EP1856113B1 - Chirale bisoxazolinkatalysatoren - Google Patents

Chirale bisoxazolinkatalysatoren Download PDF

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EP1856113B1
EP1856113B1 EP05711229.4A EP05711229A EP1856113B1 EP 1856113 B1 EP1856113 B1 EP 1856113B1 EP 05711229 A EP05711229 A EP 05711229A EP 1856113 B1 EP1856113 B1 EP 1856113B1
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group
inorganic substrate
coupling
catalyst
chiral
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EP1856113A1 (de
EP1856113A4 (de
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Jackie Y. Ying
Su Seong Lee
Sukandar Hadinoto
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Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
    • C07D263/52—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D263/62—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems having two or more ring systems containing condensed 1,3-oxazole rings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/1616—Coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes, immobilised on an inorganic support, e.g. ship-in-a-bottle type catalysts
    • B01J31/1625—Coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes, immobilised on an inorganic support, e.g. ship-in-a-bottle type catalysts immobilised by covalent linkages, i.e. pendant complexes with optional linking groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
    • B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine
    • B01J31/1815—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. bipyridyl, 2-aminopyridine
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
    • B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine
    • B01J31/1825—Ligands comprising condensed ring systems, e.g. acridine, carbazole
    • B01J31/183—Ligands comprising condensed ring systems, e.g. acridine, carbazole with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. phenanthroline
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
    • C07C67/333—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
    • C07C67/343—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms
    • C07C67/347—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms by addition to unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
    • C07D263/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D263/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
    • C07D263/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D263/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
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    • C07F1/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 1 or 11 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F1/005—Compounds containing elements of Groups 1 or 11 of the Periodic Table without C-Metal linkages
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
    • B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
    • B01J2231/324—Cyclisations via conversion of C-C multiple to single or less multiple bonds, e.g. cycloadditions
    • B01J2231/325—Cyclopropanations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2531/02—Compositional aspects of complexes used, e.g. polynuclearity
    • B01J2531/0238—Complexes comprising multidentate ligands, i.e. more than 2 ionic or coordinative bonds from the central metal to the ligand, the latter having at least two donor atoms, e.g. N, O, S, P
    • B01J2531/0241—Rigid ligands, e.g. extended sp2-carbon frameworks or geminal di- or trisubstitution
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/07—Optical isomers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/11—Compounds covalently bound to a solid support
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals

Definitions

  • the present invention provides a heterogeneous chiral bisoxazoline catalyst, and a process for making it.
  • Chiral bisoxazolines are among the most useful catalysts in asymmetric organic reactions. Heterogeneous catalysts are desirable as they provide for easier, faster and more efficient separation and recovery of the catalyst. Consequently a great deal of research has been done to heterogenize chiral bisoxazolines. While most heterogenized bisoxazolines involve the use of polymer supports, a number of silica-supported bisoxazoline catalysts have been developed. These silica-supported bisoxazolines typically show lower enantioselectivities and reactivities than their homogeneous counterparts.
  • Heterogeneous chiral catalysts are described in Patent Application Nos. WO2005/123254 , WO03/018191 , WO03/039746 and FR2826298 . Further heterogeneous chiral catalysts are described in Weissberg et al, Chemical Communications, vol. 13, 2003, p. 1538-1539 ; Corma et al, Chemical Communications, vol. 10, 2002, p. 1058-1059 ; Park et al, Tetrahedron Asymmetry, vol. 12, no. 21, 2001, p. 2931-2935 ; Orlandi et al, Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, vol. 40, no. 13, 2001, p.
  • a heterogeneous chiral catalyst comprising a chiral bisoxazoline group coupled to a hydrophobic inorganic substrate, wherein the number of hydrophobic groups is between 0.2 and 2mmol per gram of inorganic substrate, said bisoxazoline group being complexed to a Cu(I) ion, wherein the chiral bisoxazoline group has a structure selected from the group consisting of Ia', Ib', Ic', Id', Ie' and If': wherein R 1 is a bulky group and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group and an alkylaryl group, or R 1 and R 2 , taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclic structure, R 3 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group and an alkylaryl group, or R 1 and R 2
  • R 1 may be sufficiently bulky that a chiral catalyst comprising the heterogeneous chiral catalyst complexed with a metal species capable of catalysing a chemical reaction is capable of catalysing the reaction to generate a chiral product.
  • the chiral catalyst may be capable of catalysing the reaction to generate the chiral product with high enantiomeric excess.
  • the chiral catalyst may have high reactivity for the reaction.
  • R 1 may be an alkyl group, for example a C1 to C12 alkyl group, or an aryl group, an alkylaryl group or an arylalkyl group, for example a C6 to C12 aryl group or a C7 to C12 arylalkyl or alkylaryl group.
  • R 2 may be hydrogen or it may be an alkyl group, for example a C1 to C12 alkyl group, or an aryl group, for example a C6 to C12 aryl group, or an arylalkyl or alkylaryl group, for example a C7 to C12 arylalkyl or alkylaryl group.
  • R 1 and R 2 may taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a cyclic structure, for example a C5-C7 cyclic structure. They may for example form a benzocyclopentyl structure, such as structure Ie' or If.
  • R 3 may be an alkyl group, for example a C1 to C12 alkyl group, or an aryl group, for example a C6 to C12 aryl group, or an arylalkyl or alkylaryl group, for example a C7 to C12 arylalkyl or alkylaryl group.
  • the carbon atoms to which R 1 and R 2 are attached also, independently, have a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or butyl group, attached thereto.
  • R 1 is t -butyl and R 2 is methyl.
  • Tether group T comprises a coupling group for coupling to the inorganic substrate and a linker group for linking the coupling group to the CR 3 group, wherein the coupling group comprises a silicon atom. It may be SiR 4 2 , Si(OR 5 )R 4 , or Si(OR 5 ) 2 , wherein R 4 and R 5 may independently be linear or branched alkyl groups, for example C1 to C12 alkyl groups, or aryl groups, for example C6 to C12 aryl groups.
  • the linker group is of the formula -(CH 2 ) n -, where n is 1-12. It may be for example -C 3 H 6 -.
  • the tether group comprises -C 3 H 6 Si-.
  • the silicon atom may have two other groups attached to it, which may be, independently, alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, OH groups or halo groups.
  • the chiral bisoxazoline group may be coupled to the inorganic substrate by a single tether group.
  • the inorganic substrate may be porous, and may be mesoporous. It may have pores that are between about 2 and 50nm in diameter.
  • the inorganic substrate may be particulate, and may have a particle size between about 100nm and 200 microns.
  • the inorganic substrate may comprise a ceramic, or a metal oxide or a mixed metal oxide.
  • the metal may be for example titanium, silicon, germanium, aluminium or some other suitable metal.
  • the inorganic substrate may be silica, and may be mesoporous silica. It may in particular be siliceous microcellular foam (MCF).
  • MCF siliceous microcellular foam
  • the inorganic substrate comprises a hydrophobic group.
  • the hydrophobic group may be any of the commonly known silane-based hydrophobic groups, derived from alkyl silanes of structure SiR 4 n (OR 5 ) 4-n (an alkyl alkoxysilane) or SiR 4 n (X) 4-n (an alkylhalosilane) or R 4 n R 6 3-n SiOSiR 6 3-n R 4 n (disiloxane) or R 4 n R 6 3-n SiNHSiR 6 3-n R 4 n (disilazane) where R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are, independently, linear or branched alkyl groups, for example C1 to C12 alkyl groups, or aryl groups, for example C6 to C12 aryl groups, X is a halogen such as Cl, Br or I and n is 1, 2 or 3.
  • the hydrophobic groups may be for example trimethylsilyl groups. Most free silanol groups (Si-OH) may be capped with hydrophobic groups. The number of free silanol groups (i.e. silanol groups not capped with hydrophobic groups) may be sufficiently low to reduce interactions between the chiral bisoxazoline group and free silanol groups.
  • the distribution of bisoxazoline groups on the inorganic substrate may be uniform or homogeneous.
  • the number of free silanol groups may be sufficiently low that the distribution of bisoxazoline groups on the inorganic substrate is uniform or homogeneous.
  • the number of hydrophobic groups is in the range of 0.2 to 2 mmol/g.
  • the number of hydrophobic groups may be such that a catalyst made from the heterogeneous chiral catalyst precursor is capable of catalysing a reaction with high enantiomeric excess, or with a desired level of enantiomeric excess
  • the heterogeneous chiral catalyst may be capable of catalysing a chemical reaction, for example cyclopropanation, ene-reaction, Diels-Alder reaction, allylic substitution, aziridination reactions, Mukaiyama aldol reaction and new asymmetric reactions such as enantioselective Henry reaction ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 12692 ) and enantioselective conjugate addition of carbamates for the synthesis of ⁇ -amino acids ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004 9188 ).
  • the chemical reaction may be capable of generating a chiral product, and may be capable of generating a chiral product with high enantiomeric excess. It may be capable of generating the product with high reactivity.
  • a process for making a heterogeneous chiral catalyst comprising coupling a chiral bisoxazoline to a hydrophobic inorganic substrate wherein the number of hydrophobic groups is between 0.2 and 2mmol per gram of inorganic substrate, and complexing the chiral bisoxazoline to Cu(I), wherein the chiral bisoxazoline has a structure selected from the group consisting of IIa, IIb, IIc, IId, IIe and IIf: wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined earlier, and T' is a group capable of coupling to the inorganic substrate, which comprises a coupling portion capable of coupling to the inorganic substrate and a linker group for linking the coupling group to the CR 3 group and wherein the coupling portion comprises a silicon atom and the linker group is of formula -(CH 2 ) n -, where n is 1-12.
  • T' may form tether group T (as described earlier) on coupling with the inorganic substrate.
  • the coupling portion may be capable of producing the coupling group described in the first aspect on reacting with the inorganic substrate. It may be Si(OR 4 )(R 5 ) 2 , Si(OR 4 ) 2 R 5 , or Si(OR 4 ) 3 , wherein R 4 and R 5 are, independently, linear or branched alkyl groups, for example C1 to C12 alkyl groups, or aryl groups, for example C6 to C12 aryl groups.
  • the linker group is as described earlier.
  • the tether group is -C 3 H 6 Si(OR 4 ) 3 .
  • the process may additionally comprise reacting the inorganic substrate with a hydrophobing agent.
  • the hydrophobing agent may be an alkyl silane of structure SiR 4 n (OR 5 ) 4-n (an alkyl alkoxysilane) or SiR 4 n (X) 4-n (an alkylhalosilane) or R 4 n R 6 3-n SiOSiR 6 3-n R 4 n (disiloxane) or R 4 n R 6 3-n SiNHSiR 6 3-n R 4 n (disilazane)
  • R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are, independently, linear or branched alkyl groups, for example C1 to C12 alkyl groups, or aryl groups, for example C6 to C12 aryl groups
  • X is a halogen such as Cl and n is 1, 2 or 3.
  • the step of reacting with the inorganic substrate may be performed before, during or after the step of coupling the chiral bisoxazoline to the inorganic substrate.
  • the hydrophobing agent may be reacted with the inorganic substrate in a separate step before or after the coupling step, or the hydrophobing agent may be mixed with the chiral bisoxazoline to form a coupling mixture, and the coupling mixture then exposed to the inorganic substrate.
  • an inorganic substrate having hydrophobic groups may be used in the process.
  • the inorganic substrate may be as described for the first aspect of the invention.
  • it may be mesoporous silica, such as MCF.
  • the present invention also provides a heterogeneous chiral catalyst precursor when made by the process of the second aspect of the invention.
  • a method for catalysing reaction of a starting material to a product comprising exposing the starting material to a heterogeneous chiral catalyst according to the invention.
  • the method may also comprise exposing the starting material to a reagent.
  • reactions which may be catalysed according to this aspect include asymmetric cyclopropanation, ene-reaction, Diels-Alder reaction, allylic substitution, aziridination reactions, Mukaiyama aldol reaction or new asymmetric reactions such as enantioselective Henry reaction or enantioselective conjugate addition of carbamates for the synthesis of ⁇ -amino acids.
  • Product of a reaction that has been catalysed by a heterogeneous chiral catalyst according to the invention include, for example an asymmetric substituted cyclopropane.
  • the present invention is based on the surprising and unexpected finding that chiral bisoxazolines synthesized with one methyl substituent at the carbon bridge, when covalently immobilised onto mesoporous silica supports, provides greatly improved enantioselectivity and reactivity.
  • a general formula for a typical heterogeneous chiral catalyst according to the invention is given by structure III: G-T-S, where G is one of structures Va to Vf shown below. It may be prepared either by reacting Cu(I) with a heterogeneous chiral catalyst precursor comprising a bisoxazoline of structure I coupled to an inorganic substrate, or by coupling a complexed chiral bisoxazoline of structure IV: G-T' to a suitable inorganic substrate, where G is one of structures Va to Vf shown below
  • Compounds with structures I, III and IV may be (+) or (-) isomers.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, for example a C1 to C12 alkyl group, an aryl group, for example a C6 to C12 aryl group, an arylalkyl group and an alkylaryl group.
  • R 2 may be a bulky group or a non-bulky group, and in addition to the examples described for R 1 may also be n-alkyl with a chain length of between 1 and 12 carbon atoms or more, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, t-butyl, benzyl or phenyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 may be taken together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached to form a cyclic structure, for example a C5-C7 cyclic structure. They may for example form a benzocyclopentyl structure, such as in structure Ie or If.
  • Other suitable cyclic structures may include, for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, benzocyclohexyl, naphthocyclopentyl or naphthocyclohexyl.
  • Each of the carbon atoms to which R 1 and R 2 are attached also, independently, have a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or butyl group, attached thereto.
  • the carbon to which R 1 is attached may also have a methyl group attached thereto and the carbon to which R 2 is attached may also have a hydrogen atom attached thereto, or the carbon to which R 1 is attached may also have a hydrogen atom attached thereto and the carbon to which R 2 is attached may also have a methyl group attached thereto, or both the carbon atom to which R 1 is attached and the carbon atom to which R 2 is attached may have methyl groups attached thereto, or both the carbon atom to which R 1 is attached and the carbon atom to which R 2 is attached may have hydrogen atoms attached thereto.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, for example a C1 to C12 alkyl group, an aryl group, for example a C6 to C12 aryl group, an arylalkyl group and an alkylaryl group.
  • R 2 may be a bulky group or a non-bulky group, and in addition to the examples described for R 1 may also be n-alkyl with a chain length of between 1 and 12 carbon atoms or more, for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl.
  • T is a tether group for coupling to the inorganic substrate.
  • T comprises a coupling group for coupling to the inorganic substrate and a linker group for linking the coupling group to the CR 3 group.
  • the coupling group comprises a silicon atom. It may be SiR 4 2 , Si(OR 5 )R 4 , or Si(OR 5 ) 2 , wherein R 4 and R 5 may independently be as described for R 2 above.
  • the coupling group may be Si(OMe) 2 , SiMe(OMe), Si(OEt) 2 , SiMe(OEt) or SiEt(OEt).
  • the linker group is of formula -(CH 2 ) n -, where n is 1-12.
  • the linker group may be linear, branched or cyclic, and has between 1 and 12, e.g. 1 and 10, 1 and 8, 1 and 6, 1 and 4, 2 and 12 or 6 and 12 carbon atoms, and may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms.
  • n is between 1 and 12, and may be between 1 and 10, 1 and 8, 1 and 6, 1 and 4, 4 and 12, 6 and 12 or 4 and 8, and may independently be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
  • T' is a group capable of coupling to the inorganic substrate.
  • T' comprises a coupling portion capable coupling to the inorganic substrate and a linker group for linking the coupling group to the CR 3 group.
  • T' may form tether group T (as described above) on coupling with the inorganic substrate.
  • the coupling portion may be capable of producing the coupling group described in the first aspect on reacting with the inorganic substrate. It may be Si(OR 5 )(R 4 ) 2 , Si(OR 5 ) 2 R 4 , or Si(OR 5 ) 3 , wherein R 4 and R 5 are as described above. For example it may be Si(OMe) 3 , SiMe(OMe) 2 , Si(OEt) 3 , SiMe(OEt) 2 or SiEt(OEt) 2 .
  • the linker group is as described above.
  • the inorganic substrate may be porous, and may be mesoporous. It may have pores with diameter between about 2 and 50nm. The pores may be between about 2 and 40, 2 and 30, 2 and 20, 2 and 10, 10 and 50, 20 and 50, 30 and 50, 5 and 50, 5 and 20 or 10 and 20nm, and may be about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50nm in diameter.
  • the inorganic substrate may be particulate, for example microparticulate or nanoparticulate, and may have a particle size between about 100nm and 200 microns.
  • the particle size may be between about 500nm and 200 microns, or between about 1 and 200, 10 and 200, 50 and 200, 100 and 200, 1 and 100, 1 and 50 or 1 and 10 microns or between about 100nm and 100 microns, 100nm and 10 microns, 100nm and 1 micron or 500nm and 1 micron, and may be about 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800 or 900 microns, or about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 or 200 microns.
  • the particle size distribution may be narrow, or it may be broad.
  • the inorganic substrate may comprise a ceramic, or a metal oxide or a mixed metal oxide.
  • the metal may be for example titanium, silicon, germanium, aluminium or some similar metal.
  • the inorganic substrate may be silica, and may be mesoporous silica. It may in particular be siliceous microcellular foam (MCF). MCF is a suitable substrate since it has large surface area, interconnected large pores and easy control of the pore size.
  • MCF microcellular foam
  • the inorganic substrate may comprise a silica foam according to the copending application entitled "Mesocellular Foam Particles".
  • the inorganic substrate should be capable of coupling with the coupling portion.
  • the inorganic substrate may be a metal, for example a noble metal eg gold, platinum or palladium.
  • the coupling portion may be capable of coupling with a noble metal. It may for example be a thiol or a disulfide.
  • the metal may be finely porous, microporous, particulate or nanoporous. It may have pores between about 1 and 100nm or between 1 and 50, 1 and 20, 1 and 10, 1 and 5, 5 and 100, 20 and 100, 50 and 100, 5 and 50 or 10 and 50nm, and may have pores about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 or 100nm.
  • Substrate S is hydrophobic. It may be hydrophobed by reacting the inorganic substrate with a hydrophobing agent.
  • the hydrophobing agent may be an alkyl silane of structure SiR 4 n (OR 5) 4-n (an alkyl alkoxysilane) or SiR 4 n (X) 4-n (an alkylhalosilane), as described earlier, or it may be a disiloxane or disilazane, for example hexamethyldisiloxane or hexamethyldisilazane.
  • the step of hydrophobing may generate hydrophobic groups on the substrate.
  • the hydrophobic groups may be trialkylsilyl groups, or dialkylalkoxy groups or some other hydrophobic groups, and may be for example trimethylsilyl groups.
  • the step of reacting with the inorganic substrate may be performed before, during or after the step of coupling the chiral bisoxazoline to the inorganic substrate.
  • the hydrophobing agent may be reacted with the inorganic substrate in a separate step before the coupling step, or the hydrophobing agent may be mixed with the chiral bisoxazoline to form a coupling mixture, and the coupling mixture then exposed to the substrate.
  • hydrophobic groups per gram of inorganic substrate there are between 0.2 and 2mmol hydrophobic groups per gram of inorganic substrate, or between about 0.2 and 1.5, 0.2 and 1, 0.2 and 0.5, 0.5 and 2, 1 and 2 or 0.5 and 1.5mmol/g hydrophobic groups, and may be about 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9 or 2mmol hydrophobic groups per gram of inorganic substrate.
  • the inventors have found that when an inorganic substrate is used that has not been hydrophobed, the resulting catalyst produced lower enantiomeric excess than when an at least partially hydrophobed inorganic substrate is used.
  • the level of hydrophobic groups should be sufficient to generate a catalyst capable of catalysing a reaction with high enantiomeric excess, or with a desired level of enantiomeric excess.
  • the heterogeneous chiral catalyst of the present invention may be used to catalyse chemical reactions and may catalyse production of chiral products.
  • a starting material for a chemical reaction may be exposed to the catalyst.
  • the starting material may be in solution in a solvent
  • the reaction may be conducted at low temperature, ambient temperature or elevated temperature, and may be at between about 0 and 100°C, or between about 0 and 50, 0 and 20, 0 and 10, 10 and 100, 25 and 100, 50 and 100, 10 and 50 or 20 and 50°C, and may be at about 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100°C, or may be greater than about 100°C or less than about 0°C.
  • the catalyst may be combined with the starting material or the solution, and may be mixed, stirred, shaken or otherwise agitated with the starting material or the solution.
  • the starting material or solution may be passed through the catalyst, whereby the catalyst is constrained in a housing, for example an HPLC column housing, a column housing or some other housing.
  • the reaction may be conducted at high pressure, and the starting material may be passed through the catalyst at high pressure.
  • the high pressure may be between about 1 and 200 atmospheres, or between about 1 and 100, 1 and 50, 1 and 20, 1 and 10, 10 and 200, 50 and 200, 100 and 200, 150 and 200, 10 and 100 or 50 and 100 atmospheres, and may be about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190 or 200 atmospheres, or may be at some other pressure.
  • Different optical isomers of the heterogeneous chiral catalyst may catalyse production of chiral products with opposite chirality.
  • the heterogeneous chiral catalyst may be separated from a reaction mixture, for example by one or more of filtration, settling, decanting or centrifuging. It may then be washed and or dried. It may be reused in subsequent reactions, and may be reused multiple times, for example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 or more than 10 times.
  • This bisoxazoline ligand was then modified to obtain a trimethoxysilane group ( Figure 2 ).
  • Bisoxazoline 2 was reacted with MeLi to give a lithiated product, which was reacted with 3-iodopropyltrimethoxysilane to give silane-modified bisoxazoline.
  • the modified bisoxazoline 3 was easily anchored onto siliceous mesocellular foam (MCF) with a high loading (0.26 mmol/g) ( Figure 2 ).
  • MCF The surface of MCF was partially modified with TMS (trimethylsilyl) groups before immobilization of bisoxazolines.
  • HMDS hexamethyldisiloxane
  • TMS-modified MCF 0.8 mmol/g. This modification not only allowed for the uniform immobilization of bisoxazolines on the MCF surface, but also provided for ease of control in the amount of ligand loaded.
  • the heterogenized bisoxazoline formed a bisoxazoline-copper (I) complex by reaction with copper (I) triflate.
  • the resulting heterogenized catalyst was examined for the asymmetric cyclopropanation of styrene (see Table I).
  • the MCF-supported bisoxazoline-copper (I) complex 5:CuOTf provided excellent enantioselectivity and reactivity.
  • the catalyst offered 95% ee for trans isomer and 91% ee for cis isomer.
  • the heterogenized catalyst was recycled four times without loss of enantioselectivity and reactivity.
  • chiral oxazoline ligands were effectively immobilized onto mesoporous silica supports.
  • the heterogenized catalyst showed high enantioselectivity and reactivity for asymmetric cyclopropanation of styrene. It was also successfully recycled four times, without losing any enantiosclectivity and reactivity.
  • This immobilization method can be widely applied to other types of chiral bisoxazolines.
  • the immobilized chiral bisoxazoline catalysts are expected to show high enantioselectivity for various asymmetric reactions.
  • MeLi (0.516 ml, 1.6 M in Et 2 O, 0.825 mmol) was added into a solution of bisoxazoline 2 (0.21 g, 0.75 mmol) in 10 ml of THF at -50°C. After stirring for 30 min, 3-iodopropyltrimethoxysilane (0.148 ml, 0.75 mmol) was added, and the solution was warmed to room temperature. After stirring for 2 days at room temperature, THF was evaporated and toluene was added. The toluene solution was added to MCF, which was partially modified by TMS using HMDS (0.4 mmol/g). The toluene suspension was then heated to 90°C with stirring for 1 day, and filtered.
  • MCF-supported bisoxazoline was degassed at 80°C overnight. HMDS was then added to the solid under vacuum. The flask was then cooled down using liquid N 2 under vacuum. It was then sealed and warmed to room temperature. The flask was then placed in an oven at 75°C for 5 hr. After the reaction, excess HMDS was removed under vacuum.
  • CuOTf 2 ⁇ toluene (0.011 mmol) or Cu(OTf) 2 (0.022 mmol) was added to the MCF-immobilized bisoxazoline (0.022 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (2 ml). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 days. In the case of Cu(OTf) 2 , diazoacetate (0.015 mmol) was added to reduce copper. After the addition of styrene (153 ⁇ l, 1.32 mmol), a solution of ethyl diazoacetate (1.1 mmol, diluted with 2 ml CH 2 Cl 2 ) was added over 2 hr using a syringe pump.

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Claims (18)

  1. Heterogener chiraler Katalysator, umfassend eine chirale Bisoxazolingruppe, die an ein hydrophobes anorganisches Substrat gekoppelt ist, wobei die Zahl hydrophober Gruppen zwischen 0,2 und 2 Millimol pro Gramm anorganischen Substrats liegt, wobei die Bisoxazolingruppe an einem Cu(I)-Ion komplexiert ist, wobei die chirale Bisoxazolingruppe eine Struktur aufweist, die aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Ia', Ib', Ic', Id', Ie' und If' ausgewählt ist:
    Figure imgb0017
    Figure imgb0018
    Figure imgb0019
     wobei
    R1 für eine sperrige Gruppe steht und R2 aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Wasserstoff, einer Alkylgruppe, einer Arylgruppe, einer Arylalkylgruppe und einer Alkylarylgruppe ausgewählt ist oder R1 und R2 zusammen mit den Kohlenstoffatomen, an die sie gebunden sind, eine cyclische Struktur bilden,
    R3 aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einer Alkylgruppe, einer Arylgruppe, einer Arylalkylgruppe und einer Alkylarylgruppe ausgewählt ist,
    T für eine Ankergruppe für die Kopplung an das anorganische Substrat steht, wobei die Ankergruppe eine Kopplungsgruppe zur Kopplung an das anorganische Substrat und eine Linkergruppe zur Verknüpfung der Kopplungsgruppe mit der CR3-Gruppe umfasst und wobei die Kopplungsgruppe ein Siliciumatom umfasst und die Linkergruppe die Formel -(CH2)n- aufweist, wobei n für 1-12 steht; und
    jedes der Kohlenstoffatome, an das R1 und R2 gebunden sind, außerdem unabhängig ein daran gebundenes Wasserstoffatom oder eine daran gebundene Alkylgruppe aufweist.
  2. Katalysator nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Bisoxazolin kovalent an das anorganische Substrat gebunden ist.
  3. Katalysator nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, wobei R1 aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einer Alkylgruppe, einer Arylgruppe, einer Arylalkylgruppe und einer Alkylarylgruppe ausgewählt ist.
  4. Katalysator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei R1 für t-Butyl steht, R2 für Wasserstoff steht und R3 für Methyl steht.
  5. Katalysator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei es sich bei der Linkergruppe um -C3H6-handelt.
  6. Katalysator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei das anorganische Substrat porös ist.
  7. Katalysator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, wobei das anorganische Substrat mesoporös ist.
  8. Katalysator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, wobei das anorganische Substrat Siliciumdioxid umfasst.
  9. Katalysator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, wobei es sich bei den hydrophoben Gruppen um Trimethylsilylgruppen handelt.
  10. Verfahren zur Herstellung eines heterogenen chiralen Katalysators, bei dem man ein chirales Bisoxazolin an ein hydrophobes anorganisches Substrat koppelt, wobei die Zahl hydrophober Gruppen zwischen 0,2 und 2 Millimol pro Gramm anorganischen Substrats liegt, und das chirale Bisoxazolin an Cu(I) komplexiert, wobei das chirale Bisoxazolin eine Struktur aufweist, die aus der Gruppe bestehend aus IIa, IIb, IIc, IId, IIe und IIf ausgewählt ist:
    Figure imgb0020
    Figure imgb0021
    Figure imgb0022
     wobei R1 für eine sperrige Gruppe steht und R2 aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Wasserstoff, einer Alkylgruppe, einer Arylgruppe, einer Arylalkylgruppe und einer Alkylarylgruppe ausgewählt ist oder R1 und R2 zusammen mit den Kohlenstoffatomen, an die sie gebunden sind, eine cyclische Struktur bilden,
    R3 aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einer Alkylgruppe, einer Arylgruppe, einer Arylalkylgruppe und einer Alkylarylgruppe ausgewählt ist und
    T' für eine zur Kopplung an das anorganische Substrat befähigte Gruppe steht, die einen zur Kopplung an das anorganische Substrat befähigten Kopplungsteil und eine Linkergruppe zur Verknüpfung der Kopplungsgruppe mit der CR3-Gruppe umfasst, und wobei der Kopplungsteil ein Siliciumatom umfasst und die Linkergruppe die Formel -(CH2)n- aufweist, wobei n für 1-12 steht.
  11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, wobei R1 aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einer Alkylgruppe, einer Arylgruppe, einer Arylalkylgruppe und einer Alkylarylgruppe ausgewählt ist.
  12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10 oder Anspruch 11, wobei R1 für t-Butyl steht, R2 für Wasserstoff steht, R3 für Methyl steht und T' für Trimethoxysilylpropyl steht.
  13. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 12, bei dem man außerdem ein anorganisches Substrat mit einem Hydrophobierungsmittel umsetzt, wobei man das hydrophob anorganische Substrat erhält.
  14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, bei dem man das Hydrophobierungsmittel aus der Gruppe bestehend aus einem Silan und einem Siloxan auswählt.
  15. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 10 bis 14, bei dem es sich bei dem hydrophoben anorganischen Substrat um hydrophobes mesoporöses Siliciumdioxid handelt.
  16. Verfahren zur Katalyse der Reaktion eines Ausgangsstoffs zu einem Produkt, bei dem man den Ausgangsstoff einem heterogenen chiralen Katalysator nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9 aussetzt.
  17. Verfahren nach Anspruch 16, bei dem es sich bei der Reaktion um eine asymmetrische Cyclopropanierung handelt.
  18. Verfahren nach Anspruch 16 oder Anspruch 17, bei dem ein Produkt mit einem Enantiomerenüberschuss von mehr als etwa 90% erhalten wird.
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