EP1140632A1 - Dispositif permettant d'installer un boyau de matiere d'emballage a l'aide d'un repere imprime - Google Patents

Dispositif permettant d'installer un boyau de matiere d'emballage a l'aide d'un repere imprime

Info

Publication number
EP1140632A1
EP1140632A1 EP99906125A EP99906125A EP1140632A1 EP 1140632 A1 EP1140632 A1 EP 1140632A1 EP 99906125 A EP99906125 A EP 99906125A EP 99906125 A EP99906125 A EP 99906125A EP 1140632 A1 EP1140632 A1 EP 1140632A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
folding
hose
tube
cross
pivot axis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP99906125A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1140632B1 (fr
Inventor
Frank Mario Schellenberg
Steffen Polster
Mauro Cavazzuti
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA
Original Assignee
Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA filed Critical Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA
Publication of EP1140632A1 publication Critical patent/EP1140632A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1140632B1 publication Critical patent/EP1140632B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65BMACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B9/00Enclosing successive articles, or quantities of material, e.g. liquids or semiliquids, in flat, folded, or tubular webs of flexible sheet material; Subdividing filled flexible tubes to form packages
    • B65B9/10Enclosing successive articles, or quantities of material, in preformed tubular webs, or in webs formed into tubes around filling nozzles, e.g. extruded tubular webs
    • B65B9/20Enclosing successive articles, or quantities of material, in preformed tubular webs, or in webs formed into tubes around filling nozzles, e.g. extruded tubular webs the webs being formed into tubes in situ around the filling nozzles
    • B65B9/2042Means for altering the cross-section of the tube filling opening prior to transversal sealing, e.g. tube spreading devices
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65BMACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B41/00Supplying or feeding container-forming sheets or wrapping material
    • B65B41/18Registering sheets, blanks, or webs

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for setting up a tube made of packaging material to a processing station in a packaging machine, in which a tube with a round cross-section is formed from a printed and embossed packaging material web, sealed by longitudinal seals, filled and shaped in a cross-sealing unit and divided into cuboid packs , wherein the transverse sealing unit is designed for intermittent delivery of the hose with an adjustable stroke and is provided with diametrically opposite sides of the hose, each with a folding flap which can be pivoted about a pivot axis, and a sensor is arranged for sensing a print mark.
  • a device which forms a tube of packaging material, in particular paper coated with plastic, by longitudinal sealing, fills and forms and separates at least in the lower region with the aid of an intermittently conveying cross-sealing unit, the filled, closed Cuboid packs are completely shaped and removed after reaching the end of a first vertical processing path on a second horizontal processing path.
  • liquid products are packaged in such cuboid packs, for example non-perishable milk, and that an advertisement-supporting decor is printed on the outer surface of the pack.
  • a print mark is also printed in a fixed position on it, and there are also embossing lines in the tube at intervals of a good pack height, which facilitate the molding.
  • the cross-sealing unit intermittently conveys the tube by a certain stroke, which in an in-house state of the art is equal to the height of the square pack to be produced plus twice the sum of half the depth of the square pack and the height of the cross-seal seam of the packing material, which connects the tube of the square pack to the cross-seal seam .
  • the tube of the packaging material must therefore be adjusted or set up, and it has been helped to control the correction device and thus the position of the folding flaps to a predetermined position in order to thereby place the print mark in the correct position, for example before, during the intermittent movement to bring the sensor.
  • the start of the production of filled, decor-compatible packaging is associated with the previous generation of an undetermined number of non-decor-compatible filled waste packaging.
  • the number of waste packages produced depends on the one hand on the point in time at which a stable product fill level is reached in the paper tube, and on the other hand on the previously mentioned circumstances. It was disadvantageous that a larger number of packs had to be conveyed without producing a properly filled, dense and properly decorated packaging. The amount of waste generated is disproportionate. Until the correct positioning of the print mark was achieved, 30 to 60 packages were lost as waste material, with up to 20 packages partially being filled with liquid product. A disadvantageously long time passed until the cut in the cross sealing unit was positioned in the right place relative to the tube.
  • the initial phase when setting up the Hose to the cross sealing unit as a processing station especially the further disadvantage when the packaging material hose is round in cross section that the folding flaps touch the hose from the outside and press indefinitely inward, the hose being crumpled and sometimes even damaged.
  • the undefined kink lines in the plastic-coated surfaces on the inside and / or outside of the tube result in destruction and cracks, which lead to leakage for liquids or, in the case of sterile packings, to non-sterility.
  • the movement of the folding flaps is indispensable in order to provide the desired folding at the lower tube end of the pack.
  • the folding flap control, the movement of the flaps and the technical elements for carrying out this flap movement are complicated and space-consuming, so that the flap movement cannot be switched off at any time when the hose is in the initial phase of setting up.
  • This object is achieved according to the invention in that upstream of each folding flap a folding element controlled by the sensor is arranged, with the aid of which the hose can be folded over to a width approximately equal to the width of the finished package in such a way that the hose is folded apart from the folding flaps Engagement. Due to the very simply designed and easily drivable folding element, which is arranged upstream from the respective folding flap in the direction of movement of the hose, the area of the hose downstream of the effective point of the folding elements and in particular through the transverse sealing unit can be disengaged from the folding flaps. This type of folding only applies to the initial phase of the operation of the packaging machine, during which the packaging material tube is set up or adjusted.
  • this initial phase one obtains a differently folded package or, better, a piece of tubing, which does not lead to the ultimately desired cuboid pack, because, for example, the folding flaps cannot perform their function necessary for forming the cuboid package.
  • the initial phase can, however, be kept short by the folding elements according to the invention, so that the initial phase can be terminated very quickly when the machine is started up, with the result that considerably less waste material is also produced. While packaging material for around 30 - 60 packages was lost as waste in the initial phase known to date, according to the invention, two thirds or half of the waste is sufficient.
  • the folding of the hose with the aid of the folding elements is particularly advantageous if, according to the invention, the folding elements fold the hose symmetrically to such an extent that an angle of approximately 5 ° to 85 °, preferably of approximately 1, is formed in the cross section between the angularly folded and the adjacent flat side wall 5 ° to 70 ° and most preferably from about 30 ° to 60 °. If you call this angle a, for example, then it is viewed and measured when the hose cross section is viewed in the folded state. In this folded state, a generally flat side wall is formed between a pair of longitudinal folding lines on one side, which, by appropriate conditions, is opposed by a flat side wall on the other side.
  • the usual 1 liter cuboid milk pack is, for example, the two large, wide, flat side walls, which are connected by narrow side walls.
  • One leg of the angle a thus results in the cross-sectional view through the straight line which runs in the generally flat side wall and an obliquely adjacent straight line which runs in the narrow side wall, starting at the end fold line, from which the folding element folds in this narrow side wall.
  • this angle a is approximately 90 °.
  • This angle is understandably reduced by folding in, ie by the action of the folding elements. It goes without saying that this also moves the two opposite, flat side walls closer together.
  • folding elements unfolds during the intermittent transport of the packaging material tube. It should be noted that the folding elements are in a fixed position to the packaging machine. The hose moves relative to them.
  • the folding element is an elongated folding finger which can be pivoted about a pivot axis, which is attached to the machine and arranged parallel to the pivot axis of the folding flap, and if the folding finger extends from its pivot axis along the tube to the transverse sealing unit extends.
  • a folding finger is easy to manufacture and has a robust function. If one assumes the conveying path of the hose to be essentially vertical in the sense that the hose moves intermittently from top to bottom, then the pivot axis of the folding finger lies above and upstream above the folding flap in question; also on the same side of the hose as the folding flap. The other is diametrically opposed.
  • the pivot axis essentially forms the upstream, upper end of the folding finger in question, and the operative end is located opposite, downstream, below.
  • the senor for example a photocell, senses the print mark and emits a signal corresponding to the distance of the print mark from the sensor measured in the transport direction. This distance is a measure of the correct position of the print mark.
  • the print mark can be a black or colored line or dot on a white background.
  • the print mark can also have a more complicated design. To simplify the illustration, it is assumed that the print mark is a simple line. The decor is also believed to be in place with respect to the embossing lines when it stops at the end of the intermittent movement in front of the sensor. It is believed that at this moment the knife in the cross sealing unit is in the correct position between two blanks.
  • Each blank has a length L, which is made up of the height H of the later finished rectangular packaging plus the two folding fields with the embossing lines plus the width of the transverse sealing seam.
  • the stroke with which the cross-sealing unit intermittently pulls the tube both in the start-up mode of the packaging machine and in its running mode is smaller than this entire length L. If you let the folding fingers fold the tube in the manner described to the width B of the finished package in the start-up phase, then this changed folding results in a shorter tube length by which the packaging material tube is conveyed intermittently in the start-up phase before the cross-sealing unit.
  • a shaping roller is freely rotatably arranged upstream of the pivot axis of each folding element, the hose can be precisely supported, shaped and held in cross-section, for example, round (circular or oval) shape, while at a short distance downstream or below the folding elements begin their insertion. This makes the folding ratios stable.
  • the folding finger is rounded at its downstream end disposed downstream of the pivot axis at least on the side facing the hose or carries a freely rotatable folding roller. This also ensures that the packaging material hose is not damaged even when the folding finger engages.
  • the folding finger can be straight or curved and extend in the transport direction of the intermittently moving hose or at an angle to it. In any case, the ends of the two opposite folding fingers or the folding rollers, however, must reduce the distance between each other at the moment of the initial phase and their operation so that the outside of the tube reaches about the aforementioned width of the package which will be produced later.
  • each folding oil element has its own drive which can be controlled separately, preferably a compressed air cylinder which interacts with a tension spring.
  • the respective folding element can then act directly and over short distances without dead times or deflection levers. It can be switched on and off quickly, namely from the beginning of the setup phase that generates the waste material to the end. This time phase should be as short as possible.
  • the action of the folding elements creates the differently shaped packaging material tube with the advantageous property that even if the print mark is initially incorrectly positioned, it moves very quickly into the correct position. After the correct position of the print mark has been reached, the folding elements are switched out, the product feed is switched on, and the folding flaps begin immediately, namely automatically acting on the tube.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the folding element is a folding roller rotatably mounted on a guide, the axis of rotation of which runs parallel to the pivot axis of the folding flap, and that the guide is driven to move back and forth across the tube.
  • the folding element is a folding roller rotatably mounted on a guide, the axis of rotation of which runs parallel to the pivot axis of the folding flap, and that the guide is driven to move back and forth across the tube.
  • a folding finger which is rounded at the front or which carries a folding roller at the front, which represents the end of the folding finger
  • a pneumatic or hydraulic cylinder to be attached to the machine, the piston of which can be moved towards the processing station and retractable from it. If the aforementioned guide is then attached to the front free end of the piston, the folding roller can be moved towards the processing station and withdrawn from it.
  • the respective folding roll can again work particularly directly and over short distances without dead times.
  • the same advantages occur as mentioned above for the folding elements.
  • the folding elements designed as folding fingers can be swung out, and the folding elements with the rotatably mounted folding roller at the front end of the action can be pushed directly into engagement with the hose transversely to the direction of movement and transversely to the hose, and can be pulled back again.
  • the distance between the ends of the folding elements from one another a) in the extended state is greater than the diameter D of the hose and b) in the extended state is smaller than the width B of the substantially flat side wall, which is folded in at an angle in cross section adjacent side wall of the folded hose.
  • This adjacent side wall was referred to above as the narrow side wall in a special embodiment of a cuboid pack, while the substantially flat other side wall was the large, wide side wall.
  • the width B is measured on the essentially flat side wall, because this specifies the so-called width of the later pack.
  • the folding elements grip diametrically opposite sides in the cross section of the tube in the middle of the side walls on.
  • the cuboid 1 liter milk pack of the embodiment considered above is the narrow side walls.
  • the folding elements do not touch the other wide side walls of the packaging. By engaging centrally in the opposite narrow side walls, the movement of the folding elements runs in approximately one plane, which is approximately parallel to the plane of the two substantially flat wide side walls.
  • the empty tube is first formed by longitudinal sealing and is given an essentially round cross section with an overlapping longitudinal sealing seam.
  • filling tube devices protrude upstream from the device for producing the longitudinal sealing seam and protrude shortly before or even between the form rollers.
  • the form rollers and also the axes of rotation or swivel of the folding elements are located upstream and, in the simplified embodiment considered here, vertically above the transverse sealing unit, which ensures the intermittent transport of the packaging material tube.
  • the tube inserted at any height with the incorrectly positioned print mark must first have a transverse sealing seam so that it becomes tight and can be sterilized.
  • the folding elements are switched on and one transverse sealing seam after the other is placed by the movement of the transverse sealing unit through a narrowly folded, pillow-shaped or also shingle-shaped package which has not come into contact with the folding flaps.
  • the print mark is in the correct position.
  • the embossing lines are then in the correct position with respect to the transverse sealing unit, for example the knife.
  • the hose to the processing station i.e. the cross sealing unit, correctly set.
  • the sensor recognizes this by the print mark and emits a signal which, on the one hand, switches on the separate drives for the folding elements so that they are pivoted or moved into the extended state, and at the same time the product supply is switched on, so that the product acting within the hose against folding and gripping forces from the outside, certain counterforces have been developed, by means of which the folding and design of the package which is subsequently filled are facilitated and improved.
  • FIG. 1 shows a section of a packaging machine in the area of the transverse sealing unit, above which the folding elements designed as folding fingers are arranged and act on the broken-off packaging material tube running vertically from top to bottom,
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the folded hose with acting folding fingers, over which the form rollers are arranged
  • FIG. 3 shows a finished, filled cuboid pack, the triangular flaps on the bottom and the top wall of which still protrude horizontally, how the pack looks before the final shaping, in perspective,
  • FIG. 4 enlarges a folding finger, with its drive and its holder, here in the expanded state (out of engagement),
  • FIG. 5 shows a view of the folding finger comparable to that in FIG. 4, only that it is shown here in the closed position (activated),
  • FIG. 6 shows the drive of the folding finger in its position in FIG. 4,
  • FIG. 7 shows a side view of the folding finger when looking from left to right in FIG. 4,
  • Figure 8 is a perspective view of the configuration of the folding finger itself without drive
  • FIG. 9 is a top view of two hoses laid flat to show the displacement of the print mark during start-up operation with activated folding elements (right) relative to the flat hose without the action of folding elements (left),
  • Figure 10 is a comparable view of the again designed as a folding finger
  • Folding element as in Figure 5, except that the operative end of the folding finger is provided with a folding roller, and
  • Figure 1 1 shows another embodiment of the folding element than on one
  • packs 2 are to be produced from a tube 1 from a packaging material with paper coated on both sides with plastic.
  • the pack 2 shown in perspective in FIG. 3 after filling and shaping has a longitudinal sealing seam 3, a transverse sealing seam 5 in the bottom 4 and a transverse sealing seam 7 in the top panel 6.
  • the front wide side wall 8 is opposed by an invisible rear wide side wall, and the same applies also for the left narrow side wall 9.
  • a triangular flap 11 can be folded around the respective basic folding line 10, which is not yet folded over in the illustration in FIG. 3, but protrudes horizontally in the plane of the bottom 4 or the top wall 6.
  • the folding, in particular of the bottom 4 and top wall 6 of the pack 2, from the packaging material tube 1 with a circular cross-section upstream in FIG. 1 (shown in dash-dot lines in FIG. 2) is essentially carried out by the transverse sealing unit 12, which is shown generally in FIG.
  • cross-sealing jaws 14 are indicated schematically in a frame 13, between which a knife (not shown) for severing the hose 1 can act.
  • Folding flaps 16 which are pivotable about pivot axes 15 are arranged on the top of the frame 13, the engagement position (during normal operation) is shown in solid lines in FIG. 1, while the pivoted-up position is dot-dashed.
  • a correction device 17 is attached on the right to the frame 13 of the transverse sealing unit 12 and controls the folding flaps 16, i.e. With this correction device 17, the movement of the folding flaps 1 6 shown in a very simplified manner in FIG. 1 can be lengthened or shortened. As a result, more or less material can be advanced during the intermittent movement of the hose 1 in the conveying direction 18.
  • a mounting bracket 21 is attached to the machine stand 20 on diametrically opposite sides with respect to the tube 1, on which a bracket 22 and a side wall 23 are fastened on the side toward the folding finger 19 and thus also toward the tube 1.
  • the latter carries the pivot axis 24 at the top, about which the curved, rod-shaped, elongated folding finger 19 is pivotably articulated on the side wall 23.
  • a web 26 is welded on the side facing away from the hose 1.
  • a tension spring 27 On this one end of a tension spring 27 is held, the other end of which is also attached to the side wall 23.
  • a guide 28 is fixed to this web 26, which creates the connection to a pneumatic cylinder 30 via a piston rod 29. The latter can pivot the folding finger 19 from the extended position shown in FIG. 4 against the force of the tension spring 27 into the collapsed position shown in FIG.
  • the tension spring 27 brings the folding finger 1 9 back into its extended rest position.
  • the pivot axis 1 5 of the folding flap 1 6 is parallel to the pivot axis 24 of the bearing 31 of the folding finger 1 9. Also parallel to the pivot axis 24 of the folding finger 1 9 is the rotational axis 32 of the form roller 33 upstream above the respective folding finger 1 9. Its shape and supporting function can best be seen from the cross-sectional representation of FIG. 2.
  • the packaging material web 34 is on the left, i.e. the flat collapsed tube 1 is shown, each cut having the length L, starting from the cutting line 35 over the embossing lines 36 on the top floor, the height H of the actual pack up over the embossing lines 37 of the bottom to the cutting line 38 thereof; this for each cut.
  • the longitudinal sealing seam 3 extends over all the blanks, and each blank bears a print mark 39.
  • the conveying direction is shown by the arrow 18 and is directed vertically downward in the web 40 of the flat hose 1 shown on the right in FIG.
  • the right-hand path 40 is divided into shorter sections of length I, which is the stroke with which the transverse sealing unit 1 2 intermittently moves the tube 1 in the conveying direction 1 8. While the length L of the actual blank extends from a cutting line 35 to the next cutting line 38, the length I is shorter and thus less than L. If the blank of the later pack 2 according to FIG.
  • FIG. 9 shows how the print mark 39 is just above the blank in both webs, the left web 34 shows no changes in position in the next subsequent blanking the print mark 39 shows, while on the right web 40 the print mark 39 is already a bit in the next cut in the transport direction 18.
  • This piece grows from section to section Section, as can be seen from the right-hand path 40 of FIG. 9, when comparing the printing marks 39 on the right with respect to the cutting lines 35, 41.
  • the distance of the print mark 39 from the cutting line 35 is of the short length c in the section broken off above, while in the penultimate section the distance is finally d (double arrow).
  • the printing mark 39 can be pushed very quickly to where it is correctly positioned in relation to the transverse sealing unit 1 2.
  • the folding fingers 19, the ends 25 of which, according to FIG. 1, have the distance a in the closed state, are pulled apart in the direction of the force of the tension spring 27.
  • this side wall is divided into two elongated strips 9a and 9b by folding the folding finger 19.
  • the strip 9a the essentially flat side wall 8, which is shown as a straight line and forms one leg of the angle a.
  • the strip 9a of the adjacent side wall 9 forms the other leg of the angle ⁇ .
  • FIG. 10 is similar in construction to FIG. 5.
  • the rounded end 25 shown in FIG. 5 is configured differently in the embodiment of FIG.
  • a folding roller 42 is in fact freely rotatable about an axis of rotation 43.
  • the folding finger 19 is controlled in the manner described above.
  • the folding roller 42 comes into contact with the hose 1 instead of the rounded end 25.
  • FIG. 1 1 finally shows an embodiment modified from FIG. 10, in which the folding roller 42 is again freely rotatable on the guide 28 at the front left.
  • the axis of rotation 43 runs parallel to the pivot axis 15 of the folding flap 16 (not shown in FIG. 11).
  • a look at FIG. 1 immediately reveals the assignment of the parts and the direction of the axes.
  • the axis of rotation 43 is perpendicular to the plane of the paper (as in FIG. 10, the axes 43 and 24).

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Containers And Plastic Fillers For Packaging (AREA)
  • Auxiliary Devices For And Details Of Packaging Control (AREA)

Abstract

Dispositif permettant d'installer un boyau (1) de matière d'emballage sur un poste de traitement d'une machine d'emballage, dans lequel un boyau (1) à section transversale ronde, qui est formé à partir d'une bande de matière d'emballage imprimée et dotée de lignes de pression, est fermé par scellage longitudinal, rempli, formé dans une unité (12) de scellage transversal et divisé en paquets parallélépipédiques. L'unité (12) de scellage transversal permet le réglage de la longueur de course pour l'avance intermittente du boyau (1) et est équipée, sur des côtés diamétralement opposés du boyau (1), d'une patte de pliage (16) pivotant autour d'un axe (15). Un capteur est destiné à détecter un repère imprimé. Selon la présente invention, pour permettre un achèvement plus rapide de la phase de démarrage lors de la mise en marche de la machine d'emballage, avec une perte plus faible de matière, et pour éviter que le boyau de papier ne soit endommagé, ledit dispositif possède, en amont de chaque patte de pliage (16), un doigt de pliage (19) à l'aide duquel le boyau (1) peut être plié sur une largeur à peu près identique à celle de l'emballage fini de manière telle que le boyau (1) se trouve hors de portée des pattes de pliage (16).
EP99906125A 1999-01-14 1999-01-14 Dispositif permettant d'installer un boyau de matiere d'emballage a l'aide d'un repere imprime Expired - Lifetime EP1140632B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP1999/000177 WO2000041932A1 (fr) 1999-01-14 1999-01-14 Dispositif permettant d'installer un boyau de matiere d'emballage a l'aide d'un repere imprime

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1140632A1 true EP1140632A1 (fr) 2001-10-10
EP1140632B1 EP1140632B1 (fr) 2003-05-07

Family

ID=8167186

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99906125A Expired - Lifetime EP1140632B1 (fr) 1999-01-14 1999-01-14 Dispositif permettant d'installer un boyau de matiere d'emballage a l'aide d'un repere imprime

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US6526733B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1140632B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4301481B2 (fr)
AU (1) AU2617299A (fr)
DE (1) DE59905510D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2193686T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO2000041932A1 (fr)

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EP2662291B1 (fr) * 2012-05-11 2014-10-15 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Unité d'emballage et procédé pour produire des emballages scellés
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2000041932A1 (fr) 2000-07-20
EP1140632B1 (fr) 2003-05-07
US6526733B1 (en) 2003-03-04
AU2617299A (en) 2000-08-01
JP2002534333A (ja) 2002-10-15
DE59905510D1 (de) 2003-06-12
JP4301481B2 (ja) 2009-07-22
ES2193686T3 (es) 2003-11-01

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