EP2057322A1 - Noeud d'ossature de bâtiment - Google Patents

Noeud d'ossature de bâtiment

Info

Publication number
EP2057322A1
EP2057322A1 EP07835596A EP07835596A EP2057322A1 EP 2057322 A1 EP2057322 A1 EP 2057322A1 EP 07835596 A EP07835596 A EP 07835596A EP 07835596 A EP07835596 A EP 07835596A EP 2057322 A1 EP2057322 A1 EP 2057322A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
connector
main body
invention according
connection
profiles
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP07835596A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Devrim Pacaci
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Maru Mimarlik Insaat Sanayi Ve Ticaret Ltd Sirketi
Original Assignee
Maru Mimarlik Insaat Sanayi Ve Ticaret Ltd Sirketi
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Maru Mimarlik Insaat Sanayi Ve Ticaret Ltd Sirketi filed Critical Maru Mimarlik Insaat Sanayi Ve Ticaret Ltd Sirketi
Publication of EP2057322A1 publication Critical patent/EP2057322A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B7/00—Connections of rods or tubes, e.g. of non-circular section, mutually, including resilient connections
    • F16B7/18—Connections of rods or tubes, e.g. of non-circular section, mutually, including resilient connections using screw-thread elements
    • F16B7/185—Connections of rods or tubes, e.g. of non-circular section, mutually, including resilient connections using screw-thread elements with a node element
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B1/1903—Connecting nodes specially adapted therefor
    • E04B1/1912—Connecting nodes specially adapted therefor with central cubical connecting element
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1924—Struts specially adapted therefor
    • E04B2001/1927—Struts specially adapted therefor of essentially circular cross section
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1957—Details of connections between nodes and struts
    • E04B2001/196—Screw connections with axis parallel to the main axis of the strut
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
    • E04B2001/1981—Three-dimensional framework structures characterised by the grid type of the outer planes of the framework
    • E04B2001/1984—Three-dimensional framework structures characterised by the grid type of the outer planes of the framework rectangular, e.g. square, grid
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
    • E04B2001/2406—Connection nodes
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E04B2001/2496—Shear bracing therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to modular construction systems or provisional architectural building solutions. Fair stand systems, Office separator wall systems, elevated flooring, structural (support) facade systems can be given as examples for the field.
  • connectors and bars Common components of the most modular construction systems are connectors and bars. (Pressure or tracking bars).
  • the bars are connected to connectors and permanent or provisional support constructions are provided.
  • the bars can be made of different materials and forms.
  • the connectors can be made of different materials and of shapes depending on number of bars they are to connect, resistance expectations and flexibility requirements.
  • the way of connecting the bars to connectors determines the field of system utilization.
  • the position of the bars during connection is important.
  • the turning of the bar around the axis passing through connector at perpendicular angle, around itself does not cause any problem.
  • installation of the bars by means of rotating with their bodies and change of direction in regard to face in respect to connector is not important.
  • what is important is that the bars are connected to connector at a convenient safety in a convenient period.
  • the functions of the bars here meet the pressure and tracking forces.
  • the shapes and positions of bars in respect to connectors, their directions and non-change of it are as much important as their supporting characteristics.Because the bars in such systems have other functions rather than meeting the pressure or tracking forces.
  • the bars are in the nature of main supporters of several various physical space components to be formed among them selves. For instance, separator panels, shelf systems, illumination systems etc.
  • the bars and various components thereun ⁇ n ⁇ is, iemciie aoiew ⁇ u 3 , notches, bulges etc..) should be in harmony.
  • connection should be made in a manner that the bar should be approached to the connector without necessarily making any rotation movement around its central, should be fixed onto the connector. Because of this characteristic, modular construction systems for space frame systems and provisional architectural space solutions are differing.
  • the modular construction systems for provisional architectural solutions should be capable for dismantling and installation for several times without any damage.
  • quick dismantling and installation is more important for some modular applications (for instance fair stand systems).
  • Space frame system has two main components. 1. Connector, connector where profiles are connected,
  • profiles are directly connected to connectors by means of screwing, for that reason, they form a lighter construction when compared to provisional space modular structures and are used for passing through wider openings in buildings.
  • the profiles can be gathered at various angles, and therefore, connectors are manufactured in compliance with such angles.
  • the function of the connectors in this system is to accommodate the female screws where profiles will be connected.
  • Modular construction systems for Provisional architectural space solutions have the similar factors as those of conventional space frame systems.
  • Two basic components of such systems are also profiles and connectors.
  • Main use purposes of the systems are different.
  • the purpose to gather the connectors and profiles in such systems is to provide open, semi-open or closed locations which will form floors, separators or support walls or panels.
  • a framework consisting o ⁇ Trames is oDiaine ⁇ Dy means o ⁇ connecting the profiles to the connectors.
  • the frames also serve as supports for separator walls of the location.
  • connector manufacturing There are two methods also proposed by the inventor in regard to connector manufacturing. One of them is the welding of surfaces by means of forms or cutting technologies or manufacture by use of forms. Since the sensitivity required by the surfaces and female components located thereon for clamp mounting is too high, welding workmanship is too high. In form method, too sensitive and double form technique is used to provide manufacturing and the cost is high. Despite its aesthetic advantages, cost disadvantages are considerably explicit in fair stand sector where price and fastness are very important criteria.
  • the connector is formed upon joining of 6 relatively thin plate edges in a section.
  • the thinness of the surface plate is disadvantage in terms of supporting. Increasing the thickness of the surface material to increase the resistance will deform the aesthetic integrity of the connector. Increasing the thickness of the surface material does not seem quite likely because of the necessity to lock the threads of clamp apparatus into the spaces on the surface, which is the proposed way of fixing the profiles to the connector. Increasing the thickness of the surface material also obstructs the fixing of the tightening members on the corners because of the inadequate space. Particularly, the connector is far from providing adequate combination in mounting of the tightening bars. Fixing the tightening bars is not practical. Since the connector surface does not have screw threads it is not li ⁇ e ⁇ y io mouni several structural (support) parts onto surface.
  • the bar should be withdrawn from the auxiliary part screwed onto the connector or the bar should be rotated together with the part and be pulled back at the distance of screwing.
  • Connector and profiles are support elements of vertical and horizontal members such as panels, shelves etc. in the systems where they are employed. In order to be able to mount the said members in a dismountable manner, the spaces, canals or holes on the connector and profiles are used. Profiles are the main support of those members here due to size of surface areas. However, if their positions in respect to their perpendicular axis to their width sections are not guaranteed, mounting of auxiliary members such as panel, shelf by means of such holes and canals cannot be provided since directions of the holes and canals are not known. Only spaces and embodiments to be formed on the connector can be used for such work. Capability of adding auxiliary and supporting additional members to the system and therefore capabilities of the system are considerably limited.
  • the purpose of the invention is to provide an embodiment eliminating the above mentioned disadvantages.
  • At least one main body has been linked with at least one connector outer surface plate as a whole which is forming a monoblock connector.
  • the main body can be located inside the said connector has been obtained in the simplest manner.
  • the outer surface plates connected to the main body between profile and main body in a demountable manner and surface pallets (4) and supports (18) provided on the said plates enable the above mentioned advantages. Therefore a modular connector can be obtained.
  • a main body located inside the connector and in contact with outer surface forming the connector is used.
  • resistance of the connector like a full connector is provided.
  • connection spaces are provided on the main body in order to provide connection of outer surface plates of the connector to main body. Screw threads are provided on connection spaces and main body and connector outer surface plates are formed in a manner enabling mounting and demounting from outside of the connector.
  • a passage space is formed on outer surface plate of the connector to enable access of connection member located in outer part of the connector screw threats provided inside the main body connection spaces.
  • Connection member passes through this space and joins the main body.
  • Connector is obtained by means of fixing the connector elements. Since the connector element is inserted from outside part of the connector, providing the connector is ensured by means of mounting the connector without need for skill in terms of time and practicality.
  • the resistance is increased by means of supports formed in inner surface of the connector in a manner enabling outer surface plate of the adjacent to contact the inner surface of the connector, and standing the load on the connector point is provided by means of establishment of the embodiment.
  • the surface pallets have been formed on the outer surface of the connector so as to enable accessibility to profile canals and in a manner extending to profiles during mounting.
  • surface pallets prevents risk of rotation towards perpendicular axis passing through surface of the connector. Since this means the fixing the positions of holes and canals to be formed on the profile, it provides that the profiles perform a much more important role in regard to mounting of the auxiliary members to the system.
  • connectors and profiles are in the nature of supports for several vertical and horizontal elements such as panels, shelves etc. in the system where they are used. Spaces, canals or holes are used on the connectors and profiles for demountable mounting of such members.
  • the profiles are supports of such members in priority due to surface area size.
  • Another objective of the present invention is to obtain a monoblock or modular connector to achieve aforesaid objectives.
  • Figure 1a Perspective view of the monoblock connector.
  • Figure 1 b A two dimensioned drawing of the Figure 1a.
  • Figure 2a Perspective view of the moduler connector, its outer surrace plate ana main body as well as connection members.
  • Figure 2b, 2c A two dimensioned drawings of the Figure 2a from side and upper view.
  • Figure 3. A perspective view of demounted status of Figure 2a.
  • Figure 4a Perspective view indicating combination of three separate profiles on a monoblock connector with a tightening bar.
  • Figure 4b Perspective view showing combination of two separate profiles on a modular connector.
  • Figure 4c, 4d Perspective view showing combination of five separate profiles on a modular connector and a monoblock connector respectively.
  • FIG. 5a, 5b Perspective view showing profile and connector together with screwing apparatus providing mounting of profile onto a modular connector and a monoblock connector respectively.
  • the parts and components constituting the invention are listed below.
  • Figure Figure 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d show the connections made on a connection point (22) forming a part of the modular construction system for particularly provisional architectural space solutions.
  • Figure 4b two profiles, in figure 4a three profiles and in figure 4c and 4d five profiles (10) are connected to each other to form one connection point (22) by means of connector (21 )
  • the profile ' s (10) put in order and construction is completed.
  • connector (21 ) is constituted as a monoblock type structure (21a) with connector outer surface plate (20) placed on a main body (6).
  • connector outer surface plate (20) On the connector outer surface plate (20); connector surface (1 ), tightening holes (3), connector surface female screw (5) and surface pallets (4) have been established.
  • the main purpose of this monoblock type structure is easines of its production.
  • the present invention has a modular type connector structure.
  • Figure 2a is a perspective view indicating connection of connector outer surface plate (20) and main body (6) constituting the connector (21) and their connection by means of connection members (2).
  • the two dimensioned form indicating upper view of the figure is given in figure 2b and demounted view is given in figure 3.
  • Figure 3 gives the detailed view from lower and upper si ⁇ e o ⁇ tne pans rorming ine connector (21 ).
  • the centre of the connector (21 ) has a main body (6).
  • Connection spaces (8) are provided on the main body (6).
  • Preferably screw threads are provided in the spaces (8). The characteristics of the location will determine the number and positions of the connection spaces (8) in respect to each other to be formed.
  • connection space (8) also determines the number of connector outer surface plates (20) to be located outside the main body (6).
  • Connector outer surface plate (20) is produced in cylinder form so as to enable manufacturing by clipping manufacture method.
  • a passage space (24) has been provided in the centre in order to provide access of the connection member (2) located in the connector outside part to screwing threats provided inside connection spaces (8) of the main body (6).
  • the screw threats (7) formed on the outer surface of the connection member (2) meet the screw threats inside the connection spaces (8) and connection member (2) is tightened on the main body (6) in a manner that connector outer surface plate (20) remains in between.
  • the tightening provides alignment of connection member (2) with upper surface connector face (1) after fixing. What provides the alignment is the connection member housing (9) coming into the cap side of the connection member (2). (see Figure 3 and Figure 2a).
  • each connector outer surface plate (20) is fixed to main body (6).
  • the place between connector outer surface plates (20) are supported with main body (6) and therefore the resistance of the connector (21) reaches a level non-comparable to the connectors in the former related art.
  • supports (18) in the form of bulges in inner surface (25) of the connector on the main body (6) part are provided.
  • the said supports carry the loads that can be exposed onto the connector (21) mounted.
  • supports (18) to function it is adequate that they are in contact with inner surface of the connector (25) after mounting.
  • Geometry and size of the supports (18) can vary depending on the performance values expected from the connector (21 ).
  • main body (6) provides connection between connector outer surface plates (20) and connector inner surfaces (25) are in contact with each other on poles via supports (18), the connector being subject of the invention has the resistance provided by a fully filled material.
  • the supports (i a) can oe ⁇ xe ⁇ to connector (21 ) inner surface (25) in a mountable-demountable manner or fixed manner when desired (for instance by means of welding)
  • surface pallets (4) are provided in connector outer surface (1 ) in a manner extending towards profiles (10) and accessible to profile channels (19).
  • the purpose of those pallets (4) is to access the profile channels (19) formed on the profiles (10) during or after mounting and to prevent rotation motion ( ⁇ ) of the profiles around their central axis (23). (See figure 4b and 4d).
  • Connector outer surface plate (20) is obtained as a separate part independent from main body (6).
  • main body (6) can be manufactured by clipping manufacturing method as well as a connector outer surface plate (20) which can be manufactured with clipping manufacturing method.
  • Surface pallets (4) on the connector outer surface plate (20) may vary depending on structures of different profiles (10).
  • Geometry of surface pallets (4) can be produced depending on geometry of the profile channels (19) in different profile (10) embodiment.
  • Connector outer surface plate (20) having different geometry can be connected to main body (6) and thus it is ensured that profiles (10) having different geometries can be used on the same connection point (22).
  • connection members (2) are fixed onto the main body (6) in a manner connector outer surface plate (20) remains between them, the connector (21) is obtained (see figure 2a),
  • tightening bars (11 ) are used in mostly. Tightening bars have tightening pulley (12) and tightening hook (13) on the ends. Tightening hooks (13) are inserted into tightening holes (3) formed on the connector outer surface (1 ) and when tightening bars (11) are moved by means of tightening pulley (12), the embodiment becomes more stable, (see figure 4b and 4c).
  • Figure 5b and 5c is perspective view showing profile (10) and connector (21) together with interconnection member (15) providing mounting of profile (10) onto connector (21 ).
  • interconnection member (15) providing mounting of profile (10) onto connector (21 ).
  • varying methods can be used to complete the connections such as those given in figure 6, figure 7 and figure 8.
  • the operation is made from outer part (26) of the connector (21 ) and an interconnection member (15) located on the connector is obtained and it provides progress without need for rotation motion ( ⁇ ) of the said profile (10) around its central axis [Zo) and thus tixing on the connector (21 ) is provided.
  • Interconnection member (15) consists of a body (27) and this body (27) is located into the space in the profile (10) and provides reference for position of the profile (10) in respect to interconnection member (15) and therefore, provides reference for profile (10) position in respect to the connector (21 ).
  • the mounting operation can be realized in the way of connection of the interconnection member (15) onto the connector (21) and fixing the profile (10) as well as interconnection member (15) is moved together with the profile and fixing of both (10, 15) onto connector (21 ) can be realized.
  • the male screw (17) on the end of the interconnection apparatus (15) has the capability to move forward and backward. During demounting, it is pulled back out from the connector and the profile (10) will not have to take the distance backward in respect to the axis during demounting as indicated under several embodiments in the related art, which is a problem. Therefore, it also provides easy mounting/demounting in big and heavy systems.
  • the invention cannot be limited to the description given under this invention.
  • the invention can be used for office separating systems, particularly fair and exhibition systems as they require quick mounting and demounting as well as for steel constructions and particularly supporting glass facade easily. It can be easily applied in corner joining works during manufacture of tables and furniture.
  • pyramid or octagonal versions can be made instead of blocks at varying angles.
  • staiic ana aesineiic advantages of tightening members (11 , 12, 13) accessible from connector outer surface (1 ) via tightening holes (3) can be used.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention a trait à des systèmes de construction modulaires constitués d'un profil (10) et d'un connecteur (21), lesdits profils (10) étant fixés par l'intermédiaire desdits connecteurs (21) pour former des points de raccordement (22). Ledit connecteur (21) contient un corps principal (6) dans la partie intérieure (29). Un connecteur (21) est formé au moyen de plaques de surface extérieures (20) raccordées entre ledit profil (10) et ledit corps principal (6) et raccordées sur ledit corps principal (6) de manière à permettre le démontage et le remontage.
EP07835596A 2006-08-31 2007-08-31 Noeud d'ossature de bâtiment Withdrawn EP2057322A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
TR200604708 2006-08-31
TR200705863 2007-08-23
PCT/TR2007/000084 WO2008027021A1 (fr) 2006-08-31 2007-08-31 Nœud d'ossature de bâtiment

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2057322A1 true EP2057322A1 (fr) 2009-05-13

Family

ID=38754527

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP07835596A Withdrawn EP2057322A1 (fr) 2006-08-31 2007-08-31 Noeud d'ossature de bâtiment

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2057322A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008027021A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2803742A1 (fr) 2010-07-01 2012-01-05 Asinvent Limited Ensemble de construction pour structure spatiale avec vis mobile
CA2803745A1 (fr) * 2010-07-01 2012-01-05 Didier Bernardin Ensemble de construction pour structure spatiale avec arbre d'entrainement
RU2600805C2 (ru) 2012-03-06 2016-10-27 Деврим ПАДЖАДЖЫ Несущий каркас с соединительными узлами
DE102015207968B4 (de) * 2015-04-29 2019-12-12 Tadano Faun Gmbh Verbindung

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8822566D0 (en) * 1988-09-26 1988-11-02 Sgb Plc Improvements in/relating to six-way connector
HU205437B (en) * 1989-03-03 1992-04-28 Laszlo Horvath Space-limiting structure particularly for establishing exhibition premises and similars
DE8903809U1 (de) * 1989-03-28 1989-05-18 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Eckknoten zum dreidimensionalen Verbinden von Holmen zu einem quaderförmigen Körper, z. B. einem Schrankgerüst
KR200234977Y1 (ko) * 2001-04-04 2001-10-10 토인환경디자인 주식회사 트러스 구조물
DE102006031417A1 (de) * 2005-07-05 2007-01-25 Michael Eberhard Bausatz

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO2008027021A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2008027021A1 (fr) 2008-03-06

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