EP1669505B1 - Poutre composite en acier-béton avec support ignifuge pour éléments de plafond - Google Patents

Poutre composite en acier-béton avec support ignifuge pour éléments de plafond Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1669505B1
EP1669505B1 EP05025146A EP05025146A EP1669505B1 EP 1669505 B1 EP1669505 B1 EP 1669505B1 EP 05025146 A EP05025146 A EP 05025146A EP 05025146 A EP05025146 A EP 05025146A EP 1669505 B1 EP1669505 B1 EP 1669505B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
composite beam
steel composite
longitudinal
elements
steel
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Active
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EP05025146A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1669505A1 (fr
Inventor
Herman Willem Velthorst
Adrianus Van Paassen
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Velthorst Beheer BV
VBI Ontwikkeling BV
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Velthorst Beheer BV
VBI Ontwikkeling BV
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Publication of EP1669505A1 publication Critical patent/EP1669505A1/fr
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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/29Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures
    • E04C3/293Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures the materials being steel and concrete
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/02Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
    • E04B5/04Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with beams or slabs of concrete or other stone-like material, e.g. asbestos cement
    • E04B5/046Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with beams or slabs of concrete or other stone-like material, e.g. asbestos cement with beams placed with distance from another
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/16Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
    • E04B5/17Floor structures partly formed in situ
    • E04B5/23Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated
    • E04B5/26Floor structures partly formed in situ with stiffening ribs or other beam-like formations wholly or partly prefabricated with filling members between the beams
    • E04B5/261Monolithic filling members
    • E04B5/265Monolithic filling members with one or more hollow cores

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a composite steel beam for forming a ceiling structure according to the preamble of claim 1 protection.
  • a known manner of construction in this context is to assemble precast columns and precast beams into a frame construction and insert prefabricated ceiling elements between the precast beams. If necessary, an in situ concrete layer can be added subsequently.
  • steel composite beams have also been used as cross members.
  • Steel composite beams have a steel profile, for example, a hollow box cross-section, the bearing behavior is sufficient to accommodate transport and assembly-related load conditions.
  • the steel girder is supplemented with concrete. This can be done, for example, by introducing concrete into the box cross-section, optionally after prior laying of the reinforcement.
  • the cross-section of the steel composite beam thus consists of areas with steel and areas with concrete, which interact during the load transfer.
  • a plate carrier system whose carrier consists of welded steel sheets, which form a trapezoidal cavity.
  • the prefabricated ceiling elements rest respectively on the cantilever horizontal lower flange, which is integrally formed on the webs.
  • the lower end of the box forms a welded sheet metal, which is offset from the projecting belt plate inwardly offset. The resulting offset makes it possible to attach an additional fire protection panel for the fire from the outside.
  • the EP 1 405 961 A1 discloses a composite steel deck construction in which the steel composite beam known in the market under the name "HODY beam" has in the lower region two longitudinal side flanges which serve as lineal supports for the ceiling elements. In this case, a distance is maintained between the bottom of the ceiling panels and the top of the side flanges, which is filled with concrete.
  • connection reinforcements is provided in the connection area of the ceiling elements to steel composite support, which is subsequently cast with concrete.
  • a steel beam known which consists of a rolled section, in particular an I-profile, which is connected on both sides via a strut framework or connecting straps made of sheet metal with a trough-shaped lower belt plate.
  • the attachment of the Untergurtblechs done in such a way that the roll profile is maintained a vertical distance, which is cast during the completion of the ceiling construction with concrete.
  • the upwardly folded and filled with concrete Untergurtblech serves in this case as a support for the ceiling elements.
  • connection reinforcement may be provided which connects the ceiling elements with the steel composite support.
  • a composite steel beam according to the preamble of claim 1 is disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,332,301 B1 described.
  • the invention has for its object to provide an improved steel composite support for a ceiling structure, the support area for the ceiling elements meets the requirements of fire protection and thereby structurally simple and economical to implement and beyond the aesthetic requirements of a building is justified ,
  • the essence of the invention lies in the provision of a fire-protected support in steel composite beams for the ceiling elements to be attached.
  • the invention is based on the assumption that reduced loads of the static calculation are to be used for the case of fire compared with the state of use. While for the condition of use in addition to the dead weight also traffic loads are to be brought into approach, which are removed via the side flanges, reduce the static load to be considered for the load case fire significantly.
  • This uses the invention and provides in case of fire before a load transfer only on the bearing elements.
  • An advantage of the invention is therefore that the heat of the fire due to the shielding by the longitudinal flanges does not directly reach the support area for the ceiling elements. It is therefore achieved without further measures, such as the attachment of a refractory lining or painting sufficient fire protection.
  • the inventive design of the fire protection is not visible and therefore extremely advantageous in terms of aesthetic concerns.
  • the solution according to the invention is very simple, so that no appreciable additional material or work effort is created when it is realized.
  • This provides the invention with economic advantages over prior art solutions. Due to the additional supporting effect of the bearing elements arranged under the bearing elements longitudinal flanges no longer need to be dimensioned to the load case fire and can therefore be designed more economical.
  • the buoyancy of the bearing elements allows a reduced dimensioning of the longitudinal flanges for the use state, which in turn allows a more economical construction of the composite steel beam.
  • the area between the bearing elements and the longitudinal flanges is filled with a fire insulation.
  • the fire insulation can consist of fiber mats or intumescent materials that ensure effective thermal insulation with low weight and ease of workability.
  • the casting in the event of fire forms a load transfer system in which the bearing element according to the invention interacts as a tensile zone and casting as a pressure zone. The result is a higher bearing capacity of the support in the support area.
  • the bearing elements may for example have profilings or bends. This leads to an improved load transfer behavior in the support area.
  • the underside of the composite steel support advantageously consists of a metal sheet, whose side edges projecting beyond the main cross section are bent upwards. On the one hand, this increases the stability of the sheet. At the same time created in this way a trough-shaped bottom, which simplifies the introduction of the fire insulation and in particular the potting.
  • the bent longitudinal edge of the sheet further simplifies the production of the ceiling construction by providing support surfaces for the bearing elements, to which the bearing elements merely need to be laid.
  • the bearing elements may be non-positively connected to the longitudinal edge of the sheet. This can be done by welding, for example.
  • a positive connection for example, with formation of a toothing between the bearing element and the longitudinal edge of the sheet.
  • An inventive steel composite support is not bound to a particular cross section, so that both hollow box sections and open cross sections are suitable, provided that the cross section has at least two longitudinal webs with openings through which the bearing elements extend into the region of Hauptguerußs.
  • Cross-sections such as ⁇ -cross-sections, are preferred by the invention .
  • the advantage of hollow box sections is, in addition to their higher torsional stiffness, especially in the provision of a formwork for the concrete, so that additional formwork omitted.
  • the arrangement of slots of the hollow box at the same time forms a bearing surface for the bearing elements, which facilitates the laying of the bearing elements.
  • the bearing elements according to the invention are advantageously formed plate-shaped. This makes them easy and inexpensive to manufacture, easy to lay and form a flat support surface for the ceiling elements.
  • the bond between the concrete and the bearing element is increased, so that the bearing element can absorb higher forces.
  • the load transferability can be additionally increased by the bearing elements are connected directly or indirectly non-positively to the longitudinal reinforcement of the steel composite beam.
  • FIG. 1 shows a node where support 1, support (or steel composite support) 2 and ceiling element 3 meet.
  • the support 1 has on the carrier 2 associated with the inner side of a console 4 for supporting a carrier 2.
  • a carrier 2 is inserted in each case. This creates a support frame, which forms the backbone of the ceiling construction together with a plurality of parallel support frame.
  • the space between the individual support frames is covered by the ceiling elements 3, which rest on the supports 2 at the edge ( Fig. 3 ).
  • a carrier 2 which is suitable for this purpose usually also has tensioning members for applying a pretensioning in the longitudinal direction, the course of which advantageously follows the bending moment characteristic.
  • the Carrier 2 has lateral longitudinal flanges 5, on which the ceiling elements 3 rest with their edge.
  • the longitudinally supporting main cross section of the carrier 2 is composed of a steel section 6 with box section and concrete 7, which fills the box cross-section.
  • a longitudinal reinforcement 20 may be provided in order to increase the carrying capacity of the carrier 2.
  • the box cross-section is formed by two mirror-symmetrically arranged oblique web plates (or longitudinal webs) 8, whose upper longitudinal edges are connected by a further, a top flange 10 forming sheet steel.
  • the lower longitudinal edges of the web plates 8 are connected in a similar manner via a steel plate forming a lower flange 11, the longitudinal edges 12 of the lower flange 11 projecting laterally beyond the main cross section of the steel composite carrier 2 to form longitudinal flanges 5.
  • the longitudinal edges 12 each form together with the web plates 8 bearing areas for bearing elements 14, their exact training Fig. 7 evident.
  • a bearing element 14 which consists of a steel plate with a thickness, for example in the range of 0.5 to 2 cm.
  • the bearing element 14 has a rectangular Shape on, a narrower side has a short approach 15. Opposite a rectangular recess 16 is provided centrally on the other narrow side, which leads to the formation of two legs 17.
  • the longitudinal edges 12 of the lower belt 11 For receiving the bearing elements 14, the longitudinal edges 12 of the lower belt 11 at predetermined intervals recesses 18, which correspond in shape and size to the approach 15. In the web plates 8, these recesses 18 at the same height opposite, in each case two spaced apart slots (or openings) 19 are inserted. These serve to receive the legs 17 of the bearing element 14, which comes to lie in the inserted state with the projection 15 in the recess 18 of the longitudinal edges 12.
  • This positive connection between the bearing element 14 and the carrier 2 serves primarily to secure the position of the bearing element 14. In the penetration area of the two parts, the bearing elements 14 can be welded to the web plates 8 to improve the structural behavior.
  • the tub-shaped bottom chord 11 is filled over its entire length to the upper edge of the longitudinal edges 12 with a hardening potting material 21, advantageously mortar or concrete.
  • the hardening potting material 21 is preferably introduced only after placing the ceiling elements 3 on the bearing elements 14, so that it wets both the bottom of the bearing elements 14 and the underside of the ceiling elements 3 in the support area.
  • other fire insulation may be provided instead of the hardening material, such as fire protection mats made of fiberglass or mineral wool.
  • FIG. 3 An exemplary distribution of the bearing elements 14 over the length of the composite steel support 2 is mainly from Fig. 3 seen.
  • FIG. 8 shows an alternative embodiment of a steel composite beam 33, the steel profile of two parallel, upright web plates (or longitudinal webs) 34 and a lower longitudinal edges of the web plates 34 connecting lower flange 35 is formed.
  • the lower flange 35 in turn projects laterally beyond the web plates 34 and forms with the bent-up longitudinal edges 36, as already under the FIGS. 4 to 7 described, trough-shaped side flanges (or longitudinal flanges) 37.
  • the bearing elements 14 are also stored in this embodiment of the invention on the one hand on the longitudinal edges 36 of the side flanges 37 and on the other hand in longitudinal slots in the web plates 34.
  • concrete 38 is ejnniz between the web plates 34 of ungerockten ⁇ - shaped steel profile and the trough-shaped side flanges 37 provided with a hardening potting material 39.
  • Fig. 9 a visible, at this time only as a steel profile 6 existing carrier, which is already equipped with a longitudinal reinforcement 20 and the necessary internals in this context, provided with the bearing elements 14. This is done by the bearing elements 14 are inserted with their legs 17 in the slots in the web plates 8 and then placed with their approach 15 in the recess in the longitudinal edges 12 of the lower belt 11. To increase the fire protection may optionally Bearing elements 14 are welded in the penetration area with the web plates 8. In addition, the bearing elements 14 are provided on their upper side with elastomeric bearings 32. A carrier prepared in this way can subsequently be deposited on the brackets 4 of two mutually opposite supports 1.
  • the ceiling elements 3 can be inserted between the carriers. This condition is in Fig. 9b shown. It can be seen two ceiling elements 3, which rest with its bottom edge on the longitudinal flanges 5 and there exactly on the elastomeric bearings 32 on the bearing elements 14. The load from the ceiling elements 3 is entered via the bearing elements 14 in the longitudinal flanges 5 and further in the carrier.
  • Fig. 9c can be seen in the area of the carrier concrete 7 introduced.
  • the concrete 7 can fill both the hollow box profile of the carrier, as well as the area between the lower flange 11 and the bearing elements 14 and the underside of the ceiling elements 3, as well as the area between the web plates 8 and the end faces of the ceiling elements 3.
  • the bearing elements 14 After hardening of the concrete 7 the bearing elements 14 with their located within the main cross-section legs 17 firmly anchored in the manner of a clamping.
  • a line bearing extending over the entire length of the carrier 2 is created for the ceiling elements 3, which is intended to introduce additional loads such as traffic loads in use directly into the longitudinal flanges 5.
  • the potting material 21 forms the pressure range of a parallel-acting load transfer system, in which the bearing elements 14 absorb the tensile forces. In this way it is ensured that the ceiling elements 3 are supported by the steel composite beams 2 without further measures even in case of fire.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)

Claims (21)

  1. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, conçu pour former une structure de plafonnage ignifugée en combinaison avec des éléments de plafonnage (3), comprenant une poutre maîtresse consistant en un profilé d'acier (6) et en du béton (7, 38), assemblée dans la direction longitudinale en vue du transfert de charges, ladite poutre maîtresse comportant, en condition d'utilisation, une face supérieure, une face inférieure et deux faces longitudinales agencées latéralement ; et une aile longitudinale (5, 37) disposée sur une ou sur les deux face(s) longitudinale(s) dudit support composite (2, 33) pour conférer une assise auxdits éléments de plafonnage (3), sachant que, pour former des zones d'appui ignifugées dédiées auxdits éléments de plafonnage (3), des éléments d'appui (14) rigides à la flexion, implantés au-dessus de ladite aile longitudinale (5, 37), s'étendent transversalement par rapport à la direction d'étendue longitudinale dudit support composite (2, 33), par une partie de leur longueur, et s'engagent, à distance de la face inférieure de ladite aile longitudinale (5, 37), dans la poutre maîtresse dudit support composite (2, 33) comblée par le béton (7, 38), ledit support composite (2, 33) étant pourvu de deux membrures longitudinales (8, 34) assignées à la délimitation latérale de ladite poutre maîtresse, caractérisé par le fait que lesdits éléments d'appui (14) pénètrent dans la région de ladite poutre maîtresse en traversant des orifices (19) pratiqués dans lesdites membrures longitudinales (8, 34).
  2. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait qu'une isolation pare-feu est interposée entre l'aile longitudinale (5, 37) et l'élément d'appui (14).
  3. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon la revendication 2, caractérisé par le fait que l'isolation pare-feu consiste en un matériau coulé (21, 39) durcissant, notamment en du béton.
  4. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon la revendication 2, caractérisé par le fait que l'isolation pare-feu est constituée d'un mat coupe-feu, notamment d'un mat de fibres.
  5. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon la revendication 2 ou 4, caractérisé par le fait que l'isolation pare-feu consiste en un matériau intumescent.
  6. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé par le fait que des coussinets (32) en élastomère sont placés sur les éléments d'appui (14).
  7. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé par le fait que plusieurs éléments d'appui (14) individuels sont répartis sur la longueur dudit support composite (2, 33), avec espacement préétabli, et forment des zones d'appui ponctuelles dévolues aux éléments de plafonnage (3).
  8. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé par le fait qu'un élément d'appui, disposé sur chaque aile longitudinale (5, 37) et s'étendant d'un trait sur la longueur dudit support composite (2, 33), forme une portée linéaire destinée aux éléments de plafonnage (3).
  9. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé par le fait que les éléments d'appui (14) sont munis de profilages ou de coudes dans la zone en contact avec le béton (7, 38).
  10. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé par le fait que, en vue de former les ailes longitudinales (5, 37), la face inférieure dudit support composite (2, 33) est constituée d'une tôle qui fait saillie au-delà des faces longitudinales de la poutre maîtresse, et dont les bords longitudinaux (12, 36) sont coudés en direction des éléments d'appui (14).
  11. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon la revendication 10, caractérisé par le fait que les éléments d'appui (14) reposent sur le bord longitudinal (12, 36) de la tôle.
  12. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon la revendication 11, caractérisé par le fait que les éléments d'appui (14) sont reliés mécaniquement, notamment soudés au bord longitudinal (12, 36) de la tôle.
  13. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon la revendication 11 ou 12, caractérisé par le fait que les éléments d'appui (14) et le bord longitudinal (12, 36) de la tôle sont solidarisés par concordance de formes, de préférence en ménageant une denture dans la zone de contact, la préférence maximale étant réservée au façonnage d'un appendice (15) sur l'élément d'appui (14), et d'un évidement (18) dans ledit bord longitudinal (12, 36).
  14. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé par le fait que, dans la zone d'interpénétration avec les membrures longitudinales (8, 34), les éléments d'appui (14) présentent une liaison mécanique avec lesdites membrures longitudinales (8, 34) en étant, de préférence, soudés à ces dernières.
  15. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé par le fait que le profilé d'acier (6) dudit support composite (2, 33) se présente comme un tronçon de configuration en caisson.
  16. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé par le fait que le profilé d'acier (6) dudit support composite (2, 33) est réalisé sous la forme d'un support en T.
  17. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 16, caractérisé par le fait que l'élément ou les éléments d'appui (14) est (sont), pour l'essentiel, réalisé(s) en forme de platine(s).
  18. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 17, caractérisé par le fait que l'élément ou les éléments d'appui (14) offre(nt) plusieurs branches (17) dans la zone de solidarisation avec le béton (7, 38) de la poutre maîtresse.
  19. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 18, caractérisé par le fait que ledit support composite (2, 33) présente une armature longitudinale (20) dans la poutre maîtresse, et l'élément ou les éléments d'appui (14) est (sont) rattaché(s) à ladite armature longitudinale (20).
  20. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 19, caractérisé par le fait que l'élément ou les éléments d'appui (14) est (sont) disposé(s), en condition de montage, sur des organes d'espacement (29) placés sur les ailes longitudinales (5, 37).
  21. Support composite (2, 33) à base d'acier, selon l'une des revendications 1 à 20, caractérisé par le fait que les ailes longitudinales (5, 37) sont implantées au-dessous de la face supérieure dudit support composite (2, 33), de préférence dans un plan avec la face inférieure dudit support composite (2, 33).
EP05025146A 2004-12-02 2005-11-17 Poutre composite en acier-béton avec support ignifuge pour éléments de plafond Active EP1669505B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE202004018655U DE202004018655U1 (de) 2004-12-02 2004-12-02 Stahlverbundträger mit brandgeschütztem Auflager für Deckenelemente

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1669505A1 EP1669505A1 (fr) 2006-06-14
EP1669505B1 true EP1669505B1 (fr) 2010-06-23

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EP (1) EP1669505B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE472021T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE202004018655U1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL1030952C1 (nl) * 2006-01-19 2007-07-20 Deltabeam Internat B V Werkwijze en ondersteuning voor het ondersteunen van een eenzijdig belaste ligger, alsmede ligger voorzien van bevestigingsgaten voor een dergelijke ondersteuning.
NL1031896C1 (nl) * 2006-05-29 2007-11-30 Anne Pieter Van Driesum Ligger voor het ondersteunen van vloerplaten, alsmede bodemplaat, combinatieplaat of ondersteuningsstaaf als deel van een dergelijke ligger.
DE102010025839B4 (de) * 2010-07-01 2012-10-04 Alexander Wien Lüftungsnetz mit einem Hutprofilträger und mindestens einem Deckenelement
DE202015104628U1 (de) * 2015-09-01 2016-12-05 Pfeifer Holding Gmbh & Co. Kg Tragbalken für Deckensysteme und Deckensystem
WO2018161110A1 (fr) * 2017-03-07 2018-09-13 Nxt Ip Pty Ltd Système de construction
CN111335529A (zh) * 2020-03-10 2020-06-26 李绍康 一种装配式建筑组合楼板

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1990001596A1 (fr) 1988-07-29 1990-02-22 Liittopalkki Oy Systeme comprenant une poutre de raccordement et une plaque de raccordement
FI85745C (fi) 1989-04-13 1993-02-23 Peikkorakenne Oy Brandsaeker prefabricerad staolbalk
FI84847C (fi) * 1990-10-30 1992-01-27 Seppo Salo Stomkonstruktion foer samverkansbalk.
US6332301B1 (en) * 1999-12-02 2001-12-25 Jacob Goldzak Metal beam structure and building construction including same
ITRM20020336A1 (it) * 2002-06-14 2003-12-15 Tecnostudi S R L Perfezionamenti ad un traliccio reticolare autoportante, per la realizzazione di travi miste acciaio-calcestruzzo per l'edilizia civile ed i
DE50302102D1 (de) 2002-10-05 2006-03-30 Dywidag Systems Int Gmbh Stahl-Verbund-Konstruktion für Geschossdecken

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ATE472021T1 (de) 2010-07-15
DE502005009787D1 (de) 2010-08-05
DE202004018655U1 (de) 2005-04-21
EP1669505A1 (fr) 2006-06-14

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