Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01P7/00—Controlling of coolant flow
  • F01P7/14—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid
  • F01P7/16—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid by thermostatic control
  • F01P7/165—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid by thermostatic control characterised by systems with two or more loops
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
  • H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
  • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
  • H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
  • H01M8/04373—Temperature; Ambient temperature of auxiliary devices, e.g. reformers, compressors, burners
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
  • H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
  • H01M8/04701—Temperature
  • H01M8/04738—Temperature of auxiliary devices, e.g. reformer, compressor, burner
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
  • H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
  • H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01P2025/00—Measuring
  • F01P2025/08—Temperature
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
  • H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells

Definitions

• the invention relates to thermal devices for a motor vehicle and, more particularly, the cooling devices for such bodies.
• a particularly advantageous application of the invention relates to the cooling of fuel cell systems, especially those comprising an integrated reforming device for producing hydrogen for the cell.
• Fuel cells are indeed intended to produce electrical energy from an oxidation reaction of hydrogen at the anode and a reduction reaction of oxygen at the cathode.
• the global reaction is written:
• the amount of heat generated by the chemical reactions is significant. It is of the order of 60 kW for a battery having a power of the order of 75 kW.
• the nominal operating temperature level of the fuel cell system is relatively low, which makes the thermal regulation of the system relatively difficult to achieve.
• water is one of the main reagents of the reactions implemented in the reformer.
• condensers and separators are distributed along the path of the rejects of the power module, in order to recover, by cooling, the water produced by the fuel cell.
• this further increases the amount of heat to be evacuated.
• it is estimated that about one-third of the energy to be dissipated by the cooling system.
• it is also necessary to cool the engine oil, as well as auxiliary circuits such as electrical ones.
• Cooling circuits are for example described in applications GB 2 409 763 and US 2005/0227125.
• Conventional cooling devices for a fuel cell or internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle may comprise two cooling circuits, namely a main cooling circuit for cooling the battery or the internal combustion engine, and a secondary cooling circuit in heat exchange relationship with the main cooling circuit via a heat exchanger.
• the secondary cooling circuit comprises other heat exchangers in order to evacuate the thermal energy recovered from the traction system or to provide thermal energy.
• the management of different thermal energy exchanges requires the use of many temperature sensors.
• the object of the invention is therefore to overcome this disadvantage.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a cooling device for a motor vehicle thermal member also for diagnosing possible failures.
• a cooling device for a thermal element in particular used in a traction system of a motor vehicle, comprising a main cooling circuit able to regulate the temperature of the thermal organ, a secondary cooling circuit comprising a first set of at least two heat exchangers connected in parallel, and a thermal coupling means between the main cooling circuit and the secondary cooling circuit.
• the cooling device further comprises a temperature sensor connected in series on the secondary cooling circuit and downstream of the first set, and a control unit comprising a first means capable of estimating with a state observer, for example a high-gain state observer, the outlet temperature of each heat exchanger of the first set from the inlet coolant inlet temperature of each heat exchanger of the first set and the quantities measured by the temperature sensor .
• a state observer for example a high-gain state observer
• the secondary cooling circuit may comprise a bypass, one end of which is mounted downstream of the temperature sensor and upstream of the thermal contact means, and the other end of which is mounted downstream of the first together heat exchangers and upstream of the temperature sensor, the bypass comprising a second set of at least two heat exchangers connected in parallel.
• the first means may also be able to estimate with a state observer, for example a high-gain state observer, the output temperature of each heat exchanger of the second set from the temperature. input of the coolant at the inlet of each heat exchanger of the second set and the quantities measured by the temperature sensor.
• a state observer for example a high-gain state observer
• the first means of the electronic control unit can be used both to determine the output temperatures of the heat exchangers of the first set and the second set.
• the secondary cooling circuit may further comprise first and second radiators respectively associated with the first and second sets of exchangers.
• the cooling device may further comprise adjustable means for short-circuiting the first and second radiators and the control unit may also comprise a third means for controlling the adjustable means for short-circuiting the first and second radiators .
• the control unit comprises a second means capable of determining the inlet heat transfer fluid inlet temperature of each heat exchanger, from the quantities measured by the temperature sensor.
• the second means can determine the temperature of the heat transfer fluid at the inlet of each exchanger, which makes it possible to reduce the number of temperature in the device.
• the cooling device may further comprise temperature sensors capable of measuring the inlet heat transfer fluid inlet temperature of each set of heat exchangers
• the control may comprise a fourth means capable of monitoring the flow of heat transfer fluid flowing in the first and second radiators, from the quantities measured by the temperature sensors.
• the operating equations of the heat exchangers are no longer used to determine the temperature of the heat transfer fluid at the inlet of the heat exchangers, but are used to evaluate the flow rate of the heat exchangers. heat transfer fluid circulating in the radiators, and thus to diagnose a failure.
• the thermal member comprises a fuel cell and the thermal contact means is a heat exchanger disposed between the main cooling circuit and the secondary cooling circuit.
• the second set of exchangers can make it possible to regulate the temperature of the gases leaving the fuel cell and the third means is capable of controlling the adjustable means to short-circuit the second radiator, depending on the water balance. consumed by the fuel cell and recovered by the cooling device.
• the subject of the invention is also, according to a second aspect, a method of controlling a cooling device of a thermal element, in particular used in a traction system of a motor vehicle, comprising a main cooling circuit able to regulate the temperature of the thermal member, a secondary cooling circuit comprising a first set of at least two heat exchangers connected in parallel, and a thermal coupling means between the main cooling circuit and the secondary cooling circuit.
• a cooling device of a thermal element in particular used in a traction system of a motor vehicle, comprising a main cooling circuit able to regulate the temperature of the thermal member, a secondary cooling circuit comprising a first set of at least two heat exchangers connected in parallel, and a thermal coupling means between the main cooling circuit and the secondary cooling circuit.
• the temperature of the heat transfer fluid is measured downstream of the first set of heat exchangers
• the temperature of the heat transfer fluid of the secondary circuit at the inlet of the heat exchangers is determined
• the output temperature of each of the heat exchangers is estimated with a state observer, for example a high gain state observer, from the heat transfer fluid input temperature at the inlet of the heat exchangers and the measured temperature of the coolant.
• a state observer for example a high gain state observer
• FIG. 1 illustrates the general architecture of a thermal body and its cooling device
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating the architecture of the means for determining the temperature at different points of the secondary circuit of the cooling device according to a first embodiment of the invention
• FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the implementation of the method for monitoring the secondary cooling circuit according to a second embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 1 shows the general architecture of a first embodiment of a cooling device 1 according to the invention and capable, on the one hand, of efficiently cooling a thermal device, for example the system traction of the motor vehicle, and secondly, to provide or recover thermal energy to different elements or fluids circulating in the vehicle.
• the cooling device 1 visible in FIG. 1 comprises in this respect a main circuit 2 and a secondary circuit 3.
• the thermal unit 4 of the motor vehicle is placed on the main circuit 2.
• the cooling device 1 is further provided with a heat exchanger 5 providing a thermal coupling between the main circuit 2 and the secondary circuit 3.
• the main circuit 2 essentially comprises a loop in which circulates a coolant, on which is placed the heat exchanger 5 and the thermal member 4.
• the main circuit 2 also comprises a pump 6 to make circulating the coolant, and a temperature sensor 7 capable of measuring the temperature T1 of the coolant of the main circuit 2 downstream of the thermal member 4.
• the secondary circuit 3 for its part, comprises a loop also containing a heat transfer fluid and thermally coupled to the loop of the main circuit 2 via the exchanger 5.
• the first radiator 8 is a radiator at high temperature and is placed downstream of the exchanger 5.
• the first radiator 8 serves in particular to evacuate the heat energy taken by the heat exchanger. heat 5 on the coolant circulating in the loop of the main circuit 2.
• the loop of the secondary circuit 3 also comprises, downstream of the first radiator 8, a first set 9 of heat exchangers 10, 11 arranged in parallel and providing regulation of elements or fluids circulating in the motor vehicle.
• the secondary circuit 3 finally comprises a pump 12 and is looped back onto the inlet of the heat exchanger 5.
• the pump 12 circulates the heat transfer fluid of the secondary circuit 3.
• a temperature sensor 13 capable to measure the temperature of the coolant of the secondary circuit 3 is mounted upstream of the pump 12 and downstream of the first assembly 9.
• the secondary circuit 3 further comprises a bypass 14 used to cool other elements or fluids circulating in the vehicle.
• the inlet of the bypass 14 is mounted upstream of the heat exchanger 5 and downstream of the pump 12, while the outlet of the bypass 14 is mounted downstream of the first assembly 9 and upstream of the temperature sensor 13. .
• the branch 14 comprises a second radiator 15.
• the second radiator 15 is a radiator at low temperature.
• the heat transfer fluid circulating in the second radiator 15 has not passed through the heat exchanger 5: the second radiator thus makes it possible to recover thermal energy from other elements or fluids of the motor vehicle.
• the branch 14 also comprises, downstream of the second radiator 15, a second set 16 of heat exchangers 17, 18 arranged in parallel and ensuring the regulation of elements or fluids circulating in the motor vehicle.
• the first and second radiators 8, 15 are provided with first and second adjustable means respectively arranged in parallel with the first and second radiators 8, 15 in order to short-circuit them. More particularly, these first and second adjustable means respectively comprise a first valve 19 mounted on a first bypass line 20, and a second valve 21 mounted on a second bypass line 22.
• the heat exchanger 5, in particular at the level of the secondary circuit 3, is provided with a third adjustable means for short-circuiting the heat exchanger 5.
• the third adjustable means is constituted by a third valve 23 mounted on a third pipe of derivation 24.
• the third valve 23 and the third bypass line 24 on which it is mounted are used in order to allow the decoupling of the control of the main circuit 2 from that of the secondary circuit 3. More particularly, the third adjustable means makes it possible to regulate the temperature of the the thermal organ 4 without being disturbed by the secondary circuit 3.
• first and second valves 19, 21, as well as the first and second bypass lines 20 and 22 on which they are mounted are used to control the temperature of the heat exchangers 10, 11, 17, 18.
• the exchangers 10, 11, 17, 18 will allow to regulate the temperature of different elements or fluids.
• the thermal unit 4 of the motor vehicle comprises an internal combustion engine
• the exchangers 10, 11 can be used to regulate, for example, the temperature of the automatic gearbox or the temperature of the engine oil
• the exchangers 17, 18 may be used to regulate the temperature of the power electronics or the temperature of an air circuit.
• the exchangers 10, 11 can be used to regulate the temperature of the gas supplying the fuel cell, in particular for heating the input gases of the cell. fuel so that they have a temperature close to that of operation of the fuel cell.
• the exchangers 17, 18 may be used for their part, for cooling the exhaust gases, or for rejecting, the fuel cell and thus recovering the water produced by the fuel cell and present in the form of steam in the exit gases.
• the thermal device 4 comprises a fuel cell.
• the electronic control unit 25 receives, as input, measurement signals from the main elements of the cooling device 1.
• the electronic control unit 25 receives a signal T1 from the temperature sensor 7 which measures the temperature of the coolant in output of the thermal member, and a signal T2 of the temperature sensor 13 which measures the temperature of the coolant of the secondary circuit 3, downstream of the first and second sets 9, 16.
• the control unit also receives other signals from elements external to the cooling device 1, for example signals indicating the temperature of other elements or fluids circulating in the motor vehicle and not shown.
• the signals T1, T2 are delivered to a second means 26 which makes it possible to determine, from said signals T1 and T2, and other signals coming from external elements, the temperature of the heat transfer fluid at the inlet of the first set 9 and the second set 16, that is to say the temperature of the coolant at the inlet of each heat exchanger 10, 11, 17 and 18.
• the second means 26 assumes that the temperature of the heat transfer fluid of the secondary circuit 3 remains approximately constant between the inlet and the outlet of the pump 12.
• the second means 26 firstly determines the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the exchanger 5. It uses for this purpose the signals T2 and T1, as well as the equations the model of the exchanger 5 in static.
• the second means 26 can thus deduce the temperature of the fluid at the outlet of the exchanger 5.
• the second means 26 determines the temperature of the fluid at the outlet of the first radiator 8, in particular from the mappings of the first radiator 8 and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the second fluid.
• the second means 26 can thus output the temperature of the coolant at the inlet of the first set 9. More particularly, the second means 26 can use a model (1) of the type: in which :
• T ° " ⁇ represents the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the radiator 8;
• T ⁇ represents the temperature of the heat transfer fluid at the inlet of the radiator 8 which is determined by the second means 26 as a function of the equations of the model of the exchanger 5 in static mode;
• T TM is the temperature of the air entering the radiator 8
• T ° r u ⁇ is the temperature of the air leaving the radiator 8.
• the second means 26 determines the temperature of the fluid at the outlet of the second radiator 15, in particular from the maps of the second radiator 15 (similarly to the first radiator 8). The second means 26 can thus output the temperature of the coolant at the inlet of the second assembly 16.
• the signals determined by the second means 26 are then transmitted to the first means 27. This also receives the signals T2 from the temperature sensor 13.
• the first means 27 makes it possible to estimate the exit temperature of the heat transfer fluid circulating in each heat exchanger 10, 11, 17 and 18.
• the second means 27 uses the dynamic equations of the heat exchangers which are written in the following vector form:
• Tf cl represents the temperature of the coolant circulating in the exchanger i
• T g1 represents the temperature of the gas that circulates in the exchanger i and whose temperature is regulated by the exchanger i
• T pi represents the temperature of the walls the exchanger i
• T 1 represents the variation with respect to time of the temperature vector T 1 ;
• T ⁇ 1 and T ° " ⁇ represent respectively the inlet and outlet temperatures of the coolant circulating in the exchanger i;
• a 1 and B 1 represent characteristic matrices of the exchanger i and dependent on the flow rate of the gas flowing in the exchanger i and whose temperature is regulated by the exchanger i;
• ⁇ depends on the flow rate of the gas flowing in the exchanger i and whose temperature is regulated by the exchanger i;
• U 1 represents the flow rate of the coolant circulating in the heat exchanger
• the temperatures T and T TM l0 ⁇ n input of the heat transfer fluid in the exchangers 10 and 11 are equal to the temperature T ° c ⁇ % of the heat transfer fluid outlet of the radiator 8, T £ " ⁇ being determined by the second means 26.
• heat transfer fluids circulating outlet temperatures in different heat exchangers are connected by the formula: / cl ⁇ - i / cl ⁇ + 1 J-JCW ' the FCU + "fc ⁇ 's l k ⁇ l + ⁇ FDS' ⁇ SDS. ..
• T ° " ⁇ and Q fci respectively represent the outlet temperature and the output flow rate of the coolant circulating in the exchanger i.
• the state observer makes it possible to estimate, from the model of a heat exchanger, the temperature vector T 1 of the exchanger i, and in particular the outlet temperature T " ⁇ of the fluid
• the first means 27 can correct the model and thus refine the value of the estimated temperature vector T 1 .
• the temperatures estimated by the first means 27 are then delivered to a third means 28 capable of controlling the valves 19, 21 and 23 of the different adjustable short-circuit means, in particular by calculating the percentages of openings ⁇ 19, ⁇ 21 of said valves.
• the signals ⁇ l9, ⁇ 21 make it possible to control the fraction of flow that must pass through the radiators 8 and 15 respectively.
• the third means 28 makes it possible to adapt the circulation of the coolant in the secondary circuit 3 in order to improve the heat exchange.
• the third means 28 can also be used to control the water balance, in particular by determining the water recovered by the exchangers 17, 18 in the fuel cell discharge gas.
• T / N (gas) is the temperature of the gases entering the exchanger i;
• Tj (gas) is the average temperature of the gases at the exchanger i;
• the flow rate Q 2 of water consumed by the reformer can be calculated by the formula:
• - Nceii is the number of cells in the fuel cell; ⁇ is the reformer yield;
• the S / C ratio represents the throughput of the overflow of carbon
• I is the electric current delivered by the fuel cell
• Ra is anodic stoichiometry
• PCIfoei represents the lower heating value of the fuel entering the reformer
• PCI H2 represents the lower calorific value of the hydrogen leaving the reformer; x is the proportion of carbon in the fuel supplying the reformer (of formula C x H y O z ).
• the calculation of B thus makes it possible to avoid adding an additional sensor to detect the water level downstream of the reformer.
• the value of B with a predefined threshold, it is also possible to make a diagnosis on the water consumption of the fuel cell and on the capacity of the water tank.
• the cooling device may also comprise two additional temperature sensors capable of measuring the temperature of the coolant in input of the first set 9 and input of the second set 16.
• the electronic control unit 25 no longer includes second means 26 for determining the temperature of the heat transfer fluid at the inlet of the first set 9 and the second set 16: the first means 27 directly receives the quantities measured by the temperature sensor 13 and the temperature sensors of the heat transfer fluid at the inlet of the first and second sets.
• the electronic control unit may also include a fourth means (not shown) for diagnosing a failure of an adjustable valve. More particularly, the fourth means uses the models of the radiators 8, 15 and / or the model of the heat exchanger 5 to determine the flow rate of the coolant passing through said radiator 8, 15 or heat exchanger 5, and thus to diagnose, by comparison with the signals ⁇ 19, ⁇ 21, ⁇ 23 for controlling the valves 19, 21, 23, a possible failure of one of said valves 19, 21, 23.
• the total flow rate Q & of the coolant in the secondary circuit 3 is:
• the fourth means can implement a method of monitoring the cooling circuit.
• the process begins with a step 29 for determining the flows Q & 5, Q & 8 and / or Qfcl5 of heat transfer fluid respectively supplying the heat exchanger 5, the radiator 8 and / or the radiator 15.
• the fourth The average calculates the distance defined above, then compares the value obtained with a threshold value S 1 stored or determined according to operating parameters of the fuel cell.
• step 31 the process continues with a step 31 during which the temperature T1 of the coolant circulating in the main circuit 2 is compared with a threshold value S 2 . If the temperature T1 is greater than the threshold S 2 , then the cooling device does not make it possible to properly evacuate the heat released by the thermal organ and the vehicle can be stopped during a step 32. If the value T1 is lower at the threshold S 2 , an alarm signal can be triggered and the process resumes in step 29. If the difference is less than or equal to the threshold value S 1 , then the flow flowing in the heat exchanger 5 corresponds to the set value ⁇ 23 and there is no significant leak or failure in the third adjustable means. The process continues with a step 33.
• the fourth means calculates the distances es and / or eis defined previously, then compares respectively the value or values obtained at the threshold value (s) S s and S 15 stored or determined according to operating parameters of the Fuel cell.
• the electronic control unit 25 it is possible to control and possibly reconfigure the control of the cooling device 1, while limiting the number of sensors within it.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
• Fuel Cell (AREA)
• Cooling, Air Intake And Gas Exhaust, And Fuel Tank Arrangements In Propulsion Units (AREA)
• Arrangement Or Mounting Of Propulsion Units For Vehicles (AREA)

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• 2008
  • 2008-12-22 FR FR0858913A patent/FR2940196B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2009
  • 2009-11-26 JP JP2011541544A patent/JP2012513654A/ja not_active Withdrawn
  • 2009-11-26 EP EP09797094A patent/EP2368027A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2009-11-26 WO PCT/FR2009/052305 patent/WO2010072933A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2009-11-26 US US13/141,611 patent/US20120129066A1/en not_active Abandoned

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