EP2005066B1 - Method for starting a firing device in unknown general conditions - Google Patents

Method for starting a firing device in unknown general conditions Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2005066B1
EP2005066B1 EP07703333.0A EP07703333A EP2005066B1 EP 2005066 B1 EP2005066 B1 EP 2005066B1 EP 07703333 A EP07703333 A EP 07703333A EP 2005066 B1 EP2005066 B1 EP 2005066B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
air
ignition
gas
burner
starting
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Not-in-force
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EP07703333.0A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2005066A1 (en
Inventor
Ulrich Geiger
Martin Geiger
Rudolf Tungl
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Ebm Papst Landshut GmbH
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Ebm Papst Landshut GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
    • F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
    • F23N1/022—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2223/00—Signal processing; Details thereof
    • F23N2223/48—Learning / Adaptive control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2223/00—Signal processing; Details thereof
    • F23N2223/54—Recording
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2225/00—Measuring
    • F23N2225/08—Measuring temperature
    • F23N2225/16—Measuring temperature burner temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2227/00—Ignition or checking
    • F23N2227/02—Starting or ignition cycles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2227/00—Ignition or checking
    • F23N2227/20—Calibrating devices

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for starting a firing device, in particular a gas burner, under unknown conditions and in particular the first non-firing, wherein for the firing device in a memory from a known empirical determinations characteristic of a starting air ratio depending on the burner temperature is stored.
  • Gas heaters are used for the production of heat in a boiler, to provide heating or the like. used.
  • different requirements are placed on the device. Specifically, the starting process of the device requires a quick ignition of the burner flame and a subsequent, adapted to the heat demand, power output. Due to the normally irregular use of the gas burner over the day and the night, the starting conditions for the gas burner are mostly unknown. Important parameters for these start conditions are above all the burner temperature, the type of gas, the gas pressure, the ambient pressure of the air and the humidity.
  • the decisive factor for igniting the burner is the starting air ratio, which describes the ratio of the actual amount of air supplied to the burner to the amount of air theoretically required for optimal stoichiometric combustion.
  • the setpoint for the air ratio for the optimal hygienic combustion during operation is about 1.3. Burners ignite in different gas-air conditions depending on the conditions.
  • the output of a gas burner depends on the regularly changing heat demand. Essentially, the power output is determined by the adjustment of the supply of air and fuel gas and by the set mixing ratio between air and gas.
  • the mixing ratio can be specified, for example, as the ratio of the mass flows or the volume flows of the air and the gas.
  • the DE 100 45 270 C2 discloses a firing device and method for controlling the firing device with fluctuating fuel quality.
  • the fuel-air ratio is changed accordingly.
  • the mixture composition is adjusted for each suitable type of fuel until the desired flame core temperature is reached.
  • maps are used for different fuels, from which a new, suitable fuel-air ratio is read out whenever the performance requirements change. A method for starting the burner is not disclosed.
  • a control system for a gas burner is shown.
  • the regulation takes place here using a temperature measured at the burner surface. Since the surface temperature depends on the flow rate of the air-gas mixture, falls below a certain temperature, the speed of the fan rotor is lowered, whereby the air flow and thus the air-gas ratio is lowered.
  • the starting process of the burner and the associated process steps is not dealt with individually.
  • a method for controlling a gas burner in which the CO concentration in the exhaust gases of the burner flame is detected with an exhaust gas sensor.
  • a certain CO value corresponds to a certain gas-air ratio.
  • gas-air ratio at a certain CO value a desired gas-air ratio can be set.
  • the burner regulates the air-gas mixture according to a standard specification adapted to a specific gas type but not in the case that conditions change, or that the boot process fails ..
  • the EP 770 824 B1 shows a control of the gas-air ratio in the fuel-air mixture by measuring a Ionisationsstroms, which depends on the excess air in the exhaust gases of the burner flame. In stoichiometric combustion, a maximum of the ionization current is known to be measured. Depending on this value, the mixture composition can be optimized.
  • the starting process is carried out by an automatic start, which generates by means of a setpoint generator, a start speed of the blower, in which an ignitable mixture is present. Also ignored is the case of a failed start attempt.
  • a disadvantage of the last-mentioned methods is that, in order to execute them, it is assumed either that the burners have already been started, or that insufficient starting methods adapted to fixed framework conditions are used.
  • a disclosure integrates in the description the starting process of a burner, solved with a start-up automatic, which uses only the blower as a controlled variable. This is not enough to consider different, unknown framework conditions and to react to non-ignition.
  • the state of the art DE 102 00 128 A1 discloses that different types of gas ignite in different fuel-air mixtures and the ignition is detected by means of a sensor. At constant air flow rate, the gas flow rate is continuously increased until it comes to the ignition. For different types of gas, different characteristic curves (straight lines) are stored in a control unit in order to determine, based on a measurement of the gas or gas flow rate. Air flow rate at the time of ignition with simultaneous comparison with the stored straight line to determine the gas type. It is thus known from the start-up process, the fuel-air mixture continuously to grease until it comes to the ignition.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method for starting a firing device under unknown conditions.
  • Calibration is performed by a multi-step procedure.
  • the supply of too lean a fuel-air mixture to the burner and the steady slow enrichment of the gas-air mixture by opening the gas valve brings the great advantage that it can come to any deflagration explosion of an accumulated, unburned gas-air mixture .
  • an approximation of the mixture from gas-rich, rich to air-containing, lean mixture would be possible until an ignitable fuel-air mixture is present at the burner, but such an approach would be extremely disadvantageous in terms of safety.
  • the calculations during the calibration process are easy and fast to execute.
  • the air ratio and the desired mass flow of the combustion air is calculated by means of a characteristic curve which can be interrogated in a memory, so that the burner can be transferred directly to the operating state.
  • the storage of the calculated results has the advantage of a faster starting process in the future.
  • an empirically determined characteristic curve of starting air numbers to known framework conditions is stored in a memory for the firing device for calculating the actual starting air ratio.
  • different starting air numbers are pre-determined, which describe the stored characteristic curve.
  • the actual starting air ratio can simply be calculated during the calibration procedure by measuring the burner temperature.
  • FIG. 1 shows a flowchart illustrating the individual steps of the calibration process.
  • Steps mapped to one another are executed one after the other, and steps shown next to one another are executed simultaneously. Each step corresponds to a rectangular box.
  • gas is mixed with a constant amount of air.
  • the initially resulting fuel-air mixture is deliberately too lean, i. the proportion of gas is too low to be ignited. In this way, an initial situation is ensured, in which there can be no unexpected ignition, which could give rise to an explosion hazard.
  • the unknown, necessary for the ignition ratio between the amount of gas and air quantity for the respective conditions ignites the mixture and the gas burner is started. Exactly at this time of ignition, the burner temperature is measured. Using this measured temperature and the stored in the memory characteristic of the relationship between the starting air ratio and the burner temperature, the actual air ratio is calculated at the time of ignition.
  • the desired mass flow of the air quantity to be supplied is calculated from this air ratio. Then, with a known constant opening of the gas valve, the amount of air supplied from a measured actual value to a calculated Setpoint can be changed so that the setpoint air ratio is reached.
  • the desired air ratio is based on the desired characteristic curve which describes the desired ratio of air quantity to gas quantity or m L, actual / m L, min for different heat / power requirements.
  • a corridor that is at least as large / wide that the calculated starting air ratio lies within this corridor is generated around this desired characteristic curve.
  • the characteristic and the generated corridor are stored in the memory so that future start-up operations corresponding to the different heat / power demands are performed according to this corridor.
  • the conditions previously unknown to the gas burner have been converted into familiar conditions by the calibration procedure for the following starting processes.
  • the control of a desired air ratio of the calculated starting air number can be done by changing the amount of air supplied at constant gas opening.
  • limits are also set for normal operation, within which the gas burner is operated. If it is determined that these limits are exceeded or fallen short of over a certain period of time, there is an indication of a malfunction. This may be, for example, a deviation of the gas pressure from the permissible inlet pressure range, a deviation of the gas, or a malfunction of sensors. In this case, the gas burner automatically shuts off after a set period of time.
  • Burner temperature is a crucial parameter in terms of the starting air ratio needed to start. From several preliminary tests carried out in advance, a characteristic curve can be developed which determines a starting air ratio as a function of the burner temperature and which is stored in a memory of the firing device. To determine this characteristic, a fuel-air mixture which is too lean is slowly enriched in continuous ignition tests until ignition occurs. The air ratio at the moment of ignition is recorded. By repeating this process at different burner temperatures results from the individual results of the sought characteristic. By storing in a memory, the characteristic curve can be accessed at any time.
  • FIG. 3 shows a detailed sketch of the curve generated by the calibration process and the corridor dedicated to it (shown in dashed lines).
  • the decisive influencing factors for the mixture formation are the supplied gas quantity m G and air quantity m L.
  • the amount of gas m G is dependent on the opening (w) of the gas valve.
  • the characteristic curve lies in the diagram shown, depending on the framework slightly shifted towards the top or bottom. In the upper part of the fuel-air mixture is fatter, leaner at the bottom.
  • the corridor is determined around the characteristic curve, which specifies the limits for operation and a safe range for the air ratio for the following starting procedures.
  • the upper limit limits the combustibility of the fuel-air mixture to the rich, the lower limit to the lean range.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Starten einer Feuerungseinrichtung, insbesondere eines Gasbrenners, bei unbekannten Rahmenbedingungen und insbesondere bei erstmaligem Nichtzünden, wobei für die Feuerungseinrichtung in einem Speicher eine aus empirischen Ermittlungen bekannte Kennlinie einer Start-Luftzahl in Abhängigkeit von der Brennertemperatur hinterlegt ist.The invention relates to a method for starting a firing device, in particular a gas burner, under unknown conditions and in particular the first non-firing, wherein for the firing device in a memory from a known empirical determinations characteristic of a starting air ratio depending on the burner temperature is stored.

Gasheizgeräte werden zur Bereitung von Wärmwasser in einem Kessel, zur Bereitstellung von Heizwärme o.ä. eingesetzt. In verschiedenen Betriebsphasen werden an das Gerät unterschiedliche Anforderungen gestellt. Speziell der Startvorgang des Geräts verlangt ein schnelles Entzünden der Brennerflamme und eine anschließende, an den Wärmebedarf angepasste, Leistungsabgabe. Aufgrund der im Normalfall unregelmäßigen Nutzung des Gasbrenners über den Tag und die Nacht verteilt, sind die Start-Rahmenbedingungen für den Gasbrenner meist unbekannt. Wichtige Größen für diese Start-Rahmenbedingungen sind vor allem die Brennertemperatur, die Gasart, der Gasdruck, der Umgebungsdruck der Luft und die Luftfeuchtigkeit. Die entscheidende Größe zur Zündung des Brenners ist die Start-Luftzahl, durch die das Verhältnis der tatsächlich dem Brenner zugeführten Luftmenge zu der theoretisch für eine optimale stöchiometrische Verbrennung erforderlichen Luftmenge beschrieben ist. Der Sollwert für die Luftzahl für die hygienisch optimale Verbrennung während des Betriebs liegt bei etwa 1,3. Brenner zünden bei unterschiedlichen Gas-Luftverhältnissen abhängig von den Rahmenbedingungen.Gas heaters are used for the production of heat in a boiler, to provide heating or the like. used. In different operating phases, different requirements are placed on the device. Specifically, the starting process of the device requires a quick ignition of the burner flame and a subsequent, adapted to the heat demand, power output. Due to the normally irregular use of the gas burner over the day and the night, the starting conditions for the gas burner are mostly unknown. Important parameters for these start conditions are above all the burner temperature, the type of gas, the gas pressure, the ambient pressure of the air and the humidity. The decisive factor for igniting the burner is the starting air ratio, which describes the ratio of the actual amount of air supplied to the burner to the amount of air theoretically required for optimal stoichiometric combustion. The setpoint for the air ratio for the optimal hygienic combustion during operation is about 1.3. Burners ignite in different gas-air conditions depending on the conditions.

Die Leistungsabgabe eines Gasbrenners richtet sich nach dem sich regelmäßig ändernden Wärmebedarf. Im Wesentlichen wird die Leistungsabgabe durch die Einstellung der Zufuhr von Luft und Brenngas und durch das eingestellte Mischungsverhältnis zwischen Luft und Gas bestimmt. Das Mischungsverhältnis kann beispielsweise als Verhältnis der Massenströme oder der Volumenströme der Luft und des Gases angegeben werden.The output of a gas burner depends on the regularly changing heat demand. Essentially, the power output is determined by the adjustment of the supply of air and fuel gas and by the set mixing ratio between air and gas. The mixing ratio can be specified, for example, as the ratio of the mass flows or the volume flows of the air and the gas.

Die DE 100 45 270 C2 offenbart eine Feuerungseinrichtung und ein Verfahren zum Regeln der Feuerungseinrichtung bei schwankender Brennstoffqualität. Insbesondere wird bei einer Änderung der Gasqualität das Brennstoff-Luftverhältnis entsprechend verändert. Dabei wird für jede geeignete Brennstoffart die Gemischzusammensetzung so lange nachgeregelt, bis die gewünschte Flammenkerntemperatur erreicht ist. Außerdem werden Kennfelder für verschiedene Brennstoffe verwendet, aus denen bei jeder Änderung der Leistungsanforderungen ein neues, geeignetes Brennstoff-Luftverhältnis ausgelesen wird. Ein Verfahren zum Starten des Brenners ist nicht offenbart.The DE 100 45 270 C2 discloses a firing device and method for controlling the firing device with fluctuating fuel quality. In particular, when the gas quality changes, the fuel-air ratio is changed accordingly. In this case, the mixture composition is adjusted for each suitable type of fuel until the desired flame core temperature is reached. In addition, maps are used for different fuels, from which a new, suitable fuel-air ratio is read out whenever the performance requirements change. A method for starting the burner is not disclosed.

In der GB 2 270 748 A ist ein Steuerungssystem für einen Gasbrenner gezeigt. Die Regelung erfolgt hier unter Verwendung einer an der Brenneroberfläche gemessenen Temperatur. Da die Oberflächentemperatur von der Flußrate des Luft-Gas-Gemisches abhängt, wird bei Unterschreiten einer bestimmten Temperatur die Geschwindigkeit des Gebläserotors gesenkt, wodurch der Luftfluss und damit das Luft-Gas-Verhältnis gesenkt wird. Auf den Startvorgang des Brenners und die damit verbundenen Verfahrensschritte wird nicht individuell eingegangen.In the GB 2 270 748 A a control system for a gas burner is shown. The regulation takes place here using a temperature measured at the burner surface. Since the surface temperature depends on the flow rate of the air-gas mixture, falls below a certain temperature, the speed of the fan rotor is lowered, whereby the air flow and thus the air-gas ratio is lowered. The starting process of the burner and the associated process steps is not dealt with individually.

Aus der AT 411 189 B ist ein Verfahren zur Regelung eines Gasbrenners bekannt, bei dem die CO-Konzentration in den Abgasen der Brennerflamme mit einem Abgassensor erfasst wird. Ein bestimmter CO-Wert entspricht einem bestimmten Gas-LuftVerhältnis. Ausgehend von einem bekannten, z.B. experimentell ermittelten, Gas-Luftverhältnis bei einem bestimmten CO-Wert kann ein gewünschtes Gas-Luftverhältnis eingestellt werden. Zum Starten regelt der Brenner das Luft-Gas-Gemisch nach einer auf eine bestimmte Gasart abgestimmten Standardvorgabe, berücksichtigt jedoch nicht den Fall, dass sich Rahmenbedingungen ändern, oder dass der Startvorgang misslingt..From the AT 411 189 B a method for controlling a gas burner is known in which the CO concentration in the exhaust gases of the burner flame is detected with an exhaust gas sensor. A certain CO value corresponds to a certain gas-air ratio. Starting from a known, for example experimentally determined, gas-air ratio at a certain CO value, a desired gas-air ratio can be set. For starting, the burner regulates the air-gas mixture according to a standard specification adapted to a specific gas type but not in the case that conditions change, or that the boot process fails ..

Die EP 770 824 B1 zeigt eine Regelung des Gas-Luftverhältnisses im Brennstoff-Luftgemisch durch Messen eines Ionisationsstroms, der vom Luftüberschuss in den Abgasen der Brennerflamme abhängt. Bei stöchiometrischer Verbrennung wird bekanntermaßen ein Maximum des Ionisationsstroms gemessen. In Abhängigkeit von diesem Wert kann die Gemischzusammensetzung optimiert werden. Der Startvorgang wird von einer Startautomatik durchgeführt, die mit Hilfe eines Sollwertgebers eine Startdrehzahl des Gebläses generiert, bei der ein zündfähiges Gemisch vorliegt. Ebenfalls unberücksichtigt bleibt der Fall eines misslungenen Startversuchs.The EP 770 824 B1 shows a control of the gas-air ratio in the fuel-air mixture by measuring a Ionisationsstroms, which depends on the excess air in the exhaust gases of the burner flame. In stoichiometric combustion, a maximum of the ionization current is known to be measured. Depending on this value, the mixture composition can be optimized. The starting process is carried out by an automatic start, which generates by means of a setpoint generator, a start speed of the blower, in which an ignitable mixture is present. Also ignored is the case of a failed start attempt.

Nachteilhaft an den zuletzt genannten Verfahren ist, dass um sie auszuführen entweder vorausgesetzt wird, dass die Brenner bereits gestartet sind, oder unzureichende, auf feste Rahmenbedingungen abgestimmte Startverfahren verwendet werden. Eine Offenbarung integriert in die Beschreibung den Startvorgang eines Brenners, gelöst mit einer Startautomatik, die lediglich das Gebläse als Regelgröße verwendet. Das ist nicht ausreichend, um unterschiedliche, unbekannte Rahmenbedingungen zu berücksichtigen und auf ein Nichtzünden zu reagieren.A disadvantage of the last-mentioned methods is that, in order to execute them, it is assumed either that the burners have already been started, or that insufficient starting methods adapted to fixed framework conditions are used. A disclosure integrates in the description the starting process of a burner, solved with a start-up automatic, which uses only the blower as a controlled variable. This is not enough to consider different, unknown framework conditions and to react to non-ignition.

In dem Stand der Technik EP 1522 790 A2 sind zwei unterschiedliche Verfahren zu unterschiedlichen Gegebenheiten offenbart. Zum einen werden für die erste Inbetriebnahme Verfahrensschritte für einen Startvorgang mit einer Grundeinsteilung beschrieben, zum anderen wird ein Kalibriervorgang dargelegt, der einsetzbar ist, sobald die Flamme geregelt brennt.In the prior art EP 1522 790 A2 Two different methods for different circumstances are disclosed. On the one hand, for the first commissioning process steps for a starting process are described with a basic classification, on the other hand, a calibration is set out, which can be used as soon as the flame burns regulated.

Der Stand der Technik DE 102 00 128 A1 offenbart, dass verschiedene Gasarten bei unterschiedlichen Brennstoff-Luft-Gemischen zünden und die Zündung mittels eines Fühlers erkannt wird. Bei konstantem Luftvolumenstrom wird der Gasvolumenstrom kontinuierlich erhöht, bis es zur Zündung kommt. Für unterschiedliche Gasarten sind verschiedene Kennlinien (Geraden) in einer Regeleinheit hinterlegt, um anhand einer Messung des Gas-bzw. Luftvolumenstroms zum Zündzeitpunkt bei gleichzeitigem Vergleich mit den hinterlegten Geraden die Gasart zu bestimmen. Es ist somit hieraus bekannt, beim Startverfahren das Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch kontinuierlich anzufetten, bis es zur Zündung kommt.The state of the art DE 102 00 128 A1 discloses that different types of gas ignite in different fuel-air mixtures and the ignition is detected by means of a sensor. At constant air flow rate, the gas flow rate is continuously increased until it comes to the ignition. For different types of gas, different characteristic curves (straight lines) are stored in a control unit in order to determine, based on a measurement of the gas or gas flow rate. Air flow rate at the time of ignition with simultaneous comparison with the stored straight line to determine the gas type. It is thus known from the start-up process, the fuel-air mixture continuously to grease until it comes to the ignition.

Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zum Starten einer Feuerungseinrichtung bei unbekannten Rahmenbedingungen bereitzustellen.The object of the present invention is to provide a method for starting a firing device under unknown conditions.

Diese Aufgabe wird bei einem gattungsgemäßen Verfahren durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved in a generic method by the features of claim 1.

In einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung wird bei einem Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1 die Kalibrierung in folgenden Schritten durchgeführt:

  • Zuführung eines zu mageren Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisches an den Brenner, dass keine Zündung erfolgen kann;
  • stetige, langsame Anfettung des Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisches durch Öffnen des Gasventils bei kontinuierlichen Zündungsversuchen;
  • bei der Zündung: Berechnung der Luftzahl (λ)ZÜNDUNG aus der Brennertemperatur mit Hilfe der hinterlegten Kennlinie;
  • Berechnung des Soll-Massenstroms der Verbrennungsluft mL,S für die Soll-Luftzahl (λ)S aus der Größe des gemessenen Ist-Massenstroms und der berechneten Luftzahl (λ)ZÜNDUNG zum Zeitpunkt der Zündung;
  • Speicherung der Start-Luftzahl (λ)ZÜNDUNG für künftige Startvorgänge;
  • Bestimmung eines Korridors an der aus den Kalibrierungen entstehenden Kennlinie.
In one embodiment of the invention, in a method according to claim 1, the calibration is carried out in the following steps:
  • Supplying too lean a fuel-air mixture to the burner that no ignition can take place;
  • continuous, slow enrichment of the fuel-air mixture by opening the gas valve during continuous ignition attempts;
  • for ignition: Calculation of the air ratio (λ) IGNITION from the burner temperature using the stored characteristic curve;
  • Calculation of the desired mass flow of the combustion air m L, S for the desired air ratio (λ) S from the magnitude of the measured actual mass flow and the calculated air ratio (λ) IGNITION at the time of ignition;
  • Storage of the starting air ratio (λ) IGNITION for future starting operations;
  • Determination of a corridor on the characteristic curve resulting from the calibrations.

Bei der ersten Inbetriebnahme eines Gasbrenners sind die Rahmenbedingungen gänzlich unbekannt. Sowohl die Zusammensetzung des Gases, als auch die Umgebungsbedingungen spielen für den Start und den Betrieb des Brenners eine entscheidende Rolle. Um einen sicheren Startvorgang zu gewährleisten, ist es erfindungsgemäß vorteilhaft, eine Kalibrierung durchzuführen, bei der die entscheidenden Einflussfaktoren ermittelt und berücksichtigt werden. Der Startvorgang muss jedoch auch nach der ersten Inbetriebnahme im Alltagsbetrieb immer wieder, abhängig von dem Wärmebedarf, sicher vollzogen werden können. Dazu ist eine Kalibrierung ebenfalls vorteilhaft, weil auf diese Weise auf unterschiedliche Bedarfssituationen entsprechend reagiert werden kann. Die Speicherung der bei der Kalibrierung für die unterschiedlichen Starts ermittelten Luftzahlen birgt die Möglichkeit, für zukünftige Starts auf diese Zahlen zurückzugreifen. Das ist nutzbringend hinsichtlich eines sicheren und schnellen Starts des Gasbrenners. Eine Startautomatik, wie sie der Stand der Technik offenbart, kann diese Vorteile nicht aufweisen, da sie ausschließlich auf exakt bestimmte Rahmenbedingungen eingestellt sein muss und nicht auf unbekannte Rahmenbedingungen reagieren kann.When starting up a gas burner for the first time, the general conditions are completely unknown. Both the composition of the gas and the environmental conditions play a crucial role in the start-up and operation of the burner. In order to ensure a safe starting process, it is advantageous according to the invention to carry out a calibration in which the decisive influencing factors are determined and taken into account. However, the starting procedure must always be able to be carried out reliably even after the first startup in everyday operation, depending on the heat requirement. For this purpose, a calibration is also advantageous because in this way to different needs situations can be reacted accordingly. Storing the air counts obtained during calibration for the different launches provides the opportunity to use these numbers for future launches. This is beneficial in terms of a safe and quick start of the gas burner. An automatic start, as disclosed in the prior art, can not have these advantages, since it must be set exclusively to exactly specific conditions and can not respond to unknown conditions.

Die Kalibrierung erfolgt durch ein Verfahren mit mehreren Schritten. Die Zuführung eines zu mageren Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisches an den Brenner und das stetige langsame Anfetten des Gas-Luft-Gemisches durch Öffnen des Gasventils bringt den großen Vorteil, dass es zu keiner Verpuffungsexplosion eines angesammelten, nicht verbrannten Gas-Luft-Gemisches kommen kann. Grundsätzlich wäre auch eine Annäherung des Gemisches von zu gashaltigem, fettem hin zu lufthaltigerem, magerem Gemisch möglich, bis ein zündungsfähiges Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch am Brenner vorhanden ist, jedoch wäre eine derartige Annäherung bezüglich des Sicherheitsgedanken äußerst nachteilhaft. Die Berechnungsvorgänge während des Kalibrierungsvorgangs sind einfach und schnell auszuführen. Bei der Zündung wird die Luftzahl und der Soll-Massenstrom der Verbrennungsluft mit Hilfe einer in einem Speicher abfragbaren Kennlinie errechnet, so dass der Brenner direkt in den Betriebszustand überführt werden kann. Die Speicherung der errechneten Ergebnisse bringt den Vorteil eines zukünftig noch schnelleren Startvorgangs.Calibration is performed by a multi-step procedure. The supply of too lean a fuel-air mixture to the burner and the steady slow enrichment of the gas-air mixture by opening the gas valve brings the great advantage that it can come to any deflagration explosion of an accumulated, unburned gas-air mixture , In principle, an approximation of the mixture from gas-rich, rich to air-containing, lean mixture would be possible until an ignitable fuel-air mixture is present at the burner, but such an approach would be extremely disadvantageous in terms of safety. The calculations during the calibration process are easy and fast to execute. During ignition, the air ratio and the desired mass flow of the combustion air is calculated by means of a characteristic curve which can be interrogated in a memory, so that the burner can be transferred directly to the operating state. The storage of the calculated results has the advantage of a faster starting process in the future.

Des weiteren ist es vorteilhaft, wenn die einzelnen Ergebnisse nicht nur gespeichert, sondern dafür verwendet werden, eine Kennlinie zu entwickeln, um die ein Korridor bestimmt wird. Dieser Korridor ist für jeden folgenden Startvorgang und für den Betrieb ein entscheidendes Hilfsmittel, weil durch ihn ein Bereich abgegrenzt wird, in dem der Brenner in den verschiedenen Leistungsspektren sicher gestartet und betrieben werden kann. Das hat den großen Vorteil, dass eventuelle Fehlfunktionen, die sich durch einen Betrieb des Gasbrenners außerhalb des Korridors zeigern, sicher entdeckt werden und der Brenner nach einer festgelegten Zeitspanne aus Sicherheitsgründen abgeschaltet wird.Furthermore, it is advantageous if the individual results are not only stored, but used to develop a characteristic around which a corridor is determined. This corridor is a crucial tool for every subsequent start-up and operation because it delimits an area in which the burner can be safely started and operated in the various power spectra. This has the great advantage that any malfunctions that can be seen by operation of the gas burner outside the corridor are reliably detected and the burner is switched off after a set period of time for safety reasons.

Vorteilhaft ist auch, die Änderung der Öffnung des Gasventils durch die Modulation einer Pulsweite, durch die Variation einer Spannung oder eines Stroms einer Ventilspule, oder durch Betätigung eines Schrittmotors eines Ventils durchzuführen. Auf diese Weise kann das Gasventil schnell und sicher die benötigten Öffnungen realisieren.It is also advantageous to carry out the change in the opening of the gas valve by the modulation of a pulse width, by the variation of a voltage or current of a valve coil, or by actuation of a stepping motor of a valve. In this way, the gas valve can quickly and safely realize the required openings.

Des weiteren ist es vorteilhaft, dass für die Feuerungseinrichtung zur Berechnung der tatsächlichen Start-Luftzahl eine empirisch ermittelte Kennlinie von Start-Luftzahlen zu bekannten Rahmenbedingungen in einem Speicher hinterlegt ist. Bei verschiedenen Brennertemperaturen werden dafür vorab unterschiedliche Start-Luftzahlen ermittelt, die die hinterlegte Kennlinie beschreiben. Mit Hilfe der Kennlinie kann während des Kalibrierungsvorgangs durch Messen der Brennertemperatur einfach die tatsächliche Start-Luftzahl errechnet werden.Furthermore, it is advantageous that an empirically determined characteristic curve of starting air numbers to known framework conditions is stored in a memory for the firing device for calculating the actual starting air ratio. At different burner temperatures, different starting air numbers are pre-determined, which describe the stored characteristic curve. With the aid of the characteristic curve, the actual starting air ratio can simply be calculated during the calibration procedure by measuring the burner temperature.

Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
einen Ablaufplan des Kalibrierungsvorgangs;
Fig. 2
eine Kennlinie, die aus empirischen Ermittlungen für die Feuerungseinrichtung gespeichert ist;
Fig. 3
eine Kennlinie mit einem Korridor, die während des Kalibrierungsvorgangs berechnet wird.
Further features and advantages of the method according to the invention will become apparent from the following description. Show it:
Fig. 1
a flowchart of the calibration process;
Fig. 2
a characteristic stored from empirical determinations for the firing device;
Fig. 3
a characteristic with a corridor calculated during the calibration process.

Figur 1 zeigt einen Ablaufplan, der die einzelnen Schritte des Kalibrierungsvorgangs darstellt. FIG. 1 shows a flowchart illustrating the individual steps of the calibration process.

Der Ablaufplan ist gemäß der dargestellten Pfeile schrittweise von oben nach unten zu lesen. Untereinander abgebildete Schritte werden nacheinander, nebeneinander abgebildete Schritte gleichzeitig ausgeführt. Jeder Schritt entspricht einem rechteckigen Kasten.The flow chart should be read incrementally from top to bottom according to the arrows shown. Steps mapped to one another are executed one after the other, and steps shown next to one another are executed simultaneously. Each step corresponds to a rectangular box.

Zu Beginn des Kalibrierungsvorgang wird Gas mit einer konstante Luftmenge vermischt. Das anfangs daraus entstehende Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch ist absichtlich zu mager, d.h. der Gasanteil ist zu gering, um gezündet werden zu können. Auf diese Weise ist eine Ausgangssituation sichergestellt, bei der es zu keiner unerwarteten Zündung, von der eine Explosionsgefahr ausginge, kommen kann.At the beginning of the calibration process, gas is mixed with a constant amount of air. The initially resulting fuel-air mixture is deliberately too lean, i. the proportion of gas is too low to be ignited. In this way, an initial situation is ensured, in which there can be no unexpected ignition, which could give rise to an explosion hazard.

Durch langsames, stetiges Öffnen des Gasventils bei konstantem Luft-Massenstrom wird das zu dem Brenner strömende Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch angefettet, d.h. das Verhältnis von der zugeführten Gasmenge zu der zugeführten Luftmenge steigt. Gleichzeitig werden durch die Zündanlage kontinuierlich Zündversuche mit dem fortwährend gashaltiger werdenden Gemisch unternommen:By slowly, steadily opening the gas valve at a constant mass air flow, the fuel-air mixture flowing to the burner is greased, i. the ratio of the amount of gas supplied to the amount of air supplied increases. At the same time, the ignition system continuously attempts to ignite with the continuously gas-containing mixture becoming:

Wenn das unbekannte, zur Zündung nötige Verhältnis zwischen Gasmenge und Luftmenge für die jeweiligen Rahmenbedingungen erreicht ist, zündet das Gemisch und der Gasbrenner ist gestartet. Genau zu diesem Zeitpunkt des Zündens wird die Brennertemperatur gemessenen. Mit Hilfe dieser gemessenen Temperatur und der in dem Speicher abgelegten Kennlinie der Beziehung von Start-Luftzahl zur Brennertemperatur, wird die tatsächliche Luftzahl zum Zeitpunkt der Zündung berechnet.If the unknown, necessary for the ignition ratio between the amount of gas and air quantity for the respective conditions is reached, ignites the mixture and the gas burner is started. Exactly at this time of ignition, the burner temperature is measured. Using this measured temperature and the stored in the memory characteristic of the relationship between the starting air ratio and the burner temperature, the actual air ratio is calculated at the time of ignition.

Das Ergebnis dieser berechneten Luftzahl zum Zeitpunkt der Zündung, bei der entsprechend gemessenen Brennertemperatur, wird abgespeichert, so dass die Luftzahl für zukünftige Startvorgänge zur Verfügung steht.The result of this calculated air ratio at the time of ignition, at the corresponding measured burner temperature, is stored, so that the air ratio is available for future starting operations.

Des Weiteren wird aus dieser Luftzahl der Soll-Massenstrom der zuzuführenden Luftmenge berechnet. Anschließend kann bei bekannter konstanter Öffnung des Gasventils die zugeführte Luftmenge von einem gemessenen Istwert zu einem berechneten Sollwert so geändert werden, dass die Soll-Luftzahl erreicht wird. Die Soll-Luftzahl liegt auf der Soll-Kennlinie, die das angestrebte Verhältnis von Luftmenge zu Gäsmenge bzw. mL,tatsächlich / mL,min bei verschiedenen Wärme-/ Leistungsanforderungen beschreibt. Um diese Soll-Kennlinie wird ein Korridor erzeugt, der mindestens so groß/breit ist, dass die berechnete Start-Luftzahl innerhalb dieses Korridors liegt. Die Kennlinie und der erzeugte Korridor werden in dem Speicher abgelegt, so dass zukünftige Startvorgänge, entsprechend der unterschiedlichen Wärme-/ Leistungsforderungen, gemäß dieses Korridors durchgeführt werden. Die für den Gasbrenner vorher unbekannten Rahmenbedingungen sind durch den Kalibrierungsvorgang für folgende Startvorgänge in bekannte Rahmenbedingungen gewandelt worden.Furthermore, the desired mass flow of the air quantity to be supplied is calculated from this air ratio. Then, with a known constant opening of the gas valve, the amount of air supplied from a measured actual value to a calculated Setpoint can be changed so that the setpoint air ratio is reached. The desired air ratio is based on the desired characteristic curve which describes the desired ratio of air quantity to gas quantity or m L, actual / m L, min for different heat / power requirements. A corridor that is at least as large / wide that the calculated starting air ratio lies within this corridor is generated around this desired characteristic curve. The characteristic and the generated corridor are stored in the memory so that future start-up operations corresponding to the different heat / power demands are performed according to this corridor. The conditions previously unknown to the gas burner have been converted into familiar conditions by the calibration procedure for the following starting processes.

Die Ansteuerung einer Soll-Luftzahl von der berechneten Start-Luftzahl kann durch eine Änderung der zugeführten Luftmenge bei konstant gehaltener Gasöffnung erfolgen.The control of a desired air ratio of the calculated starting air number can be done by changing the amount of air supplied at constant gas opening.

Durch Bildung eines Korridors über dem Luft-Massenstrom ist es möglich, angepasst an die Wärme-/ Leistungsforderung in einem Parameterbereich zu zünden. Würde mit hoher Leistung gezündet, obgleich nur ein geringer Wärmebedarf besteht, würde viel Energie in das Heizsystem eingebracht, was im Extremfall zum sofortigen Wiederabschalten des Gasbrenners führt. Daher kann bei geringem Leistungsbedarf eine bestimmte kleine Gasöffnung und eine entsprechende Luftmenge angesteuert werden. Für den Fall eines schnellen Bedarfs an hoher Leistung, z.B dem Brauchwasserbetrieb, steht die maximale Wärme-/ Leistungsabgabe durch eine angesteuerte große Öffnung des Gasventils mit entsprechender Luftmenge direkt zur Verfügung, ohne sich von einer begrenzten Zündleistung her der Maximalleistung langsam annähern zu müssen.By forming a corridor above the mass air flow, it is possible to ignite in response to the heat / power demand in a parameter range. Would be ignited with high power, although there is only a small heat demand, much energy would be introduced into the heating system, resulting in the extreme case, the immediate Wiederabschalten the gas burner. Therefore, with a low power requirement, a certain small gas opening and a corresponding amount of air can be controlled. In the case of a rapid demand for high performance, for example, the service water operation, the maximum heat / power output is directly available through a controlled large opening of the gas valve with the corresponding amount of air without having to approach slowly from a limited ignition performance of maximum power.

Durch den erzeugten Korridor sind gleichzeitig für den Normalbetrieb auch Grenzen gesetzt, innerhalb derer der Gasbrenner betrieben wird. Bei Feststellung, dass diese Grenzen über einen bestimmten Zeitraum über- oder unterschritten werden, ist ein Hinweis auf eine Fehlfunktion gegeben. Dabei kann es sich beispielsweise um eine Abweichung des Gasdrucks vom zulässigen Eingangsdruckbereich, eine Abweichung des Gases, oder um eine Fehlfunktion von Sensoren handeln. Der Gasbrenner schaltet sich in diesem Fall nach Ablauf einer festgelegten Zeitspanne automatisch ab.Due to the corridor created at the same time limits are also set for normal operation, within which the gas burner is operated. If it is determined that these limits are exceeded or fallen short of over a certain period of time, there is an indication of a malfunction. This may be, for example, a deviation of the gas pressure from the permissible inlet pressure range, a deviation of the gas, or a malfunction of sensors. In this case, the gas burner automatically shuts off after a set period of time.

Figur 2 zeigt eine Detailskizze der für die Feuerungseinrichtung in einem Speicher hinterlegten Kennlinie. Diese Kennlinie entsteht aus einer Funktion aus Start-Luftzahl und Brennertemperatur - f(TBrenner) = λ. FIG. 2 shows a detailed sketch of the stored for the firing device in a memory characteristic. This characteristic arises from a function of the starting air ratio and burner temperature - f (T burner ) = λ.

Die Brennertemperatur ist ein entscheidender Parameter hinsichtlich der zum Start benötigten Start-Luftzahl. Aus mehreren vorab durchgeführten Startversuchen lässt sich eine Kennlinie entwickeln, die eine Start-Luftzahl in Abhängigkeit von der Brennertemperatur bestimmt und der Feuerungseinrichtung in einem Speicher hinterlegt wird. Zur Bestimmung dieser Kennlinie wird bei kontinuierlichen Zündversuchen ein zu mageres Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch langsam angefettet, bis es zur Zündung kommt. Die Luftzahl im Augenblick der Zündung wird festgehalten. Durch Wiederholung dieses Vorgangs bei verschiedenen Brennertemperaturen ergibt sich aus den einzelnen Ergebnissen die gesuchte Kennlinie. Durch die Hinterlegung in einem Speicher kann jederzeit auf die Kennlinie zugegriffen werden.Burner temperature is a crucial parameter in terms of the starting air ratio needed to start. From several preliminary tests carried out in advance, a characteristic curve can be developed which determines a starting air ratio as a function of the burner temperature and which is stored in a memory of the firing device. To determine this characteristic, a fuel-air mixture which is too lean is slowly enriched in continuous ignition tests until ignition occurs. The air ratio at the moment of ignition is recorded. By repeating this process at different burner temperatures results from the individual results of the sought characteristic. By storing in a memory, the characteristic curve can be accessed at any time.

Figur 3 zeigt eine Detailskizze der durch den Kalibrierungsvorgang erzeugten Kennlinie und dem dazu bestimmten Korridor (gestrichelt dargestellt). FIG. 3 shows a detailed sketch of the curve generated by the calibration process and the corridor dedicated to it (shown in dashed lines).

Die entscheidenden Einflussgrößen für die Gemischbildung sind die zugeführte Gasmenge mG und Luftmenge mL. Die Gasmenge mG ist dabei abhängig von der Öffnung (w) des Gasventils. Um einen hygienischen Betrieb zu gewährleisten wird die Feuerungsanlage bei einer Luftzahl von etwa λ = 1,3 betrieben. Die Kennlinie liegt in dem dargestellten Diagramm, je nach Rahmenbedingungen etwas verschoben in Richtung des oberen oder unteren Bereich. Im oberen Bereich ist das Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch fetter, im unteren Bereich magerer. Um die Kennlinie wird der Korridor bestimmt, durch den Grenzen für den Betrieb und ein sicherer Bereich für die Luftzahl für folgende Startvorgänge vorgegeben ist. Die obere Grenze limitiert die Brennbarkeit des Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisches zu dem fetten, die untere Grenze zu dem mageren Bereich.The decisive influencing factors for the mixture formation are the supplied gas quantity m G and air quantity m L. The amount of gas m G is dependent on the opening (w) of the gas valve. To ensure hygienic operation, the furnace is operated at an air ratio of about λ = 1.3. The characteristic curve lies in the diagram shown, depending on the framework slightly shifted towards the top or bottom. In the upper part of the fuel-air mixture is fatter, leaner at the bottom. The corridor is determined around the characteristic curve, which specifies the limits for operation and a safe range for the air ratio for the following starting procedures. The upper limit limits the combustibility of the fuel-air mixture to the rich, the lower limit to the lean range.

Claims (10)

  1. A method for starting a combustion device, in particular for starting a gas burner, under unknown basic conditions, wherein a characteristic diagram of a start air ratio depending on the burner temperature known from empirical analysis is stored for the combustion device in a memory, wherein after an ignition failure of the combustion device
    a) a calibration of the starting process is performed, wherein the ratio of opening of the gas valve (w) to air volume mL necessary for ignition is iteratively determined by variation of the gas and/or air volume; and
    b) in case of ignition, the combustion device is started and the applicable air ratio (λ)IGNITION is determined using the characteristic diagram and stored, and
    c) the air ratios (λ)IGNITION determined and stored by means of the calibration are usable for future starting processes.
  2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the calibration is performed by the following steps:
    - feeding a fuel-air-mix, which is too lean, to the burner, so that no ignition can occur;
    - continuous slow enriching of the fuel-air-mix by opening the gas valve (w) and/or reducing the fed air volume under continuous ignition attempts;
    - when ignition occurs: computation of the air ratio (λ)IGNITION from the burner temperature by means of the stored characteristic diagram;
    - computation of the target mass flow of the combustion air mL,S for the target air ratio (λS) from the size of the measured actual mass flow of the combustion air and from the computed air ratio (λ)IGNITION at the point in time of ignition; and
    - storing the target air ratio (λ)IGNITION for future starting processes.
  3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a characteristic diagram is generated by respective calibrations, along which a channel is defined, within which, or at whose boundaries the combustion device is operated.
  4. A method according to claim 3, wherein the characteristic diagram is defined by the function w = f(mL), with w = opening of the gas valve and mL = air volume.
  5. A method according to claim 2, wherein after the computation of the target mass flow of the combustion air mL,S for the target-air-ratio (λS), an immediate controlling of the computed target operating condition by means of the computed target values follows.
  6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the controlling of the operating condition with respect to the target values is performed by adapting the gas and/or air volume.
  7. A method according to claim 5 or 6, wherein a control of the burner operation is performed after the controlling process.
  8. A method according to claim 3, wherein exceeding the upper boundary of the channel or undershooting the lower boundary of the channel is detected.
  9. A method according to claim 3, wherein operating the combustion device outside of the boundaries of the channel causes the unit to be switched off after a predetermined time period has expired.
  10. A method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the adjustment of the gas valve opening is performed by varying a voltage or a current of a solenoid valve, the modulation of a pulse width, or by regulating a stepper motor of a valve.
EP07703333.0A 2006-02-14 2007-02-07 Method for starting a firing device in unknown general conditions Not-in-force EP2005066B1 (en)

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US20090148798A1 (en) 2009-06-11
WO2007093312A1 (en) 2007-08-23
US8721325B2 (en) 2014-05-13
DE102006006964B4 (en) 2012-09-06
EP2005066A1 (en) 2008-12-24
DE102006006964A1 (en) 2007-08-23

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