EP3825610A1 - Method and device for measuring the lambda value in a fossil-fired burner, in particular for a heating and / or water system - Google Patents
Method and device for measuring the lambda value in a fossil-fired burner, in particular for a heating and / or water system Download PDFInfo
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- EP3825610A1 EP3825610A1 EP20206622.1A EP20206622A EP3825610A1 EP 3825610 A1 EP3825610 A1 EP 3825610A1 EP 20206622 A EP20206622 A EP 20206622A EP 3825610 A1 EP3825610 A1 EP 3825610A1
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- lambda value
- resistance
- voltage
- total
- ionization
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001156002 Anthonomus pomorum Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
- F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
- F23N1/022—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply using electronic means
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
- F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
- F23N5/12—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods
- F23N5/123—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using ionisation-sensitive elements, i.e. flame rods using electronic means
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N2229/00—Flame sensors
- F23N2229/12—Flame sensors with flame rectification current detecting means
Definitions
- the invention relates to fossil-fired burners that burn combustion air together with fuel gas or oil, in particular for operating a heating system or for heating domestic water. Such burners are carefully regulated for safety reasons as well as for reasons of efficiency and environmental protection, as a result of which low-emission and complete combustion of the fossil fuel used is largely possible.
- the most important value for combustion is the lambda value (also known as the air ratio), which indicates the ratio of the air supplied for combustion to the air required for stoichiometric combustion in a combustion chamber, and thus enables conclusions to be drawn about the fuel-air mixture .
- the lambda value is typically measured and kept in a desired (environmentally friendly and safe) range by means of suitable controls, in particular in a more than stoichiometric range (excess air) of, for example, a lambda value between 1.2 and 1.6.
- the regulation can take place by changing the air supply and / or the fuel supply.
- the measurement of the lambda value is not very easy and, because of the conditions prevailing in a combustion chamber, it is not easy to carry out stable over long periods of time and with little maintenance.
- numerous methods and devices for measuring the lambda value are known as well as methods for regulating the lambda value of a burner and for recurring calibration of measuring systems
- a typical ionization measuring device has an ionization electrode in the flame area and a counter electrode (mostly parts of the metallic structure for distributing fuel in a combustion chamber) to which an electrical voltage is applied by means of a voltage source. When a flame is present, an electrical current flows depending on the electrical resistance in the flame area (the flame resistance), which can be measured.
- This current or ionization signals derived therefrom can, after suitable calibration, be converted into a lambda value and used to regulate the burner.
- the measured ionization current is not only influenced by the lambda value, but also by a so-called oxide film resistance of the ionization electrode. This changes in the course of time due to oxidation and other influences, so that the measuring system has to be recalibrated again and again in order to be able to separate a change in the flame resistance from a change in the oxide film resistance.
- an ionization measuring device which is recalibrated again and again by systematically changing the lambda value.
- Other methods also make use of the effect that the flame resistance or an ionization signal derived therefrom with the lambda value usually changes in a characteristic manner, but the oxide layer resistance does not change or is negligible.
- a recalibration can therefore be carried out by varying the lambda value during operation (usually with a constant output of the burner) by changing the oxide film resistance be compensated. Such a recalibration is also in the EP 3 045 816 B1 described.
- the recalibration takes place at constant power and takes a few seconds, so that the entire system cannot react to requests for a change in power during this time, which can have disadvantages.
- the described methods of recalibration only work if the ionization signal actually changes in a characteristic way with the lambda value, in particular has a defined maximum, minimum or a detectable threshold, which depends on the design of the burner and is not always guaranteed.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device as well as a computer program product for measuring the lambda value which avoid the disadvantages described.
- a recalibration should also be unnecessary or possible in such a short time that no or only negligible restrictions in the availability of the system for changes in performance have to be accepted. It should be made possible with simple means to measure the flame resistance and to determine changes in the oxide film resistance separately.
- an alternative method for determining the lambda value is to be specified, which can also be used directly as a setpoint value for regulating a burner.
- a suitable method for this relates to the measurement of the lambda value in a combustion chamber of a burner operated with gaseous or liquid fuel, an ionization current in a flame area that forms inside the combustion chamber of the burner by means of an ionization electrode, a counter electrode and a voltage source Entire circuit is generated, the ionization current for at least two different voltages applied to the ionization electrode being measured and the total resistance of the entire circuit being determined therefrom, and the lambda value being determined from the total resistances determined using calibration curves or calibration data .
- Fig. 1 shown as a diagram. In simple terms, it increases in a certain voltage range, e.g. B. between 100 and 400 V [volts], the flame resistance RF approximately linearly with the ionization voltage U, but with a different slope for different lambda values, z. B. between lambda 1.1 to 1.6.
- the lambda value can therefore be determined directly from the difference between two flame resistances at two defined different voltages (corresponds to the slope). The measurement becomes more accurate if it is performed at more different voltages.
- the principle also works with not (completely) linear relationships if the functions only differ sufficiently in slope, curvature or other properties depending on the lambda value.
- a lambda value can always be assigned from at least two measured flame resistances. Since two measurements at different voltages can be carried out within a very short time, typically in less than 0.1 to 1 s [second], practically no restriction in the operation of the burner is required for this measurement. The measurement can be carried out frequently or more or less permanently, and is therefore quick and very robust against interference.
- an alternating voltage is applied to the ionization electrode, which is the case with typical ionization measurements, and if the alternating voltage and the respective associated ionization current are measured with such a high temporal resolution that the total resistance of the overall circuit can be determined for at least two different voltages, the measurement described is possible within half a period of the alternating voltage.
- the time resolution is preferably selected to be so high that a quasi-continuous measurement of voltage U and associated ionization current I is carried out at a predetermined frequency of the alternating current.
- the measured ionization current I is then an alternating current, the current strength of which can be assigned to the respective voltage values of the alternating voltage.
- the total resistance R in the total circuit can be calculated for each pair of measured values from voltage and current.
- R2 - R1 of two total resistances R1 and R2 at two different voltages U1 and U2
- all (non-voltage-dependent) resistances in the overall circuit except for a flame resistance RF can be eliminated, whereby from the difference R2 - R1 and the two different voltages U1 and U2 the lambda value is determined directly on the basis of calibration curves or calibration data.
- the diagram in Fig. 1 illustrates a set of calibration curves (for a given constant power of the burner) with which this can be done.
- the measurements of the total resistance R are preferably carried out at three or more different voltages U or quasi-continuously and the measurement data are converted into a lambda value using calibration curves or calibration data. This increases the accuracy of the measurement.
- an oxide film resistance RO is derived from a time behavior of a difference between the total resistance R and the flame resistance RF Ionization electrode and thus its aging closed.
- This preferred application of the method makes it possible to measure the oxide film resistance RO, which changes over time, which allows conclusions to be drawn about the state of the ionization electrode. So z. B. determine when maintenance of the burner is required.
- the oxide film resistance RO can be passed on to a control loop, where it can be eliminated from the control as an interference factor.
- a device for measuring the lambda value in a combustion chamber of a burner operated with gaseous or liquid fuel is also proposed, an ionization electrode and a counter electrode (usually the burner itself or parts thereof) being present in a flame area, which together with a voltage source form an overall circuit in the presence of a flame in the flame area, furthermore the voltage source is set up for the generation of at least two different voltages and devices for measuring voltage and current are present and evaluation electronics are present, which consist of voltage U and current I.
- Total resistance R is calculated and the lambda value and / or an oxide film resistance RO of the ionization electrode is calculated using calibration curves or calibration data from at least two total resistances R1 and R2 measured at constant power of the burner at different voltages U1 and U2 averages.
- the voltage source is preferably an alternating voltage source, and there are devices for measuring voltage U and current I with such a high temporal resolution that at a given frequency of the alternating current from voltage U and current I, the total resistance R of the circuit associated with each voltage U can be determined is. While in known ionization measurements with alternating current the ionization current is averaged integrally over many periods of an alternating voltage and ionization signals are derived therefrom according to various methods, a high temporal resolution is advantageous in order to be able to carry out the desired measurements quickly, in particular within less than a second.
- the device advantageously has evaluation electronics which determine the lambda value from at least two measured values of voltage U and associated current I on the basis of calibration curves or calibration data.
- the calibration data are characteristic of a burner and can preferably be stored in an electronic memory as data or characteristic maps.
- the evaluation electronics can comprise a device for forming the difference between two values of the total resistance R at different voltages U, whereby the total resistance R can be broken down into a flame resistance RF and an oxide film resistance RO.
- the invention allows a completely new type of measurement and direct control of the lambda value of a burner, but can also be used to recalibrate other control systems from time to time.
- control device in particular including at least the evaluation electronics
- the method can also be carried out by a computer or with a processor of a control device.
- a system for data processing which comprises a processor which is adapted / configured in such a way that it carries out the method or part of the steps of the proposed method.
- a computer-readable storage medium can be provided which comprises instructions which, when executed by a computer / processor, cause the latter to execute the method or at least some of the steps of the proposed method.
- Figure 1 shows a diagram illustrating the basis of the present invention.
- the flame resistance RF in a flame area 2 of a combustion chamber of a burner 1 with a constant output of the burner is dependent in a characteristic way both on the lambda value during combustion and on the voltage U used to generate it an ionization current I in the flame area 2 is used.
- the flame resistance RF is not constant, but increases with increasing voltage U, at least in a certain voltage range from 100 to 400 V, for example, almost linearly or at least steadily, but the slope also depends on the lambda value.
- the voltage U is plotted on the X axis and the total resistance R (which is in the range of a few megohms) on the Y axis, specifically for various lambda values between 1.1 and 1.6. It can be seen that the measurement of two resistances R (the difference of which can be calculated) at different voltages U1, U2 allows a clear statement as to which lambda value was present in the measurements.
- the total resistance R is composed (in the case of other resistances in the overall circuit assumed to be negligible and / or constant) additively from a flame resistance RF and the oxide film resistance RO (which generally changes slowly over time in a manner that cannot be precisely predicted), so that a measurement or calculation of the total resistance R with only one voltage U does not yet provide any usable information, since it is not known what proportion of the total resistance R is accounted for by the flame resistance RF.
- the lambda value and the flame resistance RF (and thus of course also the oxide film resistance RO) can be determined using calibration data (as described in Fig. 1 are shown). To put it simply, the axis section of a straight line and its slope can be determined from two pairs of measured values, which in this case would correspond to the oxide film resistance RO and the lambda value.
- FIG. 2 illustrates schematically how in a combustion chamber of a burner 1 (here a gas burner is used as an example, but the explanations also apply to oil burners) during operation a flame area 2 is formed, in which an ionization current I can be measured.
- a gas burner is used as an example, but the explanations also apply to oil burners
- an ionization electrode 3 protrudes into the flame area 2.
- a metallic component typically serves as the counter electrode 4 in the area of the entry of fuel gas and air into the combustion chamber.
- the counter electrode 4 is usually electronically connected to ground.
- the ionization electrode 3 and the counter electrode 4 are connected to a voltage source 5 which, in the present example, supplies an alternating current, so that an ion current I flows through the flame region 2.
- the strength of this ion current depends on the voltage U of the voltage source 5, on a flame resistance RF in the flame area 2 and the oxide layer resistance RO of an oxide layer 8 on the ionization electrode 3.
- the ionization current is measured by means of an ammeter 7.
- the voltage of the voltage source 5 is measured by means of a voltmeter 6, the ionization current being measured at at least two different voltages U1, U2. This can be done either by operating the voltage source 5 alternately with different voltages, or by measuring current I and voltage U with high temporal resolution when using alternating current, so that the periodically changing voltage U of the alternating current results in several current measurements can be used at different voltages.
- the measuring principle works for any current source with variable or periodically changing voltage.
- the measurement signal of the ammeter 7 is transmitted to evaluation electronics 11 via a first signal line 9, and the measurement signal of the voltmeter 6 is transmitted by means of a second signal line 10.
- the voltage source 5 is operated with a constant effective alternating voltage and the signal from the ammeter 7 (as indicated by an arrow in the evaluation electronics 11) is transmitted to an electronic control system 16, which generates a lambda from the measured ion current I or signals derived therefrom -Value and regulates the gas-air mixture with this and other information.
- an electronic control system 16 which generates a lambda from the measured ion current I or signals derived therefrom -Value and regulates the gas-air mixture with this and other information.
- Such a regulation typically takes place in that commands are given to actuators in an air inlet 12 and / or fuel gas inlet 13 via an actuating signal line 14 so that an optimal mixture of air and fuel gas is always supplied.
- the control electronics can contain calibration data and so far could execute programs as described at the beginning at predeterminable intervals, which resulted in a recalibration of the control.
- the evaluation electronics 11 can determine the lambda value directly on the basis of two or more pairs of values of current U and voltage I measured at different voltages U1, U2 (but with constant output of the burner) using stored calibration curves or calibration data. This can therefore be used for regulating the burner 1 instead of a lambda value previously derived from the ionization current I in a different manner. If, however, a tried and tested regulation is to be retained, the evaluation electronics 11 operated according to the method according to the invention can provide a lambda value for recalibration at any time.
- the evaluation electronics 11 can measure the flame resistance RF separately from the oxide film resistance RO, whereby information about the state of the ionization electrode 3 and its oxide film resistance RO is also available.
- the measurement of the lambda value or the oxide film resistance RO lasts only as long as the setting of two different voltages at the voltage source 5 or less than one period of an alternating current if a sufficiently high temporal resolution of the measurements is achieved. This allows a more precise regulation with known regulations without these having to go through certain procedures for a recalibration which reduce the availability for changes in performance.
- the data required by the control electronics 16 can be transmitted from the evaluation electronics 11 by means of a data line 15. In practice, evaluation electronics 11 and control electronics 16 will in most cases be designed as a common electronics module with a microprocessor.
- the present invention is suitable for use in all burners operated with oil or fuel gas, in particular for heating systems and / or domestic water heating, and allows high availability for changes in output with long-term precise regulation of the lambda value during combustion.
- the change in the oxide film resistance of an ionization electrode can be completely compensated for and a statement about the state of the ionization electrode is possible.
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- Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)
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Abstract
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Messung des Lambda-Wertes in einer mit gasförmigem oder flüssigem Brennstoff betriebenen Brennkammer eines Brenners (1), wobei in einem Flammenbereich (2) mittels einer lonisationselektrode (3), einer Gegenelektrode (4) und einer Spannungsquelle (5) ein lonisationsstrom (I) im Flammenbereich (2) erzeugt wird, wobei weiter bei einer konstanten Leistung der Brennkammer (1) der Ionisationsstrom (I) für mindestens zwei unterschiedliche an die lonisationselektrode (3) angelegte Spannungen (U) gemessen und daraus jeweils der Gesamtwiderstand (R) des Gesamtstromkreises bestimmt wird und wobei aus den bestimmten Gesamtwiderständen (R) anhand von Kalibrierkurven oder Kalibrierdaten der Lambda-Wert ermittelt wird. Weiter wird eine hierfür geeignete Vorrichtung zur Messung des Lambda-Wertes angegeben.The present invention relates to a method for measuring the lambda value in a combustion chamber of a burner (1) operated with gaseous or liquid fuel, with an ionization electrode (3), a counter electrode (4) and a voltage source ( 5) an ionization current (I) is generated in the flame area (2), with the ionization current (I) also being measured for at least two different voltages (U) applied to the ionization electrode (3) at a constant power of the combustion chamber (1) and from this in each case the total resistance (R) of the total circuit is determined and the lambda value is determined from the determined total resistances (R) using calibration curves or calibration data. A device suitable for this purpose for measuring the lambda value is also specified.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft fossil befeuerte Brenner, die Verbrennungsluft zusammen mit Brenngas oder Öl verbrennen, insbesondere zum Betrieb einer Heizungsanlage oder zur Erwärmung von Brauchwasser. Solche Brenner werden aus Sicherheitsgründen sowie aus Gründen der Effizienz und des Umweltschutzes sorgfältig geregelt, wodurch weitgehend eine emissionsarme und vollständige Verbrennung des eingesetzten fossilen Brennstoffs möglich ist. Der wichtigste Wert bei einer Verbrennung ist der Lambda-Wert (auch Luftzahl genannt), der angibt, welches Verhältnis von der Verbrennung zugeführter Luft zu für eine stöchiometrische Verbrennung benötigter Luft in einem Brennraum vorliegt, und so Rückschlüsse auf das Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch ermöglicht. Der Lambda-Wert wird typischerweise gemessen und durch geeignete Regelungen in einem gewünschten (umweltschonenden und sicheren) Bereich gehalten, insbesondere in einem überstöchiometrischen Bereich (Luftüberschuss) von beispielsweise einem Lambda-Wert zwischen 1,2 und 1,6. Die Regelung kann durch Veränderung der Luftzufuhr und/oder der Brennstoffzufuhr erfolgen.The invention relates to fossil-fired burners that burn combustion air together with fuel gas or oil, in particular for operating a heating system or for heating domestic water. Such burners are carefully regulated for safety reasons as well as for reasons of efficiency and environmental protection, as a result of which low-emission and complete combustion of the fossil fuel used is largely possible. The most important value for combustion is the lambda value (also known as the air ratio), which indicates the ratio of the air supplied for combustion to the air required for stoichiometric combustion in a combustion chamber, and thus enables conclusions to be drawn about the fuel-air mixture . The lambda value is typically measured and kept in a desired (environmentally friendly and safe) range by means of suitable controls, in particular in a more than stoichiometric range (excess air) of, for example, a lambda value between 1.2 and 1.6. The regulation can take place by changing the air supply and / or the fuel supply.
Die Messung des Lambda-Wertes ist allerdings aus verschiedenen Gründen nicht ganz einfach und wegen der in einem Brennraum herrschenden Bedingungen auch nicht ohne Weiteres über lange Zeiträume stabil und mit wenig Wartung durchzuführen. Es sind aber zahlreiche Verfahren und Vorrichtungen zur Messung des Lambda-Wertes bekannt sowie Verfahren zur Regelung des Lambda-Wertes eines Brenners und zur wiederkehrenden Kalibrierung von MesssystemenFor various reasons, however, the measurement of the lambda value is not very easy and, because of the conditions prevailing in a combustion chamber, it is not easy to carry out stable over long periods of time and with little maintenance. However, numerous methods and devices for measuring the lambda value are known as well as methods for regulating the lambda value of a burner and for recurring calibration of measuring systems
Besonders häufig wird zur Messung des Lambda-Wertes bei Brennern die Ionisation in einem Flammenbereich gemessen. Durch die hohen Temperaturen in einem Flammenbereich werden Atome und Moleküle ionisiert, so dass der Flammenbereich elektrisch leitfähig wird, und zwar unterschiedlich gut bei unterschiedlichen Lambda-Werten. Ein typisches lonisationsmessgerät weist eine lonisationselektrode im Flammenbereich auf und eine Gegenelektrode (meist Teile der metallischen Struktur zur Verteilung von Brennstoff in einem Brennraum) auf, an welche mittels einer Spannungsquelle eine elektrische Spannung angelegt wird. Bei Vorliegen einer Flamme fließt abhängig von dem elektrischen Widerstand im Flammenbereich (dem Flammenwiderstand) ein elektrischer Strom, der gemessen werden kann. Dieser Strom oder daraus abgeleitete lonisationssignale können nach geeigneter Kalibrierung in einen Lambda-Wert umgerechnet und zur Regelung des Brenners eingesetzt werden. Allerdings wird der gemessene lonisationsstrom nicht nur durch den Lambda-Wert beeinflusst, sondern auch durch einen sogenannten Oxidschichtwiderstand der Ionisationselektrode. Dieser verändert sich nämlich durch Oxidation und andere Einflüsse im Laufe der Zeit, so dass immer wieder eine Nachkalibrierung des Messsystems durchgeführt werden muss, um eine Veränderung des Flammenwiderstandes von einer Änderung des Oxidschichtwiderstandes trennen zu können.In order to measure the lambda value in burners, the ionization is particularly often measured in a flame area. Due to the high temperatures in a flame area, atoms and molecules are ionized, so that the flame area becomes electrically conductive, to a different extent with different lambda values. A typical ionization measuring device has an ionization electrode in the flame area and a counter electrode (mostly parts of the metallic structure for distributing fuel in a combustion chamber) to which an electrical voltage is applied by means of a voltage source. When a flame is present, an electrical current flows depending on the electrical resistance in the flame area (the flame resistance), which can be measured. This current or ionization signals derived therefrom can, after suitable calibration, be converted into a lambda value and used to regulate the burner. However, the measured ionization current is not only influenced by the lambda value, but also by a so-called oxide film resistance of the ionization electrode. This changes in the course of time due to oxidation and other influences, so that the measuring system has to be recalibrated again and again in order to be able to separate a change in the flame resistance from a change in the oxide film resistance.
Aus der
Andere Systeme basieren darauf, die Massenströme von Brenngas/Öl und Verbrennungsluft genau zu bestimmen bzw. einzustellen. Solche Systeme erreichen aber keine hohe Genauigkeit oder sind sehr aufwändig. Außerdem unterliegen auch sie einer zeitlichen Drift.Other systems are based on precisely determining or adjusting the mass flows of fuel gas / oil and combustion air. However, such systems do not achieve a high level of accuracy or are very complex. In addition, they are also subject to a drift over time.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung sowie ein Computerprogrammprodukt zur Messung des Lambda-Wertes bereitzustellen, die die beschriebenen Nachteile vermeiden. Insbesondere soll auch eine Nachkalibrierung unnötig oder in so kurzer Zeit möglich sein, dass keine oder nur vernachlässigbare Einschränkungen in der Verfügbarkeit des Systems für Leistungsänderungen hingenommen werden müssen. Es soll mit einfachen Mitteln möglich gemacht werden, den Flammenwiderstand zu messen und Änderungen des Oxidschichtwiderstandes davon getrennt zu ermitteln. Insbesondere soll dabei auch ein alternatives Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Lambda-Wertes angegeben werden, welcher auch selbst direkt als Soll-Wert einer Regelung eines Brenners eingesetzt werden kann.The object of the present invention is to provide a method and a device as well as a computer program product for measuring the lambda value which avoid the disadvantages described. In particular, a recalibration should also be unnecessary or possible in such a short time that no or only negligible restrictions in the availability of the system for changes in performance have to be accepted. It should be made possible with simple means to measure the flame resistance and to determine changes in the oxide film resistance separately. In particular, an alternative method for determining the lambda value is to be specified, which can also be used directly as a setpoint value for regulating a burner.
Diese Aufgaben werden gelöst durch ein Verfahren nach dem Anspruch 1, eine Vorrichtung nach dem Anspruch 7 und ein Computerprogrammprodukt nach dem Anspruch 12. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind in den jeweils abhängigen Ansprüchen angegeben.These objects are achieved by a method according to
Ein hierfür geeignetes Verfahren betrifft die Messung des Lambda-Wertes in einer mit gasförmigem oder flüssigem Brennstoff betriebenen Brennkammer eines Brenners, wobei in einem Flammenbereich, der sich innerhalb der Brennkammer des Brenners bildet, mittels einer Ionisationselektrode, einer Gegenelektrode und einer Spannungsquelle ein Ionisationsstrom in einem Gesamtstromkreis erzeugt wird, wobei weiter bei einer konstanten Leistung des Brenners der lonisationsstrom für mindestens zwei unterschiedliche an die Ionisationselektrode angelegte Spannungen gemessen und daraus jeweils der Gesamtwiderstand des Gesamtstromkreises bestimmt wird und wobei aus den bestimmten Gesamtwiderständen anhand von Kalibrierkurven oder Kalibrierdaten der Lambda-Wert ermittelt wird.A suitable method for this relates to the measurement of the lambda value in a combustion chamber of a burner operated with gaseous or liquid fuel, an ionization current in a flame area that forms inside the combustion chamber of the burner by means of an ionization electrode, a counter electrode and a voltage source Entire circuit is generated, the ionization current for at least two different voltages applied to the ionization electrode being measured and the total resistance of the entire circuit being determined therefrom, and the lambda value being determined from the total resistances determined using calibration curves or calibration data .
Es hat sich gezeigt, dass der Flammenwiderstand im Flammenbereich in einem Brenner in ganz besonderer Weise bei konstanter Leistung von der angelegten Spannung und dem Lambda-Wert abhängt. Dieser Zusammenhang ist in
Wenn an die lonisationselektrode eine Wechselspannung angelegt wird, was bei typischen lonisationsmessungen der Fall ist, und wenn die Wechselspannung und der jeweils zugehörige lonisationsstrom mit einer so hohen zeitlichen Auflösung gemessen werden, dass daraus der Gesamtwiderstand des Gesamtstromkreises für mindestens zwei unterschiedliche Spannungen bestimmt werden kann, ist die beschriebene Messung schon innerhalb einer halben Periode der Wechselspannung möglich.If an alternating voltage is applied to the ionization electrode, which is the case with typical ionization measurements, and if the alternating voltage and the respective associated ionization current are measured with such a high temporal resolution that the total resistance of the overall circuit can be determined for at least two different voltages, the measurement described is possible within half a period of the alternating voltage.
Vorzugsweise wird die zeitliche Auflösung so hoch gewählt, dass bei einer vorgegebenen Frequenz des Wechselstromes eine quasi kontinuierliche Messung von Spannung U und zugehörigem Ionisationsstrom I durchgeführt wird. Der gemessene Ionisationsstrom I ist dann ein Wechselstrom, dessen jeweilige Stromstärke den jeweiligen Spannungswerten der Wechselspannung zugeordnet werden kann. Dadurch kann innerhalb kurzer Zeit eine hohe Genauigkeit der Messung erreicht werden.The time resolution is preferably selected to be so high that a quasi-continuous measurement of voltage U and associated ionization current I is carried out at a predetermined frequency of the alternating current. The measured ionization current I is then an alternating current, the current strength of which can be assigned to the respective voltage values of the alternating voltage. As a result, a high level of measurement accuracy can be achieved within a short period of time.
Nach dem Ohm'schen Gesetz R = U / I kann der Gesamtwiderstand R in dem Gesamtstromkreis für jedes Messwerte-Paar aus Spannung und Strom berechnet werden. Durch Bildung einer Differenz R2 - R1 von jeweils zwei Gesamtwiderständen R1 und R2 bei zwei unterschiedlichen Spannungen U1 und U2 können alle (nicht spannungsabhängigen) Widerstände im Gesamtstromkreis außer einem Flammenwiderstand RF eliminiert werden, wobei aus der Differenz R2 - R1 und den beiden unterschiedlichen Spannungen U1 und U2 anhand von Kalibrierkurven oder Kalibrierdaten direkt der Lambda-Wert ermittelt wird. Das Diagramm in
Bevorzugt werden die Messungen des Gesamtwiderstandes R bei drei oder mehr unterschiedlichen Spannungen U oder quasi-kontinuierlich durchgeführt und die Messdaten anhand von Kalibrierkurven oder Kalibrierdaten in einen Lambda-Wert umgerechnet. Das erhöht die Genauigkeit der Messung.The measurements of the total resistance R are preferably carried out at three or more different voltages U or quasi-continuously and the measurement data are converted into a lambda value using calibration curves or calibration data. This increases the accuracy of the measurement.
Unter der Voraussetzung (die im Allgemeinen zutrifft), dass der Gesamtstromkreis einen im Wesentlichen vernachlässigbaren oder konstanten Widerstand der Stromquelle und aller metallischen Verbindungen aufweist, wird aus einem zeitlichen Verhalten einer Differenz zwischen dem Gesamtwiderstand R und dem Flammenwiderstand RF auf eine Veränderung eines Oxidschichtwiderstandes RO der lonisationselektrode und damit deren Alterung geschlossen. Diese bevorzugte Anwendung des Verfahrens erlaubt es, den sich im Laufe der Zeit ändernden Oxidschichtwiderstand RO zu messen, was einen Rückschluss auf den Zustand der lonisationselektrode erlaubt. So kann z. B. festgestellt werden, wann eine Wartung des Brenners erforderlich ist. Außerdem kann der Oxidschichtwiderstand RO an einen Regelkreis weitergegeben und dort als Störfaktor aus der Regelung eliminiert werden.Assuming (which generally applies) that the overall circuit has an essentially negligible or constant resistance of the power source and all metallic connections, a change in an oxide film resistance RO is derived from a time behavior of a difference between the total resistance R and the flame resistance RF Ionization electrode and thus its aging closed. This preferred application of the method makes it possible to measure the oxide film resistance RO, which changes over time, which allows conclusions to be drawn about the state of the ionization electrode. So z. B. determine when maintenance of the burner is required. In addition, the oxide film resistance RO can be passed on to a control loop, where it can be eliminated from the control as an interference factor.
Weiter wird auch eine Vorrichtung zur Messung des Lambda-Wertes in einer mit gasförmigem oder flüssigem Brennstoff betriebenen Brennkammer eines Brenners vorgeschlagen, wobei in einem Flammenbereich eine lonisationselektrode und eine Gegenelektrode (meist der Brenner selbst oder Teile davon) vorhanden sind, die zusammen mit einer Spannungsquelle bei Vorhandensein einer Flamme in dem Flammenbereich einen Gesamtstromkreis bilden, wobei weiter die Spannungsquelle für die Erzeugung von mindestens zwei unterschiedlichen Spannungen eingerichtet ist und Einrichtungen zur Messung von Spannung und Strom vorhanden sind und wobei eine Auswerteelektronik vorhanden ist, die aus Spannung U und Strom I einen Gesamtwiderstand R errechnet und über Kalibrierkurven oder Kalibrierdaten aus mindestens zwei bei konstanter Leistung des Brenners gemessenen Gesamtwiderständen R1 und R2 bei unterschiedlichen Spannungen U1 und U2 den Lambda-Wert und/oder einen Oxidschichtwiderstand RO der lonisationselektrode ermittelt.A device for measuring the lambda value in a combustion chamber of a burner operated with gaseous or liquid fuel is also proposed, an ionization electrode and a counter electrode (usually the burner itself or parts thereof) being present in a flame area, which together with a voltage source form an overall circuit in the presence of a flame in the flame area, furthermore the voltage source is set up for the generation of at least two different voltages and devices for measuring voltage and current are present and evaluation electronics are present, which consist of voltage U and current I. Total resistance R is calculated and the lambda value and / or an oxide film resistance RO of the ionization electrode is calculated using calibration curves or calibration data from at least two total resistances R1 and R2 measured at constant power of the burner at different voltages U1 and U2 averages.
Bevorzugt ist die Spannungsquelle eine Wechselspannungsquelle, und es sind Einrichtungen zur Messung von Spannung U und Strom I mit so hoher zeitlicher Auflösung vorhanden, dass bei einer vorgegebenen Frequenz des Wechselstromes aus Spannung U und Strom I der zu jeder Spannung U gehörige Gesamtwiderstand R des Stromkreises ermittelbar ist. Während bei bekannten Ionisationsmessungen mit Wechselstrom der Ionisationsstrom integral über viele Perioden einer Wechselspannung gemittelt und daraus Ionisationssignale nach verschiedenen Methoden abgeleitet werden, ist eine hohe zeitliche Auflösung von Vorteil, um die gewünschten Messungen schnell, insbesondere innerhalb von weniger als einer Sekunde durchführen zu können.The voltage source is preferably an alternating voltage source, and there are devices for measuring voltage U and current I with such a high temporal resolution that at a given frequency of the alternating current from voltage U and current I, the total resistance R of the circuit associated with each voltage U can be determined is. While in known ionization measurements with alternating current the ionization current is averaged integrally over many periods of an alternating voltage and ionization signals are derived therefrom according to various methods, a high temporal resolution is advantageous in order to be able to carry out the desired measurements quickly, in particular within less than a second.
Vorteilhafterweise ist bei der Vorrichtung eine Auswerteelektronik vorhanden, die aus je mindestens zwei Messwerten von Spannung U und zugehörigem Strom I den Lambda-Wert anhand von Kalibrierkurven oder Kalibrierdaten ermittelt. Die Kalibrierdaten sind für einen Brenner charakteristisch und können bevorzugt in einem elektronischen Speicher als Daten oder Kennfelder hinterlegt werden.The device advantageously has evaluation electronics which determine the lambda value from at least two measured values of voltage U and associated current I on the basis of calibration curves or calibration data. The calibration data are characteristic of a burner and can preferably be stored in an electronic memory as data or characteristic maps.
Die Auswerteelektronik kann eine Einrichtung zur Differenzbildung von zwei Werten des Gesamtwiderstandes R bei unterschiedlichen Spannungen U umfassen, wodurch der Gesamtwiderstand R in einen Flammenwiderstand RF und einen Oxidschichtwiderstand RO zerlegbar ist.The evaluation electronics can comprise a device for forming the difference between two values of the total resistance R at different voltages U, whereby the total resistance R can be broken down into a flame resistance RF and an oxide film resistance RO.
Bevorzugt ist die Regelung eines Brenners, wobei ein Regelkreis vorhanden ist, der den von der Auswerteelektronik bestimmten Lambda-Wert als Ist-Wert auf einen vorgebbaren Soll-Wert regelt oder der den von der Auswerteelektronik bestimmten Lambda-Wert und/oder den Oxidschichtwiderstand zur Kalibrierung eines anderen Messsystems nutzt. Die Erfindung erlaubt eine ganz neue Art der Messung und direkten Regelung des Lambda-Wertes eines Brenners, kann aber auch dazu genutzt werden, andere Regelungssysteme von Zeit zu Zeit nachzukalibrieren.Preference is given to regulating a burner, with a control loop being present that regulates the lambda value determined by the evaluation electronics as an actual value to a predefinable target value or the lambda value determined by the evaluation electronics and / or the oxide film resistance for calibration another measuring system. The invention allows a completely new type of measurement and direct control of the lambda value of a burner, but can also be used to recalibrate other control systems from time to time.
Insbesondere kann ein Steuergerät (insbesondere umfassend zumindest die Auswerteelektronik) vorgesehen sein, dass zur Durchführung des beschriebenen Verfahrens ausgestattet, konfiguriert oder programmiert.In particular, a control device (in particular including at least the evaluation electronics) can be provided that is equipped, configured or programmed to carry out the described method.
Weiter kann das Verfahren auch von einem Computer bzw. mit einem Prozessor eines Steuergeräts ausgeführt werden.Furthermore, the method can also be carried out by a computer or with a processor of a control device.
Es wird demnach auch ein System zur Datenverarbeitung vorgeschlagen, das einen Prozessor umfasst, der so angepasst/konfiguriert ist, dass er das Verfahren bzw. einen Teil der Schritte des vorgeschlagenen Verfahrens durchführt.Accordingly, a system for data processing is also proposed which comprises a processor which is adapted / configured in such a way that it carries out the method or part of the steps of the proposed method.
Es kann ein computerlesbares Speichermedium vorgesehen sein, das Befehle umfasst, die bei der Ausführung durch einen Computer/Prozessor diesen veranlassen, das Verfahren bzw. mindestens einen Teil der Schritte des vorgeschlagenen Verfahrens auszuführen.A computer-readable storage medium can be provided which comprises instructions which, when executed by a computer / processor, cause the latter to execute the method or at least some of the steps of the proposed method.
Die Ausführungen zu dem Verfahren sind insbesondere auf das Steuergerät oder das computerimplementierte Verfahren (also den Computer bzw. den Prozessor, das System zur Datenverarbeitung, das computerlesbare Speichermedium) übertragbar und umgekehrt. Auch ein entsprechendes Computerprogrammprodukt wird von der Erfindung umfasst.The statements relating to the method can in particular be transferred to the control device or the computer-implemented method (that is to say the computer or the processor, the data processing system, the computer-readable storage medium) and vice versa. A corresponding computer program product is also encompassed by the invention.
Einzelheiten der Erfindung und ihrer theoretischen Grundlagen werden im Folgenden anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Die Erfindung ist jedoch nicht auf das gewählte Ausführungsbeispiel beschränkt, sondern kann auch in anderem Zusammenhang genutzt werden. Die beschriebenen Funktionen können einzeln oder in technisch sinnvollen Kombinationen genutzt werden.Details of the invention and its theoretical principles are explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing. However, the invention is not restricted to the selected exemplary embodiment, but can also be used in a different context. The functions described can be used individually or in technically meaningful combinations.
Es stellen schematisch dar:
-
Figur 1 : ein Diagramm zur Veranschaulichung der Grundlagen für die vorliegende Erfindung; und -
Figur 2 : eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung eines Verfahrens zur Messung der Ionisation in einem Flammenbereich eines Brenners.
-
Figure 1 Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating the principles of the present invention; and -
Figure 2 : a device for performing a method for measuring ionization in a flame area of a burner.
Nach dem Stand der Technik wird die Spannungsquelle 5 mit einer konstanten effektiven Wechselspannung betrieben und das Signal des Strommessers 7 (wie durch einen Pfeil in der Auswerteelektronik 11 angedeutet) an eine Regelelektronik 16 übertragen, die aus dem gemessenen Ionenstrom I oder daraus abgeleiteten Signalen einen Lambda-Wert bestimmt und mit diesem und anderen Informationen das Gas-Luft-Gemisch regelt. Eine solche Regelung erfolgt typischerweise, indem über eine Stellsignalleitung 14 Befehle an Stellorgane in einem Lufteinlass 12 und/oder Brenngaseinlass 13 gegeben werden, damit immer eine optimale Mischung von Luft und Brenngas zugeführt wird. Die Regelelektronik kann Kalibrierdaten enthalten und konnte bisher in vorgebbaren Abständen Programme wie eingangs beschrieben ausführen, die eine Nachkalibrierung der Regelung zur Folge hatten.According to the prior art, the
Mit der hier vorgeschlagenen Lösung können auf unterschiedliche Weisen Vorteile erzielt werden. Die Auswerteelektronik 11 kann nämlich aufgrund von zwei oder mehr bei verschiedenen Spannungen U1, U2 (aber bei konstanter Leistung des Brenners) gemessenen Wertepaaren von Strom U und Spannung I anhand von gespeicherten Kalibrierkurven oder Kalibrierdaten den Lambda-Wert direkt bestimmen. Dieser kann daher statt eines bisher auf andere Weise aus dem lonisationsstrom I abgeleiteten Lambda-Wert für die Regelung des Brenners 1 genutzt werden. Sofern man eine bewährte Regelung aber beibehalten will, kann durch die gemäß dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren betriebene Auswerteelektronik 11 jederzeit ein Lambda-Wert zur Nachkalibrierung zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Insbesondere kann die Auswerteelektronik 11 wie oben erläutert den Flammenwiderstand RF getrennt vom Oxidschichtwiderstand RO messen, wodurch auch eine Information über den Zustand der lonisationselektrode 3 und deren Oxidschichtwiderstand RO verfügbar wird. Die Messung des Lambda-Wertes bzw. des Oxidschichtwiderstandes RO dauert nur so lange wie die Einstellung von zwei unterschiedlichen Spannungen an der Spannungsquelle 5 bzw. weniger als eine Periode eines Wechselstromes, wenn eine genügend hohe zeitliche Auflösung der Messungen erreicht wird. Dies erlaubt eine präzisere Regelung mit bekannten Regelungen, ohne dass diese für eine Nachkalibrierung bestimmte Prozeduren durchlaufen müssen, die die Verfügbarkeit für Leistungsänderungen reduzieren. Mittels einer Datenleitung 15 können die von der Regelelektronik 16 benötigten Daten aus der Auswerteelektronik 11 übertragen werden. In der Praxis werden Auswerteelektronik 11 und Regelelektronik 16 in den meisten Fällen als gemeinsames Elektronikmodul mit einem Mikroprozessor ausgebildet sein.With the solution proposed here, advantages can be achieved in different ways. The
Die vorliegende Erfindung eignet sich für den Einsatz bei allen mit Öl oder Brenngas betriebenen Brennern, insbesondere für Heizungsanlagen und/oder Brauchwassererwärmung, und erlaubt eine hohe Verfügbarkeit für Leistungsänderungen bei langfristig präziser Regelung des Lambda-Wertes bei der Verbrennung. Die Änderung des Oxidschichtwiderstandes einer lonisationselektrode kann dabei vollständig kompensiert werden und eine Aussage über den Zustand der lonisationselektrode ist möglich.The present invention is suitable for use in all burners operated with oil or fuel gas, in particular for heating systems and / or domestic water heating, and allows high availability for changes in output with long-term precise regulation of the lambda value during combustion. The change in the oxide film resistance of an ionization electrode can be completely compensated for and a statement about the state of the ionization electrode is possible.
- 11
- Brennkammer eines BrennersCombustion chamber of a burner
- 22
- FlammenbereichFlame area
- 33
- lonisationselektrodeionization electrode
- 44th
- Gegenelektrode (Masse)Counter electrode (ground)
- 55
- SpannungsquelleVoltage source
- 66th
- SpannungsmesserVoltmeter
- 77th
- StrommesserAmmeter
- 88th
- OxidschichtOxide layer
- 99
- erste Signalleitungfirst signal line
- 1010
- zweite Signalleitungsecond signal line
- 1111
- AuswerteelektronikEvaluation electronics
- 1212th
- LufteinlassAir inlet
- 1313th
- BrenngaseinlassFuel gas inlet
- 1414th
- StellsignalleitungControl signal line
- 1515th
- DatenleitungData line
- 1616
- RegelelektronikControl electronics
- UU
- Spannung (U1, U2)Voltage (U1, U2)
- II.
- Ionisationsstrom (I1, I2)Ionization current (I1, I2)
- RR.
- GesamtwiderstandTotal resistance
- RFRF
- FlammenwiderstandFlame resistance
- RORO
- OxidschichtwiderstandOxide film resistance
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EP2466204B1 (en) | 2010-12-16 | 2013-11-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Regulating device for a burner assembly |
EP3059496A1 (en) * | 2015-02-23 | 2016-08-24 | Honeywell Technologies Sarl | Measuring arrangement for a gas burner, gas burner and method for operating the gas burner |
EP3045816B1 (en) | 2015-01-19 | 2018-12-12 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device for the control of a burner assembly |
DE102017118095A1 (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2019-02-14 | Vaillant Gmbh | Apparatus and method for ignition and flame detection for a fuel gas powered burner |
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EP3290802B1 (en) * | 2016-09-02 | 2022-01-19 | Robert Bosch GmbH | Method for controlling an inspection time in a heating system and a control unit and a heating system |
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EP2466204B1 (en) | 2010-12-16 | 2013-11-13 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Regulating device for a burner assembly |
EP3045816B1 (en) | 2015-01-19 | 2018-12-12 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Device for the control of a burner assembly |
EP3059496A1 (en) * | 2015-02-23 | 2016-08-24 | Honeywell Technologies Sarl | Measuring arrangement for a gas burner, gas burner and method for operating the gas burner |
DE102017118095A1 (en) * | 2017-08-09 | 2019-02-14 | Vaillant Gmbh | Apparatus and method for ignition and flame detection for a fuel gas powered burner |
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