exhaust gas sensors detecting sensors for detecting components of the exhaust gas in the exhaust stream and at least one temperature sensor are provided, wherein the residual oxygen present in the exhaust gas can be determined by means of an oxygen sensor.
- a temperature sensor may be provided for detecting the combustion temperature. This can be arranged directly on the fuel bed or in the exhaust gas space, for example in a secondary combustion chamber of a domestic combustion system with afterburning of the exhaust gases. Alternatively, the combustion temperature can be deduced, for example, from empirically determined properties of the combustion chamber from measured values of a remote temperature sensor arranged, for example, in the exhaust gas space.
- Semiconductor sensors for example, tin dioxide sensors, high-temperature gas sensors such as, for example, mixed potential sensors operating according to the mixed potential principle, calorimetric sensors and / or the like may be provided as sensors for determining contents of different components of the exhaust gas composition.
- the Sensors can be operated continuously or with clocked measuring. For example, one or more sensors can be operated during a single measurement with a temperature profile.
- Such sensors usually have cross-sensitivities between the exhaust gases of the combustion plant such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon, for example saturated hydrocarbons such as methane, unsaturated hydrocarbons such as ethene and other partially oxidized hydrocarbons having functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and the like , If a single sensor is used, a sum signal results over all components in each firing phase, so that a regulation for exhaust minimization is relatively inaccurate. Furthermore, it has been found that the exhaust gas composition varies in a characteristic manner over the firing phases. It is therefore proposed to use a plurality, preferably two, sensors and to combine their measuring signals into a manipulated variable of the at least one air supply device.
- Combination here means any mathematical combination such as addition, product formation and the like.
- the cross-sensitivity of the sensors is exploited in such a way that sensors are used which have a different cross-sensitivity to carbon monoxide and the hydrocarbons occurring in the exhaust gas.
- one sensor is weighted with respect to the one or more other sensors in the formation of the manipulated variable which has the greater sensitivity in the corresponding combustion phase, ie the greater sensitivity to the gas components frequently occurring in this combustion phase.
- a control variable for the at least one air supply device is formed from a combination of measurement signals of at least two sensors, for example carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons or two or more different hydrocarbons of different cross-sensitive sensors, wherein the measurement signals of the individual sensors are weighted differently depending on the firing phase.
- phase-selective weighting factors can take place over the intended firing phases.
- the ignition phase preferably readily volatile, preferably nachverbrennbare, for example unsaturated hydrocarbons such as ethene and the like, aldehydes, alcohols and the like arise during combustion, while in the high-temperature phase mainly carbon monoxide and methane.
- the second sensor with higher weighting and in the high-temperature phase with lower weighting with respect to the first sensor and the first sensor in the high-temperature phase is advantageously in a continuous fuel-fired furnace with two divided into an ignition phase and a high-temperature phase combustion phases in the ignition phase higher and in the ignition phase with a lower weighting compared to the second sensor to form in combination the manipulated variable.
- the signals of the at least two sensors in each combustion phase can be weighted differently, that is to say phase-specifically for forming the manipulated variable.
- the transition of the individual combustion phases into one another are determined system-specifically, for example on the basis of fixed or combustion-dependent measured variables.
- the course of a time interval started on ignition can be provided.
- a temperature threshold above or below the combustion temperature or exhaust gas temperature can be provided as a parameter for establishing a transition between the ignition phase and the high-temperature phase and / or between the high-temperature phase and / or the burn-out phase.
- a temperature gradient below a temperature gradient for determining a transition between the ignition phase and the high-temperature phase can be provided as the measured variable, while a transition from the high-temperature phase into the burn-out phase can be detected by means of a temperature gradient exceeding a temperature gradient threshold.
- a transition between the different firing phases can be detected by means of the measuring signals of the sensors themselves, for example by evaluating absolute values of these.
- a measuring signal of a sensor that is more sensitive to carbon monoxide falls below a predefined threshold and / or if a measuring signal of a sensor that is more sensitive to unsaturated hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes or the like falls below a predetermined threshold, then Transition from the ignition phase are detected in the high-temperature phase and a change in the weighting of the manipulated variable of the at least one air supply means combined measurement signals of the individual sensors are made.
- the latter may have a primary combustion chamber with a first air supply device and a secondary combustion chamber connected thereto with a second air supply device, wherein the first air supply device depends on the combustion temperature and the second air supply device at least in the ignition phase by means of the proposed manipulated variable is controlled from the at least two sensors with depending on the focal phase weighted measurement signals.
- the first air supply device in the high-temperature phase and in the burn-out phase can be regulated as a function of the combustion temperature and depending on the oxygen content of the exhaust gas.
- an oxygen sensor for example a potentiometrically operated sensor, for example a lambda probe, an amperometrically operated electrochemical sensor, a paramagnetically measuring sensor or an optical, fluorescence quenching or absorption-measuring oxygen sensor
- the manipulated variable can be formed as a function of further parameters, for example an oxygen content in the exhaust gas, the combustion temperature, the temperature in the secondary combustion chamber and / or the like. It is understood that other, technically trained combustion systems are included, for example, with three or more combustion air streams of the invention.
- the proposed device is used to carry out the proposed method and includes a furnace, in particular a domestic furnace with at least one feed opening for supplying solid, isolated organic fuel to a fuel bed such as a grate, at least one air supply, an exhaust area for the removal of combustion gas and at least two to various exhaust gas components, for example to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon cross-sensitive sensors.
- the sensors can be accommodated individually, that is to say in each case housed in a separate housing in the exhaust gas space.
- at least the at least two sensors can be combined to form a sensor array. This means that the individual sensory-active surface layers can be accommodated in a single common housing or in each case a sensor with a surface layer is accommodated in a separate housing and the housings are accommodated in a surrounding housing.
- the sensor array is housed in the exhaust chamber.
- the sensors are integrated in parallel or serially in a line system, transported via which line system exhaust gas, for example sucked or pumped through, the sensors and then is discharged into the open or in the exhaust stream.
- the proposed device contains at least one sensor with a higher cross-sensitivity to carbon monoxide as compared to the other combustion gases and another sensor with a higher cross-sensitivity to hydrocarbons than carbon monoxide.
- the regulation of the air supply device for a supply of air for example, in a primary combustion chamber and / or secondary combustion chamber, for example by means of a control of a valve for supplying air, a flow control of the supply air or the like may be provided.
- This shows a sequence routine for determining the manipulated variable for a furnace on the basis of a domestic heating system.
- the sequence routine 1 is used to determine the manipulated variable SG from two measurement signals M (S1), M (S2) depending on two combustion phases of a domestic combustion system based on the temperature T, for example, the combustion temperature or the exhaust gas temperature in a secondary combustion chamber.
- the manipulated variable SG is used in the illustrated embodiment, the regulation of the air supply in the secondary combustion chamber of the house heating system.
- the sequence routine 1 is started with the block 2 and terminated with the block 3 after a corresponding interrupt.
- the measurement signals M (S1), M (S2) of two with respect to the exhaust gas components to be detected house heating system cross-sensitive sensors, such as a carbon monoxide sensor with the measurement signal M (S1) and a hydrocarbon sensor with the measurement signal M (S2) and the temperature T, for example, detects the combustion temperature.
- the temperature T for example the combustion temperature or the temperature in the secondary combustion chamber is queried, for example, based on under- or exceeded temperature thresholds, as to whether the combustion phase BP is the ignition phase ZP. If this is not the case, it is the high-temperature phase and block 6 is selected. It is known in advance, for example from the empirically determined behavior of the domestic combustion plant, that in the high-temperature phase the content of carbon monoxide is of overriding importance and the content of hydrocarbons is insignificant.
- the weighting factor K (S1) for the measurement signal M (S1) is therefore chosen larger than the weighting factor K (S2) for the measurement signal M (S2).
- the weighting factor K (S1) is made smaller than the weighting factor K (S2), since for the composition of the exhaust gas the content of hydrocarbons in the ignition phase ZP has the greater importance. It should be noted that in the ignition phase already contents of carbon monoxide can occur, which are greater than the contents of hydrocarbons, so that a corresponding weighting of the measurement signal M (S2) of the hydrocarbon sensor is of particular advantage for the determination of the exhaust gas quality.
- the determined measurement signals M (S1), M (S2), the determined weighting factors K (S1), K (S2) and the temperature T are combined to the control signal SG in a mathematical combination.
- the manipulated variable SG is output to the device for controlling the domestic heating system and the sequence routine 1 is restarted in the absence of an interrupt with block 4.
- the manipulated variable SG can be adapted to the combustion process and to the domestic combustion system by means of further parameters, for example calibration parameters, shape parameters and / or the like, as well as application-specific parameters.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)
- Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zu dessen Durchführung zur Verbrennung von festen organischen Brennstoffen in einer Hausfeuerungsanlage, wobei der Verbrennungsvorgang während verschiedener Brennphasen (BP) mittels einer Steuerung zumindest einer Luftzufuhreinrichtung abhängig von einer chemischen Zusammensetzung des Abgases der Hausfeuerungsanlage mittels Sensoren geregelt wird. Um den Schadgasausstoß der Hausfeuerungsanlage weiter zu verringern, wird aus einer Kombination von Messsignalen (M(S1), MS2)) zumindest zweier auf Abgaskomponenten unterschiedlich querempfindlicher Sensoren eine Stellgröße (SG) für die zumindest eine Luftzufuhreinrichtung gebildet, wobei die Messsignale (M(S1), M(S2)) der einzelnen Sensoren abhängig von der Brennphase (BP) unterschiedlich gewichtet werden. The invention relates to a method and a device for its implementation for the combustion of solid organic fuels in a domestic combustion system, wherein the combustion process is controlled by means of sensors during different firing phases (BP) by means of a control of at least one air supply device depending on a chemical composition of the exhaust gas of the domestic heating system. In order to further reduce the emission of pollutants from the domestic heating system, a control variable (SG) for the at least one air supply device is formed from a combination of measuring signals (M (S1), MS2)) of at least two sensors which are different in cross-sensitivity to exhaust gas components, the measuring signals (M (S1 ), M (S2)) of the individual sensors are weighted differently depending on the firing phase (BP).
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zu dessen Durchführung zur Verbrennung von festen organischen Brennstoffen in einer Hausfeuerungsanlage, wobei der Verbrennungsvorgang während verschiedener Brennphasen mittels einer Steuerung zumindest einer Luftzufuhreinrichtung abhängig von einer Zusammensetzung des Abgases der Hausfeuerungsanlage mittels Sensoren geregelt wird.The invention relates to a method and a device for its implementation for the combustion of solid organic fuels in a domestic combustion system, wherein the combustion process is controlled by sensors at different combustion phases by means of a control of at least one air supply device depending on a composition of the exhaust gas of the house heating system.
Feuerungsanlagen, insbesondere Hausfeuerungsanlagen dienen der Wärmegewinnung für Heizung, Warmwasserzubereitung und dergleichen in Gebäuden mittels organischer fester Brennstoffe wie beispielsweise Stückholz, Pellets, Hackschnitzeln und dergleichen. Zu Beginn des Verbrennungsprozesses erfolgt die Entzündung wie Anzünden des Brennstoffs bei beginnender Zufuhr von Luft mittels einer Luftzufuhreinrichtung. Nach dem Zünden des Brennstoffs erhöht sich die Verbrennungstemperatur innerhalb der Zündphase. Bei oder kurz vor Erreichen einer Maximaltemperatur geht die Zündphase in eine Hochtemperaturphase über, die bei diskontinuierlicher Beschickung einer Hausfeuerungsanlage, beispielsweise bei einem Stückholzofen nach Abbrand des Brennguts in eine Ausbrandphase übergeht. In den einzelnen Brennphasen liegen unterschiedliche Verbrennungsbedingungen für den Brennstoff vor, die jeweils zu einer unterschiedlichen Energieausbeute und Abgaszusammensetzung führen.Furnace systems, especially domestic combustion systems are used for heat generation for heating, hot water preparation and the like in buildings by means of solid organic fuels such as logs, pellets, wood chips and the like. At the beginning of the combustion process, the ignition takes place as the ignition of the fuel at the beginning of supply of air by means of an air supply. After ignition of the fuel, the combustion temperature increases within the ignition phase. At or shortly before reaching a maximum temperature, the ignition phase goes into a high-temperature phase, which merges with discontinuous feeding a home heating system, for example in a log wood stove after burning of the combustible material in a burn-out. In the individual combustion phases, there are different combustion conditions for the fuel, which each lead to a different energy yield and exhaust gas composition.
Zur Verminderung der Abgasbelastung und Steuerung einer Energieausbeute erfolgt daher eine Steuerung der Zufuhr von Luft mittels Regelgrößen, beispielsweise der Verbrennungstemperatur und der zugeführten Luftmenge. Zusätzlich kann die Schadstoffemission als Regelparameter für die Steuerung der Hausfeuerungsanlage dienen. Beispielsweise ist aus der
Desweiteren ist aus
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist die vorteilhafte Weiterbildung eines Verfahrens und einer Vorrichtung zur Verbrennung von festen organischen Brennstoffen. Insbesondere ist Aufgabe der Erfindung, den Schadstoffausstoß einer Feuerungsanlage, insbesondere einer Hausfeuerungsanlage zu verringern.The object of the invention is the advantageous development of a method and a device for burning solid organic fuels. In particular, the object of the invention is to reduce the emission of pollutants of a furnace, in particular a domestic heating system.
Die Aufgabe wird durch das Verfahren des Anspruchs 1 und die Vorrichtung des Anspruchs 7 gelöst. Die von dem Anspruch 1 beziehungsweise dem Anspruch 7 abhängigen Ansprüche geben vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen des Verfahrens beziehungsweise der Vorrichtung wieder.The object is achieved by the method of
Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren dient der Verbrennung von festen organischen Brennstoffen in einer Feuerungsanlage, insbesondere einer Hausfeuerungsanlage. Feuerungsanlagen können Brennkessel oder Öfen wie beispielsweise Kachelöfen, sogenannte Schwedenöfen oder dergleichen sein. Der Brennstoff kann vereinzelt als Stückholz, beispielsweise zur diskontinuierlichen Beschickung oder als Pellets, Hackschnitzel oder dergleichen zur kontinuierlichen Beschickung vorgesehen sein. Der Verbrennungsvorgang kann mittels der Steuereinrichtung während verschiedener Brennphasen mittels einer von einer Zusammensetzung des Abgases und der Feuerungsanlage und gegebenenfalls der Verbrennungstemperatur geregelten Luftzufuhr geregelt werden. Hierzu sind zumindest zwei Abgaskomponenten erfassende Sensoren zur Ermittlung von Komponenten des Abgases im Abgasstrom und zumindest ein Temperaturfühler vorgesehen, wobei der im Abgas vorhandene Restsauerstoff mittels eines Sauerstoffsensors ermittelt werden kann. Weiterhin kann ein Temperaturfühler zur Erfassung der Verbrennungstemperatur vorgesehen sein. Dieser kann direkt am Brennbett oder im Abgasraum, beispielsweise in einer Sekundärbrennkammer einer Hausfeuerungsanlage mit Nachverbrennung der Abgase angeordnet sein. Alternativ kann aus beispielsweise empirisch ermittelten Eigenschaften des Brennraums die Verbrennungstemperatur aus Messwerten eines entfernt, beispielsweise im Abgasraum angeordneten Temperaturfühlers rückgeschlossen werden.The proposed method is for the combustion of solid organic fuels in a furnace, in particular a domestic heating system. Furnace systems may be burners or furnaces such as tiled stoves, so-called Swedish stoves or the like. The fuel may occasionally be provided as firewood, for example for batch charging or as pellets, wood chips or the like for continuous charging. The combustion process can be controlled by means of the control device during different firing phases by means of a controlled by a composition of the exhaust gas and the furnace and optionally the combustion temperature air supply. For this purpose, at least two exhaust gas sensors detecting sensors for detecting components of the exhaust gas in the exhaust stream and at least one temperature sensor are provided, wherein the residual oxygen present in the exhaust gas can be determined by means of an oxygen sensor. Furthermore, a temperature sensor may be provided for detecting the combustion temperature. This can be arranged directly on the fuel bed or in the exhaust gas space, for example in a secondary combustion chamber of a domestic combustion system with afterburning of the exhaust gases. Alternatively, the combustion temperature can be deduced, for example, from empirically determined properties of the combustion chamber from measured values of a remote temperature sensor arranged, for example, in the exhaust gas space.
Als Sensoren zur Ermittlung von Gehalten unterschiedlicher Komponenten der Abgaszusammensetzung können beispielsweise Halbleitersensoren, beispielsweise Zinndioxidsensoren, Hochtemperaturgassensoren wie beispielsweise nach dem Mischpotentialprinzip arbeitende Mischpotentialsensoren, kalorimetrische Sensoren und/oder dergleichen vorgesehen sein. Die Sensoren können kontinuierlich oder getaktet messend betrieben werden. Beispielsweise können ein oder mehrere Sensoren während einzelnen Messvorgängen mit einem Temperaturprofil betrieben werden. Derartige Sensoren weisen in der Regel Querempfindlichkeiten zwischen den im Abgas der Feuerungsanlage vorkommenden Abgasen wie beispielsweise Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlenwasserstoff, beispielsweise gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe wie beispielsweise Methan, ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe wie beispielsweise Ethen sowie weitere teiloxidierte Kohlenwasserstoffe mit funktionellen Gruppen wie beispielsweise Alkohole, Aldehyde, Ketone und dergleichen auf. Wird dabei ein einziger Sensor eingesetzt, ergibt sich ein Summensignal über alle Komponenten in jeder Brennphase, so dass eine Regelung zur Abgasminimierung relativ ungenau ist. Desweiteren hat sich gezeigt, dass die Abgaszusammensetzung über die Brennphasen in charakteristischer Art und Weise varüert. Es wird daher vorgeschlagen, mehrere, bevorzugt zwei Sensoren einzusetzen und deren Messsignale zu einer Stellgröße der zumindest einen Luftzufuhreinrichtung zu kombinieren. Unter Kombination ist hierbei jede mathematische Verknüpfung wie beispielsweise Addition, Produktbildung und dergleichen zu verstehen. In besonders vorteilhafter Weise wird dabei die Querempfindlichkeit der Sensoren in der Weise ausgenutzt, dass Sensoren verwendet werden, die eine unterschiedliche Querempfindlichkeit gegenüber Kohlenmonoxid und den im Abgas auftretenden Kohlenwasserstoffen aufweisen.Semiconductor sensors, for example, tin dioxide sensors, high-temperature gas sensors such as, for example, mixed potential sensors operating according to the mixed potential principle, calorimetric sensors and / or the like may be provided as sensors for determining contents of different components of the exhaust gas composition. The Sensors can be operated continuously or with clocked measuring. For example, one or more sensors can be operated during a single measurement with a temperature profile. Such sensors usually have cross-sensitivities between the exhaust gases of the combustion plant such as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon, for example saturated hydrocarbons such as methane, unsaturated hydrocarbons such as ethene and other partially oxidized hydrocarbons having functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and the like , If a single sensor is used, a sum signal results over all components in each firing phase, so that a regulation for exhaust minimization is relatively inaccurate. Furthermore, it has been found that the exhaust gas composition varies in a characteristic manner over the firing phases. It is therefore proposed to use a plurality, preferably two, sensors and to combine their measuring signals into a manipulated variable of the at least one air supply device. Combination here means any mathematical combination such as addition, product formation and the like. In a particularly advantageous manner, the cross-sensitivity of the sensors is exploited in such a way that sensors are used which have a different cross-sensitivity to carbon monoxide and the hydrocarbons occurring in the exhaust gas.
Gleichzeitig wird zur besseren Steuerung der Verbrennung in den einzelnen Brennphasen jeweils ein Sensor gegenüber dem oder den anderen Sensoren bei der Bildung der Stellgröße gewichtet, der in der entsprechenden Brennphase die größere Sensitivität, also die größere Empfindlichkeit gegenüber den in dieser Brennphase gehäuft auftretenden Gaskomponenten aufweist. Dies bedeutet, dass aus einer Kombination von Messsignalen zumindest zweier beispielsweise auf Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlenwasserstoffe oder zwei oder mehrere unterschiedliche Kohlenwasserstoffe unterschiedlich querempfindlicher Sensoren eine Stellgröße für die zumindest eine Luftzufuhreinrichtung gebildet wird, wobei die Messsignale der einzelnen Sensoren abhängig von der Brennphase unterschiedlich gewichtet werden. Zur Festlegung kann beispielsweise einmalig vor einer Erstinbetriebnahme der Feuerungsanlage bei festgelegtem Brennstoff beziehungsweise bei der Auslegung einer Feuerungsanlage brennphasenspezifisch eine Abgasanalyse vorgenommen werden. Hieraus kann einerseits eine Auswahl geeigneter Sensoren und andererseits die Festlegung der phasenselektiven Wichtungsfaktoren über die vorgesehenen Brennphasen erfolgen. Beispielsweise hat sich gezeigt, dass in der Zündphase bevorzugt leicht flüchtige, bevorzugt nachverbrennbare, beispielsweise ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe wie Ethen und dergleichen, Aldehyde, Alkohole und dergleichen bei der Verbrennung entstehen, während in der Hochtemperaturphase vorwiegend Kohlenmonoxid und Methan entstehen. Es wird daher vorgeschlagen, zumindest einen für Kohlenmonoxid höher sensitiven, das heißt gegenüber den anderen Komponenten weniger querempfindlichen ersten Sensor und zumindest einen insbesondere für nicht gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe und/oder Alkohole, Aldehyde und/oder dergleichen höher sensitiven, das heißt, gegenüber Kohlenmonoxid weniger querempfindlichen zweiten Sensor einzusetzen, um die Gehalts- wie beispielsweise Konzentrationsbestimmung der gasförmigen Abgaskomponenten in den verschiedenen Brennphasen genauer bestimmen zu können.At the same time, in order to better control the combustion in the individual combustion phases, one sensor is weighted with respect to the one or more other sensors in the formation of the manipulated variable which has the greater sensitivity in the corresponding combustion phase, ie the greater sensitivity to the gas components frequently occurring in this combustion phase. This means that a control variable for the at least one air supply device is formed from a combination of measurement signals of at least two sensors, for example carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons or two or more different hydrocarbons of different cross-sensitive sensors, wherein the measurement signals of the individual sensors are weighted differently depending on the firing phase. In order to determine, for example, once prior to commissioning of the firing system at a fixed fuel or in the design of a furnace combustion phase specific an exhaust gas analysis can be made. From this, on the one hand, a selection of suitable sensors and, on the other hand, the determination of the phase-selective weighting factors can take place over the intended firing phases. For example, it has been found that in the ignition phase preferably readily volatile, preferably nachverbrennbare, for example unsaturated hydrocarbons such as ethene and the like, aldehydes, alcohols and the like arise during combustion, while in the high-temperature phase mainly carbon monoxide and methane. It is therefore proposed to have at least one for carbon monoxide highly sensitive, that is compared to the other components less cross-sensitive first sensor and at least one especially for non-saturated hydrocarbons and / or alcohols, aldehydes and / or the like higher sensitive, that is, less sensitive to carbon monoxide second sensor to use the salary as For example, to be able to more accurately determine concentration determination of the gaseous exhaust gas components in the different firing phases.
Hierbei wird in vorteilhafter Weise in einer kontinuierlich mit Brennstoff beschickten Feuerungsanlage mit zwei in eine Zündphase und eine Hochtemperaturphase gegliederten Brennphasen in der Zündphase der zweite Sensor mit höherer Wichtung und in der Hochtemperaturphase mit geringerer Wichtung gegenüber dem ersten Sensor und der erste Sensor in der Hochtemperaturphase mit höherer und in der Zündphase mit geringerer Wichtung gegenüber dem zweiten Sensor versehen, um in Kombination die Stellgröße zu bilden.In this case, the second sensor with higher weighting and in the high-temperature phase with lower weighting with respect to the first sensor and the first sensor in the high-temperature phase is advantageously in a continuous fuel-fired furnace with two divided into an ignition phase and a high-temperature phase combustion phases in the ignition phase higher and in the ignition phase with a lower weighting compared to the second sensor to form in combination the manipulated variable.
Entsprechend können in einer diskontinuierlich mit Brennstoff beschickten Feuerungsanlage mit drei in eine Zündphase, eine Hochtemperaturphase und eine Ausbrandphase gegliederten Brennphasen die Signale der zumindest zwei Sensoren in jeder Brennphase unterschiedlich, das heißt phasenspezifisch zur Bildung der Stellgröße gewichtet sein.Correspondingly, in a firing system charged discontinuously with fuel, with three combustion phases divided into an ignition phase, a high-temperature phase and a burn-out phase, the signals of the at least two sensors in each combustion phase can be weighted differently, that is to say phase-specifically for forming the manipulated variable.
Der Übergang der einzelnen Brennphasen ineinander, beispielsweise der Übergang von der Zündphase in die Hochtemperaturphase und der Übergang von der Hochtemperaturphase in die Ausbrandphase werden systemspezifisch beispielsweise anhand fester oder vom Verbrennungsverlauf abhängiger Messgrößen ermittelt. Beispielsweise kann zur Ermittlung des Übergangs zwischen Zündphase und Hochtemperaturphase der Ablauf eines bei Zündung gestarteten Zeitintervalls vorgesehen sein. Weiterhin kann eine eine Temperaturschwelle über- beziehungsweise unterschreitende Verbrennungstemperatur oder Abgastemperatur als Messgröße zur Festlegung eines Übergangs zwischen Zündphase und Hochtemperaturphase und/oder zwischen Hochtemperaturphase und/oder Ausbrandphase vorgesehen werden. Weiterhin kann als Messgröße ein eine Temperaturgradientenschwelle unterschreitender Temperaturgradient zur Festlegung eines Übergangs zwischen Zündphase und Hochtemperaturphase vorgesehen sein, während ein Übergang von der Hochtemperaturphase in die Ausbrandphase mittels eines eine Temperaturgradientenschwelle überschreitenden Temperaturgradienten erkannt werden kann. Alternativ oder zusätzlich kann ein Übergang zwischen den verschiedenen Brennphasen mittels der Messsignale der Sensoren selbst erkannt werden, indem beispielsweise Absolutwerte dieser ausgewertet werden. Unterschreitet beispielsweise ein Messsignal eines auf Kohlenmonoxid höher sensitiven Sensors eine vorgegebene Schwelle und/oder unterschreitet ein Messsignal eines auf ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffe, Alkohole, Aldehyde oder dergleichen höher sensitiven Sensors eine vorgegebene Schwelle, kann ein Übergang von der Zündphase in die Hochtemperaturphase erkannt werden und eine Änderung der Wichtung der zu der Stellgröße der zumindest einen Luftzufuhreinrichtung kombinierten Messsignale der einzelnen Sensoren vorgenommen werden.The transition of the individual combustion phases into one another, for example the transition from the ignition phase into the high-temperature phase and the transition from the high-temperature phase into the burn-out phase, are determined system-specifically, for example on the basis of fixed or combustion-dependent measured variables. For example, to determine the transition between the ignition phase and the high-temperature phase, the course of a time interval started on ignition can be provided. Furthermore, a temperature threshold above or below the combustion temperature or exhaust gas temperature can be provided as a parameter for establishing a transition between the ignition phase and the high-temperature phase and / or between the high-temperature phase and / or the burn-out phase. Furthermore, a temperature gradient below a temperature gradient for determining a transition between the ignition phase and the high-temperature phase can be provided as the measured variable, while a transition from the high-temperature phase into the burn-out phase can be detected by means of a temperature gradient exceeding a temperature gradient threshold. Alternatively or additionally, a transition between the different firing phases can be detected by means of the measuring signals of the sensors themselves, for example by evaluating absolute values of these. If, for example, a measuring signal of a sensor that is more sensitive to carbon monoxide falls below a predefined threshold and / or if a measuring signal of a sensor that is more sensitive to unsaturated hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes or the like falls below a predetermined threshold, then Transition from the ignition phase are detected in the high-temperature phase and a change in the weighting of the manipulated variable of the at least one air supply means combined measurement signals of the individual sensors are made.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform des Verfahrens und einer zugehörigen Feuerungsanlage kann diese eine Primärbrennkammer mit einer ersten Luftzufuhreinrichtung und eine mit dieser verbundene Sekundärbrennkammer mit einer zweiten Luftzufuhreinrichtung aufweisen, wobei die erste Luftzufuhreinrichtung zumindest in der Zündphase abhängig von der Verbrennungstemperatur und die zweite Luftzufuhreinrichtung mittels der vorgeschlagenen Stellgröße aus den zumindest zwei Sensoren mit abhängig von der Brennphase gewichteten Messsignalen geregelt wird. In vorteilhafter Weise kann die erste Luftzufuhreinrichtung in der Hochtemperaturphase und in der Ausbrandphase abhängig von der Verbrennungstemperatur und abhängig von dem Sauerstoffgehalt des Abgases geregelt werden. Hierzu kann zusätzlich zu den zumindest zwei Sensoren ein Sauerstoffsensor, beispielsweise ein potentiometrisch betriebener Sensor, beispielsweise eine Lambdasonde, ein amperometrisch betriebener elektrochemischer Sensor, ein paramagnetisch messender Sensor oder ein optischer, eine Fluoreszenzlöschung oder eine Absorption messender Sauerstoffsensor vorgesehen sein. Desweiteren kann die Stellgröße zusätzlich zu den Messsignalen der beiden Sensoren abhängig von weiteren Parametern, beispielsweise einem Sauerstoffgehalt im Abgas, der Verbrennungstemperatur, der Temperatur in der Sekundärbrennkammer und/oder dergleichen abhängig gebildet sein. Es versteht sich, dass auch weitere, in anderer Weise technisch ausgebildete Feuerungsanlagen beispielsweise mit drei oder mehr Verbrennungsluftströmen von der Erfindung umfasst sind.In an advantageous embodiment of the method and an associated firing system, the latter may have a primary combustion chamber with a first air supply device and a secondary combustion chamber connected thereto with a second air supply device, wherein the first air supply device depends on the combustion temperature and the second air supply device at least in the ignition phase by means of the proposed manipulated variable is controlled from the at least two sensors with depending on the focal phase weighted measurement signals. Advantageously, the first air supply device in the high-temperature phase and in the burn-out phase can be regulated as a function of the combustion temperature and depending on the oxygen content of the exhaust gas. For this purpose, in addition to the at least two sensors, an oxygen sensor, for example a potentiometrically operated sensor, for example a lambda probe, an amperometrically operated electrochemical sensor, a paramagnetically measuring sensor or an optical, fluorescence quenching or absorption-measuring oxygen sensor can be provided. Furthermore, in addition to the measurement signals of the two sensors, the manipulated variable can be formed as a function of further parameters, for example an oxygen content in the exhaust gas, the combustion temperature, the temperature in the secondary combustion chamber and / or the like. It is understood that other, technically trained combustion systems are included, for example, with three or more combustion air streams of the invention.
Die vorgeschlagene Vorrichtung dient der Durchführung des vorgeschlagenen Verfahrens und enthält eine Feuerungsanlage, insbesondere eine Hausfeuerungsanlage mit zumindest einer Beschickungsöffnung zur Zufuhr von festem, vereinzeltem organischem Brennstoff auf ein Brennbett wie beispielsweise einem Brennrost, zumindest einer Luftzufuhreinrichtung, einem Abgasbereich zur Abfuhr von Verbrennungsgas sowie zumindest zwei gegenüber verschiedenen Abgaskomponenten, beispielsweise gegenüber Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlenwasserstoff querempfindlichen Sensoren. Die Sensoren können einzeln, das heißt jeweils in einem eigenen Gehäuse konfektioniert in dem Abgasraum untergebracht sein. Alternativ können zumindest die zumindest zwei Sensoren zu einem Sensorarray zusammengefasst sein. Dies bedeutet, dass die einzelnen sensorisch aktiven Oberflächenschichten in einem einzigen gemeinsamen Gehäuse untergebracht sein können oder jeweils ein Sensor mit Oberflächenschicht in einem eigenen Gehäuse untergebracht ist und die Gehäuse zusammengefasst in einem diese umgebenden Gehäuse untergebracht sind. Das Sensorarray ist dabei im Abgasraum untergebracht. Alternativ können beispielsweise zum Schutz der Sensoren vor hohen Temperaturen und aggressiven Bedingungen im Abgasstrom im Bypass-Verfahren betrieben werden, wobei die Sensoren parallel oder seriell in ein Leitungssystem eingebunden sind, über welches Leitungssystem Abgas transportiert, beispielsweise angesaugt oder durchgepumpt, die Sensoren passiert und anschließend ins Freie oder in den Abgasstrom abgegeben wird.The proposed device is used to carry out the proposed method and includes a furnace, in particular a domestic furnace with at least one feed opening for supplying solid, isolated organic fuel to a fuel bed such as a grate, at least one air supply, an exhaust area for the removal of combustion gas and at least two to various exhaust gas components, for example to carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon cross-sensitive sensors. The sensors can be accommodated individually, that is to say in each case housed in a separate housing in the exhaust gas space. Alternatively, at least the at least two sensors can be combined to form a sensor array. This means that the individual sensory-active surface layers can be accommodated in a single common housing or in each case a sensor with a surface layer is accommodated in a separate housing and the housings are accommodated in a surrounding housing. The sensor array is housed in the exhaust chamber. Alternatively, for example, to protect the sensors from high temperatures and aggressive conditions in the exhaust gas flow in the bypass process are operated, the sensors are integrated in parallel or serially in a line system, transported via which line system exhaust gas, for example sucked or pumped through, the sensors and then is discharged into the open or in the exhaust stream.
Die vorgeschlagene Vorrichtung enthält zumindest einen Sensor mit einer höheren Querempfindlichkeit gegenüber Kohlenmonoxid als gegenüber den übrigen Verbrennungsgasen und einen weiteren Sensor mit einer höheren Querempfindlichkeit gegenüber Kohlenwasserstoffen als gegenüber Kohlenmonoxid.The proposed device contains at least one sensor with a higher cross-sensitivity to carbon monoxide as compared to the other combustion gases and another sensor with a higher cross-sensitivity to hydrocarbons than carbon monoxide.
Die Regelung der Luftzufuhreinrichtung für eine Zufuhr von Luft beispielsweise in eine Primärbrennkammer und/oder Sekundärbrennkammer kann beispielsweise mittels einer Regelung einer Stellklappe zur Zufuhr von Luft, eine Volumenstromregelung der Zuluft oder dergleichen vorgesehen sein.The regulation of the air supply device for a supply of air, for example, in a primary combustion chamber and / or secondary combustion chamber, for example by means of a control of a valve for supplying air, a flow control of the supply air or the like may be provided.
Die Erfindung wird anhand des in der einzigen Figur darstellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. Diese zeigt eine Ablaufroutine zur Ermittlung der Stellgröße für eine Feuerungsanlage anhand einer Hausfeuerungsanlage.The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the embodiment shown in the single FIGURE. This shows a sequence routine for determining the manipulated variable for a furnace on the basis of a domestic heating system.
Die Ablaufroutine 1 dient der Ermittlung der Stellgröße SG aus zwei Messsignalen M(S1), M(S2) abhängig von zwei Brennphasen einer Hausfeuerungsanlage anhand der Temperatur T, beispielsweise der Verbrennungstemperatur oder der Abgastemperatur in einem Sekundärbrennraum. Die Stellgröße SG dient in dem gezeigten Ausführungsbeispiel der Regelung der Luftzufuhr in den Sekundärbrennraum der Hausfeuerungsanlage. Die Ablaufroutine 1 wird mit dem Block 2 gestartet und mit dem Block 3 nach einem entsprechenden Interrupt beendet.The
In Block 4 werden die Messsignale M(S1), M(S2) zweier zueinander bezüglich der zu erfassenden Abgaskomponenten der Hausfeuerungsanlage querempfindlicher Sensoren, beispielsweise eines Kohlenmonoxidsensors mit dem Messsignal M(S1) und eines Kohlenwasserstoffsensors mit dem Messsignal M(S2) sowie die Temperatur T, beispielsweise die Verbrennungstemperatur erfasst.In block 4, the measurement signals M (S1), M (S2) of two with respect to the exhaust gas components to be detected house heating system cross-sensitive sensors, such as a carbon monoxide sensor with the measurement signal M (S1) and a hydrocarbon sensor with the measurement signal M (S2) and the temperature T, for example, detects the combustion temperature.
In der Verzweigung 5 wird beispielsweise anhand von unter- oder überschrittenen Temperaturschwellen der Temperatur T, beispielsweise der Verbrennungstemperatur oder der Temperatur im Sekundärbrennraum abgefragt, ob die Brennphase BP die Zündphase ZP ist. Ist dies nicht der Fall, handelt es sich um die Hochtemperaturphase und Block 6 wird angewählt. Aus dem beispielsweise empirisch ermittelten Verhalten der Hausfeuerungsanlage ist vorab bekannt, dass in der Hochtemperaturphase der Gehalt an Kohlenmonoxid eine übergeordnete Bedeutung aufweist und der Gehalt an Kohlenwasserstoffen unbedeutend ist. Der Wichtungsfaktor K(S1) für das Messsignal M(S1) wird deshalb größer gewählt als der Wichtungsfaktor K(S2) für das Messsignal M(S2).In the
Wird in der Verzweigung 5 erkannt, dass die Brennphase BP gleich der Zündphase ZP ist, wird in Block 7 der Wichtungsfaktor K(S1) kleiner als der Wichtungsfaktor K(S2) ausgebildet, da für die Zusammensetzung des Abgases der Gehalt an Kohlenwasserstoffen in der Zündphase ZP die größere Bedeutung aufweist. Es wird dabei darauf hingewiesen, dass in der Zündphase bereits Gehalte an Kohlenmonoxid auftreten können, die größer als die Gehalte an Kohlenwasserstoffen sind, so dass eine entsprechende Wichtung des Messsignals M(S2) des Kohlenwasserstoffsensors von besonderem Vorteil für die Bestimmung der Abgasqualität ist.If it is recognized in
In Block 8 werden die ermittelten Messsignale M(S1), M(S2), die ermittelten Wichtungsfaktoren K(S1), K(S2) und die Temperatur T zu dem Stellsignal SG in einer mathematischen Verknüpfung kombiniert.In
In Block 9 wird die Stellgröße SG an die Einrichtung zur Regelung der Hausfeuerungsanlage ausgegeben und die Ablaufroutine 1 wird bei fehlendem Interrupt mit Block 4 neu gestartet. Die Stellgröße SG kann mittels weiterer Parameter, beispielsweise Kalibrationsparametern, Formparametern und/oder dergleichen sowie anwendungsspezifischen Parametern an den Verbrennungsprozess und an die Hausfeuerungsanlage angepasst werden.In block 9, the manipulated variable SG is output to the device for controlling the domestic heating system and the
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EP3214370B1 (en) | 2019-09-25 |
DE102016103609A1 (en) | 2017-09-07 |
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