EP1765560A2 - Method of constructing a wall using hemp and lime, blocks used for same and device for moulding said blocks - Google Patents
Method of constructing a wall using hemp and lime, blocks used for same and device for moulding said blocksInfo
- Publication number
- EP1765560A2 EP1765560A2 EP05777136A EP05777136A EP1765560A2 EP 1765560 A2 EP1765560 A2 EP 1765560A2 EP 05777136 A EP05777136 A EP 05777136A EP 05777136 A EP05777136 A EP 05777136A EP 1765560 A2 EP1765560 A2 EP 1765560A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- blocks
- molding
- vertical
- lime
- chimneys
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 235000012766 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. sativa Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 235000012765 Cannabis sativa ssp. sativa var. spontanea Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 235000009120 camo Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 235000005607 chanvre indien Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000011487 hemp Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004572 hydraulic lime Substances 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008033 biological extinction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003749 cleanliness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003831 deregulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009432 framing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
- E04B2/26—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element the walls being characterised by fillings in all cavities in order to form a wall construction
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
- B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
- B28B13/0215—Feeding the moulding material in measured quantities from a container or silo
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B15/00—General arrangement or layout of plant ; Industrial outlines or plant installations
- B28B15/005—Machines using pallets co-operating with a bottomless mould; Feeding or discharging means for pallets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor
- B28B3/02—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein a ram exerts pressure on the material in a moulding space; Ram heads of special form
- B28B3/022—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor wherein a ram exerts pressure on the material in a moulding space; Ram heads of special form combined with vibrating or jolting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
- B28B7/16—Moulds for making shaped articles with cavities or holes open to the surface, e.g. with blind holes
- B28B7/18—Moulds for making shaped articles with cavities or holes open to the surface, e.g. with blind holes the holes passing completely through the article
- B28B7/183—Moulds for making shaped articles with cavities or holes open to the surface, e.g. with blind holes the holes passing completely through the article for building blocks or similar block-shaped objects
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
- E04B2002/0243—Separate connectors or inserts, e.g. pegs, pins or keys
- E04B2002/0254—Tie rods
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of producing a wall from lime and hemp, prefabricated blocks of hemp and lime for the implementation of the method, and a device for molding such prefabricated blocks.
- mortars or concretes of hemp and lime in the field of construction.
- the hemp mortar is traditionally banché on a wooden supporting framework.
- the hemp mortar is prepared on site and then poured and tamped between two forms arranged around the studs of the wood frame. This way of proceeding proves particularly tedious and expensive because it requires in particular the handling of aggressive material such as lime, the use of heavy means such as a kneader and formwork, a very long drying time in the order of a month, and special skills, including carpenter and mason.
- hemp mortars are used very little so far.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a wall from a mortar or concrete hemp and lime that is simple and fast implementation.
- the invention relates to a method for producing a wall from hemp and lime, characterized in that it comprises a) a step of assembling prefabricated blocks made of hemp and lime equipped with vertical chimneys in which the blocks are assembled in superposed horizontal rows, so as to form vertical ducts with the vertical chimneys, the assembly of the blocks to each other being made by means of a bonding material, preferably formed of fat lime, b) a step of inserting poles, preferably of wood, into the vertical ducts from above, and ( c) and a step of filling the vertical ducts with a filling material, such as a lime-type binder for sealing said posts in the blocks.
- a filling material such as a lime-type binder for sealing said posts in the blocks.
- vertical chimneys are meant recesses which open on the upper face and the lower face of the block, away from the faces transverse, as well as recesses or depressions which open on the upper face and the lower face of the block but which are formed on the transverse faces.
- the vertical ducts for the insertion of the posts are formed in particular by chimneys facing two adjacent blocks of the same row.
- the assembly step consists in stacking in staggered rows of prefabricated blocks provided with at least two vertical chimneys.
- ducts of larger section are formed from specific blocks, into which several posts bound together or posts of larger section will be inserted.
- the first row is arranged on a sole, preferably wooden, on which the posts come to bear.
- the method may comprise a step of connecting the posts to the sole, for example by means of connectors nailed to the sole and the posts, for positioning the posts in the vertical ducts before the step of filling said ducts with said filling material.
- the method may further comprise a step of bonding the poles by their upper ends to an upper die.
- the present invention also proposes a prefabricated block from hemp and lime for the implementation of the method which is characterized in that it consists of a parallelepipedal monobloc body provided with vertical chimneys for the passage of poles.
- Each block preferably comprises at least one chimney having a rectangular cross section of at least 50 ⁇ 50 mm, preferably between 50 ⁇ 50 mm and 200 ⁇ 200 mm.
- the block comprises two traversing vertical chimneys of substantially identical rectangular cross section, which open on its upper and lower faces, arranged symmetrically on either side of its transverse plane of symmetry and at a distance from its transverse sides. , to form a block of full wall, the chimneys having cross sections preferably between 50x150 mm and 80x180 mm, preferably between 60x160 and 75x175 mm.
- Another type of block may comprise two traversing vertical chimneys of different cross section which open on its upper and lower faces, away from the transverse faces, one of rectangular cross section, preferably between 50x150 mm and 80x180 mm, preferably between 60x160 mm and 75x175 mm, and the other larger cross-section and square, preferably between 80x80 and 200x200 mm, 'and preferably between 150x150 180xl80mm, more preferably between 160x160 and 170x170 mm, to form a block of An angle whose chimney of larger cross section is intended for the passage of poles recovery of special efforts, such as corner posts, resumption of slitting or framing frame.
- the block further comprises secondary vertical chimneys for the passage of electrical conduits and / or ducts.
- the invention further provides a device for molding blocks of hemp and lime as defined above.
- the molding device according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises a mold comprising a molding chamber formed of an upper wall surrounded by a side wall, said chamber being mounted vertically movable on a frame, and a plate of counter-molding disposed on a support means and adapted to come close the molding chamber; first moving means for vertically moving the molding chamber between a high position in which the molding chamber is disposed above the counter-molding plate for the demolding operation and a low position in which the plate counter-molding is embedded in the molding chamber for the molding operation; tubes mounted vertically movable on said frame, adapted to come vertically into the enclosure through openings present on the upper wall thereof, resiliently bearing against the counter-molding plate in the lower position of the molding chamber, to form the vertical chimneys of the blocks; filling means for filling the hemp mortar chamber in its low position; second moving means for effecting a further relative vertical displacement of the counter-molding plate
- the device comprises a conveyor capable of transporting counter-molding plates one by one on the support means vis-à-vis the molding chamber and removing them from said support means with the demolded blocks.
- the second displacement means are able to move the support means of the counter-molding plate.
- the device comprises a grid mounted fixed on said frame, said grid coming substantially against the upper wall of the enclosure in its upper position, preferably nested in a complementary counter-grid integral with said upper wall and coming substantially at the level of peripheral edge of the side wall of the molding chamber in its upper position to facilitate the release of the blocks.
- FIG. 1 and 2 show respectively a perspective view and a top view of a full-wall block 1 according to the invention
- FIG. 3 represents a view from above of a specific block according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic perspective view of a wall according to the invention made from full wall blocks of Figure 1;
- FIG. 5 schematically shows a perspective view of a wall angle made with specific blocks of Figure 3;
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic sectional view of a wall according to the invention with a window;
- FIG. 7A shows a partial side view of the lower part of a wall according to the invention
- FIG. 7B is a sectional view along the section plane VIIB of FIG. 7A;
- Figure 8 is a partial sectional view of the upper part of a wall according to the invention.
- Figures 9 and 10 show schematically a molding device according to the invention- / the molding chamber respectively in the up position and in the low position;
- FIG. 11 shows a top view of a block of solid according to another embodiment
- Figures 12A-12D show different top views of special blocks.
- the blocks 1, said full wall have a substantially rectangular parallelepiped body provided with two vertical chimneys 11, 12, said principal, opening on the upper face 14 and the lower face 15, and intended at the passage of posts of the wooden frame.
- the two main chimneys 11, 12 have identical rectangular cross-sections and are arranged symmetrically on either side of the transverse plane of symmetry A1 of the block, at a distance from the transverse faces 16a and 16b, the large opposite walls of the chimneys being disposed in parallel.
- Al block 1 also comprises so-called secondary chimneys 13 for the passage of electrical ducts and / or ducts.
- the secondary stacks are for example of circular section and four in number.
- a pair of secondary chimneys is arranged around each main chimney 11, 12, the secondary chimneys of each pair being disposed symmetrically on either side of the vertical axis of a main chimney, for example aligned along the small walls of the chimneys. main fireplaces.
- the full wall blocks have a length, a width and a height respectively of 600, 300 and 300 mm.
- the main chimneys have a section of 70 x 170 mm and are intended for the passage of poles having a section of 50x150 mm.
- the upper face 14 and the lower face 15, as well as the transverse lateral faces 16a, 16b and longitudinal 17a, 17b are substantially planar.
- Positioning means such as relief zones and complementary recessed zones, can of course be provided on the upper and lower faces and / or on the transverse faces to facilitate alignment of the blocks from one row to another and / or in the same row.
- specific blocks 2 are provided for the wall angles, as well as the resumption of the fold and frame frames.
- These specific blocks 2 have external dimensions identical to those of the full wall blocks 1 and are provided with two vertical main chimneys 21, 22, one 21 identical to the main chimneys 11 and 12 of the wall blocks, the other 22 of square section, for example section 170x170 mm for the passage of larger posts, for example section 150x150 mm.
- the specific block further comprises a pair of secondary chimneys 23 around the main chimney of rectangular section 21.
- a binder such as lime milk based on aerial lime and hydraulic lime, is then poured into the ducts so as to seal the posts 4 in the blocks 1.
- the specific blocks 2 may be used to allow the recovery of special efforts by means of larger section of discharge posts, and in particular at each corner of wall, slit, and frame frame.
- a wall angle as shown in Figure 5, namely a wall 6 comprising two portions 6a and 6b arranged at right angles
- corner blocks of the two portions are interposed so that their chimneys of square section 22 are aligned vertically to form a square section conduit in which a post 5 of square section is then inserted from the top.
- the square section pole can be replaced by several rectangular posts nailed flat! one against, the others.
- the square section chimneys of the specific blocks can of course be replaced by chimneys to obtain a continuous section duct during the superposition of blocks. 90 angle to each other, such as chimneys of circular or polyhedral section.
- Figure 6 illustrates the use of specific blocks 2 for amounts of a window.
- the supports of the tops of windows are constituted by lintels 7, prefabricated and adjustable to the necessary length, comprising a wooden beam 71 dressed with a layer 72 of mortar hemp.
- the lintels are mounted in place above the frames as the wall is raised.
- the lintels are placed on support posts 41, 42 previously cut in length and arranged in the square section conduits, and then connected thereto, for example using wooden connectors.
- Blocks 1, 2 can be easily cut with a handsaw or electric saw to bring them to the desired coast, such as the wall block referenced la, and the specific blocks referenced 2a and 2b in Figure 6.
- the walls according to the invention may be based on concrete foundation stringers.
- a wooden bottom plate or die 82 is sealed to the stringers 81 to receive the studs 4 of the wood frame.
- the sole is the same width as the blocks and has for example a section of 250x50mm.
- the soleplate is for example fixed on the longitudinal members by means of bolts 83 screwed into chemical anchors. This sole is treated of so as not to suffer damage inherent to its low position in the building, and is advantageously isolated from the capillary rise of the foundations, for example by a bitumen felt 84.
- the first row of blocks 1 is placed directly on the sole 82. Before their assembly, is made on the lower face 15 of the blocks of the first row a transverse groove 18, to the right of the main chimneys 11, 12, and opening on its longitudinal faces, to be able to nail lower connectors 85a between the lower die and the posts 4 and check the cleanliness of the support poles at the time of their assembly.
- the sealing of the blocks of the first row with each other is done with a lime fat or air lime dough, spread on the transverse lateral faces of the blocks with a spatula or trowel.
- the blocks After placing the first row, the blocks are mounted contiguous in superimposed rows, intersecting joints in the height, spreading an air lime paste on the transverse faces and the lower faces of the blocks.
- the wall mounted to the desired height for example at the height of the beam, the last row of blocks is leveled if necessary to obtain the desired height.
- the posts 4 are slid from the top to rest on the sole in the ducts formed by the chimneys aligned vertically, then drawn and squared in height. The posts are then removed.
- lower connectors 85a and 85b (FIG. 6) are attached, for example made of metal plates, which will be used for bonding the posts to the bottom flange and an upper belt die.
- the posts are then put in place in the ducts, taking care to clean the seats at the base by the grooves, then they are fixed on the sole by nailing the lower connectors to the soleplate. From the top, using a watering can, fill the gaps between the posts and the walls of the chimneys with a whitewash 88.
- the wall blocks 10 comprise a central vertical chimney 111 of rectangular section, similar to the main chimneys 11, 12 of the block 1 shown in Figures 1 and 2, arranged along the transverse plane A2 of the block, and side chimneys 112 formed by vertical depressions on the transverse faces which extend to the upper face 114 and the lower face.
- the depth of the depressions is determined so that the section of the depressions correspond to half the section of the central chimney.
- These blocks 10 may be staggered in successive superposed rows, the conduits for the insertion of the posts being formed by a vertical succession of central chimneys 111 and pairs of side chimneys 112 vis-à-vis.
- specific blocks 2OA for the wall angles, slit recesses and frame frames may comprise a rectangular section chimney 121a, a square section chimney 122a near a transverse face, and a lateral chimney 123a formed on the transverse face opposite to the square section chimney.
- Specific blocks 2OB of shorter length may only include a chimney of square section 122b and a side chimney 123b, as shown in Figure 12B.
- other specific blocks 2OC may comprise a central square-shaped chimney 122c and a lateral chimney 123c on each transverse face.
- Specific blocks may also be provided for full-wall ends, as shown in FIG. 12D, comprising two rectangular section chimneys 121d disposed at a distance from the transverse faces, and a lateral chimney 123d on one side. transverse faces, the other transverse face being flat.
- the blocks are obtained by molding a mortar based on hemp and lime.
- the mortar is for example formed from a mixture of hemp, aerated lime and hydraulic lime, and water.
- the hemp which is the inner part of the hemp stalk, is of medium size, of the order of 1 to 5 mm in width and 5 to 30 mm in length, and is preferably free of fibers to avoid appearance of water pockets by drainage during molding and deregulation of carbonation of lime.
- Fines and dusts which tend to reduce the mechanical properties, will preferably be eliminated.
- Air lime (CaO greater than 90%) is advantageously extinguished on production site and used in paste in order to guarantee a quicker catch, a greater smoothness than powdered lime, a more homogeneous mixture and a percentage of used water lower of the order of 30% compared to a paste obtained from a slaked lime powder.
- the hydraulic lime makes it possible to create a fast-setting hydraulic fabric giving the raw demolding block sufficient stiffness during its carbonation period.
- the mixture will further comprise a pozzolanic reagent to make the mixture slightly hydraulic and obtain a faster setting and greater resistance by pozzolanic reaction with the air lime.
- the mixture may comprise adjuvants such as, for example, wetting agents and plasticizers.
- composition of a mixture for 1 m 3 of mortar is the following:
- FIGS. 9 and 10 show a block diagram of a block molding device according to the invention.
- the molding device comprises a mold formed of a molding chamber 201 comprising a substantially horizontal upper wall 201a, surrounded by a peripheral lateral wall 201b, and a counter-molding plate 202 whose dimensions correspond to the internal dimensions of the molding enclosure.
- the molding chamber is mounted movable in vertical translation on the uprights 203a of a support frame 203 by means of lateral tabs 201c, above a conveyor 204, for example with rollers, intended for the transport of counter plate.
- molding 202, said carrier frame being mounted on a vibrating table 205 adapted to vibrate linearly the frame.
- the upper wall 201a comprises openings for the passage of hollow main tubes 206 of rectangular section, and secondary tubes 207, hollow or solid, of circular section, intended to form respectively the main and secondary funnels during molding of the blocks.
- the tubes 206, 207 are mounted on a support plate 208 slidably mounted vertically on the uprights 203a.
- the main tubes have an open upper end for mortar feed and a lower end closed by a bar 206a.
- the large faces of the main tubes have in the lower part opposite openings 206b.
- the device comprises a guide plate 209 slidably mounted on the uprights above the support plate 208 and provided with openings for the passage of the main and secondary tubes.
- the support plate is assembled to this guide plate by elastic means shown schematically under the reference 210.
- the vertical displacement of the molding chamber 201 and the guide plate 209 is provided by first moving means (not shown). , for example pneumatic cylinder type.
- a gate 211 is mounted integral with the carrier frame via arms 212 also passing through openings of the upper wall 201a. In the high position of the molding chamber illustrated in FIG. 9, the gate 211 is disposed substantially at the peripheral edge of the side wall 201b of the molding chamber, the lower ends of the main and secondary tubes being engaged in openings of the grid. In the lower position illustrated in Figure 10, the grid is embedded in a counter-grid 213 disposed against the upper wall 201a and secured to the latter.
- Bars or pushers 214 for supporting the counter-molding plates are arranged in line with the molding chamber, for example inserted between the rollers of the conveyor.
- Second displacement means 215, comprising a silentblock, are arranged below the conveyor to act on the pushers in order to move the counter-molding plates upwards, in the direction of the molding chamber.
- the dimensions of the mold, the number and the arrangement of the tubes are provided for forming a molded block from which will be cut several blocks according to the invention.
- the molding operation is carried out as follows.
- a counter-molding plate 202 is conveyed by the conveyor at the push-buttons 214, to the right of the molding chamber in the high position.
- the guide plate 209 to which the tubes are elastically connected, as well as the molding chamber 201, are then moved by the displacement means in the lower position, as shown in FIG. 10.
- the plate molded against is embedded in the molding chamber, the main tubes 206 and the secondary tubes 207 are resiliently bearing against the counter-molding plate respectively by the underside of their bar 20 ⁇ a, and their lower end.
- the grid and counter-grid of complementary shape are nested one inside the other so as to form a substantially flat surface.
- the lush mortar mixture is then injected through the upper ends of the main tubes, as shown schematically by the arrows 216 referenced, to fill the molded chamber closed by the counter-molding plate.
- the mortar from the mixer is for example stored in a hopper. buffer which feeds a metering screw for the direct injection of a fixed quantity of mortar into the enclosure.
- the bars 206a advantageously have an inverted V top face.
- the injected mortar has an expansion of about 10%.
- the initial distance between the counter-molding plate and the upper wall of the chamber before the pressurized vibrating operation to expel the air bubbles is from order of 33 cm.
- the mold is vibrated under pressure for a predetermined time of about 10 to 20 seconds, for example of the order of 15 seconds, then the molding chamber is returned to its upper position illustrated in Figure 9 to unmold the block, the tubes being reassembled simultaneously to form the chimneys.
- the main tubes make it possible both to form the chimneys and to feed the mold in mortar, the walls of the chimneys being deburred during the removal of the tubes
- the demoulding is facilitated by the grid, the grid and counter system -grille to prevent marking of the upper face of the pad by suction effect.
- the pad carried by the counterplate is then moved via the conveyor and simultaneously a new counter-molding plate is brought to the right of the molding chamber for a new molding operation.
- the blocks are then stored on carbonation racks, and then when the carbonation is sufficient to allow cutting, for example after about 21 days, the blocks are cut in the pavers, by sawing or slicing by means of a guillotine.
- the method for producing blocks according to the invention therefore comprises a step of filling a mold with a constant volume of a mixture of hemp mortar and lime, a step of vibrating under pressure of the mixture contained in the mold, then a demolding step.
- the molding operation is done in one pass which avoids a bedding and the demolding operation is carried out immediately after the step of vibrating under pressure.
- the molding device comprises one or more separating plates mounted integral with the support plate 208 and able to slide vertically in the slots of the upper wall of the molding chamber and to come into abutment one against ; • - against the mold plate to separate the molding chamber into different compartments, each corresponding to the dimensions of a block.
- the use of such separation plates avoids a subsequent step of cutting blocks from molded blocks.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Moulds, Cores, Or Mandrels (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Tubular Articles Or Embedded Moulded Articles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method of constructing a wall using lime and hemp, to prefabricated hemp and lime blocks which are used to carry out said method, and to a device for moulding such prefabricated blocks. The inventive method comprises: a step consisting in assembling prefabricated lime- and hemp-based blocks (1) which are equipped with vertical chimneys (11, 12), whereby the blocks are assembled in stacked horizontal rows, such as to form vertical conduits (3) with the vertical chimneys; a step consisting in inserting posts (4) into the vertical conduits at the top thereof; and a step consisting in filling the vertical conduits with a filler material such that the posts are embedded in the blocks.
Description
PROCEDE DE REALISATION D'UN MUR A PARTIR DE CHANVRE ET DE CHAUX, BLOCS POUR SA MISE EN ŒUVRE ET DISPOSITIF DE METHOD OF MAKING A WALL FROM HEMP AND LIME, BLOCKS FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND DEVICE FOR
MOULAGE DESDITS BLOCSMOLDING SAID BLOCKS
La présente invention concerne un procédé de réalisation d'un mur à partir de chaux et de chanvre, des blocs de préfabriqués de chanvre et de chaux pour la mise en œuvre du procédé, ainsi qu'un dispositif de moulage de tels blocs préfabriqués. II est connu d'utiliser des mortiers ou bétons de chanvre et de chaux dans le domaine de la construction. Pour la réalisation de murs, le mortier de chanvre est traditionnellement banché sur une ossature porteuse en bois. Le mortier de chanvre est préparé sur site puis versé et damé entre deux coffrages disposés autour des montants de l'ossature bois. Cette façon de procéder s'avère particulièrement fastidieuse et onéreuse car elle nécessite notamment la manipulation de matériau agressif comme la chaux, l'utilisation de moyens lourds tel qu'un malaxeur et des coffrages, un temps de séchage très long de l'ordre d'un mois, et des compétences particulières, notamment de charpentier et de maçon.The present invention relates to a method of producing a wall from lime and hemp, prefabricated blocks of hemp and lime for the implementation of the method, and a device for molding such prefabricated blocks. It is known to use mortars or concretes of hemp and lime in the field of construction. For the realization of walls, the hemp mortar is traditionally banché on a wooden supporting framework. The hemp mortar is prepared on site and then poured and tamped between two forms arranged around the studs of the wood frame. This way of proceeding proves particularly tedious and expensive because it requires in particular the handling of aggressive material such as lime, the use of heavy means such as a kneader and formwork, a very long drying time in the order of a month, and special skills, including carpenter and mason.
Il a également été proposé de fabriquer des briques pleines de chanvre assemblées les unes aux autres pour' former un mur non porteur autour d'une structure porteuse en bois. Une telle mise en œuvre permet de s'affranchir au moins des problèmes précités liés au banchage, mais le montage des murs de brique non porteurs autour des montants de l'ossature bois préalablement installés ne fait pas appel à des
techniques traditionnelles de maçonnerie et nécessite des compétences particulières.It has also been proposed to manufacture solid hemp bricks assembled together to form a non-load bearing wall around a load-bearing wooden structure. Such an implementation makes it possible to overcome at least the aforementioned problems related to the bunching, but the mounting of the non-load bearing brick walls around the amounts of the wood frame previously installed does not make use of traditional masonry techniques and requires special skills.
De ce fait, malgré leurs propriétés reconnues en terme de régulation thermique et hygrométrique, ainsi que leurs qualités phoniques, les mortiers de chanvre sont très peu utilisés à ce jour.Therefore, despite their recognized properties in terms of thermal and hygrometric regulation, as well as their phonic qualities, hemp mortars are used very little so far.
Le but de la présente invention est de proposer un procédé de réalisation d'un mur à partir d'un mortier ou béton de chanvre et de chaux qui soit simple et rapide de mise en œuvre.The object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a wall from a mortar or concrete hemp and lime that is simple and fast implementation.
Dans ce but, l'invention a pour objet un procédé de réalisation d'un mur à partir de chanvre et de chaux, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend a) une étape d'assemblage de blocs préfabriqués à base de chanvre et de chaux munis de cheminées verticales dans laquelle les blocs sont assemblés par rangées horizontales superposées, de manière à former des conduits verticaux avec les cheminées verticales, l'assemblage des blocs les uns aux autres étant réalisé au moyen d'un matériau de liaison, de préférence formé de chaux grasse, b) une étape d'insertion de poteaux, de préférence en bois, dans les conduits verticaux par le haut, et '• c) et une étape de remplissage des conduits verticaux- d'un matériau de remplissage, tel qu'un liant de type lait de chaux, pour sceller lesdits poteaux dans les blocs.For this purpose, the invention relates to a method for producing a wall from hemp and lime, characterized in that it comprises a) a step of assembling prefabricated blocks made of hemp and lime equipped with vertical chimneys in which the blocks are assembled in superposed horizontal rows, so as to form vertical ducts with the vertical chimneys, the assembly of the blocks to each other being made by means of a bonding material, preferably formed of fat lime, b) a step of inserting poles, preferably of wood, into the vertical ducts from above, and ( c) and a step of filling the vertical ducts with a filling material, such as a lime-type binder for sealing said posts in the blocks.
On entend par cheminées verticales, des évidements qui débouchent sur la face supérieure et la face inférieure du bloc, à distance des faces
transversales, ainsi que des évidements ou dépressions qui débouchent sur la face supérieure et la face inférieure du bloc mais qui sont formées sur les faces transversales. Dans ce dernier cas, les conduits verticaux pour l'insertion des poteaux sont formés notamment par des cheminées en vis à vis de deux blocs adjacents d'une même rangée.By vertical chimneys are meant recesses which open on the upper face and the lower face of the block, away from the faces transverse, as well as recesses or depressions which open on the upper face and the lower face of the block but which are formed on the transverse faces. In the latter case, the vertical ducts for the insertion of the posts are formed in particular by chimneys facing two adjacent blocks of the same row.
Avantageusement, l'étape d'assemblage consiste à empiler en quinconce par rangées superposées des blocs préfabriqués munis d'au moins deux cheminées verticales.Advantageously, the assembly step consists in stacking in staggered rows of prefabricated blocks provided with at least two vertical chimneys.
A chaque angle de mur, encadrement d'huisserie et/ou reprise de refend, on forme des conduits de plus grande section à partir de blocs spécifiques, dans lesquels seront insérés plusieurs poteaux liés ensemble ou des poteaux de plus grande section.At each corner of the wall, door frames and / or resurfacing, ducts of larger section are formed from specific blocks, into which several posts bound together or posts of larger section will be inserted.
Selon un mode de réalisation, la première rangée est disposée sur une semelle, de préférence en bois, sur laquelle les poteaux viennent en appui. Le procédé peut comprendre une étape de liaison des poteaux à la semelle, par exemple au moyen de connecteurs cloués à la semelle et aux poteaux, pour positionner les poteaux dans les conduits verticaux avant l'étape de remplissage desdits conduits par ledit matériau de remplissage. Le procédé peut en outre comprendre une étape de liaison des poteaux par leurs extrémités supérieures à une filière supérieure.According to one embodiment, the first row is arranged on a sole, preferably wooden, on which the posts come to bear. The method may comprise a step of connecting the posts to the sole, for example by means of connectors nailed to the sole and the posts, for positioning the posts in the vertical ducts before the step of filling said ducts with said filling material. The method may further comprise a step of bonding the poles by their upper ends to an upper die.
La présente invention propose également un bloc préfabriqué à partir de chanvre et de chaux pour la mise en œuvre du procédé qui se caractérise en ce qu'il est constitué d'un corps monobloc parallélépipédique
muni de cheminées verticales pour le passage de poteaux. Chaque bloc comprend de préférence au moins une cheminée ayant une section transversale rectangulaire d'au moins 50x50 mm, de préférence comprise entre 50x50 mm et 200x200 mm.The present invention also proposes a prefabricated block from hemp and lime for the implementation of the method which is characterized in that it consists of a parallelepipedal monobloc body provided with vertical chimneys for the passage of poles. Each block preferably comprises at least one chimney having a rectangular cross section of at least 50 × 50 mm, preferably between 50 × 50 mm and 200 × 200 mm.
Selon un mode de réalisation, le bloc comprend deux cheminées verticales traversantes de section transversale rectangulaire sensiblement identique, qui débouchent sur ses faces supérieure et inférieure, disposés symétriquement de part et d'autre de son plan transversal de symétrie et à distance de ses côtés transversaux, pour former un bloc de plein mur, les cheminées ayant des sections transversales comprises de préférence entre 50x150 mm et 80x180 mm, de préférence entre 60x160 et 75x175 mm.According to one embodiment, the block comprises two traversing vertical chimneys of substantially identical rectangular cross section, which open on its upper and lower faces, arranged symmetrically on either side of its transverse plane of symmetry and at a distance from its transverse sides. , to form a block of full wall, the chimneys having cross sections preferably between 50x150 mm and 80x180 mm, preferably between 60x160 and 75x175 mm.
Un autre type de bloc peut comprendre deux cheminées verticales traversantes de section transversale différente qui débouchent sur ses faces supérieure et inférieure, à distance des faces transversales, l'une de section transversale rectangulaire, de préférence comprise entre 50x150 mm et 80x180 mm, de préférence entre 60x160 mm et 75x175 mm, et l'autre de section transversale plus grande et carrée, de préférence comprise entre 80x80 et 200x200 mm,' de préférence entre 150x150 et 180xl80mm, mieux encore entre 160x160 et 170x170 mm, pour former un bloc d'angle dont la cheminée de plus grande section transversale est destinée au passage de poteaux de reprise d'efforts particuliers, tel que des poteaux d'angle, de reprise de refend ou d'encadrement d'huisserie.
Avantageusement le bloc comprend en outre des cheminées verticales secondaires pour le passage de gaines électriques et/ou conduites.Another type of block may comprise two traversing vertical chimneys of different cross section which open on its upper and lower faces, away from the transverse faces, one of rectangular cross section, preferably between 50x150 mm and 80x180 mm, preferably between 60x160 mm and 75x175 mm, and the other larger cross-section and square, preferably between 80x80 and 200x200 mm, 'and preferably between 150x150 180xl80mm, more preferably between 160x160 and 170x170 mm, to form a block of An angle whose chimney of larger cross section is intended for the passage of poles recovery of special efforts, such as corner posts, resumption of slitting or framing frame. Advantageously, the block further comprises secondary vertical chimneys for the passage of electrical conduits and / or ducts.
L'invention propose en outre un dispositif de moulage de blocs de chanvre et de chaux tels que définis précédemment. Le dispositif de moulage selon l'invention se caractérise en ce qu'il comprend un moule comportant une enceinte de moulage formée d'une paroi supérieure entourée d'une paroi latérale, ladite enceinte étant montée mobile verticalement sur un châssis, et une plaque de contre-moulage disposée sur un moyen de support et apte à venir fermer l'enceinte de moulage ; des premiers moyens de déplacement pour déplacer verticalement l'enceinte de moulage entre une position haute dans laquelle l'enceinte de moulage est disposée au-dessus de la plaque de contre-moulage pour l'opération de démoulage et une position basse dans laquelle la plaque de contre-moulage vient s'encastrer dans l'enceinte de moulage pour l'opération de moulage ; des tubes montés mobiles verticalement sur ledit châssis, aptes à venir verticalement dans l'enceinte par des ouvertures présentes sur la paroi supérieure de cette dernière, élastiquement en appui contre la plaque de contre-moulage dans la position basse de l'enceinte de moulage, pour former les cheminées' 'verticales des blocs ; des moyens de remplissage pour remplir l'enceinte en mortier de chanvre dans sa position basse ; des seconds moyens de déplacement pour effectuer un déplacement vertical relatif supplémentaire de la plaque de contre-moulage par rapport à l'enceinte de moulage dans sa position
basse pour comprimer le mortier présent dans l'enceinte, de moulage ; et, des moyens de vibration pour vibrer le moule, par exemple linéairement, tels qu'une table vibrante sur laquelle est monté le châssis. Selon une particularité, au moins l'un des tubes est creux et muni en partie inférieure d'au moins une ouverture pour permettre le remplissage en mortier de chanvre et de chaux de 1 'enceinte de moulage dans sa position basse. Avantageusement, le dispositif comprend un convoyeur apte à transporter des plaques de contre moulage une à une sur le moyen de support en vis-à-vis de l'enceinte de moulage et à les retirer dudit moyen de support avec les blocs démoulés. Selon un mode de réalisation, les seconds moyens de déplacement sont aptes à déplacer les moyens de support de la plaque de contre-moulage.The invention further provides a device for molding blocks of hemp and lime as defined above. The molding device according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises a mold comprising a molding chamber formed of an upper wall surrounded by a side wall, said chamber being mounted vertically movable on a frame, and a plate of counter-molding disposed on a support means and adapted to come close the molding chamber; first moving means for vertically moving the molding chamber between a high position in which the molding chamber is disposed above the counter-molding plate for the demolding operation and a low position in which the plate counter-molding is embedded in the molding chamber for the molding operation; tubes mounted vertically movable on said frame, adapted to come vertically into the enclosure through openings present on the upper wall thereof, resiliently bearing against the counter-molding plate in the lower position of the molding chamber, to form the vertical chimneys of the blocks; filling means for filling the hemp mortar chamber in its low position; second moving means for effecting a further relative vertical displacement of the counter-molding plate with respect to the molding chamber in its position low to compress the mortar present in the enclosure, molding; and, vibrating means for vibrating the mold, for example linearly, such as a vibrating table on which the frame is mounted. According to a feature, at least one of the tubes is hollow and provided in the lower part of at least one opening to allow the mortar filling of hemp and lime of the molding chamber in its lower position. Advantageously, the device comprises a conveyor capable of transporting counter-molding plates one by one on the support means vis-à-vis the molding chamber and removing them from said support means with the demolded blocks. According to one embodiment, the second displacement means are able to move the support means of the counter-molding plate.
Avantageusement, le dispositif comprend une grille montée fixe sur ledit châssis, ladite grille venant sensiblement contre la paroi supérieure de l'enceinte dans sa position haute, de préférence emboîtée dans une contre-grille complémentaire solidaire de ladite paroi supérieure et venant sensiblement au niveau du bord périphérique de la paroi latérale de l'enceinte de moulage dans sa position haute afin de faciliter le démoulage des blocs.Advantageously, the device comprises a grid mounted fixed on said frame, said grid coming substantially against the upper wall of the enclosure in its upper position, preferably nested in a complementary counter-grid integral with said upper wall and coming substantially at the level of peripheral edge of the side wall of the molding chamber in its upper position to facilitate the release of the blocks.
L'invention sera mieux comprise, et d'autres buts, détails, caractéristiques et avantages apparaîtront plus clairement au cours de la description explicative détaillée qui va suivre d'un mode de
réalisation particulier actuellement préféré de l'invention, en référence au dessin schématique annexé. Sur ce dessin :The invention will be better understood, and other objects, details, features and advantages will become more clearly apparent in the following detailed explanatory description of a presently preferred embodiment of the invention, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawing. On this drawing :
- les figures 1 et 2 représentent respectivement une vue en perspective et une vue de dessus d'un bloc de plein mur selon 1 ' invention ;- Figures 1 and 2 show respectively a perspective view and a top view of a full-wall block 1 according to the invention;
- la figure 3 représente une vue de dessus d'un bloc spécifique selon l'invention ;FIG. 3 represents a view from above of a specific block according to the invention;
- la figure 4 représente une vue schématique en perspective d'un mur selon l'invention réalisé à partir de blocs de plein mur de la figure 1 ;- Figure 4 shows a schematic perspective view of a wall according to the invention made from full wall blocks of Figure 1;
- la figure 5 représente schématiquement une vue en perspective d'un angle de mur réalisé avec des blocs spécifiques de la figure 3 ; - la figure 6 représente une vue schématique en coupe d'un mur selon l'invention avec une fenêtre ;- Figure 5 schematically shows a perspective view of a wall angle made with specific blocks of Figure 3; - Figure 6 shows a schematic sectional view of a wall according to the invention with a window;
- la figure 7A représente une vue partielle de côté de la partie inférieure d'un mur selon l'invention ; - la figure 7B est une vue en coupe selon le plan de coupe VIIB de la figure 7A ;- Figure 7A shows a partial side view of the lower part of a wall according to the invention; FIG. 7B is a sectional view along the section plane VIIB of FIG. 7A;
- la figure 8 est une vue partielle en coupe de la partie supérieure d'un mur selon l'invention ; les figures 9 et 10 représentent schématiquement un dispositif de moulage selon 1' invention-/ l'enceinte de moulage respectivement en position haute et en position basse ;- Figure 8 is a partial sectional view of the upper part of a wall according to the invention; Figures 9 and 10 show schematically a molding device according to the invention- / the molding chamber respectively in the up position and in the low position;
- la figure 11 représente une vue de dessus d'un bloc de plein selon un autre mode de réalisation ; et, - les figures 12A à 12D représentent des vues de dessus différents de blocs spéciaux.
En référence aux figures 1 et 2, les blocs 1, dits de plein mur, présentent un corps sensiblement parallélépipédique rectangle muni de deux cheminées verticales traversantes 11, 12, dites principales, débouchant sur la face supérieure 14 et la face inférieure 15, et destinées au passage de poteaux de l'ossature bois.- Figure 11 shows a top view of a block of solid according to another embodiment; and, Figures 12A-12D show different top views of special blocks. Referring to Figures 1 and 2, the blocks 1, said full wall, have a substantially rectangular parallelepiped body provided with two vertical chimneys 11, 12, said principal, opening on the upper face 14 and the lower face 15, and intended at the passage of posts of the wooden frame.
Les deux cheminées principales 11, 12 présentent des sections transversales rectangulaires identiques et sont disposées symétriquement de part et d'autre du plan transversal de symétrie Al du bloc, à distance des faces transversales 16a et 16b, les grandes parois opposées des cheminées étant disposées parallèlement audit plan Al. Le bloc 1 comprend en outre des cheminées 13 dites secondaires, pour le passage de gaines électriques et/ou de conduites. Les cheminées secondaires sont par exemple de section circulaire et au nombre de quatre. Une paire de cheminées secondaires est disposée autour de chaque cheminée principale 11, 12, les cheminées secondaires de chaque paire étant disposées symétriquement de part et d'autre de l'axe vertical d'une cheminée principale, par exemple alignées selon les petites parois des cheminées principales.The two main chimneys 11, 12 have identical rectangular cross-sections and are arranged symmetrically on either side of the transverse plane of symmetry A1 of the block, at a distance from the transverse faces 16a and 16b, the large opposite walls of the chimneys being disposed in parallel. Al block 1 also comprises so-called secondary chimneys 13 for the passage of electrical ducts and / or ducts. The secondary stacks are for example of circular section and four in number. A pair of secondary chimneys is arranged around each main chimney 11, 12, the secondary chimneys of each pair being disposed symmetrically on either side of the vertical axis of a main chimney, for example aligned along the small walls of the chimneys. main fireplaces.
A 'titre d'exemple, les blocs de plein mur ont une longueur, une largeur et une hauteur respectivement de 600, 300 et 300 mm. Les cheminées principales présentent une section de 70 x 170 mm et sont prévues pour le passage de poteaux ayant une section de 50x150 mm.
Dans ce mode de réalisation, la face supérieure 14 et la face inférieure 15, ainsi que les faces latérales transversales 16a, 16b et longitudinales 17a, 17b sont sensiblement planes. Des moyens de positionnement, de type zones en relief et zones en creux complémentaires, peuvent bien entendu être prévus sur les faces supérieure et inférieure et/ou sur les faces transversales pour faciliter l'alignement des blocs d'une rangée à l'autre et/ou dans une même rangée.By way of example, the full wall blocks have a length, a width and a height respectively of 600, 300 and 300 mm. The main chimneys have a section of 70 x 170 mm and are intended for the passage of poles having a section of 50x150 mm. In this embodiment, the upper face 14 and the lower face 15, as well as the transverse lateral faces 16a, 16b and longitudinal 17a, 17b are substantially planar. Positioning means, such as relief zones and complementary recessed zones, can of course be provided on the upper and lower faces and / or on the transverse faces to facilitate alignment of the blocks from one row to another and / or in the same row.
En référence à la figure 3, des blocs spécifiques 2, dits d'angle, sont prévus pour les angles de mur, ainsi que les reprises de refend et les encadrements d'huisserie. Ces blocs spécifiques 2 présentent des dimensions extérieures identiques à celles des blocs de plein mur 1 et sont munis de deux cheminées principales verticales 21, 22, l'une 21 identique aux cheminées principales 11 et 12 des blocs de plein mur, l'autre 22 de section carrée, par exemple de section 170x170 mm pour le passage de poteaux plus grand, par exemple de section 150x150 mm. Le bloc spécifique comprend en outre une paire de cheminées secondaires 23 autour de la cheminée principale de section rectangulaire 21.Referring to Figure 3, specific blocks 2, called angle, are provided for the wall angles, as well as the resumption of the fold and frame frames. These specific blocks 2 have external dimensions identical to those of the full wall blocks 1 and are provided with two vertical main chimneys 21, 22, one 21 identical to the main chimneys 11 and 12 of the wall blocks, the other 22 of square section, for example section 170x170 mm for the passage of larger posts, for example section 150x150 mm. The specific block further comprises a pair of secondary chimneys 23 around the main chimney of rectangular section 21.
La technique d'assemblage des blocs pour la réalisation de murs, tels que des murs porteurs d'une construction de type maison d'habitation, est similaire à celle pratiquée avec les matériaux de type parpaing et briques. En référence à la figure 4, sur laquelle les cheminées secondaires des blocs n'ont pas été représentées, les blocs de plein mur 1 sont assemblés les uns aux autres, par exemple au moyen de chaux
grasse, par rangées horizontales superposées successives, les blocs de deux rangées successives étant positionnés en quinconce. Ainsi, les cheminées de blocs superposés sont sensiblement alignées verticalement et forme des conduits verticaux 3.The technique of assembling blocks for the realization of walls, such as load-bearing walls of a house-type construction, is similar to that practiced with block-type materials and bricks. With reference to FIG. 4, in which the secondary chimneys of the blocks have not been shown, the full wall blocks 1 are assembled together, for example by means of lime fat, successive horizontal rows stacked, the blocks of two successive rows being staggered. Thus, the superimposed block chimneys are substantially aligned vertically and form vertical ducts 3.
Une fois les blocs assemblés, des poteaux en bois 4 sont glissés par le haut jusqu'à la base de la construction dans chacun des conduits. Un liant, tel qu'un lait de chaux à base de chaux aérienne et de chaux hydraulique, est ensuite coulé dans les conduits de manière à sceller les poteaux 4 dans les blocs 1.Once the blocks are assembled, wooden posts 4 are slid from the top to the base of the construction in each of the ducts. A binder, such as lime milk based on aerial lime and hydraulic lime, is then poured into the ducts so as to seal the posts 4 in the blocks 1.
Les blocs spécifiques 2 pourront être utilisés pour permettre la reprise d'efforts particuliers au moyen de poteaux de décharge de section plus importante, et notamment à chaque angle de mur, refend, et encadrement d'huisserie. Dans le cas d'un angle de mur, tel qu'illustré à la figure 5, à savoir un mur 6 comprenant deux portions 6a et 6b disposées à angle droit, des blocs d'angle des deux portions sont intercalés de sorte que leurs cheminées de section carrée 22 soient alignées verticalement pour former un conduit de section carrée dans lequel un poteau 5 de section carrée est ensuite inséré par le haut. En variante, le poteau de section carrée peut être remplacer par plusieurs poteaux rectangulaires cloués à plat les ! uns contre, les autres.The specific blocks 2 may be used to allow the recovery of special efforts by means of larger section of discharge posts, and in particular at each corner of wall, slit, and frame frame. In the case of a wall angle, as shown in Figure 5, namely a wall 6 comprising two portions 6a and 6b arranged at right angles, corner blocks of the two portions are interposed so that their chimneys of square section 22 are aligned vertically to form a square section conduit in which a post 5 of square section is then inserted from the top. Alternatively, the square section pole can be replaced by several rectangular posts nailed flat! one against, the others.
Les cheminées de section carrée des blocs spécifiques peuvent bien entendu être remplacées par des cheminées permettant d'obtenir un conduit de section continu lors de la superposition de blocs
d'angle à 90 les uns des autres, telles que des cheminées de section circulaire ou polyédrique.The square section chimneys of the specific blocks can of course be replaced by chimneys to obtain a continuous section duct during the superposition of blocks. 90 angle to each other, such as chimneys of circular or polyhedral section.
La figure 6 illustre l'utilisation des blocs spécifiques 2 pour des montants d'une fenêtre. Pour aider à la mise en œuvre et garder une unité dans la construction, les appuis des hauts de fenêtres sont constitués par des linteaux 7, préfabriqués et ajustables à la longueur nécessaire, comprenant une poutre en bois 71 habillée d'une couche 72 de mortier de chanvre. Les linteaux sont montés en place au-dessus des huisseries au fur et à mesure de l'élévation du mur. Les linteaux sont posés sur des poteaux d'appuis 41, 42 préalablement coupés en longueur et disposés dans les conduits de section carrée, puis liés à ceux- ci, par exemple à l'aide de connecteurs en bois. Les blocs 1, 2 peuvent être découpés aisément à la scie égoïne ou électrique pour les amener à la côte désirée, tels que le bloc de plein mur référencé la, et les blocs spécifiques référencés 2a et 2b sur la figure 6. Une description plus détaillée du montage de murs porteurs d'une maison d'habitation, au moyen de bloc de plein mur, va à présent être effectuée. Les murs selon l'invention peuvent reposer sur des longrines de fondation en béton. Comme illustré aux figures 7A et 7B,'' une semelle ou filière inférieure en bois 82 est scellée ' sur• les longrines 81 pour recevoir les poteaux 4 de l'ossature bois. La semelle est de même largeur que les blocs et présente par exemple une section de 250x50mm. La semelle est par exemple fixée sur les longrines au moyen de boulons 83 vissés dans des chevilles chimiques. Cette semelle est traitée de
manière à ne pas subir des dégradations inhérentes à sa position basse dans l'édifice, et est avantageusement isolée des remontées capillaires des fondations, par exemple par un feutre bitumé 84. La première rangée de blocs 1 est posée directement sur la semelle 82. Avant leur montage, on effectue sur la face inférieure 15 des blocs de la première rangée une rainure transversale 18, au droit des cheminées principales 11, 12, et débouchant sur ses faces longitudinales, pour pouvoir clouer des connecteurs inférieurs 85a entre la filière inférieure et les poteaux 4 et vérifier la propreté de l'appui des poteaux au moment de leur montage. Le scellement des blocs de la première rangée les uns aux autres se fait avec une chaux grasse ou chaux aérienne en pâte, étalée sur les faces latérales transversales des blocs à l'aide d'une spatule ou à la truelle. L'espacement, de l'ordre de 5 cm, entre la longrine et les faces inférieures des blocs est jointe avec un mortier 86 insensible aux eaux de ruissellement, tel qu'un mortier de chaux naturelle hydraulique, en maintenant un accès aux rainures 18. Pour éviter tout problème ultérieur, la première rangée sera montée rigoureusement horizontale, de manière à ce que les cheminées recevant les poteaux d'ossature correspondent aisément de rang à rang. • ι . ••• Ï •Figure 6 illustrates the use of specific blocks 2 for amounts of a window. To assist in the implementation and to keep a unit in the construction, the supports of the tops of windows are constituted by lintels 7, prefabricated and adjustable to the necessary length, comprising a wooden beam 71 dressed with a layer 72 of mortar hemp. The lintels are mounted in place above the frames as the wall is raised. The lintels are placed on support posts 41, 42 previously cut in length and arranged in the square section conduits, and then connected thereto, for example using wooden connectors. Blocks 1, 2 can be easily cut with a handsaw or electric saw to bring them to the desired coast, such as the wall block referenced la, and the specific blocks referenced 2a and 2b in Figure 6. A more detailed description the mounting of load-bearing walls of a house, by means of block of wall, will now be carried out. The walls according to the invention may be based on concrete foundation stringers. As illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7B, a wooden bottom plate or die 82 is sealed to the stringers 81 to receive the studs 4 of the wood frame. The sole is the same width as the blocks and has for example a section of 250x50mm. The soleplate is for example fixed on the longitudinal members by means of bolts 83 screwed into chemical anchors. This sole is treated of so as not to suffer damage inherent to its low position in the building, and is advantageously isolated from the capillary rise of the foundations, for example by a bitumen felt 84. The first row of blocks 1 is placed directly on the sole 82. Before their assembly, is made on the lower face 15 of the blocks of the first row a transverse groove 18, to the right of the main chimneys 11, 12, and opening on its longitudinal faces, to be able to nail lower connectors 85a between the lower die and the posts 4 and check the cleanliness of the support poles at the time of their assembly. The sealing of the blocks of the first row with each other is done with a lime fat or air lime dough, spread on the transverse lateral faces of the blocks with a spatula or trowel. The spacing, of the order of 5 cm, between the sill and the lower faces of the blocks is joined with a mortar 86 insensitive to runoff, such as a hydraulic lime mortar, maintaining access to the grooves 18 To avoid any subsequent problems, the first row will be rigorously horizontal, so that the chimneys receiving the studs correspond easily from row to row. • ι. • • • • •
Après mise en place de la première rangée, les blocs sont montés jointifs par rangées superposées, à joints croisés dans la hauteur, en étalant une pâte de chaux aérienne sur les faces transversales et les faces inférieures des blocs. Une fois le mur monté à la
hauteur désirée, par exemple à hauteur de poutraison, la dernière rangée de blocs est arasée si nécessaire pour obtenir la hauteur désirée.After placing the first row, the blocks are mounted contiguous in superimposed rows, intersecting joints in the height, spreading an air lime paste on the transverse faces and the lower faces of the blocks. Once the wall mounted to the desired height, for example at the height of the beam, the last row of blocks is leveled if necessary to obtain the desired height.
Les poteaux 4 sont glissés par le haut jusqu'à prendre appui sur la semelle dans les conduits formés par les cheminées alignées verticalement, puis tracés et coupés d'équerre en hauteur. Les poteaux sont alors retirés. A chaque extrémité, le long des petits côtés des poteaux, on fixe des connecteurs inférieurs 85a, et supérieur 85b (figure 6), formés par exemple de plaques métalliques, qui serviront à lier les poteaux avec la semelle inférieure et une filière de ceinture supérieure 87. Les poteaux sont alors mis en place dans les conduits, en ayant soin de nettoyer les portées à la base par les rainures, puis on les fixe sur la semelle en clouant les connecteurs inférieurs à la semelle. Par le haut, à l'aide d'un arrosoir, on comble les vides restant entre les poteaux et les parois des cheminées avec un lait de chaux 88. On vérifiera l'arrivée du lait de chaux au bas des poteaux par les rainures 18 des blocs de la première rangée. Au sommet des poteaux, on posera la filière supérieure 87 composée de deux épaisseurs de profilés en bois de section 50x150 mm disposés à plat, à joints décalés et clouées ensemble. La filière supérieure est maintenue en place: 'à "l' aide des connecteurs supérieurs 85b. Dans les angles ou les reprises de refend, l'assemblage des filières peut être renforcé par des équerres ou des tés. Des poutres de plancher pourront alors posées sur la filière supérieure à l'aide de connecteurs en équerre.
Les figures 11, et 12A à 12D illustrent un autre mode de réalisation de blocs principaux et spécifiques pour la réalisation de murs. En référence à la figureThe posts 4 are slid from the top to rest on the sole in the ducts formed by the chimneys aligned vertically, then drawn and squared in height. The posts are then removed. At each end, along the short sides of the posts, lower connectors 85a and 85b (FIG. 6) are attached, for example made of metal plates, which will be used for bonding the posts to the bottom flange and an upper belt die. 87. The posts are then put in place in the ducts, taking care to clean the seats at the base by the grooves, then they are fixed on the sole by nailing the lower connectors to the soleplate. From the top, using a watering can, fill the gaps between the posts and the walls of the chimneys with a whitewash 88. We will check the arrival of lime milk at the bottom of the poles by the grooves 18 blocks of the first row. At the top of the poles, the top die 87 is to be laid consisting of two layers of 50x150 mm section wooden sections laid flat, with staggered joints and nailed together. The upper die is held in place:.. 'In "using the upper connectors 85b in the angles or times of shear, the assembly of chains can be strengthened by brackets or ties floor beams can then put on the upper die with angled connectors. Figures 11 and 12A to 12D illustrate another embodiment of main and specific blocks for the realization of walls. With reference to the figure
II, les blocs de plein mur 10 comprennent une cheminée verticale centrale 111 de section rectangulaire, analogue aux cheminées principales 11, 12 du bloc 1 représenté sur les figures 1 et 2, disposée selon le plan transversal A2 du bloc, et des cheminées latérales 112 formées par des dépressions verticales sur les faces transversales qui s'étendent jusqu'à la face supérieure 114 et la face inférieure. La profondeur des dépressions est déterminée de sorte que la section des dépressions correspondent à la moitié de la section de la cheminée centrale. Lors de l'assemblage, les dépressions en vis-à-vis de blocs successifs d'une même rangée forment ainsi une cheminée de section sensiblement identique à celle des cheminées centralesII, the wall blocks 10 comprise a central vertical chimney 111 of rectangular section, similar to the main chimneys 11, 12 of the block 1 shown in Figures 1 and 2, arranged along the transverse plane A2 of the block, and side chimneys 112 formed by vertical depressions on the transverse faces which extend to the upper face 114 and the lower face. The depth of the depressions is determined so that the section of the depressions correspond to half the section of the central chimney. During assembly, the depressions vis-à-vis successive blocks of the same row and form a section of fireplace substantially identical to that of the central chimneys
III. Ces blocs 10 peuvent être assemblés en quinconce par rangées superposées successives, les conduits pour l'insertion des poteaux étant formés par une succession verticale de cheminées centrales 111 et de paires de cheminées latérales 112 en vis-à-vis.III. These blocks 10 may be staggered in successive superposed rows, the conduits for the insertion of the posts being formed by a vertical succession of central chimneys 111 and pairs of side chimneys 112 vis-à-vis.
En référence à la figure 12A, des blocs spécifiques 2OA pour les angles de mur, reprises de refend et encadrements d'huisserie, peuvent comprendre une cheminée de section rectangulaire 121a, une cheminée de section carrée 122a à proximité d'une face transversale, et une cheminée latérale 123a formée sur la face transversale opposée à la cheminée de section carrée. Des blocs spécifiques 2OB de longueur inférieure peuvent comprendre uniquement une cheminée
de section carrée 122b et une cheminée latérale 123b, tel qu'illustrée à la figure 12B. En référence à la figure 12C, d'autres blocs spécifiques 2OC peuvent comprendre une cheminée centrale 122c de section carrée et une cheminée latérale 123c sur chaque face transversale. Il peut être prévu par ailleurs des blocs spécifiques pour des extrémités de plein mur, tel qu'illustré à la figure 12D, comprenant deux cheminées 121d, de section rectangulaire, disposées à distance des faces transversales, et une cheminée latérale 123d sur l'une des faces transversales, l'autre face transversale étant plane.With reference to FIG. 12A, specific blocks 2OA for the wall angles, slit recesses and frame frames, may comprise a rectangular section chimney 121a, a square section chimney 122a near a transverse face, and a lateral chimney 123a formed on the transverse face opposite to the square section chimney. Specific blocks 2OB of shorter length may only include a chimney of square section 122b and a side chimney 123b, as shown in Figure 12B. With reference to FIG. 12C, other specific blocks 2OC may comprise a central square-shaped chimney 122c and a lateral chimney 123c on each transverse face. Specific blocks may also be provided for full-wall ends, as shown in FIG. 12D, comprising two rectangular section chimneys 121d disposed at a distance from the transverse faces, and a lateral chimney 123d on one side. transverse faces, the other transverse face being flat.
L'utilisation de ces différents blocs dans le cas de la réalisation d'un mur avec fenêtre est illustrée de manière schématique sur la figure 13.The use of these different blocks in the case of the realization of a wall with window is illustrated schematically in FIG. 13.
Un mode de réalisation de blocs selon l'invention va à présent être décrit.An embodiment of blocks according to the invention will now be described.
Les blocs sont obtenus par moulage d'un mortier à base de chanvre et de chaux. Le mortier est par exemple formé à partir d'un mélange de chènevotte, de chaux aérienne éteinte et de chaux hydraulique, et d'eau.The blocks are obtained by molding a mortar based on hemp and lime. The mortar is for example formed from a mixture of hemp, aerated lime and hydraulic lime, and water.
La chènevotte, qui est la partie interne de la tige du chanvre, est de granulométrie moyenne, de l'ordre de 1 à 5 mm de largeur et de 5 à 30 mm de longueur, et est de préférence exempte de fibres pour éviter l'apparition de poches d'eau par drainage lors du moulage et une dérégulation de la carbonatation de la chaux. Par ailleurs, les fines et poussières, qui ont tendance à diminuer les propriétés mécaniques, seront de préférence éliminées. La chaux vive aérienne (CaO supérieure à 90%) est avantageusement éteinte sur
site de production et utilisée en pâte afin de garantir une prise plus rapide, une onctuosité supérieure à de la chaux éteinte en poudre, un mélange plus homogène et un pourcentage d'eau utilisée inférieur de l'ordre de 30% par rapport à une pâte obtenue à partir d'une chaux éteinte en poudre. La chaux hydraulique permet de créer un tissu à prise hydraulique rapide conférant au bloc brut de démoulage une rigide suffisante pendant sa période de carbonatation. De préférence, le mélange comprendra en outre un réactif pouzzolanique pour rendre le mélange légèrement hydraulique et obtenir une prise plus rapide et une plus grande résistance par réaction pouzzolanique avec la chaux aérienne. Le mélange peut comprendre des adjuvants tels que par exemple des mouillants et des plastifiants .The hemp, which is the inner part of the hemp stalk, is of medium size, of the order of 1 to 5 mm in width and 5 to 30 mm in length, and is preferably free of fibers to avoid appearance of water pockets by drainage during molding and deregulation of carbonation of lime. In addition, fines and dusts, which tend to reduce the mechanical properties, will preferably be eliminated. Air lime (CaO greater than 90%) is advantageously extinguished on production site and used in paste in order to guarantee a quicker catch, a greater smoothness than powdered lime, a more homogeneous mixture and a percentage of used water lower of the order of 30% compared to a paste obtained from a slaked lime powder. The hydraulic lime makes it possible to create a fast-setting hydraulic fabric giving the raw demolding block sufficient stiffness during its carbonation period. Preferably, the mixture will further comprise a pozzolanic reagent to make the mixture slightly hydraulic and obtain a faster setting and greater resistance by pozzolanic reaction with the air lime. The mixture may comprise adjuvants such as, for example, wetting agents and plasticizers.
A titre d'exemple, la composition d'un mélange pour 1 m3 de mortier est la suivante :By way of example, the composition of a mixture for 1 m 3 of mortar is the following:
- 1000 litres de chènevotte (115 à 130 kg) - chaux grasse (160 kg de chaux vive + eau d'extinction)- 1000 liters of chènevotte (115 to 130 kg) - fat lime (160 kg of quicklime + water of extinction)
- 15 Kg de pouzzolane- 15 kg of pozzolan
- 25 Kg de chaux hydraulique- 25 Kg of hydraulic lime
- adjuvants ' - eau.additives - water.
La i Ohaux vive aérienne est par exemple éteinte dans un malaxeur horizontal à débit continu modulable. Le mortier est obtenu dans un malaxeur à vis. L'alimentation du malaxeur se fait en continu, pour tous les ingrédients, et est modulée en fonction des besoins.
Les figures 9 et 10 représentent un schéma de principe d'un dispositif de moulage de bloc selon 1 ' invention.For example, the aerial live hawk is extinguished in a horizontal mixer with a continuous flow rate. The mortar is obtained in a screw mixer. The mixer feed is continuous, for all ingredients, and is modulated according to the needs. Figures 9 and 10 show a block diagram of a block molding device according to the invention.
Le dispositif de moulage comprend un moule formé d'une enceinte de moulage 201 comportant une paroi supérieure 201a sensiblement horizontale, entourée d'une paroi latérale périphérique 201b, et une plaque de contre-moulage 202 dont les dimensions correspondent aux dimensions internes de l'enceinte de moulage. L'enceinte de moulage est montée mobile en translation verticale sur les montants 203a d'un châssis porteur 203 au moyen de pattes latérales 201c, au-dessus d'un convoyeur 204, par exemple à rouleaux, destiné au transport de plaque de contre-moulage 202, ledit châssis porteur étant monté sur une table vibrante 205 apte à faire vibrer linéairement le châssis. La paroi supérieure 201a comprend des ouvertures pour le passage de tubes principaux creux 206, de section rectangulaire, et des tubes secondaires 207, creux ou plein, de section circulaire, destinés à former respectivement les cheminées principales et secondaires lors du moulage des blocs. Les tubes 206, 207 sont montés sur une plaque support 208 montée coulissante verticalement sur les montants 203a. Les tubes principaux présentent une extrémité supérieure ouverte 'pour l'alimentation en mortier et une extrémité inférieure fermée par un barreau 206a. Les grandes faces des tubes principaux présentent en partie inférieure des ouvertures opposées 206b. Le dispositif comprend une plaque de guidage 209 montée coulissante sur les montants au-dessus de la
plaque support 208 et munie d'ouvertures pour le passage des tubes principaux et secondaires. La plaque support est assemblée à cette plaque de guidage par des moyens élastiques représentés schématiquement sous la référence 210. Le déplacement vertical de l'enceinte de moulage 201 et de la plaque de guidage 209 est assuré par des premiers moyens de déplacement (non représentés), par exemple de type vérin pneumatique. Une grille 211 est montée solidaire du châssis porteur par l'intermédiaire de bras 212 passant également par des ouvertures de la paroi supérieure 201a. Dans la position haute de l'enceinte de moulage illustrée à la figure 9, la grille 211 est disposée sensiblement au niveau du bord périphérique de la paroi latérale 201b de l'enceinte de moulage, les extrémités inférieures des tubes principaux et secondaires étant engagées dans des ouvertures de la grille. En position basse illustrée à la figure 10, la grille vient s'encastrer dans une contre-grille 213 disposée contre la paroi supérieure 201a et solidaire de cette dernière.The molding device comprises a mold formed of a molding chamber 201 comprising a substantially horizontal upper wall 201a, surrounded by a peripheral lateral wall 201b, and a counter-molding plate 202 whose dimensions correspond to the internal dimensions of the molding enclosure. The molding chamber is mounted movable in vertical translation on the uprights 203a of a support frame 203 by means of lateral tabs 201c, above a conveyor 204, for example with rollers, intended for the transport of counter plate. molding 202, said carrier frame being mounted on a vibrating table 205 adapted to vibrate linearly the frame. The upper wall 201a comprises openings for the passage of hollow main tubes 206 of rectangular section, and secondary tubes 207, hollow or solid, of circular section, intended to form respectively the main and secondary funnels during molding of the blocks. The tubes 206, 207 are mounted on a support plate 208 slidably mounted vertically on the uprights 203a. The main tubes have an open upper end for mortar feed and a lower end closed by a bar 206a. The large faces of the main tubes have in the lower part opposite openings 206b. The device comprises a guide plate 209 slidably mounted on the uprights above the support plate 208 and provided with openings for the passage of the main and secondary tubes. The support plate is assembled to this guide plate by elastic means shown schematically under the reference 210. The vertical displacement of the molding chamber 201 and the guide plate 209 is provided by first moving means (not shown). , for example pneumatic cylinder type. A gate 211 is mounted integral with the carrier frame via arms 212 also passing through openings of the upper wall 201a. In the high position of the molding chamber illustrated in FIG. 9, the gate 211 is disposed substantially at the peripheral edge of the side wall 201b of the molding chamber, the lower ends of the main and secondary tubes being engaged in openings of the grid. In the lower position illustrated in Figure 10, the grid is embedded in a counter-grid 213 disposed against the upper wall 201a and secured to the latter.
Des barres ou poussoirs 214 servant de support aux plaques de contre-moulage sont disposés au droit de l'enceinte de moulage, par exemple intercalés entre les rouleaux du convoyeur. Des seconds moyens de déplacement 215, comprenant un silentbloc, sont disposés i .en» dessous du convoyeur pour agir sur les poussoirs afin de déplacer les plaques de contre- moulage vers le haut, en direction de l'enceinte de moulage. Avantageusement, les dimensions du moule, le nombre et la disposition des tubes sont prévus pour
former un pavé moulé à partir duquel seront découpés plusieurs blocs selon l'invention.Bars or pushers 214 for supporting the counter-molding plates are arranged in line with the molding chamber, for example inserted between the rollers of the conveyor. Second displacement means 215, comprising a silentblock, are arranged below the conveyor to act on the pushers in order to move the counter-molding plates upwards, in the direction of the molding chamber. Advantageously, the dimensions of the mold, the number and the arrangement of the tubes are provided for forming a molded block from which will be cut several blocks according to the invention.
L'opération de moulage s'effectue de la façon suivante. Une plaque de contre-moulage 202 est transportée par le convoyeur au niveau des poussoirs 214, au droit de l'enceinte de moulage en position haute. La plaque de guidage 209 à laquelle sont reliés les tubes élastiquement, ainsi que l'enceinte de moulage 201, sont ensuite déplacées par les moyens de déplacement en position basse, tel qu'illustré à la figure 10. Dans cette position basse, la plaque de contre moulage est encastrée dans l'enceinte de moulage, les tubes principaux 206 et les tubes secondaires 207 sont élastiquement en appui contre la plaque de contre-moulage respectivement par la face inférieure de leur barreau 20βa, et par leur extrémité inférieure. La grille et la contre grille de forme complémentaire viennent s 'emboîter l'une dans l'autre de manière à former une surface sensiblement plane. Le mélange de mortier foisonnant est ensuite injecté par les extrémités supérieures des tubes principaux, tel que représenté schématiquement par les flèches 216 référencées, pour remplir l'enceinte de moulage fermée par la plaque de contre-moulage. Le mortier provenant du malaxeur est par exemple stocké dans une trémie . tampon qui alimente une vis doseuse pour l'injection directe d'une quantité déterminée de mortier dans l'enceinte. Pour faciliter l'écoulement du mortier par les ouvertures 206b, les barreaux 206a présentent avantageusement une face supérieure en V inversé.
Après remplissage, pour réduire le foisonnement et obtenir un bloc homogène, le mortier est comprimé en déplaçant la plaque de contre-moulage vers le haut par l'intermédiaire des seconds moyens de déplacement 215 agissant sur les poussoirs et vibré par mise en vibration de la table vibrante sur laquelle est monté le châssis. Lors de ce déplacement les tubes se déplacent vers le haut à l' encontre des moyens élastiques, en coulissant de manière étanche dans les ouvertures de la paroi supérieure.The molding operation is carried out as follows. A counter-molding plate 202 is conveyed by the conveyor at the push-buttons 214, to the right of the molding chamber in the high position. The guide plate 209 to which the tubes are elastically connected, as well as the molding chamber 201, are then moved by the displacement means in the lower position, as shown in FIG. 10. In this low position, the plate molded against is embedded in the molding chamber, the main tubes 206 and the secondary tubes 207 are resiliently bearing against the counter-molding plate respectively by the underside of their bar 20βa, and their lower end. The grid and counter-grid of complementary shape are nested one inside the other so as to form a substantially flat surface. The lush mortar mixture is then injected through the upper ends of the main tubes, as shown schematically by the arrows 216 referenced, to fill the molded chamber closed by the counter-molding plate. The mortar from the mixer is for example stored in a hopper. buffer which feeds a metering screw for the direct injection of a fixed quantity of mortar into the enclosure. To facilitate the flow of the mortar through the openings 206b, the bars 206a advantageously have an inverted V top face. After filling, to reduce the expansion and obtain a homogeneous block, the mortar is compressed by moving the counter-molding plate upwardly through the second displacement means 215 acting on the pushers and vibrated by vibrating the vibrating table on which is mounted the frame. During this movement, the tubes move upwards against the elastic means, sliding in a sealed manner in the openings of the upper wall.
A titre d'exemple, le mortier injecté présente un foisonnement d'environ 10%. Ainsi, pour une hauteur H recherchée des blocs de 30 cm, la distance initiale entre la plaque de contre-moulage et la paroi supérieure de l'enceinte avant l'opération de vibrage sous pression pour chasser les bulles d'air est de l'ordre de 33 cm.For example, the injected mortar has an expansion of about 10%. Thus, for a desired height H of the 30 cm blocks, the initial distance between the counter-molding plate and the upper wall of the chamber before the pressurized vibrating operation to expel the air bubbles is from order of 33 cm.
Le moule est vibré sous pression pendant un temps déterminé d'environ 10 à 20 secondes, par exemple de l'ordre de 15 secondes, puis l'enceinte de moulage est ramenée dans sa position haute illustrée à la figure 9 pour démouler le pavé, les tubes étant remontés simultanément pour former les cheminées. Ainsi, les tubes principaux permettent à la fois de former les cheminées et d'alimenter le moule en mortier, les parois des "cheminées étant ébavurées lors du retrait des tubes. Le démoulage est facilité par la grille, le système de grille et de contre-grille permettant d'éviter un marquage de la face supérieure du pavé par effet ventouse.
Le pavé porté par la contreplaque est ensuite déplacé via le convoyeur et simultanément une nouvelle plaque de contre-moulage est amenée au droit de l'enceinte de moulage pour une nouvelle opération de moulage.The mold is vibrated under pressure for a predetermined time of about 10 to 20 seconds, for example of the order of 15 seconds, then the molding chamber is returned to its upper position illustrated in Figure 9 to unmold the block, the tubes being reassembled simultaneously to form the chimneys. Thus, the main tubes make it possible both to form the chimneys and to feed the mold in mortar, the walls of the chimneys being deburred during the removal of the tubes The demoulding is facilitated by the grid, the grid and counter system -grille to prevent marking of the upper face of the pad by suction effect. The pad carried by the counterplate is then moved via the conveyor and simultaneously a new counter-molding plate is brought to the right of the molding chamber for a new molding operation.
Les pavés sont ensuite stockés sur des racks de carbonatation, puis lorsque la carbonatation est suffisante pour permettre la découpe, par exemple après environ 21 jours, les blocs sont découpés dans les pavés, par sciage ou tranchage au moyen d'une guillotine.The blocks are then stored on carbonation racks, and then when the carbonation is sufficient to allow cutting, for example after about 21 days, the blocks are cut in the pavers, by sawing or slicing by means of a guillotine.
Le procédé de réalisation de blocs selon l'invention comprend donc une étape de remplissage d'un moule avec un volume constant d'un mélange de mortier de chanvre et de chaux, une étape de vibration sous pression du mélange contenu dans le moule, puis une étape de démoulage. L'opération de moulage se fait en une passe ce qui permet d'éviter un litage et 1 ' opération de démoulage est effectuée immédiatement après l'étape de vibration sous pression.The method for producing blocks according to the invention therefore comprises a step of filling a mold with a constant volume of a mixture of hemp mortar and lime, a step of vibrating under pressure of the mixture contained in the mold, then a demolding step. The molding operation is done in one pass which avoids a bedding and the demolding operation is carried out immediately after the step of vibrating under pressure.
Selon une variante de réalisation, le dispositif de moulage comprend une ou plusieurs plaques de séparation montées solidaires de la plaque support 208 et aptes à coulisser verticalement dans des fentes de la 'paroi supérieure de l'enceinte de moulage et à venir en appui1 contre; •- la plaque de contre moulage pour séparer l'enceinte de moulage en différents compartiments, correspondant chacun aux dimensions d'un bloc. L'utilisation de telles plaques de séparation permet d' éviter une étape ultérieure de découpe de blocs à partir de pavés moulés.
Bien que l'invention ait été décrite en liaison avec des modes de réalisation particuliers, il est bien évident qu'elle n'y est nullement limitée et qu'elle comprend tous les équivalents techniques des moyens décrits ainsi que leurs combinaisons si celles-ci entrent dans le cadre de l'invention.
According to an alternative embodiment, the molding device comprises one or more separating plates mounted integral with the support plate 208 and able to slide vertically in the slots of the upper wall of the molding chamber and to come into abutment one against ; • - against the mold plate to separate the molding chamber into different compartments, each corresponding to the dimensions of a block. The use of such separation plates avoids a subsequent step of cutting blocks from molded blocks. Although the invention has been described in connection with particular embodiments, it is obvious that it is not limited thereto and that it includes all the technical equivalents of the means described and their combinations if they are within the scope of the invention.
Claims
1. Procédé de réalisation d'un mur à partir de chanvre et de chaux, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend a) une étape d'assemblage de blocs préfabriqués1. A method for producing a wall from hemp and lime, characterized in that it comprises a) a step of assembling prefabricated blocks
(1, 2) à base de chanvre et de chaux munis de cheminées verticales (11, 12, 21, 22) dans laquelle les blocs sont assemblés par rangées horizontales superposées, de manière à former des conduits verticaux (3) avec les cheminées verticales, b) une étape d'insertion de poteaux (4, 5) dans les conduits verticaux par le haut, et c) une étape de remplissage des conduits verticaux d'un matériau de remplissage pour sceller lesdits poteaux dans les blocs.(1, 2) based on hemp and lime provided with vertical chimneys (11, 12, 21, 22) in which the blocks are assembled in superposed horizontal rows so as to form vertical ducts (3) with the vertical chimneys b) a step of inserting poles (4, 5) in the vertical ducts from above, and c) a step of filling the vertical ducts of a filling material to seal said posts in the blocks.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'étape d'assemblage consiste à empiler en quinconce par rangées superposées des blocs préfabriqués (1, 2) munis d'au moins deux cheminées verticales (11, 12, 21, 22) .2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the assembly step consists in stacking in staggered rows of prefabricated blocks (1, 2) provided with at least two vertical chimneys (11, 12, 21, 22). ).
3. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 2, caractérisé en ce que la première rangée est disposée sur une semelle (82), sur laquelle les poteaux (4, 5) viennent en appui. , 3. Method according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the first row is disposed on a sole (82), on which the posts (4, 5) abut. ,
4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une étape de liaison des poteaux4. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that it comprises a pole bonding step
(4, 5) à la semelle (82) pour positionner les poteaux dans les conduits verticaux avant l'étape de remplissage desdits conduits par ledit matériau de remplissage. 5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une étape de liaison des poteaux (4, (4, 5) to the flange (82) for positioning the posts in the vertical ducts prior to the step of filling said ducts with said filling material. 5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises a step of connecting the posts (4,
5) par leurs extrémités supérieures à une filière supérieure (87) . 5) at their upper ends to an upper die (87).
6. Bloc préfabriqué à partir de chanvre et de chaux pour la mise en œuvre du procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que ledit bloc (1, 2, 10, 20A-20D) est constitué d'un corps monobloc parallélépipédique muni de cheminées verticales (11, 12, 21, 22, 111, 112, 121a, 122a, 123a, 122b, 123b, 122c, 123c, 121d, 123d) pour le passage de poteaux (4, 5) .6. Block prefabricated from hemp and lime for the implementation of the method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that said block (1, 2, 10, 20A-20D) consists of a parallelepipedal monobloc body provided with vertical chimneys (11, 12, 21, 22, 111, 112, 121a, 122a, 123a, 122b, 123b, 122c, 123c, 121d, 123d) for the passage of poles (4, 5).
7. Bloc (1) selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend deux cheminées verticales traversantes (11, 12) de section transversale rectangulaire sensiblement identique, qui débouchent sur sa face supérieure 14 et sa face inférieure 15, disposés symétriquement de part et d'autre de son plan transversal de symétrie (Al) et à distance de ses côtés transversaux (16a, 16b) .7. Block (1) according to claim 6, characterized in that it comprises two vertical chimneys through (11, 12) of substantially identical rectangular cross section, which open on its upper face 14 and its lower face 15, arranged symmetrically to on both sides of its transverse plane of symmetry (Al) and away from its transverse sides (16a, 16b).
8. Bloc (2) selon la revendication 6, caractérisé qu'il comprend deux cheminées verticales traversantes de section transversale différente qui débouchent sur ses faces supérieure et inférieure, à distance des faces transversales (26a, 26b), l'une (21) de section transversale rectangulaire et l'autre (22) de section transversale plus grande et carrée.8. Block (2) according to claim 6, characterized it comprises two vertical traversing chimneys of different cross section which open on its upper and lower faces, away from the transverse faces (26a, 26b), one (21) of rectangular cross section and the other (22) of larger and square cross section.
9. Dispositif de moulage de blocs de chanvre et de chaux selon l'une des revendications 6 à 8, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend - un moule comportant une enceinte de moulage9. Device for molding blocks of hemp and lime according to one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that it comprises a mold comprising a molding chamber
(201) formée d'une paroi supérieure (201a) entourée d'une paroi latérale (201b), ladite enceinte étant montée mobile verticalement sur un châssis (203) , et une plaque de contre-moulage (202) disposée sur un moyen de support (214, 204) et apte à venir fermer l'enceinte de moulage, des premiers moyens de déplacement pour déplacer verticalement l'enceinte de moulage entre une position haute dans laquelle l'enceinte de moulage est disposée au-dessus de la plaque de contre-moulage et une position basse dans laquelle la plaque de contre- moulage vient s'encastrer dans l'enceinte de moulage, des tubes (206, 207) montés mobiles verticalement sur ledit châssis, aptes à venir verticalement dans l'enceinte par des ouvertures présentes sur la paroi supérieure de cette dernière, élastiquement en appui contre la plaque de contre- moulage dans la position basse de l'enceinte de moulage, pour former les cheminées verticales des blocs,(201) formed of an upper wall (201a) surrounded by a side wall (201b), said enclosure being mounted vertically movable on a frame (203), and a counter-molding plate (202) disposed on a support (214, 204) and adapted to come close the molding chamber, first moving means for vertically displacing the molding chamber between a high position in which the molding chamber is disposed above the plate of counter-molding and a low position in which the counter-molding plate is embedded in the molding chamber, tubes (206, 207) mounted vertically movable on said frame, able to come vertically in the enclosure by openings present on the upper wall of the latter, resiliently bearing against the counter-molding plate in the lower position of the molding chamber, to form the vertical chimneys of the blocks,
- des moyens de remplissage (206) pour remplir l'enceinte en mortier de chanvre dans sa position basse, ' - des seconds moyens de déplacement (215) pour effectuer. • • un déplacement vertical relatif supplémentaire de la plaque de contre-moulage par rapport à l'enceinte de moulage dans sa position basse pour comprimer le mortier présent dans l'enceinte de moulage, et - des moyens de vibration (215) pour vibrer le moule.filling means (206) for filling the hemp mortar enclosure in its low position, second displacement means (215) for carrying out. • a further relative vertical displacement of the counter-molding plate relative to the molding chamber in its lower position to compress the mortar present in the molding chamber, and - Vibration means (215) for vibrating the mold.
10. Dispositif selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins l'un des tubes (206) est creux et muni en partie inférieure d'au moins une ouverture (206b) pour permettre le remplissage en mortier de chanvre et de chaux de l'enceinte de moulage dans sa position basse. 10. Device according to claim 9, characterized in that at least one of the tubes (206) is hollow and provided in the lower part of at least one opening (206b) to allow the mortar filling of hemp and lime. of the molding chamber in its low position.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0406438A FR2871487B1 (en) | 2004-06-15 | 2004-06-15 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A WALL FROM HEMP AND LIME, BLOCKS FOR ITS USE AND DEVICE FOR MOLDING SAID BLOCKS |
PCT/FR2005/001458 WO2006003320A2 (en) | 2004-06-15 | 2005-06-13 | Method of constructing a wall using hemp and lime, blocks used for same and device for moulding said blocks |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1765560A2 true EP1765560A2 (en) | 2007-03-28 |
Family
ID=34947868
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05777136A Withdrawn EP1765560A2 (en) | 2004-06-15 | 2005-06-13 | Method of constructing a wall using hemp and lime, blocks used for same and device for moulding said blocks |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20080272270A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1765560A2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2570059A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2871487B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006003320A2 (en) |
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US20080115452A1 (en) * | 2006-11-02 | 2008-05-22 | Edward Nolan | Cladding panel |
FR2961538B1 (en) | 2010-06-18 | 2012-08-17 | Eurl Baumer Damien | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING AN EDIFICE FROM BOILING BRICKS WITH DRY JOINTS |
FR2997394B1 (en) | 2012-10-25 | 2022-06-03 | Centre Detudes Et De Rech De Lindustrie Du Beton Manufacture | AGROSOURCE LIGHT CONCRETE AND ITS USE |
CN103912062A (en) * | 2012-12-31 | 2014-07-09 | 胡钢 | Movable brick house |
US10113305B2 (en) | 2014-08-01 | 2018-10-30 | Just Biofiber Structural Solutions Corp. | Load bearing interlocking structural blocks and tensioning system |
CA2899464A1 (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2016-02-01 | Just Biofiber Corp. | Load bearing interlocking structural blocks and methods of manufacture |
FR3067049B1 (en) * | 2017-06-01 | 2020-08-28 | Ladinvest | INSERTED FRAME CONSTRUCTION DEVICE |
US11391041B2 (en) * | 2018-10-03 | 2022-07-19 | Just Biofiber Structural Solutions Corp. | Unibody structural frame for an interlocking structural block, an interlocking structural block, and a system of interlocking structural blocks |
CN111549969A (en) * | 2020-05-19 | 2020-08-18 | 朱珠 | Movable prevents energy-conserving building wall prefabricated component of bubble |
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FR1523835A (en) * | 1967-05-22 | 1968-05-03 | Schlackenaufbereitung Gmbh & C | Method of manufacturing an artificial building element and a building element produced by this process |
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- 2005-06-13 EP EP05777136A patent/EP1765560A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-06-13 CA CA002570059A patent/CA2570059A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-06-13 US US11/629,839 patent/US20080272270A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-06-13 WO PCT/FR2005/001458 patent/WO2006003320A2/en active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2006003320A3 (en) | 2006-05-04 |
FR2871487B1 (en) | 2006-09-08 |
WO2006003320A2 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
FR2871487A1 (en) | 2005-12-16 |
US20080272270A1 (en) | 2008-11-06 |
CA2570059A1 (en) | 2006-01-12 |
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