EP1190747A2 - Safety binding for skis with differentiated unlocking device - Google Patents
Safety binding for skis with differentiated unlocking device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1190747A2 EP1190747A2 EP01810924A EP01810924A EP1190747A2 EP 1190747 A2 EP1190747 A2 EP 1190747A2 EP 01810924 A EP01810924 A EP 01810924A EP 01810924 A EP01810924 A EP 01810924A EP 1190747 A2 EP1190747 A2 EP 1190747A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ski
- jaws
- jaw
- parallelogram
- binding
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63C—SKATES; SKIS; ROLLER SKATES; DESIGN OR LAYOUT OF COURTS, RINKS OR THE LIKE
- A63C9/00—Ski bindings
- A63C9/08—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings
- A63C9/085—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings with sole hold-downs, e.g. swingable
- A63C9/08557—Details of the release mechanism
- A63C9/08571—Details of the release mechanism using axis and lever
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63C—SKATES; SKIS; ROLLER SKATES; DESIGN OR LAYOUT OF COURTS, RINKS OR THE LIKE
- A63C9/00—Ski bindings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63C—SKATES; SKIS; ROLLER SKATES; DESIGN OR LAYOUT OF COURTS, RINKS OR THE LIKE
- A63C9/00—Ski bindings
- A63C9/08—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings
- A63C9/084—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings with heel hold-downs, e.g. swingable
- A63C9/0845—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings with heel hold-downs, e.g. swingable the body or base or a jaw pivoting about a vertical axis, i.e. side release
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63C—SKATES; SKIS; ROLLER SKATES; DESIGN OR LAYOUT OF COURTS, RINKS OR THE LIKE
- A63C9/00—Ski bindings
- A63C9/08—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings
- A63C9/084—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings with heel hold-downs, e.g. swingable
- A63C9/0846—Details of the release or step-in mechanism
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
- A63C—SKATES; SKIS; ROLLER SKATES; DESIGN OR LAYOUT OF COURTS, RINKS OR THE LIKE
- A63C9/00—Ski bindings
- A63C9/08—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings
- A63C9/085—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings with sole hold-downs, e.g. swingable
- A63C9/08535—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings with sole hold-downs, e.g. swingable with a mobile body or base or single jaw
- A63C9/0855—Ski bindings yieldable or self-releasing in the event of an accident, i.e. safety bindings with sole hold-downs, e.g. swingable with a mobile body or base or single jaw pivoting about a vertical axis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a safety ski binding with differentiated triggering according to claim 1. It is able to exert lateral forces in the area of the ski boot due to Transfer driving loads without triggering. at Torsional moments due to lateral forces outside the Ski boots, due to falling loads, they release unhindered out.
- the purpose of the invention according to Fascicule du brevet CH 659 776 A5 is that the front and rear jaws can only deflect laterally and in opposite directions simultaneously.
- a disadvantage of this invention is also that the ski boot can only be held properly with a pure lateral force if this lateral force acts exactly at the location of the pin. In all other cases, the stop is not given beyond doubt.
- the purpose of the invention according to Demande de brevet d'invention No 76 25294 is that the front and rear jaws can be fastened together with this pin in a line using an elastically bedded pin.
- a disadvantage of this invention is also that the ski boot can only be held properly with a pure lateral force if this lateral force acts exactly at the location of the pin.
- the invention according to Demande de brevet d'invention No 73.16361 provides a lateral holder which holds the shoe laterally, rsp. only allows rotations around this point.
- a disadvantage of this invention is also that the ski boot can only be held properly with a pure lateral force if this lateral force acts exactly at the location of the pin.
- the stop is not given beyond doubt.
- the invention according to United States Patent 4,192,527 connects the shoe to the ski using a plate over three points. The inventor's aim is to trigger small moments around the tibia and large lateral forces.
- the invention is based on a plate on the shoe, which requires a manual re-hooking after triggering.
- the present invention is therefore based on the object Lateral forces in the area of the ski boot without significant Torsional moment (driving load) ( Figure 1a) of lateral forces outside the ski boot with significant torsional moment (Fall load) ( Figures 1b and 1c) to differentiate.
- both the front and rear jaws of the safety ski binding move elastically sideways around the vertical axis and thus can be determined at any time whether both jaws are in the same (driving load) or in the opposite (Fall load) Move direction to the side.
- driving load Driving load
- Fall load opposite (Fall load) Move direction to the side.
- the safety ski binding does not open and the ski boot will still held.
- the cheeks are in moving in opposite directions opens the Safety ski binding according to your setting number and the Ski boot will be released.
- the invention accordingly relates to that in claim 1 defined ski binding.
- Figure 1 shows the forces and reactions on the ski in typical driving and Fall loads
- Figure 2 shows the arrangement of the binding and its Transmission link
- Figure 3a and 3b a connection of the Transfer member on the jaw
- Figure 4a and 4b the behavior the bond at a torsional moment and a lateral force
- Figure 5 is a support or support for the ski boot.
- Figure 1a shows the lateral force with which a skier over his ski boot can act on the ski or its binding as well as the corresponding reactions on the toe and buttocks.
- Figure 1b shows a lateral force on the front part of the ski like it can occur with falls as well as the corresponding Reactions on the toe and buttocks.
- FIG. 2 shows a ski (1) with a front (2) and a buttock (3) and a transmission member (4) with a front (2a) and rear (3a) connection to each corresponding jaws.
- a front (2) and a buttock (3) and a transmission member (4) with a front (2a) and rear (3a) connection to each corresponding jaws.
- For front baking (2) this is Connection (2a) through a jaw-fixed arm (2c) with the Jaws (2) connected.
- This is the connection for the buttocks (3) (3a) integrated in the jaws.
- Figures 3a and 3b show the Buttocks (3), in which the transmission member (4) for Achievement of the parallelogram function under the backan must be carried out.
- Figure 4a shows the behavior of the Binding at a torsional moment (ski boot (5) is released given) and Figure 3b shows the behavior of the binding in a Lateral force (ski boot (5) is held).
- Figures 5a and 5b show a support or support (6) for the ski boot (5) on the ski (1), which is also the transmission link (4) protects.
Landscapes
- Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine Sicherheitsskibindung
mit differenzierter Auslösung gemäss Patentanspruch 1. Sie ist
in der Lage, Seitenkräfte im Bereich des Skischuhes aufgrund von
Fahrbelastungen ohne Auslösung zu übertragen. Bei
Torsionsmomenten, infolge Seitenkräften ausserhalb des
Skischuhes, aufgrund von Sturzbelastungen löst sie ungehindert
aus.The present invention relates to a safety ski binding
with differentiated triggering according to
Der Stand der Technik macht diese Unterscheidung nicht. Die seitliche Auslösung einer heutigen Sicherheitsskibindung kann nicht unterscheiden, ob die Kraft aufgrund einer Fahrbelastung (Skischuh muss gehalten werden) oder aufgrund einer Sturzbelastung (Skischuh muss frei gegeben werden) entstanden ist. Daher müssen die Sicherheitsskibindungen, um Frühöffnungen zu vermeiden, oft auf höhere Auslösewerte eingestellt werden als es für den Schutz, zum Beispiel vor Bänderverletzungen des Kniegelenkes, zulässig wäre.The state of the art does not make this distinction. The lateral triggering of today's safety ski binding can do not distinguish whether the force is due to a driving load (Ski boot must be held) or due to a Fall load (ski boot must be released) is. Therefore, the security ski bindings need to open early to avoid being often set to higher trigger values than it for protection, for example, from ligament damage to the Knee joint, would be permissible.
Diese Problematik ist zwar von verschiedenen Erfindern erkannt
worden, doch hat sich noch keine dieser Erfindungen bisher am
Markt durchgesetzt. Die Nachteile dieser bisherigen Erfindungen
können anhand folgender Beispiele erläutert werden.
Die Erfindung gemäss der Offenlegungsschrift DT 24 52 256 A1
bezweckt den Skischuh bei seitlichen Stössen nicht und bei
Torsionskräften sofort frei zu geben. Weder die seitlichen
Stösse, noch die Torsionskräfte sind bezüglich ihres
Angriffpunktes am Ski oder dem Ort ihrer Resultierenden näher
bestimmt. Ein Nachteil dieser Erfindung besteht auch darin, dass
der Bindungsmechanismus nach Auslösung am Skischuh und nicht am
Ski verbleibt und damit keine automatische Rückstellung zum
Wiedereinstieg bietet. Die Erfindung gemäss Fascicule du brevet
CH 659 776 A5 bezweckt, dass der vordere und hintere Backen nur
simultan und entgegengesetzt seitlich auslenken können. Ein
Nachteil dieser Erfindung besteht auch darin, dass der Skischuh
bei einer reinen Seitenkraft nur dann einwandfrei gehalten wird,
wenn diese Seitenkraft genau am Ort des Zapfens angreift. In
allen anderen Fällen ist der Halt nicht zweifelsfrei gegeben.
Die Erfindung gemäss Demande de brevet d'invention No 76 25294
bezweckt, dass mit einem elastisch gebetteten Zapfen der vordere
und hintere Backen zusammen mit diesem Zapfen in einer Linie
befestigt werden können. Ein Nachteil dieser Erfindung besteht
auch darin, dass der Skischuh bei einer reinen Seitenkraft
jedoch nur dann einwandfrei gehalten wird, wenn diese
Seitenkraft genau am Ort des Zapfens angreift. In allen anderen
Fällen ist der Halt nicht zweifelsfrei gegeben. Die Erfindung
gemäss Demande de brevet d'invention No 73.16361 sieht eine
seitliche Halterung vor, welche den Schuh seitlich festhält,
rsp. nur Rotationen um diesen Punkt zulässt. Ein Nachteil dieser
Erfindung besteht auch darin, dass der Skischuh bei einer reinen
Seitenkraft jedoch nur dann einwandfrei gehalten wird, wenn
diese Seitenkraft genau am Ort des Zapfens angreift. In allen
anderen Fällen ist der Halt nicht zweifelsfrei gegeben. Die
Erfindung gemäss United States Patent 4,192,527 verbindet den
Schuh mit dem Ski mit Hilfe einer Platte über drei Punkte. Der
Erfinder will damit ein Auslösen bei kleinen Momenten um die
Tibia und grossen Seitenkräften erreichen. Er macht jedoch keine
Angaben über die Entstehung seiner Momente, ob mit oder ohne
Querkräften und damit auch keine Angaben über den Ort des
Angreifens solcher Querkräfte. Ein Nachteil dieser Erfindung
besteht auch darin, dass sich damit der Unterschied von
Querkraft-Torsion zu Seitenkraft nicht beurteilen lässt. Im
Übrigen basiert die Erfindung auf einer Platte am Schuh, welche
nach einer Auslösung ein manuelles Wieder-Einhängen erfordert.Although this problem has been recognized by various inventors, none of these inventions has yet become established on the market. The disadvantages of these previous inventions can be explained using the following examples.
The invention according to the published specification DT 24 52 256 A1 is not intended to release the ski boot in the event of side impacts and to release it immediately in the event of torsional forces. Neither the lateral impacts nor the torsional forces are more precisely determined with regard to their point of attack on the ski or the location of their resultant. A disadvantage of this invention is also that the binding mechanism remains on the ski boot and not on the ski after being released and thus does not offer an automatic reset for re-entry. The purpose of the invention according to Fascicule du brevet CH 659 776 A5 is that the front and rear jaws can only deflect laterally and in opposite directions simultaneously. A disadvantage of this invention is also that the ski boot can only be held properly with a pure lateral force if this lateral force acts exactly at the location of the pin. In all other cases, the stop is not given beyond doubt. The purpose of the invention according to Demande de brevet d'invention No 76 25294 is that the front and rear jaws can be fastened together with this pin in a line using an elastically bedded pin. A disadvantage of this invention is also that the ski boot can only be held properly with a pure lateral force if this lateral force acts exactly at the location of the pin. In all other cases, the stop is not given beyond doubt. The invention according to Demande de brevet d'invention No 73.16361 provides a lateral holder which holds the shoe laterally, rsp. only allows rotations around this point. A disadvantage of this invention is also that the ski boot can only be held properly with a pure lateral force if this lateral force acts exactly at the location of the pin. In all other cases, the stop is not given beyond doubt. The invention according to United States Patent 4,192,527 connects the shoe to the ski using a plate over three points. The inventor's aim is to trigger small moments around the tibia and large lateral forces. However, he does not give any information about the origin of his moments, whether with or without lateral forces, and therefore also does not give any information about the location of the attack of such lateral forces. It is also a disadvantage of this invention that the difference between lateral force torsion and lateral force cannot be assessed. Incidentally, the invention is based on a plate on the shoe, which requires a manual re-hooking after triggering.
Begabte Skifahrer können auf gut präparierten Pisten mit tiefen Einstellzahlen an ihrer Sicherheitsskibindung fahren, ohne Frühöffnungen zu riskieren. Erleidet ein Skifahrer jedoch sogenannte Schläge, indem er zum Beispiel in Spurrinnen gerät, so kann die optimale Neigung seines Skis, insbesondere des Aussenskis, um die Längsachse derart gestört werden, dass auf die Sicherheitsskibindung eine Seitenkraft nach aussen entsteht. Messungen auf der Piste von Kräften zwischen Sicherheitsskibindungen und Skischuhen während des Fahrens haben gezeigt, dass solche Seitenkräfte in aller Regel im Bereiche des Skischuhes auftreten mit ihrer Resultierenden zwischen dem Vorder- und Hinterbacken der Sicherheitsskibindung (Figur 1a). Im Gegensatz hierzu entstehen die gefährlichen Kräfte auf einen Ski im Falle von Stürzen in den allermeisten Fällen am vorderen oder hinteren Skiende, also ausserhalb des Skischuhes und erzeugen damit ein Torsionsmoment um eine Achse senkrecht zum Ski (Figuren 1b und 1c).Talented skiers can ski on well-groomed slopes with deep slopes Drive setting numbers on your safety ski binding without Risking early openings. However, a skier suffers so-called blows, for example by getting into ruts, so the optimal inclination of his ski, especially the Outside skis to be disturbed around the longitudinal axis in such a way that the safety ski binding creates a lateral force to the outside. On-piste measurements of forces between safety ski bindings and ski boots while driving have shown that such side forces are usually in the area of Ski boots appear with their resultant between the Front and rear cheeks of the safety ski binding (Figure 1a). In contrast, the dangerous forces arise on you Ski in the case of falls in most cases on the front or the rear end of the ski, i.e. outside the ski boot and thus generate a torsional moment about an axis perpendicular to the Ski (Figures 1b and 1c).
Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt demnach die Aufgabe zugrunde, Seitenkräfte im Bereiche des Skischuhs ohne bedeutendes Torsionsmoment (Fahrbelastung) (Figur 1a) von Seitenkräften ausserhalb des Skischuhs mit bedeutendem Torsionsmoment (Sturzbelastung) (Figuren 1b und 1c) zu unterscheiden.The present invention is therefore based on the object Lateral forces in the area of the ski boot without significant Torsional moment (driving load) (Figure 1a) of lateral forces outside the ski boot with significant torsional moment (Fall load) (Figures 1b and 1c) to differentiate.
Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass sich sowohl der vordere wie auch der hintere Backen der Sicherheitsskibindung um die Hochachse elastisch seitlich bewegen und damit jederzeit festgestellt werden kann, ob sich beide Backen in dieselbe (Fahrbelastung) oder in die entgegengesetzte (Sturzbelastung) Richtung seitlich bewegen. Im Falle, dass sich beide Backen in dieselbe seitliche Richtung bewegen wollen, öffnet die Sicherheitsskibindung nicht und der Skischuh wird weiterhin gehalten. Im Falle, dass sich die Backen in entgegengesetzte Richtungen bewegen, öffnet die Sicherheitsskibindung entsprechend ihrer Einstellzahl und der Skischuh wird frei gegeben.The solution to this problem is characterized by the fact that both the front and rear jaws of the safety ski binding move elastically sideways around the vertical axis and thus can be determined at any time whether both jaws are in the same (driving load) or in the opposite (Fall load) Move direction to the side. In the event that want to move both jaws in the same lateral direction, the safety ski binding does not open and the ski boot will still held. In the event that the cheeks are in moving in opposite directions opens the Safety ski binding according to your setting number and the Ski boot will be released.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist demzufolge die im Patentanspruch 1
definierte Skibindung. The invention accordingly relates to that in
Im Folgenden wird anhand von Zeichnungen ein Ausführungsbeispiel des Erfindungsgegenstandes näher erläutert.An exemplary embodiment is described below with reference to drawings of the subject of the invention explained in more detail.
Figur 1 die Kräfte und Reaktionen am Ski bei typischen Fahr- und Sturzbelastungen, Figur 2 die Anordnung der Bindung und ihres Übertragungsgliedes, Figur 3a und 3b einen Anschluss des Üertragungsgliedes am Backen, die Figur 4a und 4b das Verhalten der Bindung bei einem Torsionsmoment und einer Seitenkraft. Figur 5 eine Abstützung respektive Auflage für den Skischuh. Figur 1a zeigt die Seitenkraft, mit welcher ein Skifahrer über seinen Skischuh auf den Ski respektive seine Bindung wirken kann sowie die entsprechenden Reaktionen am Vorder- und Hinterbacken. Figur 1b zeigt eine Seitenkraft am vorderen Teil des Skis wie sie bei Stürzen auftreten kann sowie die entsprechenden Reaktionen am Vorder- und Hinterbacken. Figur 1c zeigt eine Seitenkraft am hinteren Teil des Skis wie sie bei Stürzen auftreten kann sowie die entsprechenden Reaktionen am Vorder- und Hinterbacken. Figur 2 zeigt einen Ski (1) mit einem Vorder- (2) und einem Hinterbacken (3) und einem Übertragungsglied (4) mit je einer vorderen (2a) und hinteren (3a) Verbindung an den entsprechenden Backen. Beim Vorderbacken (2) wird diese Verbindung (2a) durch einen backenfesten Ausleger (2c) mit dem Backen (2) verbunden. Beim Hinterbacken (3) ist diese Verbindung (3a) in den Backen integriert. Figuren 3a und 3b zeigen den Hinterbacken (3), bei welchem das Übertragungsglied (4) zur Erzielung der Parallelogramm-Funktion unter dem Backan durchgeführt werden muss. Figur 4a zeigt das Verhalten der Bindung bei einem Torsionsmoment (Skischuh (5) wird frei gegeben) und Figur 3b das Verhalten der Bindung bei einer Seitenkraft (Skischuh (5) wird gehalten). Figuren 5a und 5b zeigen eine Abstützung respektive Auflage (6) für den Skischuh (5) auf dem Ski (1), welche gleichzeitig das Übertragungsglied (4) schützt.Figure 1 shows the forces and reactions on the ski in typical driving and Fall loads, Figure 2 shows the arrangement of the binding and its Transmission link, Figure 3a and 3b a connection of the Transfer member on the jaw, the figure 4a and 4b the behavior the bond at a torsional moment and a lateral force. Figure 5 is a support or support for the ski boot. Figure 1a shows the lateral force with which a skier over his ski boot can act on the ski or its binding as well as the corresponding reactions on the toe and buttocks. Figure 1b shows a lateral force on the front part of the ski like it can occur with falls as well as the corresponding Reactions on the toe and buttocks. Figure 1c shows one Lateral force on the rear part of the ski as in falls can occur and the corresponding reactions on the fore and buttocks. FIG. 2 shows a ski (1) with a front (2) and a buttock (3) and a transmission member (4) with a front (2a) and rear (3a) connection to each corresponding jaws. For front baking (2) this is Connection (2a) through a jaw-fixed arm (2c) with the Jaws (2) connected. This is the connection for the buttocks (3) (3a) integrated in the jaws. Figures 3a and 3b show the Buttocks (3), in which the transmission member (4) for Achievement of the parallelogram function under the backan must be carried out. Figure 4a shows the behavior of the Binding at a torsional moment (ski boot (5) is released given) and Figure 3b shows the behavior of the binding in a Lateral force (ski boot (5) is held). Figures 5a and 5b show a support or support (6) for the ski boot (5) on the ski (1), which is also the transmission link (4) protects.
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH18632000 | 2000-09-23 | ||
CH18632000 | 2000-09-23 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1190747A2 true EP1190747A2 (en) | 2002-03-27 |
EP1190747A3 EP1190747A3 (en) | 2003-04-16 |
Family
ID=4566573
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01810924A Withdrawn EP1190747A3 (en) | 2000-09-23 | 2001-09-21 | Safety binding for skis with differentiated unlocking device |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP1190747A3 (en) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2228507A1 (en) | 1973-05-07 | 1974-12-06 | Johnson Ralph S | |
DE2452256A1 (en) | 1973-11-21 | 1975-05-22 | Rolf Strub | SAFETY SKI BINDING |
FR2361921A1 (en) | 1976-08-20 | 1978-03-17 | Salomon & Fils F | Safety release binding for ski - has sole plate with front and rear release and additional central rubber stop giving under side pressure |
US4192527A (en) | 1978-08-28 | 1980-03-11 | Moog Inc. | Pivot clip for a ski binding |
CH659776A5 (en) | 1983-07-01 | 1987-02-27 | Salomon Sa | SECURITY FIXING FOR SKIING. |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2156334C3 (en) * | 1971-11-12 | 1981-02-19 | Geze Gmbh, 7250 Leonberg | Ski safety binding |
EP0397603B1 (en) * | 1989-05-12 | 1993-06-16 | INGENIEURBÜRO FLUGWESEN & BIOMECHANIK IFB AG | Ski safety binding with automatic release load controlse power |
-
2001
- 2001-09-21 EP EP01810924A patent/EP1190747A3/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2228507A1 (en) | 1973-05-07 | 1974-12-06 | Johnson Ralph S | |
DE2452256A1 (en) | 1973-11-21 | 1975-05-22 | Rolf Strub | SAFETY SKI BINDING |
FR2361921A1 (en) | 1976-08-20 | 1978-03-17 | Salomon & Fils F | Safety release binding for ski - has sole plate with front and rear release and additional central rubber stop giving under side pressure |
US4192527A (en) | 1978-08-28 | 1980-03-11 | Moog Inc. | Pivot clip for a ski binding |
CH659776A5 (en) | 1983-07-01 | 1987-02-27 | Salomon Sa | SECURITY FIXING FOR SKIING. |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1190747A3 (en) | 2003-04-16 |
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