EP2623616B1 - Expansion controlled autofrettage - Google Patents

Expansion controlled autofrettage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2623616B1
EP2623616B1 EP12153851.6A EP12153851A EP2623616B1 EP 2623616 B1 EP2623616 B1 EP 2623616B1 EP 12153851 A EP12153851 A EP 12153851A EP 2623616 B1 EP2623616 B1 EP 2623616B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
pressure
autofrettage
metal
treatment
outer diameter
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EP12153851.6A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2623616A1 (en
Inventor
Uwe Fiedler
Walter Hersel
Stephan Rath
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TI Automotive Heidelberg GmbH
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TI Automotive Heidelberg GmbH
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Priority to EP12153851.6A priority Critical patent/EP2623616B1/en
Priority to PL12153851T priority patent/PL2623616T3/en
Publication of EP2623616A1 publication Critical patent/EP2623616A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
    • C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
    • C21D7/10—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the whole cross-section, e.g. of concrete reinforcing bars
    • C21D7/12—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the whole cross-section, e.g. of concrete reinforcing bars by expanding tubular bodies

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an autofrettage method for increasing the strength of metal pipes, wherein the interior of a metal pipe is subjected to a high pressure or internal pressure of at least 700 bar.
  • a metal pipe with a high pressure which is above the later operating pressure, applied.
  • the pressures used in autofrettage methods are usually in the range of several thousand bar. Due to the action of such a high pressure, the metal of the inner wall portions of the metal pipe is plasticized. This results in internal stresses in the pipe wall, which counteract the forces acting later during operation due to internal pressures.
  • the pressure is usually applied by means of a liquid or by means of a liquid of low compressibility, such as with hydraulic oils or ionic liquids.
  • a metal tube is closed at both ends and filled with the liquid. Subsequently, the pressure is built up by pumping to the respective final pressure.
  • WO 2010/018721 A1 is an autofrettage method for bent metal tubes known.
  • the applied pressure is measured as well as the outer diameter of a straight wedge of the tube.
  • the parameters of the autofrettage method should be measured accurately.
  • the applied pressure should be regulated so that no damage to the pipe is caused.
  • the degree of plasticization of the pipe wall is difficult to detect.
  • the technical problem underlying the invention is to specify an autofrettage method of the type mentioned at the outset, with which the above-described disadvantages can be avoided.
  • the invention teaches an autofrettage method for increasing the strength of metal pipes, wherein a metal tube already subjected to at least a first autofrettage treatment is subjected to at least a second autofrettage treatment and at least during the second autofrettage treatment the interior of a metal tube a high pressure or internal pressure of at least 700 bar - preferably of at least 3,000 bar - is applied, so that starting from the inner surface of the metal tube takes place a plasticization of the metal or the metal wall, wherein the pressure during the autofrettage treatment is increased, further increasing the outer diameter during the treatment d a of the tube is measured and the pressure is subsequently reduced again, and wherein by means of the measurement of the outer diameter d a of the metal tube in the second autofrettage treatment, the extent of the first autofrettage treatment or the degree of plastification of the tube wall in the first autofrettage Treatment is determined. - It is within the scope of the invention that the pressure increase is terminate
  • the metal pipes are in particular steel pipes. These steel tubes can be provided with a coating or with coatings.
  • the pressure is expediently increased from 0 to the final pressure which corresponds to the critical outer diameter d ak . It is within the scope of the invention that after reaching the final pressure of this final pressure is kept constant for a short time, for example, several tens of seconds.
  • the critical outer diameter d ak is an empirical value determined by appropriate preliminary tests.
  • the critical outer diameter d ak depends on the material of the pipe wall, on the thickness of the pipe wall and also on the original outer diameter of the pipe. Appropriately, the critical outer diameter d ak is determined in preliminary tests for a particular metal tube, in which the desired plasticization of the metal tube is achieved and in particular no damage to the metal pipe, for example, by bursting or bursting occurs.
  • the outer diameter d a of the tube or the changes in the outer diameter d a are measured or determined.
  • the measurement of the outer diameter d a takes place continuously. It is recommended that the outer diameter d a be measured by a laser interferometric method. In principle, all measuring methods which allow a measurement of changes in the outer diameter d a in the range from 0 to 50 ⁇ m are suitable for the measurement of the outer diameter d a of the metal tubes.
  • the outer diameter d a is determined by a non-contact measuring method. In principle, non-contact measuring methods can also be used.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is characterized in that in addition to the outer diameter d a of the tube and the applied pressure or internal pressure is measured. Conveniently, a continuous measurement of the pressure takes place. According to this preferred embodiment of the invention, therefore, both the built-up pressure or changes in the pressure and the outer diameter d a or changes in the outer diameter d a are measured.
  • the dependence of the outer diameter d a on the applied pressure is determined for a specific metal tube or for a specific pipe type in preliminary tests. It can be determined in which tolerance range the ratio outer diameter d a / pressure must lie with error-free metal tubes. For further measurements on metal pipes of this type, material deviations in the pipe wall can then be detected in the event of deviations from the tolerance range. In this way, faulty pipes can be detected in a simple and inexpensive way and be removed from the production process.
  • This embodiment thus allows effective quality control during autofrettage treatment.
  • a metal tube which has already undergone at least a first autofrettage treatment is subjected to at least a second autofrettage treatment, and by measuring the outer diameter d a of the tube in the second autofrettage treatment, the extent of the first autofrettage treatment or the degree of plasticization of the autofrettage treatment Tube wall determined or controlled during the first autofrettage treatment.
  • the first autofrettage treatment may be a prior art autofrettage treatment.
  • the second autofrettage treatment it can be recognized to what extent the metal tube has already undergone an autofrettage treatment and whether the degree of plasticization has taken place as desired or desired.
  • This embodiment of the method according to the invention can thus be used to control metal pipes which have already undergone an autofrettage process. The embodiment will be explained in more detail below.
  • the pressure or internal pressure is built up in the metal tube by means of a liquid.
  • a liquid of low compressibility preferably a hydraulic fluid, for example a hydraulic oil.
  • the metal tube is closed at both ends and the build-up of the internal pressure by means of at least one pump.
  • a recommended embodiment is characterized in that the applied pressure or internal pressure is in the range between 5,000 and 8,500 bar.
  • the pressure increase or the pressure build-up via a period of 2 to 25 seconds, preferably 2 to 20 seconds and preferably 2 to 10 seconds. After reaching the final pressure, this is expediently kept constant for a short time, in particular kept constant for 3 to 40 s.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the pressure or internal pressure is increased with the proviso that a plastification of the inner wall portions of the tube is achieved according to a Plastactusradius r p , said Plastactusradius r p 50 to 92%, preferably 70 is up to 92% and preferably 75 to 92% of the outer radius r a of the tube.
  • the radii are measured from the center or from the longitudinal central axis of the tube.
  • the plasticization begins on the inner surface of the metal tube and propagates on further pressure increase to the outside.
  • the plastication radius r p indicates the extent of plasticization in the radial direction of the tube. -
  • ⁇ F stands for the stress at which the elastic properties of the material change into flow properties.
  • r i is the inner radius of the metal tube and r a is the outer radius of the metal tube.
  • straight and / or bent metal pipes or metal pipes are treated with at least one bent pipe section with the autofrettage method according to the invention.
  • the inventive method has proven particularly useful.
  • the invention is based on the finding that a particularly precise and functionally reliable control of the degree of plasticization is possible with the autofrettage method according to the invention.
  • the process is characterized by simplicity and low effort.
  • material defects or defective tubes can be detected in a very simple way and be removed from the production process.
  • a control of already autofrettierter pipes is easily possible.
  • the measures according to the invention can be implemented at relatively low cost. Compared to known from the prior art autofrettage method significantly less pipes are damaged in the inventive method and the inventive method is thus characterized by an advantageously low committee.
  • the invention relates to an autofrettage method for increasing the strength of metal pipes 1.
  • the interior 2 of the metal pipe 1 is subjected to a high internal pressure p and this pressure or internal pressure p is increased during the autofrettage treatment.
  • the internal pressure p is increased from 0 to about 5,500 bar (s. Fig. 2 ). Due to this pressure increase takes place starting from the inner surface 3 of the metal tube 1, a plasticization of the metal or the metal wall instead.
  • the plasticized inner regions of the tube wall of the metal tube 1 are in the Fig. 1a and 1 b marked by cross-hatching.
  • FIGS. 1 a and 1b show a metal tube 1 treated with the autofrettage method according to the invention with two different degrees of plasticization.
  • the critical outer diameter d ak has been reached, as well as the desired maximum degree of plasticization.
  • the degree of plasticization can be specified by the plastication radius r p .
  • the Plastometersradius r p 90% of the outer radius r a of the metal tube 1 amount.
  • r i stands for the inner radius of the metal pipe 1. All radii are measured from the center M of the metal pipe 1.
  • Fig. 2 shows the pressure build-up or the course of the pressure p and the course or the change of the outer diameter d a during the autofrettage treatment according to the invention.
  • a first autofrettage treatment and, as it were, a second autofrettage treatment are carried out as a check.
  • the changes in the outer diameter d a can be divided into an elastic portion E and a plastic portion P.
  • the second autofrettage treatment (right side of Fig. 2 ) to what extent the metal tube 1 has already been subjected to an autofrettage treatment and whether the degree of plasticization has been carried out according to or as desired.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
  • Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Autofrettage-Verfahren zur Festigkeitssteigerung von Metallrohren, wobei der Innenraum eines Metallrohres mit einem hohen Druck bzw. Innendruck von mindestens 700 bar beaufschlagt wird.The invention relates to an autofrettage method for increasing the strength of metal pipes, wherein the interior of a metal pipe is subjected to a high pressure or internal pressure of at least 700 bar.

Derartige Verfahren sind aus der Praxis in unterschiedlichen Ausführungsformen bekannt. Dabei wird ein Metallrohr mit einem hohen Druck, der oberhalb des späteren Betriebsdrucks liegt, beaufschlagt. Die bei Autofrettage-Verfahren eingesetzten Drücke liegen üblicherweise im Bereich von mehreren tausend bar. Aufgrund der Einwirkung eines solchen hohen Druckes wird das Metall der inneren Wandbereiche des Metallrohres plastifiziert. Daraus resultieren innere Spannungen in der Rohrwandung, die den später im Betrieb einwirkenden Kräften aufgrund innerer Drücke entgegenwirken. Bei der Autofrettage-Behandlung wird der Druck in der Regel mit Hilfe einer Flüssigkeit bzw. mit Hilfe einer Flüssigkeit niedriger Kompressibilität, wie beispielsweise mit Hydraulik-Ölen oder ionischen Flüssigkeiten, aufgebracht. Dazu wird ein Metallrohr an beiden Enden verschlossen und mit der Flüssigkeit befüllt. Anschließend erfolgt der Druckaufbau durch Pumpen bis zum jeweiligen Enddruck. Mit steigendem Druck bildet sich, von der Innenoberfläche des Rohres ausgehend, die Plastifizierung aus. Bislang wird zur Kontrolle der Autofrettage-Behandlung der sich aufbauende bzw. der sich erhöhende Druck gemessen. Die bisher verwendeten Autofrettage-Verfahren weisen zunächst den Nachteil auf, dass das Ausmaß des Autofrettierens bzw. der Grad der Plastifizierung des Rohres nicht hinreichend präzise und funktionssicher kontrolliert werden kann. Dadurch resultieren nicht selten fehlerhafte Rohre bzw. Rohre mit nicht zufriedenstellenden Materialeigenschaften. Weiterhin haftet vielen bekannten Autofrettage-Verfahren der Nachteil an, dass - nicht zuletzt wegen der unzureichenden Präzision bei der Kontrolle des Prozesses - verhältnismäßig viele Rohre beschädigt werden und somit der Ausschuss relativ hoch ist oder Rohre unzureichend vorgespannt sind und damit die Betriebsfestigkeit über die Lebensdauer gefährdet ist.Such methods are known in practice in different embodiments. In this case, a metal pipe with a high pressure, which is above the later operating pressure, applied. The pressures used in autofrettage methods are usually in the range of several thousand bar. Due to the action of such a high pressure, the metal of the inner wall portions of the metal pipe is plasticized. This results in internal stresses in the pipe wall, which counteract the forces acting later during operation due to internal pressures. In Autofrettage treatment, the pressure is usually applied by means of a liquid or by means of a liquid of low compressibility, such as with hydraulic oils or ionic liquids. For this purpose, a metal tube is closed at both ends and filled with the liquid. Subsequently, the pressure is built up by pumping to the respective final pressure. With increasing pressure, the plasticization forms starting from the inner surface of the tube. So far, to control the autofrettage treatment, the building up or the increasing pressure is measured. The previously used autofrettage methods initially have the disadvantage that the extent of the autofretting or the degree of plasticization of the tube can not be controlled with sufficient precision and functionally reliable. This often results in faulty pipes or pipes with unsatisfactory material properties. Furthermore, many known autofrettage methods have the disadvantage that - not least because of the insufficient precision in the control of the process - relatively many Pipes are damaged and thus the rejects are relatively high or pipes are insufficiently biased and thus the durability is endangered over the life.

Aus WO 2010/018721 A1 ist ein Autofrettage-Verfahren für gebogene Metallrohren bekannt. Hier wird der aufgebrachte Druck gemessen sowie der Außendurchmesser eines geraden Keils des Rohres. Die Parameter des Autofrettage-Verfahrens sollen genau gemessen werden. Der aufgebrachte Druck soll in Abhängigkeit von den Materialeigenschaften so reguliert werden, dass keine Beschädigungen an dem Rohr verursacht werden. Bei diesem bekannten Verfahren ist der Grad der Plastifizierung der Rohrwandung aber nur schwierig feststellbar.Out WO 2010/018721 A1 is an autofrettage method for bent metal tubes known. Here, the applied pressure is measured as well as the outer diameter of a straight wedge of the tube. The parameters of the autofrettage method should be measured accurately. Depending on the material properties, the applied pressure should be regulated so that no damage to the pipe is caused. In this known method, the degree of plasticization of the pipe wall is difficult to detect.

Dementsprechend liegt der Erfindung das technische Problem zugrunde, ein Autofrettage-Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art anzugeben, mit dem die vorstehend geschilderten Nachteile vermieden werden können.Accordingly, the technical problem underlying the invention is to specify an autofrettage method of the type mentioned at the outset, with which the above-described disadvantages can be avoided.

Zur Lösung dieses technischen Problems lehrt die Erfindung ein Autofrettage-Verfahren zur Festigkeitssteigerung von Metallrohren, wobei ein bereits zumindest einer ersten Autofrettage-Behandlung unterzogenes Metallrohr zumindest einer zweiten Autofrettage-Behandlung unterzogen wird und wobei zumindest bei der zweiten Autofrettage-Behandlung der Innenraum eines Metallrohres mit einem hohen Druck bzw. Innendruck von mindestens 700 bar - vorzugsweise von mindestens 3.000 bar - beaufschlagt wird, so dass ausgehend von der Innenoberfläche des Metallrohres eine Plastifizierung des Metalls bzw. der Metallwandung stattfindet,
wobei der Druck bzw. Innendruck während der Autofrettage-Behandlung erhöht wird, wobei weiterhin der während der Behandlung zunehmende Außendurchmesser da des Rohres gemessen wird und wobei der Druck anschließend wieder verringert wird und wobei mittels der Messung des Außendurchmessers da des Metallrohres bei der zweiten Autofrettage-Behandlung das Ausmaß der ersten Autofrettage-Behandlung bzw. der Grad der Plastifizierung der Rohrwandung bei der ersten Autofrettage-Behandlung ermittelt wird. - Es liegt im Rahmen der Erfindung, dass die Druckerhöhung bei Erreichen eines kritischen Außendurchmessers dak des Rohres beendet wird und der Druck danach wieder verringert wird.To solve this technical problem, the invention teaches an autofrettage method for increasing the strength of metal pipes, wherein a metal tube already subjected to at least a first autofrettage treatment is subjected to at least a second autofrettage treatment and at least during the second autofrettage treatment the interior of a metal tube a high pressure or internal pressure of at least 700 bar - preferably of at least 3,000 bar - is applied, so that starting from the inner surface of the metal tube takes place a plasticization of the metal or the metal wall,
wherein the pressure during the autofrettage treatment is increased, further increasing the outer diameter during the treatment d a of the tube is measured and the pressure is subsequently reduced again, and wherein by means of the measurement of the outer diameter d a of the metal tube in the second autofrettage treatment, the extent of the first autofrettage treatment or the degree of plastification of the tube wall in the first autofrettage Treatment is determined. - It is within the scope of the invention that the pressure increase is terminated upon reaching a critical outer diameter d ak of the tube and the pressure is then reduced again.

Bei den Metallrohren handelt es sich insbesondere um Stahlrohre. Diese Stahlrohre können mit einer Beschichtung bzw. können mit Beschichtungen versehen sein. - Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Autofrettage-Behandlung wird der Druck zweckmäßigerweise von 0 bis auf den Enddruck gesteigert, der dem kritischen Außendurchmesser dak entspricht. Es liegt im Rahmen der Erfindung, dass nach Erreichen des Enddruckes dieser Enddruck kurzzeitig konstant gehalten wird, beispielsweise mehrere zehn Sekunden lang.The metal pipes are in particular steel pipes. These steel tubes can be provided with a coating or with coatings. In the autofrettage treatment according to the invention, the pressure is expediently increased from 0 to the final pressure which corresponds to the critical outer diameter d ak . It is within the scope of the invention that after reaching the final pressure of this final pressure is kept constant for a short time, for example, several tens of seconds.

Bei dem kritischen Außendurchmesser dak handelt es sich um einen Erfahrungswert, der durch entsprechende Vorversuche festgelegt wird. Der kritische Außendurchmesser dak hängt ab von dem Material der Rohrwandung, von der Dicke der Rohrwandung und auch vom ursprünglichen Außendurchmesser des Rohres. Zweckmäßigerweise wird in Vorversuchen für ein bestimmtes Metallrohr der kritische Außendurchmesser dak bestimmt, bei dem die gewünschte Plastifizierung des Metallrohres erreicht wird und bei dem insbesondere noch keine Beschädigung des Metallrohres, beispielsweise durch Bersten bzw. Platzen auftritt.The critical outer diameter d ak is an empirical value determined by appropriate preliminary tests. The critical outer diameter d ak depends on the material of the pipe wall, on the thickness of the pipe wall and also on the original outer diameter of the pipe. Appropriately, the critical outer diameter d ak is determined in preliminary tests for a particular metal tube, in which the desired plasticization of the metal tube is achieved and in particular no damage to the metal pipe, for example, by bursting or bursting occurs.

Erfindungsgemäß wird der Außendurchmesser da des Rohres bzw. werden die Änderungen des Außendurchmessers da gemessen bzw. bestimmt. Gemäß einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform erfolgt die Messung des Außendurchmessers da kontinuierlich. Empfohlenermaßen wird der Außendurchmesser da mittels eines laser-interferometrischen Verfahrens gemessen. Grundsätzlich kommen für die Messung des Außendurchmessers da der Metallrohre alle Messverfahren infrage, die eine Messung von Änderungen des Außendurchmessers da im Bereich von 0 bis zu 50 µm erlauben. Vorzugsweise wird der Außendurchmesser da mit einer berührungsfreien Meßmethode bestimmt. Prinzipiell können aber auch nicht-berührungsfreie Meßmethoden eingesetzt werden.According to the invention, the outer diameter d a of the tube or the changes in the outer diameter d a are measured or determined. According to In a preferred embodiment, the measurement of the outer diameter d a takes place continuously. It is recommended that the outer diameter d a be measured by a laser interferometric method. In principle, all measuring methods which allow a measurement of changes in the outer diameter d a in the range from 0 to 50 μm are suitable for the measurement of the outer diameter d a of the metal tubes. Preferably, the outer diameter d a is determined by a non-contact measuring method. In principle, non-contact measuring methods can also be used.

Eine besonders bevorzugte Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass neben dem Außendurchmesser da des Rohres auch der aufgebrachte Druck bzw. Innendruck gemessen wird. Zweckmäßigerweise erfolgt eine kontinuierliche Messung des Druckes. Nach dieser bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung werden also sowohl der aufgebaute Druck bzw. Änderungen des Druckes als auch der Außendurchmesser da bzw. Änderungen des Außendurchmessers da gemessen. - Die Abhängigkeit des Außendurchmessers da vom aufgebrachten Druck wird für ein bestimmtes Metallrohr bzw. für einen bestimmten Rohrtyp in Vorversuchen bestimmt. Dabei kann festgestellt werden, in welchem Toleranzbereich das Verhältnis Außendurchmesser da / Druck bei fehlerfreien Metallrohren liegen muss. Bei weiteren Messungen an Metallrohren dieses Typs können dann bei Abweichungen von dem Toleranzbereich Materialfehler in der Rohrwandung festgestellt werden. So können auf einfache und wenig aufwendige Weise fehlerhafte Rohre erkannt werden und dem Produktionsprozess entzogen werden. Diese Ausführungsform erlaubt somit eine effektive Qualitätskontrolle während der Autofrettage-Behandlung.A particularly preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is characterized in that in addition to the outer diameter d a of the tube and the applied pressure or internal pressure is measured. Conveniently, a continuous measurement of the pressure takes place. According to this preferred embodiment of the invention, therefore, both the built-up pressure or changes in the pressure and the outer diameter d a or changes in the outer diameter d a are measured. - The dependence of the outer diameter d a on the applied pressure is determined for a specific metal tube or for a specific pipe type in preliminary tests. It can be determined in which tolerance range the ratio outer diameter d a / pressure must lie with error-free metal tubes. For further measurements on metal pipes of this type, material deviations in the pipe wall can then be detected in the event of deviations from the tolerance range. In this way, faulty pipes can be detected in a simple and inexpensive way and be removed from the production process. This embodiment thus allows effective quality control during autofrettage treatment.

Erfindungsgemäß wird ein bereits zumindest einer ersten Autofrettage-Behandlung unterzogenes Metallrohr zumindest einer zweiten Autofrettage-Behandlung unterzogen und mittels der Messung des Außendurchmessers da des Rohres bei der zweiten Autofrettage-Behandlung wird das Ausmaß der ersten Autofrettage-Behandlung bzw. der Grad der Plastifizierung der Rohrwandung bei der ersten Autofrettage-Behandlung ermittelt bzw. kontrolliert. Bei der ersten Autofrettage-Behandlung kann es sich um eine Autofrettage-Behandlung nach dem Stand der Technik handeln. Mit Hilfe der zweiten Autofrettage-Behandlung kann erkannt werden, inwieweit das Metallrohr bereits einer Autofrettage-Behandlung unterzogen wurde und ob der Grad der Plastifizierung entsprechend bzw. wunschgemäß erfolgte. Diese Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens kann somit zur Kontrolle von Metallrohren, die bereits einem Autofrettage-Verfahren unterlagen, herangezogen werden. Die Ausführungsform wird weiter unten noch näher erläutert.According to the invention, a metal tube which has already undergone at least a first autofrettage treatment is subjected to at least a second autofrettage treatment, and by measuring the outer diameter d a of the tube in the second autofrettage treatment, the extent of the first autofrettage treatment or the degree of plasticization of the autofrettage treatment Tube wall determined or controlled during the first autofrettage treatment. The first autofrettage treatment may be a prior art autofrettage treatment. With the aid of the second autofrettage treatment, it can be recognized to what extent the metal tube has already undergone an autofrettage treatment and whether the degree of plasticization has taken place as desired or desired. This embodiment of the method according to the invention can thus be used to control metal pipes which have already undergone an autofrettage process. The embodiment will be explained in more detail below.

Es liegt im Rahmen der Erfindung, dass der Druck bzw. Innendruck in dem Metallrohr mittels einer Flüssigkeit aufgebaut wird. Zweckmäßigerweise handelt es sich dabei um eine Flüssigkeit niedriger Kompressibilität, vorzugsweise um eine hydraulische Flüssigkeit, beispielsweise um ein Hydraulik-Öl. Empfohlenermaßen wird das Metallrohr an beiden Enden verschlossen und der Aufbau des Innendrucks erfolgt mit Hilfe zumindest einer Pumpe.It is within the scope of the invention that the pressure or internal pressure is built up in the metal tube by means of a liquid. Expediently, this is a liquid of low compressibility, preferably a hydraulic fluid, for example a hydraulic oil. Empfohlenermaßen the metal tube is closed at both ends and the build-up of the internal pressure by means of at least one pump.

Zweckmäßigerweise erfolgt die Beaufschlagung der Innenoberfläche des Rohres mit einem Druck bzw. Innendruck von 700 bis 15.000 bar, vorzugsweise von 2.500 bis 9.000 bar und besonders bevorzugt von 2.800 bis 8.500 bar. Eine empfohlene Ausführungsform ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der aufgebrachte Druck bzw. Innendruck im Bereich zwischen 5.000 und 8.500 bar liegt. - Vorzugsweise erfolgt die Druckerhöhung bzw. der Druckaufbau über einen Zeitraum von 2 bis 25 s, vorzugsweise 2 bis 20 s und bevorzugt 2 bis 10 s. Nach Erreichen des Enddruckes wird dieser zweckmäßigerweise kurzzeitig konstant gehalten, insbesondere 3 bis 40 s konstant gehalten.Appropriately, the admission of the inner surface of the tube with a pressure or internal pressure of 700 to 15,000 bar, preferably from 2,500 to 9,000 bar and more preferably from 2,800 to 8,500 bar. A recommended embodiment is characterized in that the applied pressure or internal pressure is in the range between 5,000 and 8,500 bar. - Preferably, the pressure increase or the pressure build-up via a period of 2 to 25 seconds, preferably 2 to 20 seconds and preferably 2 to 10 seconds. After reaching the final pressure, this is expediently kept constant for a short time, in particular kept constant for 3 to 40 s.

Eine besonders bevorzugte Ausführungsform der Erfindung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Druck bzw. Innendruck mit der Maßgabe gesteigert wird, dass eine Plastifizierung der inneren Wandungsbereiche des Rohres entsprechend einem Plastifizierungsradius rp erreicht wird, wobei dieser Plastifizierungsradius rp 50 bis 92 %, vorzugsweise 70 bis 92 % und bevorzugt 75 bis 92 % des Außenradius ra des Rohres beträgt. Die Radien werden dabei von der Mitte bzw. von der Längsmittelachse des Rohres aus gemessen. Wie bereits dargelegt, beginnt die Plastifizierung an der Innenoberfläche des Metallrohres und pflanzt sich bei weiterer Druckerhöhung nach außen hin fort. Der Plastifizierungsradius rp gibt das Ausmaß der Plastifizierung in radialer Richtung des Rohres an. - Die Plastifizierung des Metalls beginnt im Übrigen bei einem Innendruck p1 von: p 1 = σ F 3 ⁢ 1 - r i / r a 2

Figure imgb0001
A particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the pressure or internal pressure is increased with the proviso that a plastification of the inner wall portions of the tube is achieved according to a Plastifizierungsradius r p , said Plastifizierungsradius r p 50 to 92%, preferably 70 is up to 92% and preferably 75 to 92% of the outer radius r a of the tube. The radii are measured from the center or from the longitudinal central axis of the tube. As already stated, the plasticization begins on the inner surface of the metal tube and propagates on further pressure increase to the outside. The plastication radius r p indicates the extent of plasticization in the radial direction of the tube. - The plasticization of the metal begins by the way at an internal pressure p 1 of: p 1 = σ F 3 ⁢ 1 - r i / r a 2
Figure imgb0001

Bei einem Druck p2 von p 2 = 2 ⁢ σ F 3 ⁢ ln r a / r i

Figure imgb0002

wäre theoretisch die gesamte Rohrwandung (100 %) plastifiziert. σF steht im Übrigen für die Spannung, bei der die elastischen Eigenschaften des Materials in Fließeigenschaften übergehen. ri ist der Innenradius des Metallrohres und ra ist der Außenradius des Metallrohres.At a pressure p 2 of p 2 = 2 ⁢ σ F 3 ⁢ ln r a / r i
Figure imgb0002
theoretically, the entire pipe wall (100%) would be plasticized. Incidentally, σ F stands for the stress at which the elastic properties of the material change into flow properties. r i is the inner radius of the metal tube and r a is the outer radius of the metal tube.

Es liegt im Rahmen der Erfindung, dass gerade und/oder gebogene Metallrohre oder Metallrohre mit zumindest einem gebogenen Rohrabschnitt mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Autofrettage-Verfahren behandelt werden. Insbesondere bei gebogenen Rohren oder bei gebogenen Rohrabschnitten hat sich das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren besonders bewährt.It is within the scope of the invention that straight and / or bent metal pipes or metal pipes are treated with at least one bent pipe section with the autofrettage method according to the invention. Especially in bent pipes or bent pipe sections, the inventive method has proven particularly useful.

Der Erfindung liegt die Erkenntnis zugrunde, dass mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Autofrettage-Verfahren eine besonders präzise und funktionssichere Kontrolle des Plastifizierungsgrades möglich ist. Dabei zeichnet sich das Verfahren durch Einfachheit und geringen Aufwand aus. Bei gleichzeitiger Messung von Außendurchmesser und Druck können im Übrigen auf sehr einfache Weise Materialfehler bzw. fehlerhafte Rohre erkannt werden und dem Produktionsprozess entzogen werden. Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist problemlos eine Kontrolle bereits autofrettierter Rohre möglich. Hervorzuheben ist weiterhin, dass die erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahmen mit relativ geringen Kosten realisiert werden können. Im Vergleich zu aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Autofrettage-Verfahren werden bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren deutlich weniger Rohre beschädigt und das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zeichnet sich somit durch einen vorteilhaft geringen Ausschuss aus.The invention is based on the finding that a particularly precise and functionally reliable control of the degree of plasticization is possible with the autofrettage method according to the invention. The process is characterized by simplicity and low effort. Incidentally, with simultaneous measurement of outside diameter and pressure, material defects or defective tubes can be detected in a very simple way and be removed from the production process. With the method according to the invention a control of already autofrettierter pipes is easily possible. It should also be emphasized that the measures according to the invention can be implemented at relatively low cost. Compared to known from the prior art autofrettage method significantly less pipes are damaged in the inventive method and the inventive method is thus characterized by an advantageously low committee.

Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand einer lediglich ein Ausführungsbeispiel darstellenden Zeichnung näher erläutert. Es zeigen in schematischer Darstellung:

Fig. 1
einen Schnitt durch ein mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren behandeltes Metallrohr mit zwei unterschiedlichen Plastifizierungsgraden und
Fig. 2.
die Änderung des Druckes und die Änderung des Außendurchmessers da eines Metallrohres während der erfindungsgemäßen Autofrettage-Behandlung.
The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to a drawing showing only one exemplary embodiment. In a schematic representation:
Fig. 1
a section through a treated with the process according to the invention metal tube with two different degrees of plasticization and
Fig. 2.
the change in pressure and the change in the outer diameter d a of a metal tube during the autofrettage treatment according to the invention.

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Autofrettage-Verfahren zur Steigerung der Festigkeit von Metallrohren 1. Der Innenraum 2 des Metallrohres 1 wird mit einem hohen Innendruck p beaufschlagt und dieser Druck bzw. Innendruck p wird während der Autofrettage-Behandlung erhöht. Im Ausführungsbeispiel wird der Innendruck p von 0 bis etwa 5.500 bar erhöht (s. Fig. 2). Aufgrund dieser Druckerhöhung findet ausgehend von der Innenoberfläche 3 des Metallrohres 1 eine Plastifizierung des Metalls bzw. der Metallwandung statt. Die plastifizierten Innenbereiche der Rohrwandung des Metallrohres 1 sind in den Fig. 1a und 1 b durch eine Kreuzschraffur gekennzeichnet.The invention relates to an autofrettage method for increasing the strength of metal pipes 1. The interior 2 of the metal pipe 1 is subjected to a high internal pressure p and this pressure or internal pressure p is increased during the autofrettage treatment. In the exemplary embodiment, the internal pressure p is increased from 0 to about 5,500 bar (s. Fig. 2 ). Due to this pressure increase takes place starting from the inner surface 3 of the metal tube 1, a plasticization of the metal or the metal wall instead. The plasticized inner regions of the tube wall of the metal tube 1 are in the Fig. 1a and 1 b marked by cross-hatching.

Erfindungsgemäß wird während der Autofrettage-Behandlung der zunehmende Außendurchmesser da des Metallrohres 1 gemessen (Fig. 2). Erfindungsgemäß wird weiterhin die Druckerhöhung nach Erreichen eines kritischen Außendurchmessers dak beendet (Fig. 1b) und der Druck wird danach wieder verringert (Fig. 2). Die Figuren 1 a und 1 b zeigen ein mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Autofrettage-Verfahren behandeltes Metallrohr 1 mit zwei unterschiedlichen Plastifizierungsgraden. In dem Zustand des Metallrohres 1 gemäß Fig. 1b ist nach Druckerhöhung der kritische Außendurchmesser dak erreicht worden sowie der gewünschte maximale Plastifizierungsgrad. Der Plastifizierungsgrad kann durch den Plastifizierungsradius rp angegeben werden. Im Zustand des Metallrohres 1 gemäß Fig. 1b mag der Plastifizierungsradius rp 90 % des Außenradius ra des Metallrohres 1 betragen. ri steht im Übrigen für den Innenradius des Metallrohres 1. Alle Radien werden von der Mitte M des Metallrohres 1 aus gemessen.According to the invention, during the autofrettage treatment, the increasing outer diameter d a of the metal tube 1 is measured ( Fig. 2 ). According to the invention, the pressure increase after reaching a critical outer diameter da k is also terminated ( Fig. 1b ) and the pressure is then reduced again ( Fig. 2 ). The FIGS. 1 a and 1b show a metal tube 1 treated with the autofrettage method according to the invention with two different degrees of plasticization. In the state of the metal pipe 1 according to Fig. 1b after pressure increase, the critical outer diameter d ak has been reached, as well as the desired maximum degree of plasticization. The degree of plasticization can be specified by the plastication radius r p . In the state of the metal pipe 1 according to Fig. 1b may the Plastifizierungsradius r p 90% of the outer radius r a of the metal tube 1 amount. Incidentally, r i stands for the inner radius of the metal pipe 1. All radii are measured from the center M of the metal pipe 1.

Fig. 2 zeigt den Druckaufbau bzw. den Verlauf des Druckes p und den Verlauf bzw. die Änderung des Außendurchmessers da während der erfindungsgemäßen Autofrettage-Behandlung. Erfindungsgemäß wird eine erste Autofrettage-Behandlung sowie gleichsam zur Kontrolle eine zweite Autofrettage-Behandlung durchgeführt. Der Fig. 2 ist entnehmbar, dass sich bei Druckbeaufschlagung eines Metallrohres 1 die Änderungen im Außendurchmesser da in einen elastischen Anteil E und einen plastischen Anteil P aufteilen lassen. Im Hinblick darauf kann mit der zweiten Autofrettage-Behandlung (rechte Seite von Fig. 2) kontrolliert werden, inwieweit das Metallrohr 1 bereits einer Autofrettage-Behandlung unterzogen wurde und ob der Grad der Plastifizierung entsprechend bzw. wunschgemäß erfolgt ist. Somit ist eine Kontrolle von Metallrohren 1 möglich die bereits einer Autofrettage-Behandlung unterzogen wurden. Fig. 2 shows the pressure build-up or the course of the pressure p and the course or the change of the outer diameter d a during the autofrettage treatment according to the invention. According to the invention, a first autofrettage treatment and, as it were, a second autofrettage treatment are carried out as a check. Of the Fig. 2 can be taken that when pressure is applied to a metal tube 1, the changes in the outer diameter d a can be divided into an elastic portion E and a plastic portion P. In view of this, with the second autofrettage treatment (right side of Fig. 2 ), to what extent the metal tube 1 has already been subjected to an autofrettage treatment and whether the degree of plasticization has been carried out according to or as desired. Thus, it is possible to control metal pipes 1 already subjected to autofrettage treatment.

Claims (8)

  1. An autofrettage method for increasing the strength of metal pipes (1), wherein a metal pipe (1) that has already been subjected to at least one first autofrettage treatment is subjected to at least one second autofrettage treatment, wherein at least during the second autofrettage treatment, the interior (2) of a metal pipe (1) is pressurized with high pressure or internal pressure p of at least 700 bar so that starting from the inner surface (3) of the metal pipe (1), plasticization of the metal or the metal wall takes place,
    wherein the pressure or inner pressure p is increased during the treatment, wherein furthermore the outer diameter da of the pipe increasing during the treatment is measured, and wherein the pressure is subsequently reduced again,
    and wherein by means of the measurement of the outer diameter da of the metal pipe (2) during the second autofrettage treatment, the extent of the first autofrettage treatment or the degree of plasticization of the pipe wall during the first autofrettage treatment is determined.
  2. The autofrettage method according to claim 1, wherein the pressure increase is terminated upon reaching a critical outer diameter dak, and the pressure is reduced again thereafter.
  3. The autofrettage method according to any one of the claims 1 or 2, wherein in addition to the outer diameter da of the metal pipe (1), the applied pressure or inner pressure p is also measured.
  4. The autofrettage method according to any one of the claims 1 to 3, wherein the pressure or inner pressure p in the metal pipe (1) is built up by means of a liquid.
  5. The autofrettage method according to any one of the claims 1 to 4, wherein pressurizing the inner surface (3) of the metal pipe (1) is carried out with a pressure or inner pressure p of from 700 to 15,000 bar, preferably of from 2,500 to 9,000 bar, and particularly preferably of from 2,800 to 8,500 bar.
  6. The autofrettage method according to any one of the claims 1 to 5, wherein pressure increase or pressure built-up takes place over a period of 2 to 25 s, preferably 2 to 20 s, and preferred 2 to 10 s.
  7. The autofrettage method according to any one of the claims 1 to 6, wherein the pressure p is increased with the requirement that plasticization of the inner wall regions of the metal pipe (1) is achieved according to a plasticization radius rp, wherein said plasticization radius rp is 50 to 92%, preferably 70 to 92% and preferred 75 to 92% of the outer radius ra of the metal pipe (1).
  8. The autofrettage method according to any one of the claims 1 to 7, wherein bent pipes or pipes having at least one bent pipe section are treated.
EP12153851.6A 2012-02-03 2012-02-03 Expansion controlled autofrettage Not-in-force EP2623616B1 (en)

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EP3192737B1 (en) * 2016-01-14 2020-12-02 Safran Landing Systems UK Limited Shock strut

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US3438113A (en) * 1966-11-25 1969-04-15 Foster Wheeler Corp Short time elevated temperature autofrettage
US3889381A (en) * 1974-04-10 1975-06-17 Us Army Gage for measuring the circumferential expansion of internally pressurized tubes
JPS5535282A (en) * 1978-09-05 1980-03-12 Yamamoto Suiatsu Kogyosho:Kk Method and device for testing resisting pressure of steel tube
KR850001846B1 (en) * 1980-06-05 1985-12-28 더 뱁콕 앤드 윌콕스 캄패니 Apparatus for controlling expansion of a tube within a tube sheet
US6154946A (en) * 1998-01-05 2000-12-05 Elmhurst Research, Inc. Method for the manufacture of very high pressure vessels to survive high cycle fatigue loading
JP2010043920A (en) 2008-08-11 2010-02-25 Usui Kokusai Sangyo Kaisha Ltd Method of detecting treatment pressure in autofrettage treatment of high-pressure fuel pipe for diesel engine and method and device for autofrettage treatment using the detecting method

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