EP1079868B1 - Apparatus for inactivating contaminants in biological fluid - Google Patents

Apparatus for inactivating contaminants in biological fluid Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1079868B1
EP1079868B1 EP99925587A EP99925587A EP1079868B1 EP 1079868 B1 EP1079868 B1 EP 1079868B1 EP 99925587 A EP99925587 A EP 99925587A EP 99925587 A EP99925587 A EP 99925587A EP 1079868 B1 EP1079868 B1 EP 1079868B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
light
container
biological fluid
plasma
blood
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP99925587A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1079868A1 (en
EP1079868A4 (en
Inventor
John R. Chapman
Peter R. H. Stark
Michael V. Swallow
Dale N. Larson
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Fenwal Inc
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Baxter International Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • A61M1/3681—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by irradiation
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/0005—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts
    • A61L2/0011—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor for pharmaceuticals, biologicals or living parts using physical methods
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M1/00—Suction or pumping devices for medical purposes; Devices for carrying-off, for treatment of, or for carrying-over, body-liquids; Drainage systems
    • A61M1/36—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits
    • A61M1/3681—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by irradiation
    • A61M1/3683—Other treatment of blood in a by-pass of the natural circulatory system, e.g. temperature adaptation, irradiation ; Extra-corporeal blood circuits by irradiation using photoactive agents

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for treating biological fluids such as blood and blood components. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and apparatus for inactivating contaminants, such as viruses, in such biological fluids.
  • Plasma is a non-cellular component of blood and is the liquid medium in which the cellular components are suspended. Plasma also includes various other components such as proteins (e.g. fibrinogen, albumin and globulins), electrolytes and metabolites.
  • proteins e.g. fibrinogen, albumin and globulins
  • viruses such as hepatitis or HIV virus
  • the viruses residing in blood may be "intracellular,” i.e. contained within one of the cellular components of blood, such as white blood cells, or they may be "extracellular” i.e. freely existing in the plasma.
  • the hepatitis virus is primarily an extracellular virus
  • the cytomegalovirus the virus responsible for herpes
  • the HIV virus the virus responsible for AIDS
  • the presence of the virus in the bloodstream poses the risk of infection and disease not only to the host, but also, if the blood or a blood component is collected and transfused, to a recipient.
  • the medical community has attempted to reduce the risk of transfusing blood that is tainted with active virus by developing methods and apparatus to remove virus from the blood stream or otherwise inactivate the virus.
  • one such attempt involves the filtration of blood and/or blood components to remove intracellular viruses entrained, for example, in white blood cells, Rawal et al., "Reduction of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells from donor blood by leukocyte filtration," Transfusion , pp. 460-462 (1989).
  • filtration of blood and/or blood components has been somewhat effective in removing the intracellular viruses, it has been generally ineffective in the removal of extracellular viruses because such viruses are typically too small to be captured by currently commercially available filters.
  • a more recent approach to viral inactivation is the treatment of blood or blood components with a photochemical agent and light.
  • the photochemical agent When activated by light of an appropriate wavelength, the photochemical agent either kills the virus directly or indirectly inhibits the ability of the virus to replicate and, thus, in either case "inactivates” the virus.
  • the term "inactivate” (and forms thereof) mean the actual destruction, eradication of a contaminant such as a virus, or a direct or indirect effect on the contaminant that inhibits its ability to replicate or otherwise to adversely affect a living recipient.
  • photochemical agents have been used or disclosed for use in inactivating viruses in blood. They include, for example, psoralens (which have been used in the inactivation of viruses in collected platelets) as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,459,030.
  • Other photochemical agents that have been disclosed for the inactivation of viruses in blood include the family of light activated drugs derived from benzoporphyrin, as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,536,238, which is assigned to the assignee of the present application and is incorporated by reference herein.
  • Still other photochemical agents considered for use in the inactivation of viruses in biological fluids are compounds from the family of phenothiazine dyes, which include, but are not limited to toluidine blue O, azure A, azure B, azure C, thionine, methylene blue, and methylene green.
  • the light applied to the photochemical agent must be of a wavelength that can be absorbed by the photochemical agent.
  • methylene blue absorbs visible light having wavelengths of between about 550 and 700 nm.
  • a methylene blue molecule that has been activated by light becomes a catalyst for secondary and tertiary reactions that inactivate virus. More specifically, activation of the photochemical agent such as methylene blue is believed to result in the production of singlet oxygen which enhances the secondary and tertiary reactions.
  • photochemical agents when activated by light
  • methylene blue may also result in damage to plasma proteins and, in particular, therapeutic proteins as described in European Patent No. 0196515 which is incorporated by reference.
  • therapeutic proteins include any biologically active protein which has qualities which make it useful in the treatment of medical disorders.
  • proteins include human-blood plasma proteins such as Factor VIII, Von Willebrand Factor, Factor IX, Factor X, Factor XI, Hageman Factor, the activated forms of such factors, prothrombin, anti-thrombin III, fibronectin, plasminogen, immune serum globulin, modified immune globulin, albumin, 1-antitrypsin, and prekallikrein.
  • Factor VIII Von Willebrand Factor
  • Factor IX Factor IX
  • Factor X Factor XI
  • Hageman Factor the activated forms of such factors
  • prothrombin anti-thrombin III
  • fibronectin plasminogen
  • immune serum globulin plasminogen
  • modified immune globulin modified immune globulin
  • albumin 1-antitrypsin
  • prekallikrein prekallikrein
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,300,019 assigned to the assignee of the present application and also incorporated by reference herein, an apparatus for treating a fluid containing a biological contaminant with a photochemical agent is described.
  • a contaminant such as a virus
  • a photochemical agent is pumped from a source container through a treatment chamber to a collection container. While in the treatment chamber, the blood is exposed to a light source that activates the photochemical agent as the blood is processed within the treatment chamber. To ensure that the blood is sufficiently and uniformly exposed to the light source, the blood (with contaminants and photochemical agent) is continuously mixed within the treatment chamber. After treatment, the blood is collected in the collection container.
  • the photochemical agent described in that patent is benzoporphyrin.
  • a single container of blood or a blood component is placed between two facing arrays of light emitting diodes.
  • the container includes a blood component (plasma), a viral contaminant and a quantity of methylene blue.
  • the container is irradiated by the light emitting diodes which produce light having a wavelength of approximately 620-670 nm to activate methylene blue.
  • the container of blood or blood component is subjected to light for a period of approximately five (5) minutes.
  • one of the prime areas of concern is to better assure inactivation of a substantial portion of the contaminant with the goal being 100% inactivation. More specifically, it is desirable that exposure of the biological fluid to a light source provide maximum viral inactivation with minimal damage to the therapeutic proteins. Also, it is desirable that exposure of the biological fluid to a light source be of short duration to increase efficiency of treatment per light treatment and reduce the cost. It is further desirable that the exposure of the biological fluid to the light source be substantially uniform in its application and preferably without the need to continuously mix the blood and/or blood components. Because biological fluids such as blood or blood components are often collected or stored in plastic containers, it may also be further desirable to be able to treat more than one unit or container at a time to improve efficiency, but without adverse effect on the viral inactivation.
  • the present invention provides an apparatus for inactivating contaminants in a biological fluid according to claim 1.
  • the biological fluid is preferably a component of blood, such as blood plasma, and the photochemical agent is preferably a phenothiazine dye such as methylene blue.
  • the light source may comprise a sodium light, and a control system may operably be connected to the light source and one or more sensors for providing that the light contacting the biological fluid is between about 1 and 100 Joules/cm 2 .
  • the light source may be elongated to provide light along the length of the source, in contrast, for example, to a point source light.
  • the biological fluid may include other compounds which, preferably, are not adversely affected by the light source.
  • the amount of light contacting the biological fluid and the time of contact are preferably monitored and, if desired, controlled. This invention finds particular application when the biological fluid is blood plasma and the photochemical agent is methylene blue.
  • the biological fluid may be contacted by the light for a period between approximately 0.3 and 30 minutes.
  • Figure 1 depicts a comparative apparatus 10, sometimes referred to as a light box.
  • light box 10 includes a generally cylindrical housing 12 having a top portion or cover 14, a midportion 16, and a bottom portion 18.
  • the midportion may include a control panel 20 for operator control of light box operation.
  • a door 22 in the midportion allows access into the interior of the light box 10.
  • Door 22 may be either hinged or, as shown in Fig. 1 slidable.
  • Light box 10 may also include retractable spill tray (not shown) for collecting spilled liquid from within the light box 10.
  • Figure 2 is an exploded view of the light box 10 and shows its basic component parts.
  • the illustrated light box 10 includes a base assembly 23, which supports a centrally located light source 24 and shutter assembly 26.
  • a light transparent tube 28 rests on the base assembly and supports, at its upper end, a carriage assembly 30 for rotation about the transparent tube and light source.
  • the carriage assembly is a generally cylindrical hexagonal framework for holding at least one substantially clear plastic container 32 containing biological fluid to be treated.
  • the outer housing 12 and particularly the top and mid portions enclose the carriage and light source.
  • the base assembly has a lowermost base plate 34 and a raised platform 36 supported above the base plate by rigid vertical support members 38.
  • the space between the base plate and platform permits retraction of the shutter assembly 26, provides room for mounting cooling fans 39a and 39b for cooling different regions of the light box, and contains the mounting socket for the light source 24.
  • the light source 24 is generally centrally mounted on the base assembly 23 and more specifically on platform 36.
  • the light source includes preferably an elongated tube to provide uniform illumination of the interior of the light box 10.
  • Light source 24 may be any lamp or bulb, preferably capable of emitting a high intensity light.
  • light source 24 may be any lamp or bulb that can provide light with a wavelength and intensity effective (a) to inactivate contaminants in the biological fluid to be treated, or more precisely (b) to activate the photochemical agent (if any) used in treating the biological fluid.
  • the photochemical agent is methylene blue
  • the light source should be capable of providing more than 25% of its light in the visible spectrum in a wavelength range of approximately 550-700 nm to provide better efficiency and lower heat generation.
  • light source 24 should provide a high intensity light that is capable of providing maximum activation of the photochemical agent without significantly harming other desirable components in the biological fluid.
  • the intensity should be at least 30 mW/cm 2 and, preferably between 85-130 mW/cm 2 measured at the biological fluid (or container thereof) and in a wavelength range from 550-700 nm.
  • other photochemical agents may be operable at different intensities and wavelengths.
  • Examples of light sources that can be used to activate photochemical agents include high pressure sodium lamps, halogen lamps, sulphur lamps, metal halide lamps or xenon lamps.
  • One such lamp is the high pressure sodium vapor lamp that includes a ceramic arc tube, such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), in a clear or coated outer bulb with a medium or mogul screwbase for mounting into socket (in base assembly 22).
  • a ceramic arc tube such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 )
  • a medium or mogul screwbase for mounting into socket (in base assembly 22).
  • Such a sodium lamp is sold by Phillips Lighting under the tradename Ceramalux, Model No. C1000S52.
  • light box 10 includes retractable shutter assembly 26 that encloses the light source 24 during, for example, loading and start-up procedures and retracts after loading is complete and the light is fully energized.
  • the shutter assembly 26 comprises a cylindrical tube 41 that, when raised, shields the light source.
  • the tube has an upper radial flange 26a which mounts to the shutter arms 51. Movement of the shutter is effected by shutter drive motor 50 as shown in Fig. 4, in a rack and pinion gear.
  • the top of shutter 26 includes a top flange 26a that, when shutter 26 is retracted covers most of the portion of platform 36 within tube 28.
  • the upper surface of 26a is reflective to further distribute light to the interior of the light box.
  • the flange is preferably coated with a highly reflective material, such as White 91 sold by Alcoa Brite Products.
  • light box includes cylindrical tube 28, attached to the top of platform 36 of base assembly 22.
  • tube 28 separates the interior of light box 10 into a light source region 40 and a fluid treatment region 42 between the tube 28 and the housing 12.
  • tube 28 encloses light source 24 and retractable shutter 26.
  • Tube 28 is made of any material substantially transparent to the light emitted by the light source and should be made of a material that is heat tolerant. Suitable materials with good light transmission and thermal properties include many of the acrylic polymers, although other materials may also be used.
  • the interior (or exterior) surface of tube 28 may be made of or coated with a material that is translucent to the desired wavelengths but reflective or opaque to undesired wavelengths.
  • the surface of tube 28 may include a material that removes ultraviolet (UV) or other light that is unnecessary for activation of the photochemical agent.
  • the surface of tube 28 may include a material that removes infrared light which would otherwise create undesired heat (that will heat the biological fluid).
  • a material includes a film consisting of a PET substrate onto which metallic layers are sputtered. Such a film is marketed by Southwall Technologies under the name Altair ALT-M-20.
  • the top of tube 28 includes a motor and carriage mounting plate 44, as shown in Fig. 2. The mounting plate 44 is largely open to allow heat generated within the light source region 40 to exit out the top of tube 28 (and through a vent in the housing).
  • drive motor is suspended from the mounting plate 44.
  • the shaft of the drive motor extends through plate 44 and is attached to an upper frame piece of the carriage 30 to rotate the carriage about its central axis 48.
  • Motor 46 is connected to a power supply via connection wires (not shown).
  • motor 46 may be located elsewhere.
  • motor 46 may be located, for example, between base plate 34 and platform 36 and the carriage may be mounted on a large bearing ring on the platform 36 for rotation about the light source.
  • the motor in this embodiment, could drive the carriage via gears or drive belts as one skilled in the art would understand.
  • motor 46 should be of the type that allows for precise control of the motor functions and, more specifically, allows for incremental rotation of carriage assembly 30.
  • motors are step motors. Step motors are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art and available from manufacturers such as Applied Motion Products of Watsonville, CA.
  • carriage 30 For holding bags of biological fluid, such as blood plasma, the carriage, generally at 30, is located within housing 11.
  • carriage 30 includes a top bracket 25a and a bottom bracket 25b and vertical framing 25c therebetween, to form a generally cylindrical framework for supporting bags of biological fluid to be treated.
  • brackets 25a and 25b are hexagonal, providing a hexagonal cylindrical framework, with each side of the hexagon defining a bag receiving area on the framework.
  • carriage assembly 30 including its top bracket 25a, bottom bracket 25b and vertical framing 25c may form other regular polygonal structures to accommodate a different number of containers.
  • the cylindrical framework may be triangular, octagonal or other shape).
  • the top bracket 25a includes hooks 50 for suspending plastic containers or bags of biological fluid such as blood plasma or other blood components.
  • a hook 50 is located at each of the hexagonal sides of the carriage, allowing flexible plastic containers 32 (shown in Fig. 3-3(a-d) of a biological fluid such as blood plasma to be hung within the bag receiving area.
  • a pair of fixed vertical bars 52 extend between top and bottom brackets 25a and 25b in each bag receiving area to provide inner rests, against which the container 32 of biological fluid may be pressed to distribute the fluid more evenly within the container for treatment.
  • each bag receiving area of carriage 24 includes a bag holder 54 for compressing the bag to more evenly distribute fluid for treatment.
  • the bagholder 54 includes a wire frame, hinged to the bottom bracket 25b for opening and closing.
  • the top of each bag receiving area (above hook 50) includes a latch 56 for holding the holder 54 in a closed position.
  • Container 32 is made of any translucent material that is suitable for storing a biological fluid, such as blood or blood components and a photochemical agent.
  • the container 32 is made of a plastic such as a polymeric material or a polymeric blend.
  • Containers useful in the present invention are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,514,106, which is incorporated by reference, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/121,820, also incorporated by reference and/or U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/742,572 entitled "Systems and Methods for Removing Viral Agents from Blood" in the name of Robert Herman, John Chapman, Sun Chong-Sun, Jean M. Mathias, Veronique Mayadoun, Serge Degheidere and Daniel Bischof, filed on October 28, 1996 also incorporated by reference herein.
  • carriage 30 can accommodate up to six containers (one container within each compartment) of biological fluid.
  • carriage 30 can have as many or as few bag receiving areas as possible and/or necessary.
  • carriage 30 can be removed from platform 26 and replaced with a carriage capable of holding, for example, three larger containers or more (e.g. 8) smaller containers.
  • carriage 24 also includes wedged or V-shaped reflectors 60 along vertical members 25c and spaced between each of the bag receiving areas for reflecting light from light source 24 (and that has been transmitted through containers 32).
  • surfaces 62 of reflectors 60 are angled toward the interior of light box 10 and, more specifically, with the vertex of the wedge aligned toward light source 24.
  • the surface 62 of reflector 60 may be a composite of two or more angles or may be a generally smooth concave surface. Reflectors 60 and, more particularly, surfaces 62 may be coated, covered or made of any highly reflective material that, does not significantly diminish the intensity of the light and/or light energy reflected back onto containers.
  • Everbrite 95 sold by Alcoa Brite products.
  • Everbrite 95 includes a highly reflective layer of silver sputtered on a layer of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • the treated PET film is then bonded to an aluminum or steel substrate.
  • carriage assembly 30 is enclosed by housing 12.
  • the interior surface 64 of housing 12 (shown in Fig. 2) is also coated, covered or made of a highly reflective surface similar or identical to the material used for reflectors 60 as described above. Having the interior surface made of a highly reflective surface allows light from light source 24 (and transmitted through container 32) to be reflected back onto the container.
  • the highly reflective nature of the inner surfaces reflects light back at the containers with minimum reduction in its intensity. This helps to provide for substantially uniform exposure of the fluid, as well as uniform illumination from container to a container.
  • light box 10 includes fans 39a and 39b.
  • Fan 39a blows cool air through the tube 28 and the into light source region to cool light source 34.
  • Fan 39b blows cool air through fluid treatment region 42 to prevent undue heating of the containers 32, as they are rotated by carriage 24.
  • a programmable computer-based control system may be used to control the operation of the light box 10.
  • the system tests, monitors and controls various aspects of the light box operation such as the start-up, container loading, container treatment and container unloading stages of the light box operation.
  • the various stages may be initiated by the operator through control panel 20 or automatically by the control system.
  • the control system tests the operation of the light source to determine whether it is functioning properly.
  • control system activates light source 24, raises shutter 26 and, after a warm up period, measures the energy generated by the light source. (Alternatively, the energy generated by the light source may be measured with shutter 26 lowered).
  • light source 24 is turned off and shutter 26 is lowered. (Alternatively, light source may remain on and be covered by shutter 26 until the time of the container treatment phase.) Based on the light energy readings, an estimated treatment time may be calculated by the control system. If the control system determines that the light box components are functioning properly, the operator may instruct the control system (or the control system may do so automatically) to proceed to the "Container Loading" phase of the system operation.
  • the control system determines the carriage type and the number of bags to be processed.
  • carriage 24 may be automatically advanced to allow for balanced loading of the carriage. For example, if carriage is designed to hold 6 containers, the carriage will advance in such a way as to evenly distribute the containers 39 around the carriage 24. Thus, if for example, only 4 containers are to be treated on a carriage capable of holding six containers, the carriage will allow for placement of the first container in a first position and will then automatically advance to a position directly opposite the first position. The carriage will then allow for loading of the third container and advance to a position directly opposite the third container for loading the fourth container.
  • Balancing the carriage as described above makes it more likely that during the illumination cycle each of the containers will receive a substantially uniform quantity of light and none of the containers will be substantially blocked from the light by adjacent containers. It also reduces undue wear on the motor and bearings due to unbalanced loads.
  • the system may also check and record the particulars of the container and, if the biological fluid is blood or a blood component, check that the blood or blood component is appropriate for treatment (e.g. that the component is blood plasma).
  • the containers may include bar codes or other identifiers that identify the product codes and lot numbers of the container and other specifics about the blood donation (e.g. type of component). If the control system recognizes an invalid code, lot number or other defect, it marks the container and/or alerts the operator.
  • the operator may instruct the system to proceed to the next phase, the Container Treatment phase.
  • the Container treatment phase the instrument again goes through a sequence of tests to ensure that its component parts, such as the light source, are functioning properly. If the light source has been turned off (after the start-up phase), the light source is activated and allowed to reach its required intensity before shutter 26 is lowered. This prevents containers 32 from being exposed to a light that has not reached its desired intensity and that may be spectrally unstable or undesirable.
  • Light box 10 includes, as part of its control system, sensors 66 and 68 for monitoring the amount of light being emitted by the light source 24 and the amount of light transmitted through the biological fluid in containers 32.
  • sensor 66 may be located on or near cylinder 28 and measures and monitors the amount of light contacting the biological fluid directly from the light source 24.
  • a second sensor 68 may be placed on or near the interior surface of the housing 12 to measure and monitor the amount of light transmitted through the biological fluid for reflection back onto containers 32.
  • the control system may utilize one sensor as the primary sensor and a second sensor as a back up or check.
  • control system may monitor the treatment of the biological fluid by measuring the amount of time the biological fluid is exposed to the light from the light source and calculating the amount of energy received by the biological fluid. Also, the control system may monitor the treatment of the biological fluid in each container on a container per container basis, or may monitor the entire treatment process and arrive at an average treatment profile for the containers.
  • the control system may be preprogrammed to determine if the amount of light emitted directly by the light source and transmitted through containers 32 is sufficient to effectively treat the biological fluid. Thus, if the light box is being used to inactivate virus in blood or a blood component with a photochemical agent, the control system may be preprogrammed to determine if the amount of light is within the range required to activate the photochemical agent or, in other words, to inactivate the contaminants.
  • the control system may be preprogrammed to determine whether the light energy contacting the container (from both sides) is within the intended exposure range. If sensors 66 and 68 determine that one or more of the containers has not been sufficiently illuminated, the treatment time may be extended to ensure that the deficient container receives additional treatment, but without overexposing the remaining containers that may be within the preferred intensity range. If providing further treatment to the deficient container would result in overexposure of the remaining containers, no further treatment will be provided and the control system will mark the deficient container or otherwise alert the operator that the deficient container has not been sufficiently treated.
  • Light box 10 described above may be used for treating any fluids with light, but is particularly useful in the treatment of blood or other biological fluids with light and, more specifically, for the viral inactivation of blood and blood components.
  • Light box 10 allows for multiple containers or units of biological fluid to be treated at the same time. This results in lower cost per unit treated. The ability to treat several containers or units of biological fluid provides a savings to the treatment center, as fewer instruments for treating a given amount of biological fluid will be required. Light box 10 is fairly compact (approximately 32 inches high x 30 inches wide by 18 inches) thus, requiring less space and making it more convenient to place in different locations.
  • the operation of the light box 10 will be described in the context of treating blood with light for the purpose of inactivating viruses in the blood.
  • containers 32 of biological fluid containing a photochemical agent and contaminants are placed on carriage 30 of the light box 10.
  • contaminants refers to any harmful biological material, and particularly includes bacteria, parasites and viruses.
  • containers 32 may be hung from hooks 50 of carriage 30 and secured by bag holder 54.
  • retractable shutter 26 be in the closed position to shield the operator and the containers 32 from the light source before it has reached its desired intensity.
  • Shielding the containers from the light source as it is being activated and as the containers are placed on the carriage is another way to ensure uniform treatment of the containers by preventing some of the containers from receiving some light before the others have been placed on the carriage.
  • the shutter also shields the containers from a light source that might be spectrally unstable.
  • a spectrally unstable light source may cause erroneous readings in the useful (i.e. energy in the absorption band of the photochemical agent) energy received at the container.
  • Carriage 30 is rotated around its central axis 48. for a predetermined period of time.
  • the typical time of exposure of the biological fluid may be anywhere between 0.3 and 30 minutes or, more preferably 1 to 5 minutes .
  • the time of exposure will depend on the amount of light energy contacting the containers, and the fluid therein.
  • the fluid to be treated is blood plasma and the photochemical agent is methylene blue combined in the ratios below
  • Rotation of carriage 30 also provides for uniform treatment of the biological fluid. Rotation of carriage 30 ensures that each container will be exposed to every part of the fluid treatment region 42 for similar duration. Rotation also ensures that the each container is uniformly cooled by, for example, fan 39b.
  • the light box may provide for direct, two sided illumination of the biological fluid.
  • a light box is shown in Figs. 10-16.
  • light box 70 may generally include a top panel 71, front panel 72, side panels 74 and 75 and a rear panel 76.
  • Front panel 72 may include LCD display screen 78 and key pad 80 to allow for operator control of light box 70.
  • Light box 70 may also include a container loading area 82 and a slidable tray subassembly 84 located (when, for example, fluid is not being treated) within loading area 82.
  • light box 70 may include fan 86 for cooling the ballast and additional fans (shown in more detail in Fig.
  • light box 70 may include one or more light sources or lamps 96 for illuminating containers of biological fluid.
  • one lamp or one series of lamps 96 may be disposed in the upper portion light box 70 near the top panel 71 and another lamp or series or lamps 96 may be disposed in the lower portion of light box 70.
  • the light box 70 specifically shown in Fig. 11 includes, for example, two side-by-side lamps 96 in the upper portion of light box 70 and two side-by-side lamps 96 (only one of which can be seen) in the lower portion of light box 70.
  • Lamps 96 and, more specifically, the bulbs of lamps 96 are housed within reflector subassemblies 98.
  • Tray subassembly 84 may include label stage 104 and a substantially transparent tray platform 106.
  • tray subassembly 84 may be slidably attached to tracks 114 and 116 which extend from tray loading area 82 (shown in Fig. 11) to treatment area 100 (Fig. 11). Movement of tray subassembly is effected by rack and pinion gear 117 coupled to a motor (not shown). Alternatively, as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill, movement of tray subassembly may be effected by a motor and drive belt arrangement, or motor and lead screw arrangement.
  • Reflector subassembly 98 includes frame 118 and window 120 which separates, for example, the interior chamber or cavity of reflector subassembly from treatment area 100.
  • Reflector subassembly 98 further includes an interlocking framework of dividing walls 122 and sides 124. As seen in Fig. 13, sides 124 may include slits 126 for interlocking engagement with teeth 128 of dividing walls 122.
  • walls 124 and sides 122 may be assembled together by welding or other suitable means. In any event, when assembled, the walls 122 and sides provide discrete light chambers or cavities. As seen in Figs.
  • each light chamber includes interior surfaces made up of two compound parabolic curves. The compound parabolic curves of each chamber allows for uniform distribution of light from lamp 96 and maximum illumination of treatment area 100.
  • window 120 may be made of glass, plastic acrylic polymer or any other suitable transparent material that is also heat tolerant. Additionally, window 120 may include a filter 121 or be coated (by physical vapor deposition (PVD), CVD or the like) with a material (e.g. aluminum oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO) or silicon monoxide) that filters out and/or reflects (and does not substantially transmit) unwanted infrared light.
  • window 120 may be made of silica glass that has been treated by PVD.
  • Such a material is available from Corning Incorporated of Corning, NY and sold under the name Vycor(R) 7913, and treated by Thin Film Devices of Los Angeles, California for near infrared (NIR) and mid infrared (MIR) reflection.
  • NIR near infrared
  • MIR mid infrared
  • Reflector dividing walls 122 and sides 124 may be made of or coated with a highly reflective substance that does not significantly diminish the intensity of the light and/or light energy reflected onto the containers.
  • the reflective material used for reflector subassembly 98 may be selected from any material which will maximize the amount of light delivered to treatment area 100.
  • the walls 122 and sides 124 of reflector subassembly 98 may be made of a steel, aluminum or other metallic substrate that has been treated with a highly reflective material (e.g. brightened anodized aluminium on a layer PET substrate).
  • the reflector walls 122 and sides 124 are made of a material sold under the trade name MIRO 1 available from ALANOD, of Ennepetal, Germany.
  • Light source or lamp(2) 96 should provide a high intensity light capable of providing maximum activation of a photochemical agent without significantly harming other desirable components in the biological fluid.
  • Lamp(s) 96 should provide a high intensity light as that term is defined herein (i.e. at least 80 mw/cm 2 .) Examples of such high intensity light sources include high pressure sodium lamps, halogen lamps, sulfur lamps, metal halide lamps, xenon lamps, lasers, laser diodes or other lamps including white fluorescent lamps.
  • the lamps 96 should preferably provide a high intensity light (i.e. at least 80 mw/cm 2 ) when measured across the range of 550-700 nm at the biological fluid and when the photochemical agent is methylene blue.
  • High pressure sodium lamps capable of providing an intensity of between about 80-150 mw/cm 2 are particularly useful.
  • lamp (s) 96 are high pressure sodium vapor lamps available from Phillips Lighting of and sold under the tradename Ceramalux.
  • Light box 70 may also include a power supply and, as shown in Figs. 11 and 12, control elements such as sensors, central processing unit (CPU) 110, motor driver board 112, relay board 111, display driver 113. Light box may also include ballasts 115 for controlling current to lamps 96.
  • control elements such as sensors, central processing unit (CPU) 110, motor driver board 112, relay board 111, display driver 113.
  • Light box may also include ballasts 115 for controlling current to lamps 96.
  • Light box 70 includes a programmable, computer based control system (as generally shown in Fig. 8) that may be used to control the operation of light box 70.
  • the system tests, monitors and controls various aspects of light box 70 operation such as, but not limited to, the start up and container loading, treatment and unloading phases of the light box operation.
  • the various phases may be initiated by the operator through control panel (and specifically key pad 80) or automatically by the control system without operator intervention.
  • the control system may test the operation of the light source. As part of the check of the light source (lamp(s) 96), the control system may activate lamp(s) 96. After a brief warm-up period (approximately 5 minutes), light sensors measure the energy provided by lamps 96. If the energy level is within a predetermined range, the system indicates that the instrument is ready to receive the containers of biological fluid. Either automatically or through a key stroke by the operator, tray subassembly 84 (with containers thereon) is moved from container loading area 82 (Fig. 10) to treatment area 100 for the "treatment phase" of the procedure. When treatment is complete (i.e. when the container(s) has been illuminated for a selected amount of time at the desired energy level) tray assembly 84 is automatically withdrawn from the treatment area 100 and returned to the loading area 82. The treated containers are then removed and the instrument is ready to receive additional containers for treatment.
  • container loading area 82 Fig. 10
  • the control system may also monitor the temperature of the containers. If the biological fluid within container is subjected to excessive heat, the fluid (e.g. plasma) may be unsuitable for transfusion to a patient. Accordingly, light box 70 may include a sensor (thermocouple 119) for measuring the temperature of the container before and after treatment. If the temperature of the container exceeds a predetermined value, the container may be labeled (either by the instrument itself or the operator) as unsuitable and discarded.
  • a sensor thermocouple 119
  • the biological fluid may be first processed through a disposable tubing set such as substantially shown and described in U.S. Serial No. 08/742,572 (incorporated by reference) and combined with a selected amount of the photochemical agent in container 134.
  • a selected amount of the photochemical agent in container 134 For example, when the photochemical agent is methylene blue, the biological fluid is combined with between approximately 90-400 ⁇ g of methylene blue in container 134.
  • Containers 134 (as shown in Figs. 14, 15 and 16) of a biological fluid, such as blood plasma, are placed onto tray subassembly 84.
  • tray subassembly 84 can accommodate one large container or two or more smaller containers.
  • containers 134 are placed on tray subassembly 84 such that label portions 136 rest on label stage 104.
  • Label stage 104 may, if desired, include tabs to further ensure proper placement of containers 134 on tray subassembly 84.
  • the holes 140 in containers 134 are placed over tabs 138 to ensure proper placement, and if desired, eliminate or minimize movement of the containers during treatment.
  • any means for securing containers 134 on tray subassembly 84 are within the scope of the present invention.
  • Transparent portions of container 134 rest on the transparent platform 106 of tray subassembly 84.
  • tray subassembly 84 may be automatically controlled by the operator through key pad 80 to effect movement from loading area 84 to treatment area 100. Specifically, tray subassembly 84 moves along tracks 114 and 116 until it reaches and is positioned in treatment area 100. As shown in Fig. 16, container(s) 134 are subjected to two sided illumination from above and below treatment area 100 by lamps 96. Once the treatment is complete, tray subassembly 84 is returned to loading area from where the treated containers 134 are removed. As set forth above, treatment of the containers may be anywhere between 0.3 - 30 minutes and preferably between about 1 and 5 minutes.
  • a light sensor 130 shown, for example, in Figs. 12 and 16 continuously reads the level of energy at or near the container and transmits its readings to a microprocessor where the measured energy is compared to a predetermined energy level (the energy level required to produce acceptable viral kill and protein recovery), such as, for example, between about 1 and 100 J/cm 2 and, more typically, 10-50 J/cm 2 . If the measured energy substantially corresponds to the predetermined level, treatment is complete. A signal from the motor driver board 112 to the motor activates the motor, and tray assembly is automatically withdrawn from the treatment area.
  • a predetermined energy level the energy level required to produce acceptable viral kill and protein recovery
  • light box 70 may include air flow sensors to measure the level of air flow within treatment area. If air flow within the treatment area is insufficient prior to treatment, treatment may be terminated or even precluded. A suitable temperature and air flow within treatment area are desired so that containers are not exposed to excess heat during treatment which may, in some circumstances, make the biological fluid, such as blood, unacceptable for later transfusion.
  • the energy measured by sensors 130 is the combined energy provided by the top and bottom lamp(s) 96.
  • the microprocessor or internal computer may provide the measurement readings in terms of the useful energy for the activation of the photochemical dye, such as methylene blue (i.e. approximately 590-690 nm). Stated differently, the measured reading of energy is not of the total energy applied, but rather the amount of useful energy (i.e. useful for activating the photochemical dye) applied at the treatment area.
  • a high intensity light with a biological fluid such as blood or blood plasma containing a selected amount of methylene blue enhances the virucidal effect of the methylene blue.
  • a biological fluid such as blood or blood plasma containing a selected amount of methylene blue
  • use of the high intensity light to contact the biological fluid increases the number of photons contacting the methylene blue molecule per unit of time and, if those photons are of energies corresponding to the absorption wavelengths (in free space) of methylene blue, increases the production of the singlet oxygen which causes the secondary reactions responsible for inactivating the viruses in, for example, blood plasma.
  • the preferred ratio of methylene blue to blood plasma is between about 1:20 to 1:35, but may be 1:200 to 1:350.
  • approximately 1-10 ml of methylene blue may be used when the volume of plasma is generally between 200 and 350 ml, and preferably between 260-340 ml.
  • the concentration of methylene blue can be approximately between 1 to 10 ⁇ M and, preferably, approximately 1 ⁇ M or more preferably 2-4 ⁇ M.
  • methylene blue is activated by light having wavelengths of between approximately 550 and 700nm (typically 590-690 nm) with a peak at 663 nm. Absorbance of light in this range is understood to provide for activation of methylene blue without any significant negative effect on plasma or plasma proteins (which absorb light primarily between 300 to 560 nm).
  • the light intensity should be greater than 80 mW/cm 2 at the biological fluid or container thereof, and preferably between 80-150 mW/cm 2 measured at the biological fluid (or container thereof) and in the wavelength range from 550-700 nm.
  • the typical dose of energy provided may be between 1 and 100 J/cm 2 , more typically between 1-50 J/cm 2 , with doses between approximately 10-50 J/cm 2 being preferred and 35-45 J/cm 2 being most preferred.
  • units of fresh frozen plasma spiked with pseudorabies virus were processed through a leukoreduction filter and illuminated with a high pressure sodium light in a prototype light box similar in substantial respects to light box 10 shown in Figs. 1-8.
  • PRV pseudorabies virus
  • a single pack of plasma including 310 ml and plasma spiked with PRV (1:10 spike) and 10 ml of methylene blue was irradiated with the high pressure sodium light having an intensity of approximately 119 mW/cm 2 when measured in the absorption range of 550-700 (which corresponds to 137 mW/cm 2 when measured across the band of approximately 350-800 nm) for up to eight minutes.
  • Levels of virus were measured at .5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 minute intervals using the conventional plaque assay.
  • levels of virus in 5 ml aliquots were also measured at the above time intervals.
  • the apparatus and method of the present invention also provides more effective viral kill as compared to other apparatus or methods that can provide the same or similar amount of energy (often expressed in Joules/cm 2 or J/cm 2 ).
  • Energy is the product of light intensity time and area.
  • energy also refers to energy flux (energy per unit area) because, in the present application, area is typically a fixed parameter.
  • increasing the intensity results in a greater biological effect (such as viral kill and/or recovery of therapeutic protein) than does an increase in the time of exposure. Stated differently, a greater biological effect is obtained at an energy level where the intensity has been increased than at substantially the same energy level where the time of exposure has been increased.
  • Units of blood plasma were spiked with pseudorabies virus to achieve an approximate final virus load of 6 x 10 5 PFU/ml.
  • the plasma units were processed through a disposable tubing set as generally described in U.S. Serial No. 08/742,572 (incorporated by reference herein). More specifically, the plasma units were filtered to remove leukocytes and collected into treatment containers containing 10 ml of methylene blue in each container.
  • the plasma with methylene blue was illuminated with a high pressure sodium light providing an intensity of approximately 120 mW/cm 2 as measured at the container in the absorption range of 550-700 nm (which corresponds to 140 mW/cm 2 at the biological fluid or container thereof when measured across the band of approximately 350-800 nm).
  • the amount of remaining virus was measured at different energy levels. The results are shown in Table 2.
  • Another batch of plasma units (approximately 300-315 ml per unit) were also spiked with pseudorabies virus to achieve an approximate final virus load of 1 x 10 6 PFU/ml. These units of plasma were filtered to remove leukocytes and collected into similar treatment containers containing 10 ml of methylene blue in each bag to achieve 1 ⁇ M concentration. The plasma units with methylene blue were illuminated with a white fluorescent light providing an intensity of approximately 24 mw/cm 2 at the at the container when measured across the band of 350-500 nm). Using the conventional plaque assay, the amount of remaining virus was measured at different energy levels. The results are shown in Table 2.
  • the intensities and doses were measured in the range from 350-800 nm. If these intensities and doses were measured over the absorption spectrum of methylene blue (550-700), the intensity for sodium light would be 121 mW/cm 2 and the doses would be, from top to bottom of the left hand column, 0, 1.7, 7, 14 and 28. Similarly, for white fluorescent light the intensity would be 12 mW/cm 2 and the doses would be, from top to bottom of column 3, 0, 0.5, 2.5, 7.5 and 15.
  • the log reduction of virus (LRV) was approximately 4.8 as compared to greater than 6.2 logs at an energy level of approximately 14 J/cm 2 as measured at the container in the absorption range of 550-700 nm (which corresponds to 16 J/cm 2 when measured across the band of approximately 350-800 nm) with the high pressure sodium light.
  • the apparatus and method of the present invention may also allow for less damage to the therapeutic proteins.
  • samples of approximately 235 ml with approximately 10 ml of methylene blue (to obtain a concentration of approximately 1.1 ⁇ M) were prepared.
  • One sample was treated with white fluorescent light providing an intensity at the container of 8.8 mW/cm 2 when measured in the absorption range of 550nm-700nm, and the other sample was treated with a high pressure sodium light providing an intensity at the container of 121 mW/cm 2 when measured in the wavelength range of 550nm-700nm.
  • Table 3 shows that after approximately 2 minutes of exposure to the high pressure sodium light, no recoverable virus was detected and the recovery of fibrinogen was approximately 88%.
  • the sample contacted with white fluorescent light after 30 minutes of exposure did not provide complete viral kill and resulted in approximately 81% fibrinogen recovery.
  • pool 1 contained approximately 310 mls of plasma (318 grams of plasma)
  • pool 2 contained approximately 310 mls of plasma (320 grams of plasma)
  • pool 3 contained 260 mls of plasma (267 grams of plasma)
  • pool 4 contained 260 mls of plasma (267 grams of plasma).
  • Approximately 6 mls of thawed pseuodorabies virus were added to each pool to obtain approximately 1 X 10 5-6 level of virus. A 6 ml aliquot was collected from each sample to serve as a control.
  • the virus-spiked plasma was filtered to remove leukocytes and combined in a plastic container with approximately 10 mls of methylene blue dye to attain an approximately 1.1 ⁇ M concentration of methylene blue.
  • Each unit of spiked plasma with methylene blue was allowed to incubate for a period of between 10 and 15 minutes.
  • each container was subjected to treatment with a high intensity light in a light box similar in all substantial respects to light box 70 (using 200W sodium lamps above and below the treatment area and including an infrared removing film) described above.
  • Containers were illuminated for approximately 80-90 seconds at an energy dose of approximately 20 J/cm 2 measured across the absorption range of 590 to 690 nm.
  • the level of remaining virus was than 1 log after illumination at 20 J/cm 2 and no remaining virus could be detected after treatment at 75 J/cm 2 .
  • two pools of fresh frozen plasma were prepared (pools #1 and 2). Each pool was divided into two units of plasma having approximately 260 ml and 310 ml of plasma respectively. Each unit of plasma was prepared and spiked with pseudorabies virus (PRV) and further processed as generally described in Example 4 to achieve approximately a 1.1 ⁇ M concentration of methylene blue.
  • PRV pseudorabies virus
  • the containers of plasma were treated with energy doses of 5 J/cm 2 , 20 J/cm 2 and 75 J/cm 2 in a light box similar in substantial respects to light box 70 (using 200W sodium lamps above and below the treatment area and including infrared film) described above. Samples were taken at each of the above-described doses and the treated samples were then titrated by plaque assay .
  • the method and apparatus of the present invention are capable of providing a high intensity light that maximizes viral inactivation while allowing for substantial recovery of plasma proteins.
  • Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present invention in recovering plasma proteins. The procedures, tests and results are described below.
  • Viaflex® container was then sterile connected to transfer packs to which approximately 260 ml of plasma was transferred.
  • Each of the plasma packs were then processed as described above and filtered to remove leukocytes and collected into similar treatment containers containing approximately 10 ml of methylene blue in each bag to achieve approximately a 1.1 ⁇ M) concentration of methylene blue.
  • the plasma units with methylene blue were illuminated for approximately 2.6 minutes with sodium light (in a light box similar in substantial respects to light box 70 described above) providing an energy of approximately 60 J/cm 2 measured across the wavelength of 590 to 690 nm.
  • similarly prepared packs of plasma with comparable concentrations of methylene blue were illuminated with a white fluorescent light for approximately 25 minutes at an energy level of approximately 48 J/cm 2 .
  • PT Prothrombin Time
  • APTT Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
  • TT Thrombin Time Assay
  • the Viaflex® container was then sterile connected to eleven 300 ml transfer packs to which approximately 260 ml of plasma was transferred to ten of the packs.
  • the plasma pack was then sterile connected to a disposable tubing set as substantially described in Serial No. 08/742,572 and the plasma was transferred to a transfer pack containing approximately 97 ⁇ g of methylene blue.
  • the remaining transfer pack received 235 ml of plasma.
  • the containers of plasma including methylene blue in a concentration of approximately 1.1 ⁇ M were illuminated with sodium light in a light box similar in substantial respects to light box 70 at energy levels of 0, 40, 60, 80 and 100 J/cm 2 when measured across the wavelength of 590 to 690 nm. Exposure times were typically between about 200 and 700 seconds.
  • Plasma units (approximately 300 ml) spiked with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and including 0.5 ⁇ M, 1.0 ⁇ M and 1.73 ⁇ M concentrations of methylene blue respectively, were treated with sodium light in sodium light box similar in substantial respect to light box 70 described above (using 200W sodium light lamps above and below treatment area 100) described above. The energy dose was measured at various points. After treatment, samples were taken and the samples were titrated by the plaque assay for VSV. The results are reported in Fig. 17. As shown in Fig. 17, increasing the concentration of methylene blue above 1.0 (and to about 1.73) resulted in a significantly improved virucidal effect.
  • VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
  • Units of plasma spiked with VSV and combined with 3.0 ⁇ M or 0.8 ⁇ M of methylene blue were treated with sodium light (200W sodium lamps above and below treatment area 100) and/or white flourescent light (white flourescent lamps above and below the treatment area).
  • unit 1 included approximately 330 ml of VSV spiked plasma having a 3.0 ⁇ M concentration of methylene blue and was treated with sodium light providing an intensity of approximately 138 mw/cm 2 (when measured across the range of approximately 350-800 nm), which corresponds to an intensity of approximately 123 mw/cm 2 (when measured across the range of approximately 550-700 nm).
  • Unit 2 included approximately 310 ml of VSV spiked plasma having a 0.83 ⁇ M concentration of methylene blue and was also treated with sodium light at the intensities described above.
  • Unit 3 included approximately 310 ml of VSV spiked plasma having a 0.83 ⁇ M concentration of methylene blue and was treated with white flourescent light providing an intensity of approximately 12 mw/cm 2 across the range of approximately 350-800 nm which corresponds to 5.2 mw/cm 2 across the range of 550-700 nm. Samples were taken and titrated by the plaque assay for VSV. The results set forth in Fig.
  • Fig. 19 show a significantly improved virucidal effect after less than 5 minutes in the plasma unit (unit 1) containing a higher concentration (3.0 ⁇ M) of methylene blue and treated with a high intensity light. Additional studies were conducted for plasma spiked with pseudorabies virus (PRV) (a very resistant virus) and the results are shown in Fig. 19. As in Example 8, samples included approximately 3.0 ⁇ M of methylene blue and were treated with high intensity sodium light (approximately 138 mw/cm 2 when measured across the range of approximately 350-800 nm, which corresponds to an intensity of approximately 123 mw/cm 2 when measured across the range of approximately 550-700 nm).
  • PRV pseudorabies virus

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CA2331404C (en) 2008-11-18
AU4183899A (en) 1999-12-06
NO321317B1 (no) 2006-04-24
ES2275343T3 (es) 2007-06-01
ATE342740T1 (de) 2006-11-15
CA2331404A1 (en) 1999-11-25
DE69933669D1 (de) 2006-11-30
WO1999059645A1 (en) 1999-11-25
NO20005800D0 (no) 2000-11-16
US6190609B1 (en) 2001-02-20
NO20005800L (no) 2001-01-11
JP2002515299A (ja) 2002-05-28
EP1079868A1 (en) 2001-03-07
DK1079868T3 (da) 2007-02-19
EP1079868A4 (en) 2003-03-19
DE69933669T2 (de) 2007-04-05
AU750131B2 (en) 2002-07-11

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