EP3412790B1 - Precipitation hardening steel and use of such a steel for thermoforming tools - Google Patents

Precipitation hardening steel and use of such a steel for thermoforming tools Download PDF

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EP3412790B1
EP3412790B1 EP17174590.4A EP17174590A EP3412790B1 EP 3412790 B1 EP3412790 B1 EP 3412790B1 EP 17174590 A EP17174590 A EP 17174590A EP 3412790 B1 EP3412790 B1 EP 3412790B1
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steel
tool steel
steel according
steels
mass percent
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French (fr)
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EP3412790A1 (en
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Johannes Fuchs
Frank Hippenstiel
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Bgh Edelstahl Siegen GmbH
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Bgh Edelstahl Siegen GmbH
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Priority to ES17174590T priority patent/ES2828303T3/en
Priority to HUE17174590A priority patent/HUE052450T2/en
Priority to PT171745904T priority patent/PT3412790T/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C21D1/25—Hardening, combined with annealing between 300 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius, i.e. heat refining ("Vergüten")
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/02—Hardening by precipitation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/004—Dispersions; Precipitations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/008—Martensite

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a tool steel, especially for highly stressed hot forming tools.
  • Hot-work steels are used in the primary and forming metal and partly plastic processing processes.
  • the surface temperature of the products to be molded is usually above 200 ° C in these processes.
  • the steel group in question is therefore alloyed with chemical elements that increase the tempering resistance of the material and thus of the tool, so that the required strength can be maintained even at higher temperatures.
  • Exemplary primary and forming processes are die casting, forging, rolling of metals, plastics or glass, and extrusion.
  • Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels are preferably used in dynamically loaded forging and pressing dies.
  • a representative steel from this group is material number 1.2714 with the analysis limits listed in Tab. 1. Table 1: The analysis limits of material 1.2714 according to DIN EN ISO 4957 are shown.
  • Table 3 Analysis of a Cu-alloyed case hardening steel from the aforementioned source: C. Si Mn P S Cr Mon Ni Cu 0.20 0.31 0.57 * * 1.50 0.27 1.52 0.97 * Values are not available
  • Cu-alloyed plastic mold steels are offered as a more resilient alternative for conventional low-alloy tool steels such as 1.2312 or 1.2738.
  • the relevant material is steel NAK80, the directional analysis of which is listed in Table 4. Table 4: Directional analysis of the NAK80. C. Si Mn P S Ni Cu Al 0.15 0.30 1.50 * * 3.00 1.00 1.00 * Values are not available
  • the invention is based on a different alloy and application concept. While the steel NAK80 is mainly used as a plastic mold in a strength range ⁇ 40 HRC, the field of application of the invention is usually used for strengths> 40 HRC as a forging tool and thus at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the material NAK80 shows a low C content and a significantly increased Mn content, whereby aluminum is also mandatory as an essential alloy component.
  • the martensitic hardening steels are based on the alloy concept of the soft martensitic steels.
  • Tab. 5 shows the analysis of steel 1.4542 according to DIN 10088-3 as a characteristic material Table 5: Analysis of material 1.4542 according to DIN 10088-3.
  • nickel Due to the low C content, nickel is alloyed for martensitic conversion. Due to the low C content, the steels have very good toughness with high material strength. The strength is further increased by the formation of Cu precipitates.
  • the present invention is based on a different alloy concept compared to this group of materials.
  • the materials discussed above primarily convert to nickel martensite, which is less the intention of the invention in question.
  • the object of the present invention is to develop a steel which combines the positive properties of the Ni-Cr-Mo-V and the secondary hardening Cr-Mo-V steels.
  • the steel provided should offer an optimal combination of strength, heat resistance and toughness in the temperature range up to 600 ° C.
  • the good toughness of Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels should be able to be set at high strengths.
  • one of the objectives is to use suitable heat treatment to adjust the structure so that a sufficient amount of precipitates is formed, which do not tend to dissolve or coarsen even at high operating temperatures. This is intended to inhibit the displacement movement even at high operating temperatures, so that the material disruption can be postponed to longer operating times.
  • the other properties of hot-work steels should be such the weldability and machinability with conventional machine technology are also attributed to the present invention.
  • the resources for manufacturing the development should not experience a significant additional load. Rather, the requirements for chemical analysis allow the starting material to be selected in such a way that no additional costs arise compared to the group of Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels.
  • the rest consists of iron and the usual manufacturing-related impurities and / or accompanying elements.
  • the proposed alloy composition combines the positive properties of the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels with those of the secondary hardening Cr-Mo-V steels.
  • the defined C content in the window mentioned provides good toughness even at high strengths, and on the other hand the formation of precipitates is intended to hinder the dislocation movement, which increases strength and heat resistance. Due to the increased carbon content, the invention uses the conversion to carbon martensite to increase strength.
  • the typical operational strength is 1250 - 1400 MPa. Depending on the application, lower strengths can also be set, which improves the toughness; in contrast, higher strengths up to 1800 MPa are possible, which limits the toughness values.
  • the alloy composition was chosen in such a way that temper-resistant deposits based on Cu are formed in the course of the heat treatment. These excretions ensure increased strength even at elevated temperatures. Due to the increase in strength due to these precipitations, the carbon content can be reduced compared to other Ni-Cr-Mo-V with the same strength. This results in better notched impact strength and better through-hardening of the material. This is particularly important in the production of die cavities, since the mechanical properties must be achieved across the entire component cross section. Furthermore, the yield strength can be increased through the formation of excretions. In addition, carbide-forming elements prevent grain growth during the heat treatment, which ensures a stable fine grain.
  • Another restrictive condition when adjusting the composition preferably provides that 1.5 ⁇ Cr + Mo + Nb + V ⁇ 2.5.
  • This condition in turn promotes the toughness properties of the steel by limiting the formation of secondary carbides on the one hand, but nevertheless enables good strength, so that the desired balance is achieved in special quality.
  • Accompanying elements can be elements specifically added as microalloying elements in the usual amounts, such as. e.g. Niobium or titanium, but also non-disruptive elements that are incorporated into the composition on the manufacturing or raw material side and can be verified by analysis, e.g. Calcium residues following calcium treatment.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a previously mentioned steel according to the invention for hot forming tools, preferably as die steel.
  • the steel is produced in the electric arc furnace or in the LD converter.
  • the secondary metallurgical treatment in the ladle furnace follows.
  • a treatment in a degassing system can optionally be connected.
  • the melt can be subjected to a calcium treatment to set the required degree of purity.
  • the steel can then be cast in a strand or block.
  • a tertiary metallurgical remelting after the (pressure) electro-slag remelting or the vacuum-arc remelting can be carried out.
  • the solidification cross-section and the cooling conditions may require homogenization or diffusion annealing.
  • the holding time should be chosen so that there is sufficient time for diffusion and thus for the reduction of concentration gradients.
  • the hot forming follows the homogenization. This can be done by forging or rolling.
  • the material cooled after the forming process is tempered to adjust the mechanical properties, with hardening being followed by one or more temperings.
  • the holding times are to be selected so that the workpieces have a homogeneous temperature distribution, a limitation of the holding time being advantageous with regard to coarsening in the structure. Oil, polymer, water and air are proposed as cooling media.
  • the medium is to be selected in accordance with the respective heat treatment step.
  • the steel used for comparison with the standard steel with the composition according to the invention shows the analysis results given in Table 7 compared to the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel ("comparison steel"): Table 7: C. Si Mn P S Cr Mon Ni Cu Nb V invention 0.49 0.18 0.76 0.008 0.001 1.05 0.5 2.08 1.88 0.028 0.106 Reference steel 0.515 0.34 0.77 0.008 0.001 1.1 0.55 1.63 0.074 0.002 0.117 All figures are again in mass%
  • the steel is particularly suitable for use as hot-work steel up to a temperature range of 600 ° C.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Werkzeugstahl, insbesondere für hochbeanspruchte Warmumformwerkzeuge.The invention relates to a tool steel, especially for highly stressed hot forming tools.

Warmarbeitsstähle finden ihren Einsatz in den ur- und umformenden Metall- und teilweise Kunststoffverarbeitungsprozessen. Die Oberflächentemperatur der zu formenden Produkte liegt in diesen Prozessen für gewöhnlich über 200 °C. Die angesprochene Stahlgruppe ist daher mit chemischen Elementen legiert, welche die Anlassbeständigkeit des Werkstoffs und damit des Werkzeugs erhöhen, sodass die geforderte Festigkeit auch zu höheren Temperaturen hin aufrechterhalten werden kann.Hot-work steels are used in the primary and forming metal and partly plastic processing processes. The surface temperature of the products to be molded is usually above 200 ° C in these processes. The steel group in question is therefore alloyed with chemical elements that increase the tempering resistance of the material and thus of the tool, so that the required strength can be maintained even at higher temperatures.

Beispielhafte ur- und umformende Prozesse sind das Druckgießen, das Schmieden, das Walzen von Metallen, Kunststoffen oder Glas, und das Strangpressen.Exemplary primary and forming processes are die casting, forging, rolling of metals, plastics or glass, and extrusion.

Die chemische Zusammensetzung von Werkzeugstählen ist in der DIN EN ISO 4957 geregelt. Hier sind in Anlassdiagrammen ebenfalls die einstellbaren Härten der dort geregelten Stähle dargestellt. Die in der Norm geregelten Warmarbeitsstähle können in folgende Gruppen untergliedert werden:

  • Nickel-Chrom-Molybdän-Vanadin (Ni-Cr-Mo-V) Stähle
  • Sekundärhärtende Chrom-Molybdän-Vanadin (Cr-Mo-V) Stähle
  • Chrom-Wolfram-Molybdän (Cr-W-Mo) Stähle
  • Chrom-Cobalt-Wolfram-Molybdän-Vanadin (Cr-Co-W-Mo-V) Stähle
The chemical composition of tool steels is regulated in DIN EN ISO 4957. Here are the adjustable hardnesses of the steels controlled there in the event diagrams shown. The hot working steels regulated in the standard can be divided into the following groups:
  • Nickel-chrome-molybdenum-vanadium (Ni-Cr-Mo-V) steels
  • Secondary hardening chrome-molybdenum-vanadium (Cr-Mo-V) steels
  • Chrome-tungsten-molybdenum (Cr-W-Mo) steels
  • Chromium-Cobalt-Tungsten-Molybdenum-Vanadium (Cr-Co-W-Mo-V) steels

Die Ni-Cr-Mo-V Stähle werden bevorzugt in dynamisch belasteten Schmiede- und Pressgesenken eingesetzt. Ein repräsentativer Stahl aus dieser Gruppe ist die Werkstoffnummer 1.2714 mit den in Tab.1 aufgeführten Analysegrenzen. Tabelle 1: Dargestellt sind die Analysengrenzen des Werkstoffs 1.2714 nach DIN EN ISO 4957. C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni V 0,50 0,10 0,60 0,80 0,35 1,50 0,05 0,60 0,40 0,90 0,030 0,020 1,20 0,55 1,80 0,15 The Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels are preferably used in dynamically loaded forging and pressing dies. A representative steel from this group is material number 1.2714 with the analysis limits listed in Tab. 1. Table 1: The analysis limits of material 1.2714 according to DIN EN ISO 4957 are shown. C. Si Mn P S Cr Mon Ni V 0.50 0.10 0.60 0.80 0.35 1.50 0.05 0.60 0.40 0.90 0.030 0.020 1.20 0.55 1.80 0.15

Durch ihre relativ guten Zähigkeitseigenschaften bei hoher Festigkeit, sind diese Stähle für den Einsatz unter kurzen Be- und Entlastungszeiten geeignet. Nachteilig wirkt sich die zu geringe Anzahl von Ausscheidungen aus, wodurch die Versetzungsbewegung während der thermischen und mechanischen Werkzeugbelastung nur unzureichend behindert wird. Aufgrund dieser Versetzungsbewegung folgt das letztendliche Versagen des Werkstoffs. Insbesondere besteht neben dem Verlust der Maßgenauigkeit die Gefahr von Ausbrüchen, so dass die Standzeit von aus derartigen Stählen hergestellten Warmarbeitswerkzeugen unbefriedigend ist.Due to their relatively good toughness properties and high strength, these steels are suitable for use under short loading and unloading times. The insufficient number of excretions has a disadvantageous effect, as a result of which the displacement movement during thermal and mechanical tool loading is only insufficiently impeded. Because of this dislocation movement, the ultimate failure of the material follows. In particular, in addition to the loss of dimensional accuracy, there is a risk of breakouts, so that the service life of hot work tools made from such steels is unsatisfactory.

Für höher belastete Bauteile werden oft auch sekundärhärtende Cr-Mo-V Stähle eingesetzt. Als charakteristischer Werkstoff dieser Gruppe ist der Stahl 1.2343 mit der in Tab. 2 angegebenen Analysenvorgabe. Tabelle 2: Dargestellt sind die Analysengrenzen des Werkstoffs 1.2343 nach DIN EN ISO 4957. C Si Mn P S Cr Mo V 0,31 0,80 0,25 4,80 1,10 0,30 0,41 1,20 0,50 0,030 0,020 5,50 1,50 0,50 Secondary hardening Cr-Mo-V steels are often used for components subject to higher loads. The characteristic material of this group is steel 1.2343 with the analysis specification given in Tab. 2. Table 2: The analytical limits of the material 1.2343 according to DIN EN ISO 4957 are shown. C. Si Mn P S Cr Mon V 0.31 0.80 0.25 4.80 1.10 0.30 0.41 1.20 0.50 0.030 0.020 5.50 1.50 0.50

Ihr Vorteil besteht in der Ausscheidung von Sekundärkarbiden im Einsatztemperaturbereich. Diese Ausscheidungen behindern die Versetzungsbewegung innerhalb des Werkstoffs. Nachteilig wirken sich diese karbidischen Ausscheidungen allerdings auf die Zähigkeitseigenschaften des Werkzeugs aus, diese werden durch die harten Karbide herabgesetzt.Your advantage is the elimination of secondary carbides in the operating temperature range. These precipitations hinder the movement of dislocations within the material. However, these carbide precipitates have a disadvantageous effect on the toughness properties of the tool, which are reduced by the hard carbides.

Aus den oben genannten Eigenschaften geht hervor, dass die jeweilige Stahlgruppe auf bestimmte Anwendungsbereiche konditioniert ist.The properties mentioned above show that the respective steel group is conditioned for certain areas of application.

Das gezielte Vorsehen eines geregelten Kupfer-Gehalts (Cu) ist bereits vereinzelt vorgeschlagen worden, um das Entstehen von Ausscheidungshärtungen zu fördern. Allerdings ist das Hinzulegieren von Kupfer nicht unkritisch. Zu erwähnen ist vor allem die Gefahr der Rotbrüchigkeit, die zu Ausbrüchen bei der Warmumformung führen kann, wodurch ein Rohling unbrauchbar werden kann. Ein bewusstes Legieren findet aktuell deshalb einen nur sehr begrenzten Einsatz in der Stahlentwicklung- und Herstellung:

  • Cu-legierte Chrom-Nickel-Molybdän (Cr-Ni-Mo) Einsatzstähle
  • Cu-legierte Kunststoffformenstähle
  • Cu-legierte martensitaushärtende Chrom-Nickel-Kupfer (Cr-Ni-Cu) Stähle
The targeted provision of a regulated copper content (Cu) has already been proposed in individual cases in order to promote the development of precipitation hardening. However, the addition of copper is not uncritical. Of particular note is the risk of red brittleness, which can lead to breakouts during hot forming, which can make a blank unusable. Conscious alloying is therefore currently used only to a very limited extent in steel development and production:
  • Cu-alloyed chrome-nickel-molybdenum (Cr-Ni-Mo) case-hardened steels
  • Cu-alloyed plastic mold steels
  • Cu-alloyed martensitic chrome-nickel-copper (Cr-Ni-Cu) steels

Ein aktuell abgeschlossenes interdisziplinäres Forschungsvorhaben untersuchte die Wirkung des Kupfers in Cr-Ni-Mo Einsatzstählen, deren Legierungsbasis in Tab. 3 dargestellt ist. (siehe hierzu: Bambach, M.D.; Bleck, W.; Kramer, H.S.; Klein, M.; Eifler, D.; Beck, T.; Surm, H.; Zoch, H.-W.; Hoffmann, F.:"Tailoring the Hardening Behavior of 18CrNiMo7-6 via Cu Alloying", steel research int., 87 (2016), No. 5, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weilheim ) Tabelle 3: Analyse eines Cu-legierten Einsatzstahls aus vorgenannter Quelle: C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Cu 0,20 0,31 0,57 * * 1,50 0,27 1,52 0,97 * Werte liegen nicht vor A recently completed interdisciplinary research project examined the effect of copper in Cr-Ni-Mo case-hardening steels, the alloy base of which is shown in Table 3. (see also: Bambach, MD; Bleck, W .; Kramer, HS; Klein, M .; Eifler, D .; Beck, T .; Surm, H .; Zoch, H.-W .; Hoffmann, F.:"Tailoring the Hardening Behavior of 18CrNiMo7-6 via Cu Alloying ", steel research int., 87 (2016), No. 5, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weilheim ) Table 3: Analysis of a Cu-alloyed case hardening steel from the aforementioned source: C. Si Mn P S Cr Mon Ni Cu 0.20 0.31 0.57 * * 1.50 0.27 1.52 0.97 * Values are not available

Die Untersuchungen basierten auf dem Werkstoff 1.6587 und hatten das Ziel, die Lebensdauer von einsatzgehärteten Getriebebauteilen zu erhöhen, was durch die Bildung von Cu-Ausscheidungen erreicht werden sollte.The investigations were based on material 1.6587 and aimed to increase the service life of case-hardened gear components, which was to be achieved by the formation of copper deposits.

Cu-legierte Kunststoffformenstähle werden als höher belastbare Alternative für konventionelle niedriglegierte Werkzeugstähle wie 1.2312 oder 1.2738 angeboten. Als relevanter Werkstoff ist der Stahl NAK80 zu nennen, dessen Richtanalyse in Tab. 4 aufgeführt ist. Tabelle 4: Richtanalyse des NAK80. C Si Mn P S Ni Cu Al 0,15 0,30 1,50 * * 3,00 1,00 1,00 * Werte liegen nicht vor Cu-alloyed plastic mold steels are offered as a more resilient alternative for conventional low-alloy tool steels such as 1.2312 or 1.2738. The relevant material is steel NAK80, the directional analysis of which is listed in Table 4. Table 4: Directional analysis of the NAK80. C. Si Mn P S Ni Cu Al 0.15 0.30 1.50 * * 3.00 1.00 1.00 * Values are not available

Obschon es sich hier ebenfalls um einen Cu-legierten Werkzeugstahl handelt, liegt der Erfindung ein anderes Legierungs- und Anwendungskonzept zu Grunde. Während der Stahl NAK80 hauptsächlich als Kunststoffform in einem Festigkeitsbereich < 40 HRC eingesetzt wird, soll der Einsatzbereich der Erfindung bei Festigkeiten üblicherweise > 40 HRC als Schmiedewerkzeug und damit bei höheren Temperaturen eingesetzt werden. Des Weiteren zeigt der Werkstoff NAK80 ein geringen C-Gehalt und einen deutlich erhöhten Mn-Gehalt, wobei auch Aluminium als wesentlicher Legierungsbestandteil zwingend vorgeschrieben ist.Although this is also a Cu-alloyed tool steel, the invention is based on a different alloy and application concept. While the steel NAK80 is mainly used as a plastic mold in a strength range <40 HRC, the field of application of the invention is usually used for strengths> 40 HRC as a forging tool and thus at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the material NAK80 shows a low C content and a significantly increased Mn content, whereby aluminum is also mandatory as an essential alloy component.

Den martensitaushärtenden Stählen liegt das Legierungskonzept der weichmartensitischen Stähle zu Grunde. Tab. 5 zeigt als charakteristischen Werkstoff die Analyse des Stahls 1.4542 nach DIN 10088-3 Tabelle 5: Analyse des Werkstoff 1.4542 nach DIN 10088-3. C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Cu 15,00 3,00 3,00 0,07 0,70 1,50 0,040 0,030 17,00 0,60 5,00 5,00 The martensitic hardening steels are based on the alloy concept of the soft martensitic steels. Tab. 5 shows the analysis of steel 1.4542 according to DIN 10088-3 as a characteristic material Table 5: Analysis of material 1.4542 according to DIN 10088-3. C. Si Mn P S Cr Mon Ni Cu 15.00 3.00 3.00 0.07 0.70 1.50 0.040 0.030 17.00 0.60 5.00 5.00

Aufgrund des niedrigen C-Gehalts, wird zur martensitischen Umwandlung Nickel legiert. Die Stähle weisen aufgrund des geringen C-Gehalts eine sehr gute Zähigkeit bei hohen Werkstofffestigkeiten auf. Die Festigkeit wird durch die Bildung von Cu-Ausscheidungen nochmals erhöht.Due to the low C content, nickel is alloyed for martensitic conversion. Due to the low C content, the steels have very good toughness with high material strength. The strength is further increased by the formation of Cu precipitates.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt im Vergleich zu dieser Werkstoffgruppe ein anderes Legierungskonzept zu Grunde. Die vorstehend besprochenen Werkstoffe wandeln primär in den Nickelmartensit um, was weniger die Absicht der hier in Rede stehenden Erfindung ist.The present invention is based on a different alloy concept compared to this group of materials. The materials discussed above primarily convert to nickel martensite, which is less the intention of the invention in question.

Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, einen Stahl zu entwickeln, welcher die positiven Eigenschaften der Ni-Cr-Mo-V und der sekundärhärtenden Cr-Mo-V Stähle vereint. Insbesondere soll der bereitgestellte Stahl eine optimale Kombination aus Festigkeit, Warmfestigkeit und Zähigkeit im Temperaturbereich bis 600 °C bieten.The object of the present invention is to develop a steel which combines the positive properties of the Ni-Cr-Mo-V and the secondary hardening Cr-Mo-V steels. In particular, the steel provided should offer an optimal combination of strength, heat resistance and toughness in the temperature range up to 600 ° C.

Im Einzelnen sollen die guten Zähigkeiten der Ni-Cr-Mo-V Stähle bei hohen Festigkeiten eingestellt werden können. Des Weiteren ist als eine Zielsetzung zu nennen, durch eine geeignete Wärmebehandlung das Gefüge dahingehend einzustellen, dass sich eine ausreichende Menge an Ausscheidungen bildet, welche auch bei hohen Einsatztemperaturen nicht zur Auflösung oder Vergröberung neigen. Hierdurch soll die Versetzungsbewegung auch bei hohen Einsatztemperaturen gehemmt werden, sodass die Werkstoffzerrüttung zu längeren Einsatzzeiten hin verschoben werden kann. Darüber hinaus sollen die übrigen Eigenschaften welche Warmarbeitsstähle haben wie z.B. die Schweißbarkeit und die Bearbeitbarkeit mit konventioneller Maschinentechnik auch der vorliegenden Erfindung zugschrieben werden.In particular, the good toughness of Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels should be able to be set at high strengths. Furthermore, one of the objectives is to use suitable heat treatment to adjust the structure so that a sufficient amount of precipitates is formed, which do not tend to dissolve or coarsen even at high operating temperatures. This is intended to inhibit the displacement movement even at high operating temperatures, so that the material disruption can be postponed to longer operating times. In addition, the other properties of hot-work steels should be such the weldability and machinability with conventional machine technology are also attributed to the present invention.

Bei gleichzeitiger Verbesserung der mechanischen Eigenschaften, sollen die Ressourcen zur Herstellung der Entwicklung keine signifikante Mehrbelastung erfahren. Vielmehr kann durch die Vorgaben zur chemischen Analyse das Einsatzmaterial zur Erschmelzung so gewählt werden, dass im Vergleich zur Gruppe der Ni-Cr-Mo-V Stähle keine Mehrkosten entstehen.With simultaneous improvement of the mechanical properties, the resources for manufacturing the development should not experience a significant additional load. Rather, the requirements for chemical analysis allow the starting material to be selected in such a way that no additional costs arise compared to the group of Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels.

Erfindungsgemäß wird ein Stahl mit der folgenden chemischen Zusammensetzung vorgeschlagen (Tab. 6): Tabelle 6 C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Cu Nb V 0,30 0,02 0,05 0,50 0,10 0,50 0,50 0,001 0,01 0,55 1,00 1,00 0,025 0,015 2,00 1,00 3,00 2,50 0,100 0,60 Alle Angaben in Massen-% According to the invention, a steel with the following chemical composition is proposed (Tab. 6): Table 6 C. Si Mn P S Cr Mon Ni Cu Nb V 0.30 0.02 0.05 0.50 0.10 0.50 0.50 0.001 0.01 0.55 1.00 1.00 0.025 0.015 2.00 1.00 3.00 2.50 0.100 0.60 All figures in mass%

Der Rest besteht aus Eisen und den üblichen herstellungsbedingten Verunreinigungen und/oder Begleitelementen.The rest consists of iron and the usual manufacturing-related impurities and / or accompanying elements.

Die vorgeschlagene Legierungszusammensetzung kombiniert die positiven Eigenschaften der Ni-Cr-Mo-V Stähle mit jenen der sekundärhärtenden Cr-Mo-V Stähle. Zum einen wird durch den definiert eingestellten C-Gehalt in dem genannten Fenster eine gute Zähigkeit auch bei hohen Festigkeiten eingestellt, zum anderen soll durch die Bildung von Ausscheidungen die Versetzungsbewegung behindert werden, wodurch Festigkeit und Warmfestigkeit ansteigen. Durch den erhöhten Kohlenstoffgehalt nutzt die Erfindung die Umwandlung in Kohlenstoffmartensit zur Festigkeitssteigerung. Die typische Einsatzfestigkeit liegt bei 1250 - 1400 MPa. Je nach Anwendungszweck können auch niedrigere Festigkeiten eingestellt werden, wodurch die Zähigkeit verbessert wird, im Gegensatz sind auch höhere Festigkeiten bis 1800 MPa möglich, wobei hierdurch die Zähigkeitswerte eingeschränkt werden.The proposed alloy composition combines the positive properties of the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels with those of the secondary hardening Cr-Mo-V steels. On the one hand, the defined C content in the window mentioned provides good toughness even at high strengths, and on the other hand the formation of precipitates is intended to hinder the dislocation movement, which increases strength and heat resistance. Due to the increased carbon content, the invention uses the conversion to carbon martensite to increase strength. The typical operational strength is 1250 - 1400 MPa. Depending on the application, lower strengths can also be set, which improves the toughness; in contrast, higher strengths up to 1800 MPa are possible, which limits the toughness values.

Die Legierungszusammensetzung wurde derart gewählt, dass im Zuge der Wärmebehandlung anlassbeständige Ausscheidungen auf Cu-Basis gebildet werden. Diese Ausscheidungen sorgen für eine erhöhte Festigkeit auch bei erhöhten Temperaturen. Durch den Festigkeitsanstieg aufgrund dieser Ausscheidungen kann der Kohlenstoffgehalt im Vergleich zu anderen Ni-Cr-Mo-V bei gleicher Festigkeit abgesenkt werden. Daraus resultieren eine bessere Kerbschlagzähigkeit und eine bessere Durchvergütung des Materials. Dies ist insbesondere bei der Fertigung von Gesenkkavitäten wichtig, da hier die mechanischen Eigenschaften über den gesamten Bauteilquerschnitt zu erbringen sind. Des Weiteren kann durch die Ausscheidungsbildung die Streckgrenze erhöht werden. Zusätzlich verhindern karbidbildende Elemente das Kornwachstum im Zuge der Wärmebehandlung, wodurch ein stabiles Feinkorn gewährleistet wird.The alloy composition was chosen in such a way that temper-resistant deposits based on Cu are formed in the course of the heat treatment. These excretions ensure increased strength even at elevated temperatures. Due to the increase in strength due to these precipitations, the carbon content can be reduced compared to other Ni-Cr-Mo-V with the same strength. This results in better notched impact strength and better through-hardening of the material. This is particularly important in the production of die cavities, since the mechanical properties must be achieved across the entire component cross section. Furthermore, the yield strength can be increased through the formation of excretions. In addition, carbide-forming elements prevent grain growth during the heat treatment, which ensures a stable fine grain.

In einer besonders bevorzugten Zusammensetzung des Stahls ist weiterhin vorgesehen, dass als weitere Bedingung zu den vorstehend besprochenen Zusammensetzungen folgende Randbedingungen eingehalten werden sollen, um das Anforderungsprofil aus guter Zähigkeit einerseits und besonderer Festigkeit andererseits umzusetzen, ohne dass sich das Risiko einer Rotbrüchigkeit erhöht:
Ni/Cu ≥ 1,1In a particularly preferred composition of the steel it is further provided that the following boundary conditions are to be maintained as a further condition in addition to the compositions discussed above, in order to implement the requirement profile of good toughness on the one hand and special strength on the other hand, without increasing the risk of red brittleness:
Ni / Cu ≥ 1.1

Eine weitere einschränkende Bedingung bei der Einstellung der Zusammensetzung, sieht vorzugsweise vor, dass
1,5 ≤ Cr+Mo+Nb+V ≤ 2,5 ist.Another restrictive condition when adjusting the composition preferably provides that
1.5 ≤ Cr + Mo + Nb + V ≤ 2.5.

Diese Bedingung fördert wiederum die Zähigkeitseigenschaften des Stahls durch die Begrenzung der Bildung von Sekundärkarbiden einerseits, ermöglicht aber dennoch eine gute Festigkeit, so dass die gewünschte Balance in besonderer Qualität erreicht wird.This condition in turn promotes the toughness properties of the steel by limiting the formation of secondary carbides on the one hand, but nevertheless enables good strength, so that the desired balance is achieved in special quality.

Begleitelemente können gezielt als Mikrolegierungselemente in den üblichen Mengen zugegebene Elemente sein, wie. z.B. Niob oder Titan, aber auch nicht störende Elemente, die herstellungsseitig oder rohstoffseitig in die Zusammensetzung eingebracht und sich analysetechnische nachweisen lassen, wie z.B. Calciumreste in Folge einer Calciumbehandlung.Accompanying elements can be elements specifically added as microalloying elements in the usual amounts, such as. e.g. Niobium or titanium, but also non-disruptive elements that are incorporated into the composition on the manufacturing or raw material side and can be verified by analysis, e.g. Calcium residues following calcium treatment.

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft auch die Verwendung eines zuvor genannten erfindungsgemäßen Stahls für Warmumformwerkzeuge, vorzugsweise als Gesenkstahl.The present invention also relates to the use of a previously mentioned steel according to the invention for hot forming tools, preferably as die steel.

Nachfolgend wird die Erzeugung/Herstellung einer erfindungsgemäßen Stahlzusammensetzung unter weiterer Betrachtung auch der Wärmebehandlungsschritte erörtert.The generation / production of a steel composition according to the invention is discussed below, with further consideration also of the heat treatment steps.

Die Stahlerzeugung erfolgt im Elektrolichtbogenofen oder im LD-Konverter. Nach der primärmetallurgischen Erschmelzung folgt die sekundärmetallurgische Behandlung im Pfannenofen. Optional kann eine Behandlung in einer Entgasungsanlage angeschlossen werden. Zur Einstellung des geforderten Reinheitsgrades kann die Schmelze einer Calciumbehandlung unterzogen werden. Der Stahl kann anschließend im Strang oder Block vergossen werden.
Je nach Anforderungen - speziell an den Reinheitsgrad - kann ein tertiärmetallurgisches Umschmelzen, nach dem (Druck-) Elektro-Schlacke-Umschmelzen oder dem Vakuum-Lichtbogen-Umschmelzen durchgeführt werden.The steel is produced in the electric arc furnace or in the LD converter. After the primary metallurgical melting, the secondary metallurgical treatment in the ladle furnace follows. A treatment in a degassing system can optionally be connected. The melt can be subjected to a calcium treatment to set the required degree of purity. The steel can then be cast in a strand or block.
Depending on the requirements - especially regarding the degree of purity - a tertiary metallurgical remelting, after the (pressure) electro-slag remelting or the vacuum-arc remelting can be carried out.

Der Erstarrungsquerschnitt und die Abkühlbedingungen können ein Homogenisieren bzw. Diffusionsglühen nötig machen. Die Haltezeit ist so zu wählen, dass eine ausreichende Zeit zur Diffusion und damit zum Abbau von Konzentrationsgradienten gegeben ist.
Dem Homogenisieren schließt sich die Warmformgebung an. Diese kann durch Schmieden oder Walzen erfolgen.The solidification cross-section and the cooling conditions may require homogenization or diffusion annealing. The holding time should be chosen so that there is sufficient time for diffusion and thus for the reduction of concentration gradients.
The hot forming follows the homogenization. This can be done by forging or rolling.

Das nach der Umformung abgekühlte Material wird zur Einstellung der mechanischen Eigenschaften vergütet, wobei sich dem Härten ein ein- oder mehrmaliges Anlassen anschließt. Die Haltezeiten sind so zu wählen, dass die Werkstücke eine homogene Temperaturverteilung aufweisen, wobei eine Begrenzung der Haltezeit hinsichtlich Vergröberungserscheinungen im Gefüge vorteilhaft ist. Als Abkühlmedien werden Öl, Polymer, Wasser und Luft vorgeschlagen. Das Medium ist entsprechend dem jeweiligen Wärmebehandlungsschritt zu wählen.The material cooled after the forming process is tempered to adjust the mechanical properties, with hardening being followed by one or more temperings. The holding times are to be selected so that the workpieces have a homogeneous temperature distribution, a limitation of the holding time being advantageous with regard to coarsening in the structure. Oil, polymer, water and air are proposed as cooling media. The medium is to be selected in accordance with the respective heat treatment step.

Nachfolgend wird anhand der beigefügten Abbildungen näher auf die besonderen Eigenschaften der erfindungsgemäßen Stahlzusammensetzung eingegangen. Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1: einen Vergleich der mechanischen Eigenschaften eines erfindungsgemäßen Stahls mit einem genormten NiCrMoV-Stahl in Längsrichtung;
  • Fig. 2: einen Vergleich der mechanischen Eigenschaften eines erfindungsgemäßen Stahls mit einem genormten NiCrMoV-Stahl in Querrichtung.
The particular properties of the steel composition according to the invention are explained in more detail below with the aid of the attached figures. Show it:
  • Fig. 1 : a comparison of the mechanical properties of a steel according to the invention with a standardized NiCrMoV steel in the longitudinal direction;
  • Fig. 2 : a comparison of the mechanical properties of a steel according to the invention with a standardized NiCrMoV steel in the transverse direction.

Der zum Vergleich mit dem Normstahl herangezogene Stahl mit erfindungsgemäßer Zusammensetzung (Ausführungsbeispiel "Erfindung") zeigt gegenüber dem Ni-Cr-Mo-V-Stahl ("Vergleichsstahl") die in der Tabelle 7 angegeben Analyseergebnisse: Tabelle 7: C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Cu Nb V Erfindung 0,49 0,18 0,76 0,008 0,001 1,05 0,5 2,08 1,88 0,028 0,106 Vergleichsstahl 0,515 0,34 0,77 0,008 0,001 1,1 0,55 1,63 0,074 0,002 0,117 Alle Angaben sind wiederum in Masse-% The steel used for comparison with the standard steel with the composition according to the invention (exemplary embodiment "invention") shows the analysis results given in Table 7 compared to the Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel ("comparison steel"): Table 7: C. Si Mn P S Cr Mon Ni Cu Nb V invention 0.49 0.18 0.76 0.008 0.001 1.05 0.5 2.08 1.88 0.028 0.106 Reference steel 0.515 0.34 0.77 0.008 0.001 1.1 0.55 1.63 0.074 0.002 0.117 All figures are again in mass%

Der Vergleich mit einer Standardanalyse eines Ni-Cr-Mo-V Stahls zeigt, dass insbesondere die Streckgrenze und das Streckgrenzenverhältnis Rp0,2/Rm verbessert werden können. Bei höheren Festigkeiten können nahezu gleiche Kerbschlagwerte erzielt werden. Darüber hinaus, ist im Vergleich zur Standardanalyse kein signifikanter Abfall der Festigkeit und Zähigkeit zum Bauteilkern hin zu erkennen (siehe Fig. 1 und Fig. 2).A comparison with a standard analysis of a Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel shows that in particular the yield strength and the yield strength ratio Rp0.2 / Rm can be improved. At higher strengths, almost the same impact values can be achieved. In addition, compared to the standard analysis, there is no significant drop in strength and toughness towards the component core (see 1 and 2 ).

Da diese Werkstoffeigenschaften aufgrund der anlassbeständigen Ausscheidungen auf Cu-Basis mit einer sehr hohen Temperaturbeständigkeit einhergehen, eignet sich der Stahl insbesondere für den Einsatz als Warmarbeitsstahl bis in einen Temperaturbereich von 600 °C.Since these material properties are associated with a very high temperature resistance due to the temper-resistant precipitations based on Cu, the steel is particularly suitable for use as hot-work steel up to a temperature range of 600 ° C.

Claims (10)

  1. Tool steel having the following composition, wherein the components are indicated in each case in mass percent:
    0.30 ≤ C (carbon) ≤ 0.55
    0.02 ≤ Si (silicon) ≤ 1.00
    0.05 ≤ Mn (manganese) ≤ 1.00
    P (phosphorus) ≤ 0.025
    S (sulphur) ≤ 0.015
    0.50 ≤ Cr (chromium) ≤ 2.00
    0.10 ≤ Mo (molybdenum) ≤ 1.00
    0.50 ≤ Ni (nickel) ≤ 3.00
    0.50 ≤ Cu (copper) ≤ 2.50
    0.001 ≤ Nb (niobium) ≤ 0.100
    0.01 ≤ V (vanadium) ≤ 0.60
    wherein the remainder consists of iron, usual impurities and/or accompanying elements in traces up to 0.02 mass percent per accompanying element.
  2. Tool steel according to claim 1, characterised in that the carbon content in mass percent is between 0.40 and 0.55.
  3. Tool steel according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the silicon content in mass percent is between 0.02 and 0.40.
  4. Tool steel according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the nickel content in mass percent is between 0.50 and 2.50.
  5. Tool steel according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the composition also meets the boundary condition, according to which the ratio of mass percentages is Ni/Cu ≥ 1.1.
  6. Tool steel according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the composition of the mass percentages also meets the boundary condition 1.5 ≤ Cr+Mo+Nb+V ≤ 2.5.
  7. Tool steel according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that its operational strength is set to less than 1800 MPa.
  8. Tool steel according to claim 7, characterised in that its operational strength is set to a range between 1250 MPa and 1400 MPa.
  9. Use of a tool steel according to any one of the preceding claims as hot-work steel.
  10. Use of a tool steel according to claim 9, characterised in that the hot-work steel is a die steel.
EP17174590.4A 2017-06-06 2017-06-06 Precipitation hardening steel and use of such a steel for thermoforming tools Active EP3412790B1 (en)

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ES17174590T ES2828303T3 (en) 2017-06-06 2017-06-06 Precipitation hardened steel and the use of such a steel for hot forming tools
HUE17174590A HUE052450T2 (en) 2017-06-06 2017-06-06 Precipitation hardening steel and use of such a steel for thermoforming tools
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