EP1545998B1 - Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression - Google Patents

Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1545998B1
EP1545998B1 EP03770880A EP03770880A EP1545998B1 EP 1545998 B1 EP1545998 B1 EP 1545998B1 EP 03770880 A EP03770880 A EP 03770880A EP 03770880 A EP03770880 A EP 03770880A EP 1545998 B1 EP1545998 B1 EP 1545998B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
screw cap
webs
sealing
sealing web
intermediate space
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP03770880A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1545998A1 (fr
Inventor
Okten Gassner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bericap GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Bericap GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bericap GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Bericap GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP1545998A1 publication Critical patent/EP1545998A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1545998B1 publication Critical patent/EP1545998B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D41/00—Caps, e.g. crown caps or crown seals, i.e. members having parts arranged for engagement with the external periphery of a neck or wall defining a pouring opening or discharge aperture; Protective cap-like covers for closure members, e.g. decorative covers of metal foil or paper
    • B65D41/02—Caps or cap-like covers without lines of weakness, tearing strips, tags, or like opening or removal devices
    • B65D41/04—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation
    • B65D41/0407—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with integral sealing means
    • B65D41/0414—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with integral sealing means formed by a plug, collar, flange, rib or the like contacting the internal surface of a container neck
    • B65D41/0421—Threaded or like caps or cap-like covers secured by rotation with integral sealing means formed by a plug, collar, flange, rib or the like contacting the internal surface of a container neck and combined with integral sealing means contacting other surfaces of a container neck

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a screw cap for containers with threaded neck, in particular for PET bottles, which are designed to hold CO 2 -containing drinks, with a top plate, an approximately cylindrical cap coat with internal thread, an inner, emanating from the top plate and in approximately cylindrical sealing web having an annular circumferential, radially outwardly projecting portion, and having an outer, substantially cylindrical sealing web which concentrically surrounds the inner sealing web, wherein the maximum outer radius of the inner sealing web and the minimum inner radius of the outer sealing web only slightly and preferably differ by less than 2 mm, and in particular by less than 1 mm, and are designed to sealingly receive the upper area of a bottle neck in the space thus formed.
  • the screw cap according to the present invention uses substantially the same sealing principle, which of the combination of an inner seal by a radially inner sealing ridge, whose cross section resembles an olive and which is therefore also referred to as "sealing olive", in combination with a cylindrical, outer Seal web is due, with the special geometry of the two sealing webs and also provided on the closure elements in combination with each other achieve the special sealing effect.
  • the known screw cap is used for closing PET bottles containing carbonated drinks.
  • These PET bottles and in particular their threaded necks are standardized and there are only a few standard types, which are relatively similar to each other overall, but the respective closures are adapted in their specific dimensions to each one of these standard types exactly.
  • the wall thickness of the bottleneck edge of such PET bottles is usually less than 2 and often less than 1.5 mm, for example 1.2 mm.
  • the maximum outer radius of the inner sealing web must be significantly, that is to say at least 0.3 to 0.5 mm, larger than the inner radius of the bottleneck edge against which the inner sealing web sealingly engages.
  • the inner radius of the outer sealing bar must also be clear, that is usually by 0.5 mm or more, to be less than the outer radius of the bottle neck edge on which the outer sealing ridge seals. This means that the gap between the inner web and the outer web is relatively narrow and has typical radial dimensions of only 0.5 mm. Of course, depending on the wall thickness of the bottleneck, it can also be larger or smaller.
  • a bead surrounding the outer sealing land is generally provided, the inner radius of which is greater than the outer diameter of the bottleneck edge by less than the thickness of the outer sealing land, which means that the outer sealing land, with the closure screwed between the bottleneck edge and the bead is compressed or pressed by the bead to the bottle neck and thereby contributes to the good seal.
  • the inner sealing web simultaneously fulfills a centering effect, whereby only the interaction of all elements of the closure ensures a surprisingly drastic improvement of the sealing properties.
  • the present invention seeks to provide a screw cap, which on the one hand maintains the excellent sealing properties of the known screw cap even under very harsh external conditions in general, but at the same time also in a position without loss the sealing function to limit the pressures occurring in a sealed container with the screw cap pressures.
  • the devices according to the invention which act as an axial stop for a bottle neck to which the cap is screwed, also have, regardless of their influence on a reduction of the internal pressure in a bottle, a beneficial effect with regard to the mechanical attachment of the closures.
  • a beneficial effect with regard to the mechanical attachment of the closures.
  • the webs of the invention act as an axial stop, which immediately leads to a strong increase in torque when screwing the closure on a bottleneck when the end face of the bottle neck reaches the webs. It is understood that a possible cylindrical bead outside the outer sealing strip is designed so that it does not come into abutment with the thread before the end face of the bottle neck reaches said webs.
  • a statically measured torque is set on capping machines for each capping head, which torque is determined in corresponding tests for the type of capping in question.
  • the closing process arises due to the braked kinetic energy of the rapidly rotating capping an additional torque which can indeed be taken into account, but which varies with the usually inevitable fluctuations in line speed, so that to achieve a sufficiently high torque even with slow-running machines correspondingly high torque value is set, which in turn can easily lead to overwinding of the closure in high-speed machines.
  • the torque that occurs when the lock is over-turned is also known in technical jargon as the English term "strip-torque".
  • the webs according to the invention appreciably increase this torque, which is required for over-tightening the closure, which consequently contributes to preventing over-rotation even when setting comparatively high static torque values.
  • the large increase in torque that occurs when the neck of the bottle abuts the webs of the present invention can be used to control the machine to complete the screwing operation upon commencement of such a ramp.
  • the webs of the invention are under the face point of an improvement in the properties when mechanically screwing the closures nevertheless useful in view of the above-mentioned over torque.
  • the means are designed so that between the plane defined by the inner surface of the top plate and the plane defined by the upper bottleneck, a distance of between 0.5 and 1.5 mm remains, assuming in this connection is that the reason of the gap between the sealing webs, which is the actual reference point for the axial position of the bottle neck edge, is located approximately in the inner plane of the top plate. If this is not the case, then the corresponding distance should be better determined relative to the plane defined by the reason of this gap.
  • the means for limiting the entry of the bottleneck rim into the space between the seal lands are lands or protrusions extending from the bottom of the space into the space.
  • these elevations or webs when screwing a cap on a bottleneck stops for the bottleneck, which prevent further penetration of the bottle neck edge in the space between the sealing webs. Due to the material and its dimensions, these attacks are not rigid but to a certain extent elastically yielding. It has proved to be expedient if the webs or elevations have an axial height (in each case measured from the bottom of the intermediate space) between 0.3 and 2.5 mm, preferably in the range of 0.5 to 1.8 mm.
  • the width of the webs should be sufficient so that they can act as stops and not in turn excessively elastically deformed and can be pressed.
  • a width of the webs of 0.3 to 2 mm has proven to be useful.
  • a plurality of webs are arranged distributed at approximately equal angular intervals along the annular gap.
  • six webs are each disposed at angular intervals of about 60 ° in the gap and extend into the gap by about 1.5 to 1.8 mm from the deepest bottom of the gap in the axial direction.
  • the wall thickness of the top plate in the region of the gap is slightly less than the wall thickness of the top plate in the remaining area, that is, especially in the area immediately inside of the inner sealing bar.
  • the top plate typically has a largely constant wall thickness in the order of 0.8 to 2.5 mm, usually between 1 and 1.5 mm and may, for example, in the center still have an additional reinforcement or bulge.
  • the (minimum) wall thickness of the top plate in the space between the sealing webs by 10 to 50%, preferably by about 20 to 40% less than radially within the inner sealing web.
  • the means for limiting the entry of the bottleneck edge into the space between the inner and outer sealing webs are not between these sealing webs, but e.g. provided radially outside the sealing webs.
  • a radially outwardly of the outer sealing web lying bead can be provided and configured so that it is designed as a more or less elastic stop for the upper thread edge of a bottle neck thread, the stop surface of the bead, which runs in a plane perpendicular to the screw cap, from the bottom of the gap has an axial distance of 0.3 to 2 mm, preferably 0.5 to 1.5 mm, greater than the axial distance of the upper thread edge of the upper edge surface of the threaded neck of a bottle, for which the screw cap is provided.
  • Such an embodiment is particularly suitable for bottle necks, the thread over a considerable peripheral portion terminates in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the bottle neck.
  • the upper, flattened thread edge abuts a correspondingly large peripheral portion of the stop surface of the bead, so that hereby a clearly defined axial position of the bottle neck edge between the two sealing strips is ensured.
  • the bottleneck edge penetrates less deeply between the two sealing webs than would be possible without appropriate stops, the elasticity of the stops still leaves a certain amount of room for maneuver, so that you can adjust the exact axial position of the bottle neck between the sealing webs in the closure even by a more or less strong tightening or by the rotational position of the cap thread relative to the bottleneck thread within certain small limits.
  • the penetration of the bottleneck edge was substantially limited by the fact that the space between the two sealing webs increasingly tapered towards the top plate and thus effectively formed a resistance to the wide insertion of the bottleneck edge.
  • the upper edge of the bottle neck could reach a position that was very close to the inner plane of the top plate or close to the bottom of the gap between the sealing strips.
  • the bottleneck edge is held in the axial direction on the order of 1 mm away from the inner plane of the top plate, and a little further away from the bottom of the space between the two Sealing webs, provided that the top plate is formed somewhat thinner in the region of this reason than in the remaining region of the top plate, the reason of this gap so compared to the inner plane of the top plate is additionally set back slightly.
  • the position with respect to the inner plane of the top plate may deviate more from the specified dimensions when the thickness of the top plate is changed. Reference point is ultimately the reason of the mentioned gap.
  • the sealing engagement of the bottleneck edge with the two sealing webs remains qualitatively substantially the same as in the known closure, but the sealing webs are - spread slightly less, in particular in the vicinity of their approach to the top plate, as if the bottleneck deeper into the space can penetrate to where the gap already clearly tapers, so that in this area, in particular the outer sealing bar is placed even more under tension and thus even better seals.
  • the inventive design results in that from a certain internal pressure in a container, which can reach a range well above 7 bar, for example, due to excessively high temperatures, some gas from the bottleneck and between the bottleneck and sealing webs can escape until the pressure is sufficient again (Specifically, for example, to a value just above 7 bar) is lowered.
  • the closure according to the invention thus ensures that a sufficient and desired overpressure in the container is always maintained and only an excessively high overpressure is reduced. At best, this leads to a slight outgassing of excess carbon dioxide, in particular if excess carbon dioxide has been dissolved in the liquid. The fact that, however, always a sufficient overpressure is maintained, a complete or extensive CO 2 -emitting of the liquid is prevented.
  • closure cap which consists essentially of a top plate 1 (also called cap bottom) and a cap casing 2.
  • the cap skirt has an internal thread 3 and at its lower edge a tear strip, which serves as a guarantee element and the condition can be seen whether the closure has been opened once.
  • This tear strip is known per se and for the present invention without meaning, so that it will not be described here.
  • the radially inner sealing ridge is slightly more massive and axially longer than the radially outer sealing ridge 4.
  • the maximum thickness of the inner sealing ridge is e.g. 1 to 1.5 mm and its minimum thickness is of the order of 0.8 mm, in particular the free lower edge is bevelled on its outer side, which should facilitate the sliding in of the inner sealing bar 4 in a bottleneck. Due to the approximately olive-shaped cross-section of the sealing web 4 at least on its outer side, this sealing web is referred to in the following as a "sealing olive" according to a now commonplace usage.
  • annular sealing olive 4 Radially outside the annular sealing olive 4 can be seen an approximately cylindrical and slightly thinner sealing web 5, whose free end is slightly bevelled and rounded on the inside, which in turn should facilitate the easier sliding of the outer sealing web 5 on the edge of a bottle neck.
  • the clear space between the inner and outer sealing web 4 and 5 is relatively narrow and is usually not significantly more than 1 mm or less. Even less, the maximum radius of the inner sealing ridge differs from the minimum radius of the outer sealing ridge, the difference of which is typically only on the order of 0.5 mm.
  • the space between the inner sealing web 4 and the outer sealing web 5 is designated by the reference numeral 9.
  • FIG. 3 the above-described, essential elements of the screw cap according to the invention can be seen again in an axial plan view of the interior of the screw cap 10. Radially from the inside to the outside can be seen the annular and somewhat thicker sealing web or the sealing olive 4, immediately radially outside the same the gap 9 and immediately radially outside of the gap 9 the sealing strip 5 is followed by the cap skirt 2 with the internal thread 3 or to the inner bead 7.
  • the webs of the invention 6 In the gap 9 can be seen both in FIG. 1 as well as in FIG. 3 at angular intervals of about 60 °, the webs of the invention 6.
  • the sectional plane according to FIG. 2 runs straight through two opposite webs 6, so that in FIG. 2 also the axial height of the webs 6 can be seen.
  • FIG. 4 shows the cap 10 according to the invention and screwed onto a bottle neck up to the elastic stops FIG. 5 If you recognize a further enlarged section FIG. 4 , although it does not depend on compliance with certain dimensions in any case, it should be noted that the screw cap according to the invention is shown in the present figures substantially to scale, the FIGS. 1, 2 and 4 show the closure in scale 2: 1, FIG. 3 the closure in the scale 5: 1 shows and FIG. 5 the cutout FIG. 4 about the scale 10: 1 against the original closure weidercreate. It can be seen that the thickness D of the top plate is about 1.5 mm, while the thickness d of the top plate at the lowest point of the bottom of the gap 6 is slightly less, for example, 1.1 to 1.4 mm.
  • the thread 3 of the screw cap 2 is screwed onto the thread of the bottle neck 11, to such an extent that the bottleneck edge between the two sealing webs 4, 5 has penetrated, up to the stop on a web 6, of which a total of six stops 6 on the circumference of the gap 9 are evenly distributed.
  • an outer corrugation of the screw cap 10 is designated, which serves the firm and secure gripping the screw cap when unscrewing and screwing the screw cap.
  • the slightly smaller wall thickness d of the top plate in the region of the intermediate space 9 also has the purpose of giving the top plate in this area an additional elasticity and extensibility, which also contributes to the firm and tight engagement of the two inner and outer sealing webs 4, 5 contributes to the bottleneck edge.
  • the webs 6 ensure that this sealing engagement on the one hand still remains, but is not quite as strong as without the webs 6. This causes an excessive pressure in the bottle is reduced. Both the bottle itself and the closure are thereby less heavily loaded.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Bouchon fileté pour récipient avec goulot fileté, en particulier pour des bouteilles PET, qui sont étudiées pour recevoir des boissons contenant du CO2, avec une plaque (1) de recouvrement, une enveloppe (2) de bouchon sensiblement cylindrique avec filet intérieur (3), une nervure (4) d'étanchéité interne sensiblement cylindrique partant de la plaque (1) de recouvrement, qui présente une zone périphérique annulaire radialement en ressaut vers l'extérieur, et avec une nervure (5) d'étanchéité externe essentiellement cylindrique qui entoure concentriquement la nervure (4) d'étanchéité interne, le rayon extérieur maximum de la nervure d'étanchéité interne et le rayon intérieur minimum de la nervure d'étanchéité externe ne différant que très peu et de préférence de moins de 2 mm, en particulier de moins de 1 mm, et les nervures (4: 5) d'étanchéité interne et externe étant étudiées pour recevoir la partie supérieure d'un goulot (11) de bouteille dans l'espace intermédiaire annulaire formé par celles-ci, caractérisé en ce que des aménagements (6, 7) sont prévus, qui limitent la profondeur axiale de la pénétration d'un bord (11) de goulot de bouteille dans l'espace intermédiaire entre les nervures d'étanchéité interne (4) et externe (5).
  2. Bouchon fileté selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les aménagements sont des élévations ou nervures (6), qui s'étendent axialement depuis le fond de l'espace intermédiaire (9) dans l'espace intermédiaire (9).
  3. Bouchon fileté selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les nervures ont une hauteur axiale comprise entre 0,3 et 2 mm, de préférence de 0,5 à 1,2 mm.
  4. Bouchon fileté selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les nervures ont une largeur (mesurée dans le sens de la circonférence) de 0,5 à 3 mm.
  5. Bouchon fileté selon l'une des revendications 2 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les nervures (6) sont réparties à des écarts angulaires sensiblement semblables le long de l'espace intermédiaire (9) annulaire.
  6. Bouchon fileté selon l'une des revendications 2 à 5, caractérisé en ce que six nervures sont prévues à des écarts angulaires d'environ 60°.
  7. Bouchon fileté selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'un bourrelet (7) périphérique annulaire est prévu radialement à l'extérieur de la nervure (5) d'étanchéité externe, lequel est formé en tant que butée pour le bord fileté supérieur d'un filet de goulot de bouteille, la face de butée du bourrelet (7) ayant depuis le fond de l'espace intermédiaire (9) un écart axial plus grand de 0,3 à 2 mm, de préférence de 0,5 à 1,2 mm, que l'écart axial du bord fileté supérieur depuis la face de bord supérieure du goulot fileté d'une bouteille, pour laquelle le bouchon fileté est prévu.
  8. Bouchon fileté selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur de la plaque de recouvrement est plus faible dans la zone de l'espace intermédiaire (9) que dans la zone radiale à l'intérieur de la nervure (4) d'étanchéité interne.
  9. Bouchon fileté selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur du fond de bouchon est plus élevée de 5 à 15 %, de préférence d'environ 10 %, dans la zone de l'espace intermédiaire (9) que l'épaisseur du fond de bouchon dans la zone immédiatement radiale à l'intérieur de la nervure (4) d'étanchéité interne.
EP03770880A 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression Expired - Lifetime EP1545998B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10245595 2002-09-30
DE10245595A DE10245595A1 (de) 2002-09-30 2002-09-30 Schraubkappe für unter Druck stehende Behälter
PCT/DE2003/003169 WO2004031045A1 (fr) 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1545998A1 EP1545998A1 (fr) 2005-06-29
EP1545998B1 true EP1545998B1 (fr) 2008-06-18

Family

ID=31984285

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03770880A Expired - Lifetime EP1545998B1 (fr) 2002-09-30 2003-09-24 Bouchon a vis pour contenants sous pression

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US20050247663A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1545998B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE398583T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2003280289A1 (fr)
BR (1) BR0314806A (fr)
CA (1) CA2496832A1 (fr)
DE (2) DE10245595A1 (fr)
PL (1) PL374268A1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2005113687A (fr)
WO (1) WO2004031045A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA200501878B (fr)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2350528C2 (ru) * 2003-10-01 2009-03-27 Обрист Клоужерз Свитзерланд Гмбх Крышка
US20080110851A1 (en) * 2006-10-13 2008-05-15 Owens-Illinois Closure Inc. Dual seal closure and package
US20120273452A1 (en) * 2010-01-06 2012-11-01 Soehnlen Daniel P Combined lip and shoulder seal for threaded cap
EP2800710B1 (fr) 2012-01-06 2016-08-03 Closure Systems International Inc. Dispositif de fermeture sans revêtement intérieur
CN203780992U (zh) * 2013-10-28 2014-08-20 赫斯基注射器成型***有限公司 容器的瓶盖
DE102018116295A1 (de) * 2018-07-05 2020-01-30 Bericap Gmbh & Co. Kg Schraubverschluss mit kontrollierter Dichtung

Family Cites Families (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3255907A (en) * 1964-01-13 1966-06-14 Wheeling Stamping Co Linerless screw closure for containers
EP0076778A1 (fr) * 1981-10-05 1983-04-13 Crown Obrist AG Bouchon de fermeture en matière plastique
EP0093690A1 (fr) * 1982-05-04 1983-11-09 Crown Obrist AG Fermeture pour récipient
US4560077A (en) * 1984-09-25 1985-12-24 Sun Coast Plastics, Inc. Plastic closure cap
US4878589A (en) * 1987-04-27 1989-11-07 American National Can Company Linerless cap closure
US4936494A (en) * 1988-07-26 1990-06-26 Weatherchem Corporation Two-flap container closure
US5275287A (en) * 1991-04-10 1994-01-04 Mcg Closures Ltd. Closures
DE4126418C2 (de) * 1991-08-09 2002-08-29 Michael Hertrampf Schraubkappe zum Verschließen einer Flasche oder dergleichen
DE4203238A1 (de) * 1992-02-05 1993-08-12 Mouldtec Pvg Ag Verschlusskappe aus kunststoff fuer insbesondere pet-flaschen
DE4221004A1 (de) * 1992-06-26 1994-01-05 Mouldtec Pvg Ag Meilen Verschlußkappe für Getränkeflaschen
JP3302178B2 (ja) * 1994-06-22 2002-07-15 日本クラウンコルク株式会社 合成樹脂製容器蓋
DE29623290U1 (de) * 1995-10-31 1998-02-19 Safety Cap System AG, Steinhausen Verschluß für eine Flasche o.dgl.
DE19705717A1 (de) * 1997-02-14 1998-08-20 Bericap Gmbh & Co Kg Kunststoffschraubverschluß
EP0982234A1 (fr) * 1998-08-22 2000-03-01 Crown Cork & Seal Technologies Corporation Capuchon de fermeture
US6382445B1 (en) * 2000-06-23 2002-05-07 Alcoa Closure Systems International Linerless closure with pressure seal holding feature
US7308988B2 (en) * 2002-12-02 2007-12-18 Kao Corporation Cap

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE10245595A1 (de) 2004-04-08
US20050247663A1 (en) 2005-11-10
CA2496832A1 (fr) 2004-04-15
RU2005113687A (ru) 2006-07-10
BR0314806A (pt) 2005-08-02
DE50310013D1 (de) 2008-07-31
WO2004031045A1 (fr) 2004-04-15
ZA200501878B (en) 2006-05-31
EP1545998A1 (fr) 2005-06-29
PL374268A1 (en) 2005-10-03
ATE398583T1 (de) 2008-07-15
AU2003280289A1 (en) 2004-04-23

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