EP2246624A2 - Domestic firing device with continuous fuel burning and method for its operation - Google Patents

Domestic firing device with continuous fuel burning and method for its operation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2246624A2
EP2246624A2 EP10161404A EP10161404A EP2246624A2 EP 2246624 A2 EP2246624 A2 EP 2246624A2 EP 10161404 A EP10161404 A EP 10161404A EP 10161404 A EP10161404 A EP 10161404A EP 2246624 A2 EP2246624 A2 EP 2246624A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion
phase
depending
fuel
oxygen content
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EP10161404A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2246624B1 (en
EP2246624A3 (en
Inventor
Heinz Prof. Dr. Kohler
Paul Butschbach
Dominik Glesing
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TLB GmbH
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Individual
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N3/00—Regulating air supply or draught
    • F23N3/002—Regulating air supply or draught using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B90/00—Combustion methods not related to a particular type of apparatus
    • F23B90/02—Start-up techniques
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B90/00—Combustion methods not related to a particular type of apparatus
    • F23B90/04—Combustion methods not related to a particular type of apparatus including secondary combustion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
    • F23N5/006—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties the detector being sensitive to oxygen

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a domestic heating system according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the EP 997 965 A1 discloses a burner optimized for reducing particulate matter for a heater operated with a solid fuel, for example pellets or similar isolated parts of a solid fuel.
  • a supply of supply air takes place only via an air supply device, the air supply is distributed by means of a convection fan around the fireplace around.
  • An oxygen sensor controls the air supply and sets a preferred optimum air / fuel ratio by adjusting the fuel supply and the air supply.
  • a method for operating a combustion system for combusting fuels in which a primary and a secondary air supply device are regulated as a function of the content of carbon monoxide, which is continuously measured by means of a carbon monoxide sensor, and depending on the temperature.
  • the secondary supply of supply air and the fuel supply are regulated depending on the content of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas and the combustion temperature.
  • the use of a carbon monoxide sensor is expensive and requires a lot of maintenance.
  • the method does not provide a separate control in non-stationary operation of the furnace, so that especially in a start phase, no separate regulation takes place, which prevents emissions of pollutants, especially not completely oxidized pollutants in this start phase.
  • combustion plants for crushed solid fuels such as pellets, wood chips and the like are available on the market, although via an afterburning by means of a have secondary supply means and a sensor for determining the residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas, but have no or no separate control for the starting phase.
  • the object is achieved by a domestic combustion plant for the continuous combustion of solid, comminuted fuels during different phases of operation, namely an ignition phase during which the fuel is ignited, a start-up phase in which the combustion process is stabilized and an operating phase with a stationary combustion operation, with a metering device for Dosing of the fuel in a combustion chamber, a primary Zu Kunststoff adopted for dosing the supply air necessary for the combustion process, a secondary Zu Kunststofferie founded for afterburning of incompletely oxidized combustion products, a temperature sensor for detecting the combustion temperature and an oxygen sensor for detecting the residual oxygen present in the exhaust and an ignition device for Ignition of the fuel solved, wherein during the stationary phase of operation, the metering device depends on a controlled by the supply of fuel Heat requirement and the primary air intake device is controlled depending on the dosage of the solid fuel and the secondary air supply depending on the residual oxygen and operated during the ignition phase, the primary air supply constant and the secondary air intake device depending on the combustion temperature and depending on Residual oxygen content is regulated.
  • the primary air supply device can be regulated exclusively as a function of the residual oxygen content.
  • the control of the air supply device can additionally take place as a function of the combustion temperature, since at lower heat outputs it can be assumed that the combustion temperature can be correspondingly lower and therefore a control may be necessary which takes into account both the residual oxygen content and the combustion temperature.
  • Suitable fuels are all solid, comminuted fuels, for example organic fuels such as wood pellets, woodchips, generally prepared, portioned biomass and the like.
  • the metering device of the domestic heating system can be formed from a screw conveyor, a conveyor belt or the like.
  • the primary and secondary Zu Kunststoff can be formed, for example, each of a fan whose speed is set by a corresponding control and in this way the amount of metered supply air is specified.
  • the separate metering of the primary and / or secondary supply air flow via a suction draft fan and separately controllable Zu Kunststoffschieber or the like.
  • the primary supply air preferably takes place from below through a grate for the ignited fuel.
  • the secondary supply air is preferably introduced into the afterburning zone, for example by means of one or more nozzles, so that there is optimum mixing with the exhaust gas stream and can be preheated in order to reduce the reduction in the combustion temperature.
  • a separation between the combustion chamber and a post-combustion chamber to avoid harmful convection may be provided.
  • the temperature sensor may be formed by a thermocouple, a thermometer, a pyroelement or the like and preferably detects the combustion temperature at a characteristic point in the combustion chamber in the combustion chamber, preferably in the vicinity of the maximum temperature.
  • an oxygen sensor an optical or electrochemical sensor can be used. This sensor is preferably provided at the outlet of the exhaust gas, for example, prior to introduction into a chimney.
  • the ignition device may be a hot air blower which ignites the fuel on the grate by gas temperatures above the flash point.
  • An advantageous embodiment of the domestic heating system provides to operate the primary air supply device for igniting the fuel when the secondary air supply device is switched off with a constant supply air. In this way, the fuel can be ignited quickly and safely without cooling the hot air of the fan heater with a correspondingly limited supply.
  • the secondary air supply device After ignition of the fuel, the secondary air supply device advantageously remains shut down until the residual oxygen falls below a predetermined value, for example 18% by volume. In this case, the secondary air supply device remain shut down until in addition the combustion temperature exceeds a predetermined value, for example 400 ° C to 450 ° C. If the predetermined value of the combustion temperature is exceeded for the first time, a regulation of the secondary supply air flow takes place when the value falls below the predetermined value for the residual oxygen content, depending on the combustion temperature and the content of residual oxygen. In this case, different combustion control functions, for example, with different control character can be specified for combustion temperatures above the predetermined value and firing temperatures equal to or below the predetermined value.
  • controllers such as a P, PI, PID controller can be used or the control parameters are weighted differently among each other.
  • the predetermined values for switching the control can be varied on the basis of the combustion temperature and the content of residual oxygen.
  • Such a scheme seeks to minimize the combustion temperature reduction by supply air through the secondary supply means to avoid the formation of said pollutants due to low temperature, even when already started combustion as far as possible. In this way, the ignition process is started quickly and immediately switched to an effective post-combustion by supplying air through the secondary feeder, as soon as pollutant formation due to the formation conditions, for example the formation of carbon monoxide according to the Boudouard equilibrium is no longer negligible.
  • the ignition phase When the ignition phase is completed, it switches to the start-up phase.
  • the secondary supply air is restricted to a minimum value, at least at the beginning of the start-up phase, according to an advantageous embodiment of the domestic heating system.
  • the primary supply air after stable ignition of the fuel is controlled depending on a dosage of the fuel, which can be made to start the combustion process with increasing rate of fuel, with a minimum supply of secondary supply air, to a base load of supply air for afterburning be kept available from any resulting pollutants. Since the conditions of the combustion and the reaction products vary greatly in the start-up phase, in particular after restarting with already combusted fuel, the regulation of the secondary supply air must always be based on the combustion temperature and on the residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas.
  • the duration of the ignition phase and the start-up phase can be limited in time.
  • empirically obtained information of a combustion process can be used as switching times from the ignition phase into the starting phase or from the starting phase into the operating phase with stationary combustion operation.
  • the switching points between the individual phases can be determined from a currently present combustion situation, for example based on the obtained sensor data for residual oxygen and / or the combustion temperature and operating data of the supply devices and / or the metering devices.
  • the duration of the ignition phase and / or the starting phase can be predetermined depending on a downtime of the domestic heating system. In this way, for example, a residual heat in the combustion chamber or the temperature of the combustible material can be met. For example, a longer duration of the ignition and / or start-up phase can be provided when restarting the domestic combustion system with exclusively unburned fuel.
  • the primary air supply device is regulated as a function of the set fuel volume flow via the metering device.
  • substantially Constant temperature can be dispensed with a temperature influence of the control of the secondary supply device and only one of the residual oxygen dependent control can be made, which indirectly also takes into account different fuel qualities (eg porosity).
  • the externally required heat demand of the domestic heating system such as full load or partial load operation can be performed by the uniform guidance of fuel supply and supply of air via the primary supply means.
  • the secondary supply means may be corrected depending on the change of the combustion temperature.
  • the control process or the supply of secondary or primary supply air can be stopped by the metering device is turned off and the falling below a predetermined value of the combustion temperature is detected.
  • the control of the proposed domestic heating system can be parameterized at the factory or by the customer.
  • at least one of parameters for representing a dependency of the primary and / or secondary air supply device on the combustion temperature, the residual oxygen and / or the fuel supply depending on a downtime of the domestic heating system can be specified.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)

Abstract

The system has a metering unit for metering solid or fragmented fuels into a combustion chamber, and a temperature sensor for detecting combustion temperature. A primary air supply device is constantly operated, and a secondary air supply device is operated based on the combustion temperature and remaining oxygen content during an ignition phase. The primary air supply device is controlled based on dosage of the fuel, and the secondary air supply device is controlled based on the oxygen content during a starting-up phase.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Hausfeuerungsanlage nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a domestic heating system according to the preamble of claim 1.

Die EP 997 965 A1 offenbart einen zur Verminderung von Schwebstoffen optimierten Brenner für ein Heizgerät, der mit einem festen Brennstoff, beispielsweise Pellets oder ähnlich vereinzelten Teilen eines festen Brennstoffs betrieben wird. Hierbei wird durch die speziell ausgestaltete Ausbildung der Brennkammer und der Zufuhr von Zuluft ein Eintrag von Schwebstoffen in die Abgase erschwert. Dabei erfolgt eine Zufuhr der Zuluft lediglich über eine Zulufteinrichtung, deren Luftzufuhr mittels eines Konvektionsgebläses um die Feuerstelle herum verteilt wird. Ein Sauerstoffsensor steuert die Luftzufuhr und stellt ein bevorzugt optimales Luft/Brennstoff- Verhältnis durch Abgleich der Brennstoffzufuhr und der Luftzufuhr ein. Durch die einzige Zufuhreinrichtung ist eine Nachverbrennung von nicht vollständig oxidierten Abgasen, beispielsweise Kohlenmonoxid und unverbrannte Kohlenwasserstoffe, durch eine sekundäre Zufuhreinrichtung nicht möglich. Daher erübrigt sich auch eine Messung der Verbrennungstemperatur zur Beurteilung der Konzentrationsgleichgewichte an nicht vollständig oxidierten Abgasen und von deren Reaktionskinetik. Eine Verminderung von Schadstoffen in Form von gasförmigen nicht vollständig oxidierten Abgasen und damit ein in jeder Verbrennungsphase (Zündphase, Anfahrphase, stationäre Phase) optimierter Verbrennungsprozess sind mittels dieses Brenners nicht möglich.The EP 997 965 A1 discloses a burner optimized for reducing particulate matter for a heater operated with a solid fuel, for example pellets or similar isolated parts of a solid fuel. Here is made difficult by the specially designed design of the combustion chamber and the supply of air intake of suspended matter in the exhaust gases. In this case, a supply of supply air takes place only via an air supply device, the air supply is distributed by means of a convection fan around the fireplace around. An oxygen sensor controls the air supply and sets a preferred optimum air / fuel ratio by adjusting the fuel supply and the air supply. By the only supply means an afterburning of not completely oxidized exhaust gases, such as carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons, by a secondary supply means is not possible. Therefore, a measurement of the combustion temperature to assess the concentration equilibrium of not completely oxidized exhaust gases and their reaction kinetics is unnecessary. A reduction of pollutants in the form of gaseous incompletely oxidized exhaust gases and thus a combustion process optimized in each combustion phase (ignition phase, starting phase, stationary phase) are not possible by means of this burner.

Aus der AT 412 903 B ist ein Verfahren zum Betrieb einer Feuerungsanlage zur Verbrennung von Brennstoffen bekannt, bei dem eine primäre und eine sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig vom Gehalt an Kohlenmonoxid, der mittels eines Kohlenmonoxid-Sensors kontinuierlich gemessen wird, und abhängig von der Temperatur geregelt wird. Dabei werden die sekundäre Zufuhr von Zuluft und die Brennstoffzufuhr abhängig vom Gehalt von Kohlenmonoxid im Abgas und der Verbrennungstemperatur geregelt. Die Verwendung eines Kohlenmonoxid-Sensors ist kosten- und wartungsaufwendig. Das Verfahren sieht keine separate Regelung im nicht stationären Betrieb der Feuerungsanlage vor, so dass insbesondere in einer Startphase keine separate Regelung erfolgt, die einen Ausstoß von Schadstoffen, insbesondere nicht vollständig oxidierten Schadstoffen, in dieser Startphase verhindert.From the AT 412 903 B A method is known for operating a combustion system for combusting fuels, in which a primary and a secondary air supply device are regulated as a function of the content of carbon monoxide, which is continuously measured by means of a carbon monoxide sensor, and depending on the temperature. The secondary supply of supply air and the fuel supply are regulated depending on the content of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas and the combustion temperature. The use of a carbon monoxide sensor is expensive and requires a lot of maintenance. The method does not provide a separate control in non-stationary operation of the furnace, so that especially in a start phase, no separate regulation takes place, which prevents emissions of pollutants, especially not completely oxidized pollutants in this start phase.

Weiterhin sind Feuerungsanlagen für zerkleinerte feste Brennstoffe wie Pellets, Hackschnitzel und dergleichen auf dem Markt erhältlich, die zwar über eine Nachverbrennung mittels einer sekundären Zufuhreinrichtung und einen Sensor zur Ermittlung des Restsauerstoffgehalts im Abgas aufweisen, jedoch keine beziehungsweise keine separate Regelung für die Startphase aufweisen.Furthermore, combustion plants for crushed solid fuels such as pellets, wood chips and the like are available on the market, although via an afterburning by means of a have secondary supply means and a sensor for determining the residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas, but have no or no separate control for the starting phase.

Umfangreiche Untersuchungen haben jedoch ergeben, dass in der Zünd- und Anfahrphase des Verbrennungsprozesses weitaus höhere Schadgas- und Feinstaubemissionen zu verzeichnen sind als in der stationären Betriebsphase bei gleichmäßiger Brennstoffzufuhr. Dies liegt daran, dass in den erstgenannten Phasen das Luft/Brennstoffgemisch nicht fest eingestellt werden kann, um optimale Verbrennung zu erreichen. Je nach Auslegung der Heizungsanlage können jedoch mehrere Zünd- und Anfahrphasen pro Stunde auftreten. Dies bedeutet, dass der Beitrag dieser Verbrennungsphasen zur Schadstoffemission erheblich sein kann. Da jedoch die Schadstoffemissionen in diesen nicht stationären Betriebsphasen vom Gesetzgeber nicht überwacht werden, wurden bisher keine Prozessregelungsstrategien entwickelt, um die damit einhergehenden, hohen Emissionen zu verringern.Extensive studies have shown, however, that in the ignition and start-up phase of the combustion process much higher levels of harmful gas and particulate matter emissions are recorded than in the stationary phase of operation with a uniform fuel supply. This is because in the former stages, the air / fuel mixture can not be fixed to achieve optimal combustion. Depending on the design of the heating system, however, several ignition and starting phases may occur per hour. This means that the contribution of these combustion phases to pollutant emissions can be significant. However, as pollutant emissions in these non-stationary operating phases are not monitored by legislators, no process control strategies have been developed to reduce the associated high emissions.

Es ergibt sich daher die Aufgabe, eine Hausfeuerungsanlage zur Verbrennung von festen, zerkleinerten Brennstoffen derart weiterzubilden, dass die Schadstoffemissionen über den gesamten Betriebsbereich der Hausfeuerungsanlage minimiert werden. Dabei soll eine derartige Hausfeuerungsanlage einfach und kostengünstig aufgebaut sein.It is therefore the object of developing a domestic combustion system for the combustion of solid, comminuted fuels in such a way that the pollutant emissions are minimized over the entire operating range of the house heating system. In this case, such a domestic heating system should be simple and inexpensive.

Die Aufgabe wird durch eine Hausfeuerungsanlage zur kontinuierlichen Verbrennung von festen, zerkleinerten Brennstoffen während unterschiedlicher Betriebsphasen, nämlich einer Zündphase, während der der Brennstoff entzündet wird, einer Anfahrphase, in der der Verbrennungsprozess stabilisiert wird und einer Betriebsphase mit einem stationären Verbrennungsbetrieb, mit einer Dosiereinrichtung zum Dosieren des Brennstoffs in einen Brennraum, einer primären Zulufteinrichtung zur Dosierung der für den Verbrennungsvorgang nötigen Zuluft, einer sekundären Zulufteinrichtung zur Nachverbrennung von nicht vollständig oxidierten Verbrennungsprodukten, einem Temperatursensor zur Erfassung der Verbrennungstemperatur und einem Sauerstoffsensor zur Erfassung des im Abgas vorhandenen Restsauerstoffs sowie einer Zündeinrichtung zur Zündung des Brennstoffs gelöst, wobei während der stationären Betriebsphase die Dosiereinrichtung abhängig von einem durch Zufuhr von Brennstoff gesteuerten Wärmebedarf und die primäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig von der Dosierung des festen Brennstoffs und die sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig vom Restauerstoff geregelt wird und während der Zündphase die primäre Zulufteinrichtung konstant betrieben und die sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig von der Verbrennungstemperatur und abhängig vom Restsauerstoffgehalt geregelt wird. Während der Anfahrphase kann die primäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig von der Dosierung des Brennstoffs, beispielsweise in Form eines steuer- oder regelbaren Brennstoffvolumenstroms und die sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung gemäß einem vorteilhaften Ausführungsbeispiel ausschließlich abhängig vom Restsauerstoffgehalt geregelt werden. In einem weiteren Ausführungsbeispiel kann die Regelung der Zulufteinrichtung zusätzlich abhängig von der Verbrennungstemperatur erfolgen, da bei geringeren Wärmeleistungen davon ausgegangen werden kann, dass die Verbrennungstemperatur entsprechend niedriger sein kann und deswegen eine Regelung notwendig werden kann, die sowohl den restsauerstoffgehalt als auch die Verbrennungstemperatur berücksichtigt.The object is achieved by a domestic combustion plant for the continuous combustion of solid, comminuted fuels during different phases of operation, namely an ignition phase during which the fuel is ignited, a start-up phase in which the combustion process is stabilized and an operating phase with a stationary combustion operation, with a metering device for Dosing of the fuel in a combustion chamber, a primary Zulufteinrichtung for dosing the supply air necessary for the combustion process, a secondary Zulufteinrichtung for afterburning of incompletely oxidized combustion products, a temperature sensor for detecting the combustion temperature and an oxygen sensor for detecting the residual oxygen present in the exhaust and an ignition device for Ignition of the fuel solved, wherein during the stationary phase of operation, the metering device depends on a controlled by the supply of fuel Heat requirement and the primary air intake device is controlled depending on the dosage of the solid fuel and the secondary air supply depending on the residual oxygen and operated during the ignition phase, the primary air supply constant and the secondary air intake device depending on the combustion temperature and depending on Residual oxygen content is regulated. During the start-up phase, depending on the metering of the fuel, for example in the form of a controllable or controllable fuel volume flow and the secondary air supply device according to an advantageous embodiment, the primary air supply device can be regulated exclusively as a function of the residual oxygen content. In a further exemplary embodiment, the control of the air supply device can additionally take place as a function of the combustion temperature, since at lower heat outputs it can be assumed that the combustion temperature can be correspondingly lower and therefore a control may be necessary which takes into account both the residual oxygen content and the combustion temperature.

Durch eine derartige Hausfeuerungsanlage können die Schadstoffemissionen nicht nur-wie beispielsweise von Gesetzgebern nur eingeschränkt gefordert - in der stationären Betriebsphase vermindert sondern vor allem auch in der infolge der nicht stationären Verbrennungsvorgänge für Schadstoffausstoß besonders anfälligen Zünd- beziehungsweise Anfahrphase vermindert werden, welche zusammen durchaus eine Dauer von 10-30 Minuten einnehmen können.By such a domestic combustion system, the pollutant emissions not only - as required by legislators only limited - reduced in the stationary operating phase but especially in the non-stationary combustion processes for pollutant emissions particularly vulnerable ignition or start-up phase can be reduced, which together quite a duration 10-30 minutes can take.

Als Brennstoff eignen sich alle festen, zerkleinerten Brennstoffe, beispielsweise organische Brennstoffe wie Holzpellets, Holzhackschnitzel, generell vorher zubereitete, portionierte Biomasse und dergleichen. Die Dosiereinrichtung der Hausfeuerungsanlage kann aus einer Transportschnecke, einem Förderband oder dergleichen gebildet sein. Die primäre und sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung kann beispielsweise aus jeweils einem Gebläse gebildet sein, deren Drehzahl durch eine entsprechende Regelung eingestellt und auf diese Weise die Menge an dosierter Zuluft vorgegeben wird. Weiterhin kann die separate Dosierung des primären und/oder sekundären Zuluftstroms über einen Saugzugventilator und separat steuerbare Zuluftschieber oder dergleichen erfolgen. Die primäre Zuluft erfolgt bevorzugt von unten durch einen Rost für den entzündeten Brennstoff. Die sekundäre Zuluft wird vorzugsweise so in die Nachbrennzone beispielweise mittels einer oder mehrerer Düsen eingebracht, dass eine optimale Durchmischung mit dem Abgasstrom vorliegt und kann vorgewärmt sein, um die Reduktion der Verbrennungstemperatur zu mindern. Eine Abtrennung zwischen Brennkammer und einem Nachverbrennungskammer zur Vermeidung von schädlicher Konvektion kann vorgesehen sein. Der Temperatursensor kann durch ein Thermoelement, ein Thermometer, ein Pyroelement oder dergleichen gebildet sein und erfasst in bevorzugter Weise die Verbrennungstemperatur an einem für die Regelung charakteristischen Punkt im Brennraum, bevorzugt in der Nähe der Maximaltemperatur. Mittels entsprechender empirischer Überlegungen kann dabei auf eine mittlere Verbrennungstemperatur und damit auf die Entstehung oder Einstellung eines Gleichgewichts von nicht vollständig oxidierten Schadstoffen wie beispielsweise Kohlenmonoxid, (polyzyklischen) Kohlenwasserstoffen und/oder Feinstaub im Abgas geschlossen werden. Als Sauerstoffsensor kann ein optischer oder elektrochemischer Sensor verwendet werden. Dieser Sensor wird bevorzugt am Ausgang des Abgases, beispielsweise vor der Einleitung in einen Kamin vorgesehen werden. Als Zündvorrichtung kann ein Heißluftgebläse dienen, das den auf dem Rost befindlichen Brennstoff durch Gastemperaturen über dem Flammpunkt entzündet.Suitable fuels are all solid, comminuted fuels, for example organic fuels such as wood pellets, woodchips, generally prepared, portioned biomass and the like. The metering device of the domestic heating system can be formed from a screw conveyor, a conveyor belt or the like. The primary and secondary Zulufteinrichtung can be formed, for example, each of a fan whose speed is set by a corresponding control and in this way the amount of metered supply air is specified. Furthermore, the separate metering of the primary and / or secondary supply air flow via a suction draft fan and separately controllable Zuluftschieber or the like. The primary supply air preferably takes place from below through a grate for the ignited fuel. The secondary supply air is preferably introduced into the afterburning zone, for example by means of one or more nozzles, so that there is optimum mixing with the exhaust gas stream and can be preheated in order to reduce the reduction in the combustion temperature. A separation between the combustion chamber and a post-combustion chamber to avoid harmful convection may be provided. The temperature sensor may be formed by a thermocouple, a thermometer, a pyroelement or the like and preferably detects the combustion temperature at a characteristic point in the combustion chamber in the combustion chamber, preferably in the vicinity of the maximum temperature. By means of appropriate empirical considerations, it is possible to determine the average combustion temperature and thus the formation or setting an equilibrium of not completely oxidized pollutants such as carbon monoxide, (polycyclic) hydrocarbons and / or particulate matter in the exhaust gas are closed. As an oxygen sensor, an optical or electrochemical sensor can be used. This sensor is preferably provided at the outlet of the exhaust gas, for example, prior to introduction into a chimney. The ignition device may be a hot air blower which ignites the fuel on the grate by gas temperatures above the flash point.

Eine vorteilhafte Ausgestaltung der Hausfeuerungsanlage sieht vor, die primäre Zulufteinrichtung zur Entzündung des Brennstoffs bei ausgeschalteter sekundärer Zulufteinrichtung mit konstanter Zuluft zu betreiben. Auf diese Weise kann ohne Abkühlung der Heißluft des Heizgebläses bei einer entsprechend begrenzten Zufuhr der Brennstoff schnell und sicher entzündet werden.An advantageous embodiment of the domestic heating system provides to operate the primary air supply device for igniting the fuel when the secondary air supply device is switched off with a constant supply air. In this way, the fuel can be ignited quickly and safely without cooling the hot air of the fan heater with a correspondingly limited supply.

Nach einer Entzündung des Brennstoffs bleibt in vorteilhafter Weise die sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung solange stillgelegt, bis der Restsauerstoff einen vorgegebenen Wert, beispielsweise 18 Vol.-% unterschreitet. Dabei kann die sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung stillgelegt bleiben, bis zusätzlich die Verbrennungstemperatur einen vorgegebenen Wert von beispielsweise 400° C bis 450° C überschreitet. Wird dabei der vorgegebene Wert der Verbrennungstemperatur erstmalig überschritten, erfolgt bei Unterschreiten des vorgegebenen Werts für den Restsauerstoffgehalt eine Regelung des sekundären Zuluftstroms abhängig von der Verbrennungstemperatur und dem Gehalt an Restsauerstoff. Dabei können für Verbrennungstemperaturen über dem vorgegebenen Wert und Brenntemperaturen gleich oder unterhalb des vorgegebenen Werts unterschiedliche Regelungsfunktionen, beispielsweise mit unterschiedlichem Regelungscharakter vorgegeben werden. Beispielsweise können unterschiedliche Regler wie beispielsweise ein P-, PI-, PID-Regler verwendet werden oder die Regelparameter untereinander unterschiedlich gewichtet werden. Weiterhin können die vorgegebenen Werte zur Umschaltung der Regelung auf Basis der Vebrennungstemperatur und des Gehalts an Restsauerstoff variiert werden. Eine derartige Regelung strebt eine Minimierung der Verbrennungstemperatur-Absenkung durch Zuluft über die sekundäre Zufuhreinrichtung an, um die Bildung der genannten Schadstoffe aufgrund zu geringer Temperatur selbst bei bereits angelaufener Verbrennung soweit möglich zu vermeiden. Auf diese Weise wird der Zündvorgang zügig gestartet und unverzüglich auf eine effektive Nachverbrennung durch Zufuhr von Luft über die sekundäre Zufuhreinrichtung umgeschaltet, sobald eine Schadstoffbildung aufgrund der Bildungsbedingungen beispielsweise der Bildung von Kohlenmonoxid nach dem Boudouard-Gleichgewicht nicht mehr vernachlässigbar ist.After ignition of the fuel, the secondary air supply device advantageously remains shut down until the residual oxygen falls below a predetermined value, for example 18% by volume. In this case, the secondary air supply device remain shut down until in addition the combustion temperature exceeds a predetermined value, for example 400 ° C to 450 ° C. If the predetermined value of the combustion temperature is exceeded for the first time, a regulation of the secondary supply air flow takes place when the value falls below the predetermined value for the residual oxygen content, depending on the combustion temperature and the content of residual oxygen. In this case, different combustion control functions, for example, with different control character can be specified for combustion temperatures above the predetermined value and firing temperatures equal to or below the predetermined value. For example, different controllers such as a P, PI, PID controller can be used or the control parameters are weighted differently among each other. Furthermore, the predetermined values for switching the control can be varied on the basis of the combustion temperature and the content of residual oxygen. Such a scheme seeks to minimize the combustion temperature reduction by supply air through the secondary supply means to avoid the formation of said pollutants due to low temperature, even when already started combustion as far as possible. In this way, the ignition process is started quickly and immediately switched to an effective post-combustion by supplying air through the secondary feeder, as soon as pollutant formation due to the formation conditions, for example the formation of carbon monoxide according to the Boudouard equilibrium is no longer negligible.

Ist die Zündphase abgeschlossen, wird auf die Anfahrphase umgeschaltet. Während dieser Anfahrphase wird nach einer vorteilhaften Ausführung der Hausfeuerungsanlage zumindest zu Beginn der Anfahrphase die sekundäre Zuluft auf einen minimalen Wert beschränkt. Dies bedeutet, dass die primäre Zuluft nach stabiler Entzündung des Brennstoffs abhängig von einer Dosierung des Brennstoffs, die zum Anfahren des Verbrennungsvorgangs mit steigender Rate des Brennstoffs erfolgen kann, geregelt wird, wobei eine Mindestzufuhr an sekundärer Zuluft erfolgt, um eine Grundlast von Zuluft zur Nachverbrennung von gegebenenfalls entstehenden Schadstoffen bereitzuhalten. Da in der Anfahrphase insbesondere nach einem Wiederanfahren mit bereits angebranntem Brennstoff die Verhältnisse der Verbrennung sowie die Reaktionsprodukte stark variieren, muss die Regelung der sekundären Zuluft grundsätzlich nach der Verbrennungstemperatur und nach dem Gehalt an Restsauerstoff im Abgas erfolgen. Ist die Verbrennungstemperatur allerdings hoch genug, wie dies in einem vorteilhaften Ausführungsbeispiel gegeben sein kann, dann kann - wie sich überraschenderweise gezeigt hat - auf deren Berücksichtigung zur Regelung der sekundären Zuluftstromeinrichtungverzichtet werden. Eine Regelung erfolgt dabei gemmäß einem vorteilhaften Ausführungsbeispiel während der Anfahrphase in der Weise, dass bei zunehmendem Restsauerstoffgehalt die Zuluft vermindert und bei abnehmendem Restsauerstoffgehalt erhöht wird.When the ignition phase is completed, it switches to the start-up phase. During this start-up phase, the secondary supply air is restricted to a minimum value, at least at the beginning of the start-up phase, according to an advantageous embodiment of the domestic heating system. This means that the primary supply air after stable ignition of the fuel is controlled depending on a dosage of the fuel, which can be made to start the combustion process with increasing rate of fuel, with a minimum supply of secondary supply air, to a base load of supply air for afterburning be kept available from any resulting pollutants. Since the conditions of the combustion and the reaction products vary greatly in the start-up phase, in particular after restarting with already combusted fuel, the regulation of the secondary supply air must always be based on the combustion temperature and on the residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas. However, if the combustion temperature is high enough, as may be the case in an advantageous embodiment, then, as has surprisingly been shown, their consideration for controlling the secondary supply air flow device can be dispensed with. A regulation is carried out according to an advantageous embodiment during the start-up phase in such a way that with increasing residual oxygen content, the supply air is reduced and increased with decreasing residual oxygen content.

Die Dauer der Zündphase und der Anfahrphase kann zeitlich begrenzt werden. Dabei können empirisch gewonnene Informationen eines Verbrennungsprozesses als Umschaltzeiten von der Zündphase in die Anfahrphase beziehungsweise von der Anfahrphase in die Betriebsphase mit stationärem Verbrennungsbetrieb herangezogen werden. In weiteren Ausführungsbeispielen können die Umschaltpunkte zwischen den einzelnen Phasen aus einer aktuell vorliegende Verbrennungssituation beispielsweise anhand der gewonnen Sensordaten für Restsauerstoff und/oder der Verbrennungstemperatur sowie Betriebsdaten der Zufuhreinrichtungen und/oder der Dosiereinrichtungen festgelegt werden. Alternativ oder zusätzlich kann die Dauer der Zündphase und/oder der Anfahrphase abhängig von einer Stillstandszeit der Hausfeuerungsanlage vorgebbar sein. Auf diese Weise kann beispielsweise einer Restwärme in dem Brennraum beziehungsweise der Temperatur des Brennguts entsprochen werden. Beispielsweise kann bei einer Neuinbetriebnahme der Hausfeuerungsanlage mit ausschließlich unverbranntem Brennstoff eine längere Dauer der Zünd- und/oder Anfahrphase vorgesehen werden.The duration of the ignition phase and the start-up phase can be limited in time. In this case, empirically obtained information of a combustion process can be used as switching times from the ignition phase into the starting phase or from the starting phase into the operating phase with stationary combustion operation. In further exemplary embodiments, the switching points between the individual phases can be determined from a currently present combustion situation, for example based on the obtained sensor data for residual oxygen and / or the combustion temperature and operating data of the supply devices and / or the metering devices. Alternatively or additionally, the duration of the ignition phase and / or the starting phase can be predetermined depending on a downtime of the domestic heating system. In this way, for example, a residual heat in the combustion chamber or the temperature of the combustible material can be met. For example, a longer duration of the ignition and / or start-up phase can be provided when restarting the domestic combustion system with exclusively unburned fuel.

In der Betriebsphase mit stationärem Verbrennungsbetrieb wird die primäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig vom eingestellten Brennstoffvolumenstrom über die Dosiervorrichtung geregelt. Durch die auf diese Weise erzielbare stöchiometrische Verbrennung bei einer hohen, im Wesentlichen konstanten Temperatur kann auf einen Temperatureinfluss der Regelung der sekundären Zufuhreinrichtung verzichtet und lediglich eine vom Restsauerstoff abhängige Regelung vorgenommen werden, die indirekt auch unterschiedliche Brennstoffqualitäten (z.B. Porosität) berücksichtigt. Der von außen angeforderte Wärmebedarf der Hausfeuerungsaniage wie Volllast- oder Teillastbetrieb kann durch die gleichförmige Führung von Brennstoffzufuhr und Zufuhr von Luft über die primäre Zufuhreinrichtung durchgeführt werden. Ändert sich bei diesem Vorgang die Verbrennungstemperatur in Bezug auf die Schadstoffbildung und/oder das Gleichgewicht einer Schadstoffbildung, kann die sekundäre Zufuhreinrichtung abhängig von der Änderung der Verbrennungstemperatur korrigiert werden.In the operating phase with stationary combustion operation, the primary air supply device is regulated as a function of the set fuel volume flow via the metering device. By the achievable in this way stoichiometric combustion at a high, substantially Constant temperature can be dispensed with a temperature influence of the control of the secondary supply device and only one of the residual oxygen dependent control can be made, which indirectly also takes into account different fuel qualities (eg porosity). The externally required heat demand of the domestic heating system such as full load or partial load operation can be performed by the uniform guidance of fuel supply and supply of air via the primary supply means. In this process, if the combustion temperature changes with respect to the pollutant formation and / or the balance of pollutant formation, the secondary supply means may be corrected depending on the change of the combustion temperature.

Der Regelvorgang beziehungsweise die Zufuhr von sekundärer oder primärer Zuluft kann beendet werden, indem die Dosiervorrichtung abgestellt und das Unterschreiten eines vorgegebenen Werts der Verbrennungstemperatur erkannt wird.The control process or the supply of secondary or primary supply air can be stopped by the metering device is turned off and the falling below a predetermined value of the combustion temperature is detected.

Die Regelung der vorgeschlagenen Hausfeuerungsanlage kann werkseitig oder vom Kunden parametriert werden. Hierbei kann zumindest einer von Parametern zur Darstellung einer Abhängigkeit der primären und/oder sekundären Zulufteinrichtung von der Verbrennungstemperatur, dem Restsauerstoff und/oder der Brennstoffzufuhr abhängig von einer Stillstandszeit der Hausfeuerungsanlage vorgegeben werden.The control of the proposed domestic heating system can be parameterized at the factory or by the customer. In this case, at least one of parameters for representing a dependency of the primary and / or secondary air supply device on the combustion temperature, the residual oxygen and / or the fuel supply depending on a downtime of the domestic heating system can be specified.

Claims (9)

Hausfeuerungsanlage zur kontinuierlichen Verbrennung von festen, zerkleinerten oder pellettierten Brennstoffen während unterschiedlicher Betriebsphasen, nämlich einer Zündphase, während der Brennstoff entzündet wird, einer Anfahrphase, in der der Verbrennungsprozess stabilisiert wird und einer Betriebsphase mit einem stationären Verbrennungsbetrieb, mit einer Dosiereinrichtung zum Dosieren des Brennstoffs in einen Brennraum, einer primären Zulufteinrichtung zur Dosierung der für den Verbrennungsvorgang nötigen Zuluft, einer sekundären Zulufteinrichtung zur Nachverbrennung von nicht vollständig oxidierten Verbrennungsprodukten, einem Temperatursensor zur Erfassung der Verbrennungstemperatur und einem Sauerstoffsensor zur Erfassung des im Abgas vorhandenen Restsauerstoffgehalts sowie einer Zündeinrichtung zur Zündung des Brennstoffs, wobei während der Betriebsphase mit stationärem Verbrennungsbetrieb die Dosiereinrichtung abhängig vom Wärmebedarf und die primäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig vom Brennstoffvolumenstrom und die sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig vom Restsauerstoffgehalt und gegebenenfalls von der Verbrennungstemperatur geregelt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass während der Zündphase die primäre Zulufteinrichtung konstant betrieben und die sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig von der Verbrennungstemperatur und abhängig vom Restsauerstoffgehalt betrieben wird und während der Anfahrphase die primäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig von der Dosierung von Brennstoff und die sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung abhängig vom Restsauerstoffgehalt geregelt wird.Domestic combustion plant for the continuous combustion of solid, crushed or pelleted fuels during different phases of operation, namely an ignition phase during which the fuel is ignited, a start-up phase in which the combustion process is stabilized and an operating phase with a stationary combustion operation, with a metering device for metering the fuel in a combustion chamber, a primary Zulufteinrichtung for dosing the supply air necessary for the combustion process, a secondary Zulufteinrichtung for afterburning of incompletely oxidized combustion products, a temperature sensor for detecting the combustion temperature and an oxygen sensor for detecting the residual oxygen content present in the exhaust and an ignition device for igniting the fuel, wherein during the operating phase with stationary combustion operation, the metering device depending on the heat demand and the primary Zulufte is controlled depending on the fuel flow rate and the secondary air supply depending on the residual oxygen content and optionally on the combustion temperature, characterized in that during the ignition phase, the primary air supply operated constant and the secondary air supply is operated depending on the combustion temperature and depending on the residual oxygen content and during the start-up the primary air intake device is regulated depending on the dosage of fuel and the secondary air supply device depending on the residual oxygen content. Hausfeuerungsanlage nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die primäre Zulufteinrichtung während der Anfahrphase zusätzlich abhängig von der Verbrennungstemperatur geregelt wird.Domestic combustion system according to claim 1, characterized in that the primary air supply device is additionally regulated depending on the combustion temperature during the start-up phase. Hausfeuerungsanlage nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die primäre Zulufteinrichtung während der Zündphase mit einem konstanter Zuluftstrom betrieben wird.House heating system according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the primary air supply device is operated during the ignition phase with a constant supply air flow. Hausfeuerungsanlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung solange stillgelegt bleibt, bis der Restsauerstoffgehalt im Abgas einen vorgegebenen Wert unterschreitet oder die Verbrennungstemperatur einen vorgegebenen Wert erstmals überschreitet.Domestic furnace according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the secondary air supply device remains shut down until the residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas falls below a predetermined value or the combustion temperature exceeds a predetermined value for the first time. Hausfeuerungsanlage nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass bei erstmaligem Überschreiten der Verbrennungstemperatur über den vorgegebenen Wert die sekundäre Zulufteinrichtung eines weiteren, über dem ersten Wert liegenden nach einer Funktion geregelt wird, wobei der sekundäre Zuluftstrom abhängig von der Verbrennungstemperatur und dem Restsauerstoffgehalt ist.House heating system according to claim 4, characterized in that the first time exceeding the combustion temperature above the predetermined value, the secondary Zulufteinrichtung another, above the first value is controlled by a function, wherein the secondary supply air flow is dependent on the combustion temperature and the residual oxygen content. Hausfeuerungsanlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass während der Anfahrphase die sekundäre Zuluft zumindest auf einen minimalen Wert beschränkt wird.House heating system according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that during the starting phase, the secondary supply air is limited to at least a minimum value. Hausfeuerungsanlage nach Anspruch 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in der stationären Betriebsphase der sekundäre Zuluftstrom in Abhängigkeit vom Restsauerstoffgehalt im Abgas und von der Verbrennungstemperatur geregelt wird.Domestic furnace according to claim 1 to 6, characterized in that in the stationary phase of operation of the secondary supply air flow is regulated in dependence on the residual oxygen content in the exhaust gas and the combustion temperature. Hausfeuerungsanlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Betriebsphase durch Unterschreiten eines vorgegebenen Werts der Verbrennungstemperatur beendet wird.House heating system according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the operating phase is terminated by falling below a predetermined value of the combustion temperature. Hausfeuerungsanlage nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest einer der Parameter zur Darstellung einer Abhängigkeit der primären und/oder sekundären Zulufteinrichtung von der Verbrennungstemperatur, dem Restsauerstoffgehalt und/oder der Brennstoffvolumenstrom abhängig von einer Stillstandszeit der Hausfeuerungsanlage vorgegeben wird.Domestic furnace according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that at least one of the parameters for representing a dependence of the primary and / or secondary air supply device of the combustion temperature, the residual oxygen content and / or the fuel flow is determined depending on a downtime of the domestic heating system.
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