EP1847501A2 - Installation d'élévation dotée d'un dispositif de surveillance du moyen d'entraînement destiné à la surveillance de l'état d'un moyen d'entraînement et procédé de vérification du moyen d'entraînement - Google Patents
Installation d'élévation dotée d'un dispositif de surveillance du moyen d'entraînement destiné à la surveillance de l'état d'un moyen d'entraînement et procédé de vérification du moyen d'entraînement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1847501A2 EP1847501A2 EP07106053A EP07106053A EP1847501A2 EP 1847501 A2 EP1847501 A2 EP 1847501A2 EP 07106053 A EP07106053 A EP 07106053A EP 07106053 A EP07106053 A EP 07106053A EP 1847501 A2 EP1847501 A2 EP 1847501A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- suspension element
- support means
- monitoring device
- value
- max
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
- B66B7/00—Other common features of elevators
- B66B7/06—Arrangements of ropes or cables
- B66B7/062—Belts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
- B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
- B66B7/00—Other common features of elevators
- B66B7/12—Checking, lubricating, or cleaning means for ropes, cables or guides
- B66B7/1207—Checking means
- B66B7/1215—Checking means specially adapted for ropes or cables
Definitions
- the invention relates to an elevator installation with a support means monitoring device for monitoring the condition of a suspension element and method for testing the suspension element according to the preamble of the independent patent claims.
- the elevator system is installed in a substantially vertical shaft. It consists essentially of a cabin and a counterweight which are arranged in the shaft against guideways movable equal. The cabin and the counterweight are connected and supported by a suspension means. By means of a suspension control unit, a state of the suspension element is monitored.
- a suspension cable monitoring unit for determining the state of a supporting cable of an elevator installation which is arranged in the machine room in the vicinity of a drive machine or also on a guide rail in the vicinity of the drive machine of this elevator installation.
- a holder in this case allows attachment of the supporting rope monitoring unit to a drive machine foundation or a guide rail.
- the bracket relieves an operator of holding the support rope monitoring unit.
- the arrangement in the vicinity of the prime mover has the obvious advantage that - when traveling over a height of the shaft - main loaded sections of the suspension element are detected.
- the suspension cable monitoring unit can be connected to an evaluation unit.
- a disadvantage of this arrangement is that, on the one hand, the carrying cables which are moved along the carrying cable monitoring unit can damage or scratch scanning surfaces of the carrying cable monitoring unit or that edges of the carrying cable monitoring unit damage a carrying cable.
- today's lifts are increasingly, instead of carrying ropes, provided with belt-like suspension means.
- the support cable is no longer recognizable as a single support cable, but it is located in a, several ropes enclosing coat.
- Such belt-like support means are particularly sensitive, since the enclosing jacket is made of rubber or plastic.
- the invention is based on the object to carry out a support means monitoring unit such that damage to the suspension element but also the suspension means monitoring unit is prevented.
- a method for the rational implementation of the support means test will be shown.
- a suspension monitoring device is used to monitor the condition of the suspension element.
- the support means monitoring device is attached by means of a support on the guideway.
- the suspension element monitoring device comprises a guide device, preferably a guide roller, which guides the suspension element along a scanning surface of the suspension element monitoring device.
- the support means here is a belt-like support means.
- the scanning surface, along which the belt-type suspension element is guided is provided with an exchangeable protective layer which protects the scanning surface from damage.
- the Protective layer on the one hand, the support means monitoring unit itself and on the other hand also protects the suspension element from damage and this protective layer can be replaced easily and quickly due to their interchangeability.
- the suspension-control unit can thereby be used excellently for belts which are additionally protected against injury by the protective layer.
- An elevator installation 1 serves for the substantially vertical transportation of persons or goods.
- the elevator installation 1 consists, as shown in FIG. 1, of an elevator car 4 and a counterweight 5, which are connected in the illustrated example by carrying rollers 6 to a suspension element 11 and with each other and which are movable in opposite directions in a shaft 2 along guideways 9.
- a drive device 8 generally drives the suspension element 11 by means of a traction sheave 7 with frictional engagement.
- the drive device 8 is often arranged in the shaft head 3, that is to say in the space above the elevator car 4 and counterweight 5, either in a separate engine room or inside the shaft space.
- the drive device 8 can also be arranged in lateral spaces or laterally of the car 4 or below the car 4 and counterweight 5.
- the support means 11 is subject to wear and aging. Wear and aging caused by friction between the traction sheave 7 and support means 11 or by repeated bending of the support means 11 during deflection over pulleys, support rollers 6 and traction sheave 7 and, for example, by corrosion processes. This wear or aging leads to a steady reduction of the sustainable load capacity of the suspension element 11. Therefore, the support means 11 must be checked during operation continuously or at periodic intervals. Such checks are often carried out by means of electromagnetic measuring means. In this case, due to disturbances of a magnetic field because of different steel concentrations in the suspension element cross-section wear or breaks detected.
- FIG. 2 shows a performance of a suspension means test according to the known prior art.
- a support means monitoring device 217 is held or fixed in the vicinity of the drive device 208 and the support means 211 are slowly moved by means of the drive device 208 along the suspension element monitoring device 217.
- Fig. 3 and Fig. 6 show an inventive arrangement of the support means monitoring device 17.
- the drive device is arranged in the shaft head 3 of the shaft 2, preferably in the areas above a counterweight roadway.
- the elevator car 4 is guided by means of guide track 9 and the support means 11 are arranged in the vicinity of the guide track 9.
- the support means 11 are in this case performed by the drive means 8 to the cabin side arranged support rollers 6.
- the support means monitoring device 17, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, is fastened to a guide track 9 by means of a support 13.
- a distance (L) to the drive device 8 can be selected such that any electromagnetic fields - such as those generated by an electrically driven motor - do not affect the support means monitoring device 17, positioning very accurately - since guideways 9 are manufactured accurately and are aligned - can take place, and the place of attachment from the roof of the car 4 is easily accessible.
- This type of arrangement is particularly advantageous if at least two suspension elements 11 are used and the suspension elements 11 are arranged on the left and right of a guide plane (ZZ ') formed by guideways 9 of the car 4, preferably symmetrically to this guide plane (ZZ') this is shown by way of example in FIG. 3a. But there are also arrangements of support means 11 only on one side of the guideway 9 possible.
- An attachment in the vicinity of the drive device 8 has the advantage that most heavily loaded points of the support means 11 (blowing zone, heating) are inevitably detected.
- a distance (L) of 0. 4 m to about 1.6 m from the support means monitoring device 17 to the drive device 8 has been found to be optimal, with a distance (L) of about 0.7m can be described as ideal.
- An influence of interference fields of the drive device 8 is thereby negligible and at the same time a large length range of the support means 11 can be detected in a measurement or test drive.
- a test run usually extends, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, from an uppermost service position (OW), FIG. 4, to a lowermost service position (UW), FIG. 5.
- the uppermost Maintenance position (OW) is the position that can be approached by the elevator car 4 in the upward direction for the purpose of maintenance. If required, this top maintenance position (OW) can be moved downwards if the mounting of the suspension device monitoring device makes this necessary.
- the lowest maintenance position (UW) is the position that can be approached by the elevator car 4 in the down direction for the purpose of maintenance. Of course, other test routes are possible, but then the testable area is restricted accordingly.
- the support means monitoring device 17 is usually temporary, that is installed only for the purpose of testing in the elevator system 1.
- a support means monitoring device 17 can be used for monitoring several or many elevator installations 1.
- the guide device 18 is advantageously arranged at the two ends, or at the inlet end and / or outlet region, of the suspension element monitoring device 17.
- the guide means 18 may include sliders, but preferably guide rollers 19 are used which guide the support means 11 along a scanning surface 21 of the suspension means 17.
- the sensing surface 21 is designed according to the test method used. It contains activation elements such as electromagnets or ultrasonic elements as well as measuring sensors which record the resulting measuring fields or measuring signals.
- a scanning surface 21 may comprise the support means 11 in whole or in part.
- the guide device 18 is advantageously directly on the support means monitoring device 17th arranged, but it can also be arranged on the support 13. The chosen embodiment is based on space and cost requirements.
- An arrangement of the guide device 18 directly on the support means monitoring device 17, as realized in Fig. 7, is often advantageous because the leadership quality is improved.
- the scanning surface 21 of the support means monitoring device 17 is advantageously provided with an exchangeable protective layer 22, which protects the sensing surface 21 from damage, this protective layer 22 may be a plastic protective film or a plastic cover.
- this protective layer 22 may be a plastic protective film or a plastic cover.
- the guide track 9 is a guide rail 10, which preferably has a T-shaped form, as shown in Fig. 7 and the support 13 which is used to attach the support means monitoring device 17 on the guide rail 10, has a first support member 14 on which by means of a Quick connection 16, for example a clamping connection, is connected to the guide rail 10 and it has a second support member 15 which is displaceable and / or adjustable to the first support member 14 and the support means monitoring device 17 is attached to this second support member 15.
- a support 13 in the non-installed state, but with pre-mounted support means monitoring device 17 is shown.
- the second support part 15 is fastened with a quick release 20 to the first support part 14.
- the second support part 15 is designed such that without displacement of the first support member 14, a change of the support means monitoring device 17 from a left-side support means 11I to the right-side support means 11r is possible.
- a further quick connection 23 is provided which allows a quick release and secure the support means monitoring unit 17 on the second support member 15 allows.
- the displaceability is thus designed so that the expected variety of suspension arrangements of a particular type of elevator can be adjusted.
- the displaceability is designed such that the support means monitoring device 17 can be pushed from a first to the last support means 11.
- the support 13 may be designed so that it remains stationary or installed in the system. In this embodiment, it is mounted so that it does not interfere with normal operation of the elevator system. In a required test, the support means monitoring unit 17 can be mounted quickly and without further straightening work. This is particularly efficient, but requires a greater cost of materials, since the support 13 must be provided for each elevator installation. Of course, combinations of this design are possible. For example, only the first support member 14 may be installed stationary and the second support member 15 is mounted by means of the quick release 20 in the test case.
- the support means 11 is for example a belt-like support means 12 and load-bearing parts of the support means are metallic, preferably designed stranded.
- the support means monitoring device 17 preferably contains magneto-inductive measuring devices.
- ultrasound devices or optical measuring devices are also possible.
- the support means monitoring device 17 is connected to an evaluation unit 24.
- an evaluation unit 24 is shown in the mounted state.
- the support means monitoring device 17 in this case generates a signal (SA) which corresponds to changes in the structure of the load-bearing cross-section of the load-bearing part of the suspension element 11 and the evaluation unit 24 evaluates this signal during the execution of the test.
- SA signal
- FD max the error value
- FW max the Verschleisswerts
- FWR max resulting Verschleisswerts
- MT total state of Suspension
- the evaluation unit determines the error value (FD) by searching for local absolute values of the signal (SA).
- 10 represents an example of such an evaluation.
- the signal (SA) measured by the suspension means monitoring device 17 is plotted as a function of a measuring time (t).
- An error threshold (SD) is defined from which all signals (SA) which are greater than the error threshold value (SD) are added up to an error value (FD). The summation takes place until the signal (SA) falls below the error threshold (SD) again.
- This "integral formation” then multiplies a global scaling factor and a velocity compensation factor (KF).
- KF velocity compensation factor
- the factors are determined experimentally once on sample suspension elements.
- the largest error value (FD max ) is always stored in the error value memory (FDS).
- FIG. 10 shows an exemplary profile of the error value (FD) stored in the error value memory (FDS) with reference to the signal (SA). Of the measurements, only the amount is used. Thus, the direction of travel / polarity plays no role
- a wear value (FW) can also be determined.
- An example of such evaluation in graphical form is shown in FIG. The representation is analogous to the error value evaluation explained above.
- the evaluation unit determines the wear value (FW) by summing the absolute value of the signal (SA), beginning at a time at which the absolute value of the signal (SA) exceeds a wear threshold (SW), to the wear value (FW) until the absolute value of the signal (SA) falls below the wear threshold (SW) and multiplies this wear value (FW) by a wear correction factor (KW) and stores it in a wear value memory (FWS).
- SA absolute value of the signal
- SW wear threshold
- KW wear correction factor
- the evaluation unit sums, at a possibly further point in time at which the absolute value of the signal (SA) again exceeds the wear threshold (SW), the absolute value of the signal (SA), to a further wear value (FW ') up to the absolute value of the signal (SA) again falls below the wear threshold (SW).
- This further wear value (FW ') is multiplied by the wear correction factor (KW) and deposited in the wear value memory (FWS) if the thus determined wear value (FW') is greater than the previous wear value (FW) stored in the wear value memory (FWS).
- the wear and / or the error correction factor (KF / KW) is scaled such that a limit of less than 1000 is given as acceptable and a limit of 1000 and more as insufficient.
- the wear and / or the error correction factor (KF / KW) takes into account a test speed and a general scaling value.
- This limit value is designated in FIGS. 10 and 11 as an error limit value or permissible error value (FDG) or wear limit value or permissible wear value (FWG).
- a resulting wear value is determined.
- the largest excess wear value (FWR) determined over the observation period (TW) is stored in a resulting wear value memory (FWSR) and used to judge the condition of the suspension element.
- a correction with a correction factor (KW) is carried out as already shown in the example of the wear value (FW).
- the observation period (TW) is detected in a realized example by means of a timer and an input of the test driving speed. Alternatively, it is detected by means of a timer and a speed or Wegmessmess issued 25. This speed or Wegmessmess responded 25 may for example be integrated in the guide device 18.
- the measurement results of the evaluation unit 24 in case of need also be printed, stored or transmitted to a remote diagnostic station.
- a statement can be made as to the location of the most significant wear or failure.
- the best combination of visual and device-assisted control achieves best safety by detecting both exceptional damage, such as overheating of a structural jacket or external injuries, as well as internal damage due to, for example, corrosion or fatigue become.
- exceptional damage such as overheating of a structural jacket or external injuries, as well as internal damage due to, for example, corrosion or fatigue become.
- the check may be performed by a service person 27 alone. This is especially efficient.
- the elevator expert can arbitrarily change the set shapes and arrangements.
- the illustrated period of observation (TW) can be changed as needed, or the illustrated support means monitoring unit 17 can also be used at other attachment points, such as on the car 4.
- TW period of observation
- the illustrated support means monitoring unit 17 can also be used at other attachment points, such as on the car 4.
- a use for 1: 1 suspended elevator systems or for multi-suspended elevator systems is also possible.
Landscapes
- Maintenance And Inspection Apparatuses For Elevators (AREA)
- Lift-Guide Devices, And Elevator Ropes And Cables (AREA)
- Indicating And Signalling Devices For Elevators (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP07106053.7A EP1847501B1 (fr) | 2006-04-18 | 2007-04-12 | Installation d'élévation dotée d'un dispositif de surveillance du moyen d'entraînement destiné à la surveillance de l'état d'un moyen d'entraînement et procédé de vérification du moyen d'entraînement |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP06112728 | 2006-04-18 | ||
EP07106053.7A EP1847501B1 (fr) | 2006-04-18 | 2007-04-12 | Installation d'élévation dotée d'un dispositif de surveillance du moyen d'entraînement destiné à la surveillance de l'état d'un moyen d'entraînement et procédé de vérification du moyen d'entraînement |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1847501A2 true EP1847501A2 (fr) | 2007-10-24 |
EP1847501A3 EP1847501A3 (fr) | 2012-05-02 |
EP1847501B1 EP1847501B1 (fr) | 2014-10-01 |
Family
ID=36580404
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP07106053.7A Not-in-force EP1847501B1 (fr) | 2006-04-18 | 2007-04-12 | Installation d'élévation dotée d'un dispositif de surveillance du moyen d'entraînement destiné à la surveillance de l'état d'un moyen d'entraînement et procédé de vérification du moyen d'entraînement |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7686140B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1847501B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101058384B (fr) |
BR (1) | BRPI0701817B1 (fr) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1886957A1 (fr) | 2006-08-11 | 2008-02-13 | Inventio Ag | Courroie d'élévateur pour un élévateur et procédé de fabrication d'une telle courroie d'élévateur |
DE202008001786U1 (de) | 2007-03-12 | 2008-12-24 | Inventio Ag | Aufzugsanlage, Tragmittel für eine Aufzugsanlage und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Tragmittels |
WO2009024452A1 (fr) * | 2007-08-17 | 2009-02-26 | Inventio Ag | Système d'ascenseur avec dispositif de détection de l'état d'un moyen de suspension et procédé de détection de l'état d'un moyen de suspension |
WO2011054708A1 (fr) | 2009-11-03 | 2011-05-12 | Inventio Ag | Procédé et dispositif pour vérifier la contrainte de traction dans des éléments de traction d'une chaîne d'éléments de traction |
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US20100084223A1 (en) * | 2007-05-11 | 2010-04-08 | Fargo Richard N | Elevator load bearing assembly having an initial factor of safety based upon a desired life of service |
ES2404854T3 (es) * | 2008-07-18 | 2013-05-29 | Inventio Ag | Pocedimiento y dispositivo para la determinación de la necesidad de reemplazo por desgaste de un medio de tracción de un ascensor |
US9599582B2 (en) | 2010-09-01 | 2017-03-21 | Otis Elevator Company | Simplified resistance based belt inspection |
BR112013002462A2 (pt) | 2010-09-01 | 2016-05-24 | Otis Elevator Co | sistema de monitoramento para uma estrutura de suporte, e, métodos para calibrar um sistema de monitoramento e para monitorar uma estrutura de suporte. |
US8226469B2 (en) | 2010-09-29 | 2012-07-24 | Igt | Gaming system, gaming device, and method for providing a poker game with a bonus gaming session having re-draw option |
CN104512780B (zh) * | 2013-09-30 | 2017-02-01 | 上海三菱电梯有限公司 | 升降机悬挂元件检测装置 |
WO2015101801A1 (fr) * | 2013-12-30 | 2015-07-09 | Otis Elevator Company | Dispositif de guidage avec détecteur d'usure de cale |
CN107108150B (zh) * | 2014-12-17 | 2020-04-21 | 奥的斯电梯公司 | 可配置多轿厢电梯*** |
EP3263504B1 (fr) * | 2016-06-29 | 2019-05-29 | KONE Corporation | Élévateur |
EP3403980B1 (fr) | 2017-05-16 | 2022-01-26 | Otis Elevator Company | Procédé pour la mise en tension d'un élément de support de charge d'un système d'ascenseur |
US20200130998A1 (en) * | 2018-10-24 | 2020-04-30 | Otis Elevator Company | Health monitoring for elevator and escalator systems |
CN109436981B (zh) * | 2018-12-21 | 2024-02-20 | 中航电测仪器股份有限公司 | 一种电梯传感器固定装置及其装配方法 |
CN111807182B (zh) * | 2020-07-17 | 2021-08-10 | 安徽迅立达电梯有限公司 | 一种便于电梯安全安装的操作方法 |
CN112478976B (zh) * | 2020-12-14 | 2023-11-07 | 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 | 能自主标记的电梯曳引钢带实时在线超声监测***和方法 |
JP2023013182A (ja) * | 2021-07-15 | 2023-01-26 | 株式会社島津製作所 | ワイヤロープ検査システム、および、ワイヤロープ検査システムの位置決め方法 |
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EP1186565A2 (fr) * | 2000-08-22 | 2002-03-13 | Security Control S.r.l. | Dispositif de controle magnétique-inductif de plusieurs cables d'acier |
WO2004035913A1 (fr) * | 2002-10-17 | 2004-04-29 | Inventio Ag | Courroie à surveillance intégrée |
JP2004149317A (ja) * | 2002-09-04 | 2004-05-27 | Toshiba Elevator Co Ltd | ロープ異常検出装置 |
US20050063449A1 (en) * | 2003-04-11 | 2005-03-24 | Martin Lustenberger | Method of and equipment for checking support means |
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EP0044849A1 (fr) * | 1980-02-08 | 1982-02-03 | PAYNE, Reginald Kenneth | Controle et commande des positions d'un ascenseur |
JPS56148052A (en) * | 1980-04-21 | 1981-11-17 | Hitachi Elevator Eng & Serv Co Ltd | Electromagnetic flaw detector for continuous magnetic material |
ZA871964B (fr) * | 1986-03-25 | 1987-09-07 | ||
DE3904612A1 (de) * | 1988-09-24 | 1990-03-29 | Westfaelische Berggewerkschaft | Pruefverfahren und pruefgeraet fuer stahlseilarmierte foerdergute, insbesondere des untertagebetriebes |
SG96681A1 (en) * | 2001-02-20 | 2003-06-16 | Inventio Ag | Method of generating hoistway information to serve an elevator control |
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US6923065B2 (en) * | 2001-09-17 | 2005-08-02 | Thyssen Elevator Capital Corp. | Apparatus for testing aramid fiber elevator cables |
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2007
- 2007-04-12 EP EP07106053.7A patent/EP1847501B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2007-04-18 US US11/736,829 patent/US7686140B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-04-18 BR BRPI0701817-7A patent/BRPI0701817B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-04-18 CN CN2007100962001A patent/CN101058384B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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EP1186565A2 (fr) * | 2000-08-22 | 2002-03-13 | Security Control S.r.l. | Dispositif de controle magnétique-inductif de plusieurs cables d'acier |
JP2004149317A (ja) * | 2002-09-04 | 2004-05-27 | Toshiba Elevator Co Ltd | ロープ異常検出装置 |
WO2004035913A1 (fr) * | 2002-10-17 | 2004-04-29 | Inventio Ag | Courroie à surveillance intégrée |
US20050063449A1 (en) * | 2003-04-11 | 2005-03-24 | Martin Lustenberger | Method of and equipment for checking support means |
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Title |
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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN Bd. 2003, Nr. 12, 5. Dezember 2003 (2003-12-05) -& JP 2004, 149317, A, (TOSHIBA ELEVATOR CO LTD), 27. Mai 2004 (2004-05-27) * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1886957A1 (fr) | 2006-08-11 | 2008-02-13 | Inventio Ag | Courroie d'élévateur pour un élévateur et procédé de fabrication d'une telle courroie d'élévateur |
DE202008001786U1 (de) | 2007-03-12 | 2008-12-24 | Inventio Ag | Aufzugsanlage, Tragmittel für eine Aufzugsanlage und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Tragmittels |
WO2009024452A1 (fr) * | 2007-08-17 | 2009-02-26 | Inventio Ag | Système d'ascenseur avec dispositif de détection de l'état d'un moyen de suspension et procédé de détection de l'état d'un moyen de suspension |
WO2011054708A1 (fr) | 2009-11-03 | 2011-05-12 | Inventio Ag | Procédé et dispositif pour vérifier la contrainte de traction dans des éléments de traction d'une chaîne d'éléments de traction |
US8813574B2 (en) | 2009-11-03 | 2014-08-26 | Inventio Ag | Method for testing the tension stress in tension elements of tension element cord |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BRPI0701817B1 (pt) | 2019-06-25 |
CN101058384A (zh) | 2007-10-24 |
CN101058384B (zh) | 2010-12-01 |
US20080202863A1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
EP1847501A3 (fr) | 2012-05-02 |
EP1847501B1 (fr) | 2014-10-01 |
US7686140B2 (en) | 2010-03-30 |
BRPI0701817A (pt) | 2008-03-11 |
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