EP0892118B1 - Building element for thermal insulation - Google Patents

Building element for thermal insulation Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0892118B1
EP0892118B1 EP98108516A EP98108516A EP0892118B1 EP 0892118 B1 EP0892118 B1 EP 0892118B1 EP 98108516 A EP98108516 A EP 98108516A EP 98108516 A EP98108516 A EP 98108516A EP 0892118 B1 EP0892118 B1 EP 0892118B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
building element
element according
insulator body
cavity
profiled strip
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EP98108516A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0892118A1 (en
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Schoeck Bauteile GmbH
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Schoeck Bauteile GmbH
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/003Balconies; Decks
    • E04B1/0038Anchoring devices specially adapted therefor with means for preventing cold bridging

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for thermal insulation between a building part and a projecting outer part, consisting of an insulating body to be laid therebetween with integrated reinforcing bars which extend transversely through the insulating body therethrough and are laterally in communication with the adjacent components, wherein the insulating body at least its upper and / or underside has a running in the longitudinal direction of the insulating cavity.
  • Such a device is known from DE 43 00 181 A 1.
  • hollow chambers which consist of a harder wall material than the insulating body and are traversed by the reinforcing bars.
  • the reinforcing bars are stably fixed to the insulating body. This component has proven successful in the meantime.
  • EP 658 660 A1 it is proposed for the first time to protect the insulating body by fire protection plates mounted above and below the insulating body.
  • the pressure element consists of two components, namely a mineral glass fiber reinforced pressure core on the one hand, which receives the pressure forces between the building and the cantilevered outer part, and polyurethane molded foam on the other hand, which surrounds said pressure core top and bottom and serves for thermal insulation.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a device for thermal insulation available, in which the advantages of the construction described above, such as the increased protection of the insulating in the rough Construction site operation, with a high fire safety standard.
  • the device should be inexpensive to manufacture and easy to install on site.
  • This object is achieved in that the cavity is at least partially filled with fire protection material.
  • the fire protection material Due to the special positioning of the fire protection material in a cavity of the component, it is optimally protected against damage in construction site operation; In particular, a local breaking or tearing of the fire protection elements is excluded. Furthermore, it is optically laminated by the device, so that the appearance is not affected. Not least accounts for stress-technical inhomogeneities, as they had previously been taken in top and bottom mounted fire protection boards in purchasing.
  • the cavity can either be integrated into the insulating body itself or, for example, be formed by a profiled strip which is connected to the insulating body. This connection is advantageously carried out on cheeks of the profile strip, by means of which it can be plugged or inserted into the insulating body.
  • the profile strip and / or their cheeks may have recesses, so that they are used in addition to the fire protection for fixing the reinforcing bars.
  • a particularly good fixation results when the profile strip is made of a harder material than the insulating body. It also offers a mechanical protection for the insulating body.
  • fire protection material and insulating body can be separated by a wall.
  • This wall can be very cost-effective integral with this form when using a profile strip.
  • the cavity usually so the profile strip, open. So that the fire protection material, which consists of mineral wool, rock wool and the like, does not slip out, it is expedient clamped in the cavity or locally bonded. The components can then be cut to the required size on the construction site.
  • the fire protection material which consists of mineral wool, rock wool and the like
  • the cavity is expediently filled with insulating material, in particular polystyrene, so that no air convection can occur.
  • the following expansions of the cavity have proven to be advantageous: In the longitudinal direction of the insulating body, an extension is desirable at least almost over its entire length. Transverse to the cavity could be wider than the insulator at least at the top. The height of the cavity can then be carried out from 5 mm to 25 mm.
  • Insulating body and profile strip that is, the whole component including the cavities or their shells, expediently have the same height as the building and / or outer part, that is like the ceiling and balcony slab.
  • Figure 1 shows a component 1, which is to be arranged with its insulating body 2 made of Styrofoam between a left side projecting outer part, such as a balcony slab, and a likewise not shown right-side building part, in particular a concrete ceiling slab.
  • the insulating body 2 is traversed by tension rods 3, transverse rods 4 and 5 push rods. These bars protrude from the insulating body into the outer and the building parts and are embedded in concrete there.
  • the transverse force rod 4 runs on the outside part in a loop.
  • the pressure rod 5 ends on both sides in pressure plates for receiving the pressure forces.
  • the hatched representation of the reinforcing bars indicates areas in which structural steel is used, while in the non-hatched areas in and near the insulator for corrosion protection reasons Stainless steel or at least corrosion-protected steel is to be used.
  • these cavities are at least partially filled with fire protection material 6a and 7a, which is indicated by a cross-hatching.
  • fire protection material 6a and 7a which is indicated by a cross-hatching.
  • the cavities 6 and 7 are located in the interior of moldings 8 and 9, which are plugged from above or below on the insulator 2 and surround it with their projecting cheeks 8a and 9a respectively on the building and outer part side.
  • these cheeks 8a, 9a are recesses in which the reinforcing rods 3, 4, 5 are fixed.
  • the profile strips 8 and 9 each have a wall 8b and 9b, which delimits the cavity 6 and 7 relative to the insulating body 2 and thus separates the located in the cavities 6 and 7 fire protection material from the insulating body 2.
  • the cavities 6 and 7 in the drawing plane are completely closed.
  • the profile strips 8 and 9 with cheeks 8a, 9a and walls 8b, 9b can be inexpensively manufactured in one piece from hard plastic.
  • the hard plastic also provides a particularly good protection of the fire protection material and the insulating body 2 against mechanical damage.
  • the cavities 6 and 7 have a rectangular cross-section.
  • the lower cavity 7 is in the direction of the building part to the outer part as wide as the insulating body 2, so that the cheeks 9 a straight line to the profile strip 9 connect.
  • the upper filled with fire protection material cavity 6 is a few millimeters or centimeters wider than the insulating body 2, so that he hineinerstreckt on both sides in the adjacent building or outer part. This ensures that column, which often form due to the tensile load in the upper region between insulator 2 and adjacent building or outer part, are covered fireproof.
  • the lower cavity 7 can be selected higher than the upper 6.
  • the upper profile strip 8 and the lower profile strip 9 are connected to each other by connecting means in the form of rods or tubes 10, which extend vertically through the insulating body 2 and each attack on the walls 8b, 9b of the profile strips 8, 9.
  • the connecting means 10 increase the stability of the component, but on the other hand they can also have an adjusting mechanism, not shown here, for adjusting the height of the component, whereby the vertical distance between the profile strips 8 and 9 and thus the height of the component can be changed.
  • Figures 2 and 3 show a cross section through the upper portion of a component with additional fire protection measures.
  • the profile strip 8 is similar to the previous embodiment formed as a hollow profile and contains inside the fire protection material 6a, preferably mineral wool. This Fire protection material fills the hollow body almost over its entire length and width.
  • the downwardly projecting cheeks 8a which laterally surround the insulating body 2, can be connected to the lower profile strip 7 via connecting means 10, as in the previous exemplary embodiment.
  • the profile strip 8 may also be fixed, in particular latched, via the aforementioned cheeks 8a to the tension rods 3.
  • the component preferably in its upper region, but possibly also below, with strips 11 of intumescent material is fitted. It is a substance that expands under the action of heat, in particular swells and thereby seals any joints in the surrounding area reliably, especially fireproof.
  • the intumescent material consists of ammonium polyphosphates and / or cyandiamide.
  • the intumescent material is preferably arranged on the sides of the profile strip, in the form of continuous or partially arranged strips extending in the longitudinal direction of the Insulator 2 extend.
  • Figure 2 shows the arrangement of the Intumeszenzst Shape 11 on the two outer sides of the profile strip 8, Figure 3 on the inner sides, in the same cavity as the fire protection material 6a.
  • the intumescent material is at the same height level as the fire protection material 6a, ie in particular above the tension rods 3, thereby preventing the spread of fire and smoke through joints and gaps.
  • intumescent material 11 to be arranged in the lower region of the component, ie on the lower profile strip 7 below the pressure rods.
  • the cavity to be filled with fire protection material has been formed in each case by a closed in all four sides cavity in the profile strip 8. It is also within the scope of the invention, instead, to use a profile strip which has an approximately U-shaped cross-section, the open side is closed by connecting the profile strip with the insulating body 2.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 Such an embodiment is found in FIGS. 4 and 5 for the lower profiled strip 19, whereby it has at least partially elastic sidewalls, so that it can be clamped, preferably locked, to the upper and / or lower side of the insulating body 2.
  • longitudinally extending bends 19a arranged engage around the corresponding projections 2a of the insulating body 2.
  • the projection on one side of the insulating body 2, in the embodiment right bevelled in the lower region, so that it can be pressed from above on the corresponding fold 19a of the profile strip and this expands until it snaps above the projection 2a.
  • On the opposite side of this training is not necessary because the projection 2a can be inserted here laterally from the right in the fold of the profile strip and then the latching takes place on the right side.
  • the projections 2a of the insulating body and the folds 19a of the profile strip 19 are associated with each other in terms of height so that the profile strip in the engaged state forms a sufficiently large cavity, which is filled as in the previous embodiments with fire protection material 7a.
  • the components described are not placed directly on a masonry or concrete wall, but they lie on a material that can catch fire itself.
  • the components described for example, in houses whose walls have an external insulation, generally installed so that the insulating body 2 is aligned with the outer insulation, so no longer or only partially rests on the masonry.
  • said recesses 19b are provided in the side walls of the profile strip.
  • Figure 5 shows the rail 19 in the non-installed state. It can be clearly seen the plurality of recesses 19b in the two opposite side walls. They have a rectangular shape in the embodiment and are open at the top. Of course, the recesses could also be formed by a plurality of longitudinally juxtaposed holes or the like.
  • the invention provides a fire protection that is optimally integrated into the device.
  • the component can equally be used if no fire protection is required by merely a conventional thermal insulation material is inserted into the cavity instead of the fire protection material.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Macromolecular Compounds Obtained By Forming Nitrogen-Containing Linkages In General (AREA)

Abstract

The insulation body (2) comprises integrated reinforcement rods (3-5) passing across same to connect with adjoining structural elements. A hollow cavity (6,7) running in the longitudinal direction of the insulation body is filled at least in part with fire retardant material (6a,7a). The cavity can be wider than the insulation body. The fire retardant material can be secured in the cavity by friction or by adhesive. the cavity can be formed by a profiled strip (8,9) connected to the insulation body by its side cheeks (8a,9a).

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Bauelement zur Wärmedämmung zwischen einem Gebäudeteil und einem vorkragenden Außenteil, bestehend aus einem dazwischen zu verlegenden Isolierkörper mit integrierten Bewehrungsstäben, die sich quer zum Isolierkörper durch diesen hindurch erstrecken und seitlich mit den angrenzenden Bauteilen in Verbindung stehen, wobei der Isolierkörper zumindest an seiner Ober-und/oder Unterseite einen in Längsrichtung des Isolierkörpers laufenden Hohlraum aufweist.The invention relates to a device for thermal insulation between a building part and a projecting outer part, consisting of an insulating body to be laid therebetween with integrated reinforcing bars which extend transversely through the insulating body therethrough and are laterally in communication with the adjacent components, wherein the insulating body at least its upper and / or underside has a running in the longitudinal direction of the insulating cavity.

Ein solches Bauelement ist aus der DE 43 00 181 A 1 bekannt. Dort werden Hohlkammern vorgeschlagen, die aus einem härteren Wandmaterial als der lsolierkörper bestehen und von den Bewehrungsstäben durchquert werden. Dadurch werden die Bewehrungsstäbe stabil am Isolierkörper fixiert. Dieses Bauelement hat sich zwischenzeitlich erfolgreich bewährt.Such a device is known from DE 43 00 181 A 1. There hollow chambers are proposed, which consist of a harder wall material than the insulating body and are traversed by the reinforcing bars. As a result, the reinforcing bars are stably fixed to the insulating body. This component has proven successful in the meantime.

Unter bestimmten Umständen kann es für derartige Bauelemente notwendig sein, Brandschutzvorkehrungen zu treffen. So wird in der EP 658 660 A 1 erstmals vorgeschlagen, den Isolierkörper durch oberhalb und unterhalb des Isolierkörpers montierte Brandschutzplatten zu schützen.In certain circumstances, it may be necessary for such components to take fire safety precautions. Thus, in EP 658 660 A1, it is proposed for the first time to protect the insulating body by fire protection plates mounted above and below the insulating body.

Außerdem ist durch die DE 195 08 292 A1 ein ähnliches Bauelement zur Wärmedämmung bekannt geworden, bei dem nicht brennbares Material eingesetzt wird. Insbesondere soll die Betondruckzone ohne zusätzliche Maßnahmen eine Feuerwiderstandsdauer von F90F erreichen. Dabei besteht das Druckelement aus zwei Komponenten, nämlich einem mineralischen glasfaserverstärkten Druckkern einerseits, der die Druckkräfte zwischen dem Gebäude und dem auskragenden Außenteil aufnimmt, und aus Polyurethanformschaum andererseits, der den genannten Druckkern oben und unten umgibt und zur Wärmedämmung dient.In addition, DE 195 08 292 A1 a similar device for thermal insulation has become known, is used in the non-combustible material. In particular, the concrete pressure zone should achieve a fire resistance of F90F without additional measures. In this case, the pressure element consists of two components, namely a mineral glass fiber reinforced pressure core on the one hand, which receives the pressure forces between the building and the cantilevered outer part, and polyurethane molded foam on the other hand, which surrounds said pressure core top and bottom and serves for thermal insulation.

Davon ausgehend besteht die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung darin, ein Bauelement zur Wärmedämmung zur Verfügung zu stellen, bei dem sich die Vorteile der eingangs beschriebenen Konstruktion, wie zum Beispiel der erhöhte Schutz des Isolierkörpers im rauhen Baustellenbetrieb, mit einem hohen Brandschutzstandard verbinden lassen. Außerdem soll das Bauelement kostengünstig in der Herstellung und auf der Baustelle einfach einzubauen sein.On this basis, the object of the present invention is to provide a device for thermal insulation available, in which the advantages of the construction described above, such as the increased protection of the insulating in the rough Construction site operation, with a high fire safety standard. In addition, the device should be inexpensive to manufacture and easy to install on site.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß der Hohlraum zumindest teilweise mit Brandschutzmaterial gefüllt ist.This object is achieved in that the cavity is at least partially filled with fire protection material.

Durch die spezielle Positionierung des Brandschutzmaterials in einem Hohlraum des Bauelementes ist es optimal gegen Beschädigungen im Baustellenbetrieb geschützt; insbesondere ist ein lokales Ausbrechen oder Abreißen der Brandschutzelemente ausgeschlossen. Desweiteren ist es optisch durch das Bauelement kaschiert, so daß das Aussehen nicht beeinträchtigt wird. Nicht zuletzt entfallen auch belastungstechnische Inhomogenitäten, wie sie bisher bei oben und unten montierten Brandschutzplatten in Kauf genommen werden mußten.Due to the special positioning of the fire protection material in a cavity of the component, it is optimally protected against damage in construction site operation; In particular, a local breaking or tearing of the fire protection elements is excluded. Furthermore, it is optically laminated by the device, so that the appearance is not affected. Not least accounts for stress-technical inhomogeneities, as they had previously been taken in top and bottom mounted fire protection boards in purchasing.

Der Hohlraum kann entweder in den lsolierkörper selbst integriert sein oder aber zum Beispiel durch eine Profilleiste gebildet werden, die mit dem Isolierkörper verbunden ist. Diese Verbindung erfolgt vorteilhaft über Wangen der Profilleiste, mittels derer diese auf den Isolierkörper steckbar bzw. in ihn einsetzbar ist.The cavity can either be integrated into the insulating body itself or, for example, be formed by a profiled strip which is connected to the insulating body. This connection is advantageously carried out on cheeks of the profile strip, by means of which it can be plugged or inserted into the insulating body.

Weiterhin können die Profilleiste und/oder ihre Wangen Ausnehmungen aufweisen, so daß sie neben dem Brandschutz auch zur Fixierung der Bewehrungsstäbe dienen. Eine besonders gute Fixierung ergibt sich, wenn die Profilleiste aus härterem Material als der Isolierkörper besteht. Dabei bietet sie auch einen mechanischen Schutz für den Isolierkörper.Furthermore, the profile strip and / or their cheeks may have recesses, so that they are used in addition to the fire protection for fixing the reinforcing bars. A particularly good fixation results when the profile strip is made of a harder material than the insulating body. It also offers a mechanical protection for the insulating body.

Damit sich das Brandschutzmaterial beim Befüllen des Hohlraumes nicht an dem rauhen Material des Isolierkörpers verhackt, kann man Brandschutzmaterial und Isolierkörper durch eine Wand trennen. Diese Wand läßt sich bei Einsatz einer Profilleiste sehr kostengünstig einstückig mit dieser ausbilden.So that the fire protection material does not get stuck when filling the cavity with the rough material of the insulating body, fire protection material and insulating body can be separated by a wall. This wall can be very cost-effective integral with this form when using a profile strip.

An den beiden Stirnseiten des Bauelementes ist der Hohlraum, normalerweise also die Profilleiste, offen. Damit das Brandschutzmaterial, das aus Mineralwolle, Steinwolle und dergleichen besteht, nicht herausrutscht, wird es zweckmäßig im Hohlraum verklemmt oder lokal verklebt. Die Bauelemente können dann auf der Baustelle auf das gewünschte Maß abgelängt werden.At the two end faces of the device is the cavity, usually so the profile strip, open. So that the fire protection material, which consists of mineral wool, rock wool and the like, does not slip out, it is expedient clamped in the cavity or locally bonded. The components can then be cut to the required size on the construction site.

Falls das Bauelement keinen Brandschutz aufweisen muß, wird der Hohlraum zweckmäßig mit Dämmaterial, insbesondere Styropor gefüllt, damit keine Luftkonvektion auftreten kann.If the component does not have to have fire protection, the cavity is expediently filled with insulating material, in particular polystyrene, so that no air convection can occur.

Für einen besonders guten Brandschutz haben sich folgende Ausdehnungen des Hohlraumes als vorteilhaft erwiesen: In Längsrichtung des Isolierkörpers ist eine Erstreckung zumindest nahezu über dessen gesamte Länge wünschenswert. Quer dazu könnte der Hohlraum zumindest an der Oberseite breiter sein als der Isolierkörper. Die Höhe des Hohlraumes kann dann von 5 Millimeter bis 25 Millimeter ausgeführt werden.For a particularly good fire protection, the following expansions of the cavity have proven to be advantageous: In the longitudinal direction of the insulating body, an extension is desirable at least almost over its entire length. Transverse to the cavity could be wider than the insulator at least at the top. The height of the cavity can then be carried out from 5 mm to 25 mm.

Für spezielle Anwendungen, z. B. punktuelle Auflager von Balkonplatten, kann zusätzlich zu Hohlräumen an der Ober- und Unterseite des Isolierkörpers auch die Anordnung von Brandschutzmaterial seitlich des Isolierkörpers sinnvoll sein, insbesondere wieder in einem Hohlraum.For special applications, eg. B. selective support of balcony slabs, in addition to cavities on the top and bottom of the insulator and the arrangement of fire protection material laterally of the insulator may be useful, especially again in a cavity.

Isolierkörper und Profilleiste, das heißt das ganze Bauelement einschließlich der Hohlräume bzw. ihrer Ummantelung, weisen zweckmäßigerweise die gleiche Höhe auf wie das Gebäude- und/oder Außenteil, das heißt wie die Decken- und Balkonplatte.Insulating body and profile strip, that is, the whole component including the cavities or their shells, expediently have the same height as the building and / or outer part, that is like the ceiling and balcony slab.

Weiterhin ist es zur Stabilisierung des Bauelementes oder aber zur Integration einer Höhenverstellung sinnvoll, die an gegenüberliegenden Seiten des Isolierkörpers angeordneten, jeweils einen Hohlraum bildenden Elemente durch Verbindungsmittel, insbesondere Stäbe, miteinander zu verbinden. Im Falle einer Höhenverstellung weisen die Verbindungsmittel dann gleichzeitig einen Verstellmechanismus auf. Insoweit wird voll umfänglich auf die ältere Patentanmeldung 197 22 028 verwiesen.Furthermore, it is useful for stabilizing the component or for integrating a height adjustment, which arranged on opposite sides of the insulating body, each forming a cavity elements by connecting means, in particular rods to connect together. In the case of a height adjustment, the Connecting means then at the same time an adjusting mechanism. In that regard, full reference is made to the earlier patent application 197 22 028.

Weitere erfindungswesentliche Merkmale und Vorteile ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung eines Ausführungsbeispieles anhand der Zeichnung; dabei zeigt

Figur 1
den Querschnitt eines erfindungsgemäßen Bauelements;
Figur 2
den Querschnitt durch den oberen Bereich eines anderen erfindungsgemäßen Bauelementes;
Figur 3
den Querschnitt durch eine alternative Bauform gemäß Figur 2;
Figur 4
den Querschnitt durch den unteren Bereich eines anderen erfindungsgemäßen Bauelementes und
Figur 5
ein Schrägbild einer Profilleiste gemäß Figur 4.
Other inventive features and advantages will become apparent from the following description of an embodiment with reference to the drawing; shows
FIG. 1
the cross section of a device according to the invention;
FIG. 2
the cross section through the upper portion of another device according to the invention;
FIG. 3
the cross section through an alternative design according to Figure 2;
FIG. 4
the cross section through the lower portion of another device according to the invention and
FIG. 5
an oblique view of a profile strip according to FIG. 4

In Figur 1 erkennt man ein Bauelement 1, das mit seinem Isolierkörper 2 aus Styropor zwischen einem nicht dargestellten linksseitig vorkragenden Außenteil, etwa einer Balkonplatte, und einem ebenfalls nicht dargestellten rechtsseitigen Gebäudeteil, insbesondere einer betonierten Deckenplatte, anzuordnen ist. Der Isolierkörper 2 wird von Zugstäben 3, Querkräftstäben 4 und Druckstäben 5 durchquert. Diese Stäbe stehen aus dem lsolierkörper jeweils in das Außen- und das Gebäudeteil vor und werden dort einbetoniert. Der Querkraftstab 4 läuft außenteilseitig in einer Schlaufe aus. Der Druckstab 5 endet beidseits in Druckplatten zur Aufnahme der Druckkräfte. Die schraffierte Darstellung der Bewehrungsstäbe deutet auf Bereiche hin, in denen Baustahl verwendet wird, während in den nicht schraffierten Bereichen im und nahe dem Isolierkörper aus Korrosionsschutzgründen Edelstahl oder zumindest korrosionsgschützter Stahl einzusetzen ist.In Figure 1 shows a component 1, which is to be arranged with its insulating body 2 made of Styrofoam between a left side projecting outer part, such as a balcony slab, and a likewise not shown right-side building part, in particular a concrete ceiling slab. The insulating body 2 is traversed by tension rods 3, transverse rods 4 and 5 push rods. These bars protrude from the insulating body into the outer and the building parts and are embedded in concrete there. The transverse force rod 4 runs on the outside part in a loop. The pressure rod 5 ends on both sides in pressure plates for receiving the pressure forces. The hatched representation of the reinforcing bars indicates areas in which structural steel is used, while in the non-hatched areas in and near the insulator for corrosion protection reasons Stainless steel or at least corrosion-protected steel is to be used.

Am oberen und unteren Ende des Bauelementes 1, das heißt über und unter dem Isolierkörper 2, befinden sich Hohlräume 6 und 7.At the upper and lower end of the component 1, that is, above and below the insulating body 2, there are cavities 6 and 7.

Wesentlich ist nun, daß diese Hohlräume zumindest teilweise mit Brandschutzmaterial 6a bzw. 7a gefüllt sind, das durch eine Kreuzschraffur angedeutet ist. Durch das Brandschutzmaterial, das in Form von Platten oder Matten in Längsrichtung eingeschoben und im Hohlraum verklemmt wird, wird der Isolierkörper 2 gegenüber übermäßiger Hitzeeinwirkung von oben und/oder unten abgeschirmt.It is essential that these cavities are at least partially filled with fire protection material 6a and 7a, which is indicated by a cross-hatching. By the fire protection material, which is inserted in the form of plates or mats in the longitudinal direction and clamped in the cavity, the insulating body 2 is shielded from excessive heat from above and / or below.

Die Hohlräume 6 und 7 befinden sich im Inneren von Profilleisten 8 und 9, die von oben bzw. unten auf den Isolierkörper 2 aufgesteckt sind und ihn mit ihren vorstehenden Wangen 8a bzw. 9a jeweils auf Gebäude- und Außenteilseite umgreifen. In diesen Wangen 8a, 9a befinden sich Ausnehmungen, in denen die Bewehrungsstäbe 3, 4, 5 fixiert sind.The cavities 6 and 7 are located in the interior of moldings 8 and 9, which are plugged from above or below on the insulator 2 and surround it with their projecting cheeks 8a and 9a respectively on the building and outer part side. In these cheeks 8a, 9a are recesses in which the reinforcing rods 3, 4, 5 are fixed.

Die Profilleisten 8 und 9 weisen jeweils eine Wand 8b bzw. 9b auf, die den Hohlraum 6 bzw. 7 gegenüber dem Isolierkörper 2 abgrenzt und damit das in den Hohlräumen 6 bzw. 7 befindliche Brandschutzmaterial vom Isolierkörper 2 trennt. Damit sind die Hohlräume 6 und 7 in der Zeichenebene rundum geschlossen. Zum Befüllen bietet es sich an, die Hohlräume 6 und 7 senkrecht zur Zeichenebene an einer bzw. beiden Seiten offen zu lassen. Nach dem Befüllen können diese Öffnungen entweder zum sicheren Aufbewahren des Brandschutzmaterials, insbesondere wenn es sich um Schüttgut handelt, geschlossen werden, so daß die Hohlräume rundum abgedichtet sind. Sie können aus Kostengründen aber auch einfach offen bleiben, insbesondere wenn das Brandschutzmaterial im Hohlraum fixiert ist.The profile strips 8 and 9 each have a wall 8b and 9b, which delimits the cavity 6 and 7 relative to the insulating body 2 and thus separates the located in the cavities 6 and 7 fire protection material from the insulating body 2. Thus, the cavities 6 and 7 in the drawing plane are completely closed. For filling, it is advisable to leave the cavities 6 and 7 open perpendicular to the plane of the drawing on one or both sides. After filling these openings can be closed either for safe storage of the fire protection material, especially if it is bulk, so that the cavities are completely sealed. For cost reasons, however, they can simply remain open, in particular if the fire protection material is fixed in the cavity.

Die Profilleisten 8 und 9 mit Wangen 8a, 9a und Wänden 8b, 9b können kostengünstig einstückig aus Hartkunststoff hergestellt werden.The profile strips 8 and 9 with cheeks 8a, 9a and walls 8b, 9b can be inexpensively manufactured in one piece from hard plastic.

Der Hartkunststoff bietet gleichzeitig einen besonders guten Schutz des Brandschutzmaterials und des Isolierkörpers 2 gegenüber mechanischen Beschädigungen.The hard plastic also provides a particularly good protection of the fire protection material and the insulating body 2 against mechanical damage.

Die Hohlräume 6 und 7 weisen einen rechteckigen Querschnitt auf. Der untere Hohlraum 7 ist dabei in Richtung vom Gebäudeteil zum Außenteil ebenso breit wie der Isolierkörper 2, so daß sich die Wangen 9a geradlinig durchlaufend an die Profilleiste 9 anschließen. Der obere mit Brandschutzmaterial gefüllte Hohlraum 6 ist einige Millimeter oder Zentimeter breiter als der Isolierkörper 2, so daß er sich beidseits in das angrenzende Gebäude- bzw. Außenteil hineinerstreckt. Dadurch ist sichergestellt, daß Spalte, die sich aufgrund der Zugbelastung im oberen Bereich zwischen Isolierkörper 2 und angrenzendem Gebäude- bzw. Außenteil häufig bilden, feuerfest abgedeckt sind. Alternativ zum dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel, bei dem oberer und unterer Hohlraum 6 und 7 gleichhoch sind, kann, um eventuelle unterschiedliche thermische Belastung zu berücksichtigen, der untere Hohlraum 7 höher als der obere 6 gewählt werden.The cavities 6 and 7 have a rectangular cross-section. The lower cavity 7 is in the direction of the building part to the outer part as wide as the insulating body 2, so that the cheeks 9 a straight line to the profile strip 9 connect. The upper filled with fire protection material cavity 6 is a few millimeters or centimeters wider than the insulating body 2, so that he hineinerstreckt on both sides in the adjacent building or outer part. This ensures that column, which often form due to the tensile load in the upper region between insulator 2 and adjacent building or outer part, are covered fireproof. Alternatively to the illustrated embodiment, in which the upper and lower cavities 6 and 7 are the same height, in order to take into account any different thermal load, the lower cavity 7 can be selected higher than the upper 6.

Die obere Profilleiste 8 und die untere Profilleiste 9 sind durch Verbindungsmittel in Form von Stangen oder Rohren 10 miteinander verbunden, die sich vertikal durch den Isolierkörper 2 hindurcherstrecken und jeweils an den Wänden 8b, 9b der Profilleisten 8, 9 angreifen. Die Verbindungsmittel 10 erhöhen einerseits die Stabilität des Bauelementes , andererseits können sie aber auch einen hier nicht dargestellten Verstellmechanismus zur Höhenverstellung des Bauelementes aufweisen, wodurch der vertikale Abstand zwischen den Profilleisten 8 und 9 und somit die Höhe des Bauelementes verändert werden kann.The upper profile strip 8 and the lower profile strip 9 are connected to each other by connecting means in the form of rods or tubes 10, which extend vertically through the insulating body 2 and each attack on the walls 8b, 9b of the profile strips 8, 9. On the one hand, the connecting means 10 increase the stability of the component, but on the other hand they can also have an adjusting mechanism, not shown here, for adjusting the height of the component, whereby the vertical distance between the profile strips 8 and 9 and thus the height of the component can be changed.

Die Figuren 2 und 3 zeigen ein Querschnitt durch den oberen Bereich eines Bauelementes mit zusätzlichen Brandschutzmaßnahmen. Die Profilleiste 8 ist dabei ähnlich wie in den vorangegangenen Ausführungsbeispiel als Hohlprofil ausgebildet und enthält im Inneren wieder das Brandschutzmaterial 6a, vorzugsweise Mineralwolle. Dieses Brandschutzmaterial füllt den Hohlkörper nahezu über dessen gesamte Länge und Breite aus.Figures 2 and 3 show a cross section through the upper portion of a component with additional fire protection measures. The profile strip 8 is similar to the previous embodiment formed as a hollow profile and contains inside the fire protection material 6a, preferably mineral wool. This Fire protection material fills the hollow body almost over its entire length and width.

Die nach unten ragenden Wangen 8a, die den lsolierkörper 2 seitlich umfassen, können wie im vorangegangenen Ausführungsbeispiel über Verbindungsmittel 10 mit der unteren Profilleiste 7 verbunden sein. Statt dessen oder zusätzlich kann die Profilleiste 8 aber auch über die genannten Wangen 8a an den Zugstäben 3 festgelegt, insbesondere verrastet sein.The downwardly projecting cheeks 8a, which laterally surround the insulating body 2, can be connected to the lower profile strip 7 via connecting means 10, as in the previous exemplary embodiment. Instead or in addition, however, the profile strip 8 may also be fixed, in particular latched, via the aforementioned cheeks 8a to the tension rods 3.

Wesentlich ist nun, daß eine zusätzliche Brandschutzmaßnahme dadurch ergriffen wird, daß das Bauelement vorzugsweise in seinem oberen Bereich, gegebenenfalls aber auch unten, mit Streifen 11 aus Intumeszenzmaterial bestückt ist. Es handelt sich dabei um einen Stoff, der unter Hitzeeinwirkung expandiert, insbesondere aufquillt und dadurch eventuelle Fugen im Umgebungsbereich zuverlässig, vor allem feuerfest, abdichtet. Vorzugsweise besteht das Intumeszenzmaterial aus Ammoniumpolyphophaten und/oder Cyandiamid.It is essential that an additional fire protection measure is taken by the fact that the component preferably in its upper region, but possibly also below, with strips 11 of intumescent material is fitted. It is a substance that expands under the action of heat, in particular swells and thereby seals any joints in the surrounding area reliably, especially fireproof. Preferably, the intumescent material consists of ammonium polyphosphates and / or cyandiamide.

Da im Brandfall zu befürchten ist, daß die aus Kunststoff bestehende Profilleiste 8 schmilzt und somit Zwischenräume zum umgebenden Mauerwerk entstehen, wird das Intumeszenzmaterial vorzugsweise an den Seiten der Profilleiste angeordnet, und zwar in Form von durchgehenden oder abschnittsweise angeordneten Streifen, die sich in Längsrichtung des Isolierkörpers 2 erstrecken.Since it is to be feared in case of fire that the plastic profile strip 8 melts and thus gaps between the surrounding masonry arise, the intumescent material is preferably arranged on the sides of the profile strip, in the form of continuous or partially arranged strips extending in the longitudinal direction of the Insulator 2 extend.

Figur 2 zeigt die Anordnung der Intumeszenzstreifen 11 an den beiden Außenseiten der Profilleiste 8, Figur 3 an den Innenseiten, und zwar im gleichen Hohlraum wie das Brandschutzmaterial 6a. In beiden Fällen befindet sich das Intumeszenzmaterial auf gleichem Höhenniveau wie das Brandschutzmaterial 6a, insbesondere also oberhalb der Zugstäbe 3, um dadurch die Ausbreitung von Feuer und Rauch durch Fugen und Zwischenräume zu verhindern.Figure 2 shows the arrangement of the Intumeszenzstreifen 11 on the two outer sides of the profile strip 8, Figure 3 on the inner sides, in the same cavity as the fire protection material 6a. In both cases, the intumescent material is at the same height level as the fire protection material 6a, ie in particular above the tension rods 3, thereby preventing the spread of fire and smoke through joints and gaps.

Es liegt selbstverständlich im Rahmen der Erfindung, daß Intumeszenzmaterial 11 auch im unteren Bereich des Bauelementes anzuordnen, also an der unteren Profilleiste 7 unterhalb der Druckstäbe.It is of course within the scope of the invention that intumescent material 11 to be arranged in the lower region of the component, ie on the lower profile strip 7 below the pressure rods.

Vorstehend ist der mit Brandschutzmaterial zu füllende Hohlraum jeweils durch einen an allen vier Seiten geschlossenen Hohlraum in der Profilleiste 8 gebildet worden. Es liegt aber auch im Rahmen der Erfindung, statt dessen eine Profilleiste zu verwenden, die einen etwa U-förmigen Querschnitt aufweist, deren offene Seite durch das Verbinden der Profilleiste mit dem isolierkörper 2 verschlossen wird.Above, the cavity to be filled with fire protection material has been formed in each case by a closed in all four sides cavity in the profile strip 8. It is also within the scope of the invention, instead, to use a profile strip which has an approximately U-shaped cross-section, the open side is closed by connecting the profile strip with the insulating body 2.

Ein derartiges Ausführungsbeispiel.findet sich in den Figuren 4 und 5 für die untere Profilleiste 19 dabei hat sie zumindest teilweise elastische Seitenwände, so daß sie an der Ober- und/oder Unterseite des Isolierkörpers 2 mit ihm verklemmt, vorzugsweise verrastet werden kann. Zur Verrastung sind an den Seitenwänden der Profilleiste, vorzugsweise an deren freien Enden, in Längsrichtung laufende Abkantungen 19a angeordnet, die entsprechende Vorsprünge 2a des Isolierkörpers 2 umgreifen. Dabei ist der Vorsprung an der einen Seite des Isolierkörpers 2, im Ausführungsbeispiel rechts, im unteren Bereich abgeschrägt, so daß er von oben auf die korrespondierende Abkantung 19a der Profilleiste aufgedrückt werden kann und diese dabei aufweitet, bis sie oberhalb des Vorsprunges 2a einschnappt. Auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite ist diese Ausbildung nicht notwendig, da der Vorsprung 2a hier seitlich von rechts in die Abkantung der Profilleiste eingesteckt werden kann und anschließend die Verrastung an der rechten Seite erfolgt.Such an embodiment is found in FIGS. 4 and 5 for the lower profiled strip 19, whereby it has at least partially elastic sidewalls, so that it can be clamped, preferably locked, to the upper and / or lower side of the insulating body 2. For locking on the side walls of the profile strip, preferably at the free ends, longitudinally extending bends 19a arranged engage around the corresponding projections 2a of the insulating body 2. In this case, the projection on one side of the insulating body 2, in the embodiment right, bevelled in the lower region, so that it can be pressed from above on the corresponding fold 19a of the profile strip and this expands until it snaps above the projection 2a. On the opposite side of this training is not necessary because the projection 2a can be inserted here laterally from the right in the fold of the profile strip and then the latching takes place on the right side.

Die Vorsprünge 2a des Isolierkörpers und die Abkantungen 19a der Profilleiste 19 sind höhenmäßig so einander zugeordnet, daß die Profilleiste in eingerastetem Zustand einen genügend großen Hohlraum bildet, der wie in den vorangegangenen Ausführungsbeispielen mit Brandschutzmaterial 7a gefüllt ist.The projections 2a of the insulating body and the folds 19a of the profile strip 19 are associated with each other in terms of height so that the profile strip in the engaged state forms a sufficiently large cavity, which is filled as in the previous embodiments with fire protection material 7a.

Eine wichtige Weiterbildung der Erfindung, die sowohl bei den offenen Profilleisten gemäß Figur 4 wie auch bei den geschlossenen Profilleisten gemäß Figur 1 bis 3 angewendet werden kann, besteht darin, daß in den Seitenwänden der Profilleiste, und zwar in Höhe des Brandschutzmaterials 7a Aussparungen 19b aufweist, die den Durchtritt von Beton zu dem Brandschutzmaterial 7a gestatten. Der Zweck dieser Aussparungen ist folgender:An important development of the invention, which can be applied both in the open moldings according to Figure 4 as well as the closed moldings according to Figure 1 to 3, is that in the side walls of the profile strip, in height of the fire protection material 7a has recesses 19b that allow the passage of concrete to the fire protection material 7a. The purpose of these recesses is as follows:

Häufig werden die beschriebenen Bauelemente nicht direkt auf eine gemauerte oder betonierte Wand aufgesetzt, sondern sie liegen auf einem Werkstoff, der selbst Feuer fangen kann. So werden die beschriebenen Bauelemente beispielsweise bei Häusern, deren Wände eine Außendämmung aufweisen, im allgemeinen so eingebaut, daß der Isolierkörper 2 mit der Außendämmung fluchtet, also nicht mehr oder nur noch teilweise auf dem Mauerwerk aufliegt.Often the components described are not placed directly on a masonry or concrete wall, but they lie on a material that can catch fire itself. Thus, the components described, for example, in houses whose walls have an external insulation, generally installed so that the insulating body 2 is aligned with the outer insulation, so no longer or only partially rests on the masonry.

Kommt es bei einer derartigen Einbauposition zum Brand, so führt das Abschmelzen der aus Kunststoff bestehenden Profilleiste 19 dazu, daß das Brandschutzmaterial 7a seine Verbindung mit dem Isolierkörper 2 verliert und herunterfällt. Eine Brandschutz des Bauelementes ist dann nicht mehr gegeben.If fire occurs in such an installation position, the melting off of the profile strip 19 made of plastic causes the fire protection material 7a to lose its connection with the insulating body 2 and fall off. A fire protection of the component is then no longer given.

Um hier Abhilfe zu schaffen, sind die genannten Aussparungen 19b in den Seitenwänden der Profilleiste vorgesehen. Sie haben zur Folge, daß beim Einbetonieren des Bauelementes, und zwar sowohl beim Betonieren der Decke beispielsweise rechts vom Isolierkörper, wie auch beim Betonieren einer Balkonplatte oder dergleichen links des Isolierkörpers der Frischbeton durch die Aussparungen 19b hindurchfließt und in unmittelbaren Kontakt mit dem Brandschutzmaterial 7a kommt. Dadurch wird das Brandschutzmaterial auch dann noch gehalten, wenn die Profilleiste wegschmilzt.To remedy this situation, said recesses 19b are provided in the side walls of the profile strip. You have the consequence that during the concreting of the component, both when concreting the ceiling, for example, right from the insulator, as well as when concreting a balcony slab or the like left of the insulator of the fresh concrete flows through the recesses 19b and comes into direct contact with the fire protection material 7a , As a result, the fire protection material is still held when the profile strip melts away.

Damit der Beton das Brandschutzmaterial unter allen Umständen festhält, empfiehlt es sich, daß es zumindest im Bereich der Aussparungen 19b profiliert ist, etwa wie dies durch Vertiefungen 7c in Figur 4 angedeutet ist. Man erhält dann gewissermaßen eine Verzahnung zwischen Beton und Brandschutzmaterial.In order for the concrete to hold the fire protection material under all circumstances, it is recommended that it is profiled at least in the area of the recesses 19b, for example as indicated by depressions 7c in FIG. 4 is indicated. It then gives a sort of interlocking between concrete and fire protection material.

Außerdem kann es zweckmäßig sein, zwischen der Profilschiene 19 und dem Brandschutzmaterial 7a eine Verklemmung, insbesondere Verrastung vorzusehen, damit diese Teile auch dann schon aneinanderhalten, bevor die Profilschiene 19 durch den Isolierkörper 2 verschlossen wird.In addition, it may be appropriate to provide between the rail 19 and the fire protection material 7a jamming, in particular latching, so that these parts even then contiguous before the rail 19 is closed by the insulating body 2.

Figur 5 zeigt die Profilschiene 19 in nicht eingebautem Zustand. Man erkennt deutlich die Vielzahl von Aussparungen 19b in den beiden gegenüberliegenden Seitenwänden. Sie haben im Ausführungsbeispiel eine rechteckige Form und sind nach oben offen. Selbstverständlich könnten die Aussparungen aber auch durch eine Vielzahl von in Längsrichtung nebeneinander angeordneten Bohrungen oder dergleichen gebildet sein.Figure 5 shows the rail 19 in the non-installed state. It can be clearly seen the plurality of recesses 19b in the two opposite side walls. They have a rectangular shape in the embodiment and are open at the top. Of course, the recesses could also be formed by a plurality of longitudinally juxtaposed holes or the like.

Die zusätzliche Verwendung eines Intumeszenzmaterials zum Ausfüllen der beim Schmelzen des Kunststoffes freiwerdenden Zwischenräume ist selbstverständlich auch hier möglich.The additional use of an intumescent for filling the liberated during melting of the plastic spaces is of course also possible here.

Zusammenfassend bietet die Erfindung einen Brandschutz, der optimal in das Bauelement integriert ist. Das Bauelement kann aber gleichermaßen auch eingesetzt werden, wenn kein Brandschutz verlangt wird, indem lediglich anstelle des Brandschutzmaterials ein übliches Wärmedämmaterial in den Hohlraum eingeschoben wird.In summary, the invention provides a fire protection that is optimally integrated into the device. However, the component can equally be used if no fire protection is required by merely a conventional thermal insulation material is inserted into the cavity instead of the fire protection material.

Claims (22)

  1. Building element for providing thermal insulation between a building part and a projecting exterior part, comprising an insulator body (2) to be arranged between the two parts, the insulator body having integrated reinforcing rods (3, 4, 5) which extend through the insulator body (2) transverse thereto and which in the installed state are laterally in operative connection with the adjacent building parts, the building element having, at least on its upper and/or lower side, a cavity (6, 7) which extends in the longitudinal direction of the insulator body (2),
    characterised in that
    the cavity (6, 7) is filled at least partly with fire-proofing material (6a, 7a).
  2. Building element according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the cavity (6, 7) is wider than the insulator body (2).
  3. Building element according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the fire-proofing material (6a, 7a) is held in the cavity (6, 7) by friction or adhesive bonding.
  4. Building element according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the cavity (6, 7) is formed by a profiled strip (8, 9) which is joined to the insulator body (2).
  5. Building element according to claim 4,
    characterised in that
    the profiled strip (8, 9) has side walls (8a, 9a) by means of which it is joined to the insulator body (2).
  6. Building element according to claim 5,
    characterised in that
    the profiled strip (8, 9) is mountable on or insertable into the insulator body (2) by means of projecting side walls (8a, 9a).
  7. Building element according to claim 5,
    characterised in that
    the profiled strip (8, 9) and/or its side walls (8a, 9a) have openings, especially slots, in which the reinforcing rods (3, 4, 5) are fixed.
  8. Building element according to claim 4,
    characterised in that
    the profiled strip (8, 9) is made of a harder material than the insulator body (2).
  9. Building element according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the fire-proofing material is separated from the insulator body (2) by a wall (8b, 9b).
  10. Building element according to claims 4 and 9,
    characterised in that
    the profiled strip (8, 9) and the wall (8a, 9a) are formed in one piece.
  11. Building element according to claim 4,
    characterised in that
    the profiled strip (8, 9) extends in the longitudinal direction of the insulator body (2) at least over almost its entire length.
  12. Building element according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the cavity (7) is from 5 to 25 millimetres in height.
  13. Building element according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the insulator body (2), including the cavities (6, 7), has approximately the same height as the building part and/or the exterior part.
  14. Building element according to claim 4,
    characterised in that
    two profiled strips (8, 9) arranged on opposite sides of the insulator body (2) are joined to one another by connecting means (10), especially rods.
  15. Building element according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    it is additionally provided with intumescent material (11) which extends, continuously or in sections, approximately in the longitudinal direction of the insulator body (2).
  16. Building element according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the intumescent material (11) is arranged at approximately the same level as the fire-proofing material (6a).
  17. Building element according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the intumescent material (11) is arranged inside the said cavity of the profiled strip (8) or is arranged alongside the cavity on the outside.
  18. Building element according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the cavity (6, 7) is formed by an approximately U-shaped profiled strip (19) which is joined to the insulator body (2).
  19. Building element according to claim 4 or 18,
    characterised in that
    the profiled strip (8, 9, 19) has, on its side walls, recesses (19b) for the passage of concrete.
  20. Building element according to claim 19,
    characterised in that
    the fire-proofing material (7a) has surface-shaping, especially indentations, at least in the region of the recesses (19b).
  21. Building element according to claim 4 or 18,
    characterised in that
    the profiled strip (8, 9, 19) is arranged to be joined to the insulator body (2), by clamping, especially by interlocking.
  22. Building element according to claim 21,
    characterised in that
    the profiled strip (19) has, on its side walls, and the insulator body (2) has, on its upper and/or lower edge region, bevels (19a), projections (2a) and/or indentations or the like, for the purpose of interlocking with one another.
EP98108516A 1997-07-19 1998-05-11 Building element for thermal insulation Expired - Lifetime EP0892118B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19731093A DE19731093B4 (en) 1997-07-19 1997-07-19 Component for thermal insulation
DE19731093 1997-07-19

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0892118A1 EP0892118A1 (en) 1999-01-20
EP0892118B1 true EP0892118B1 (en) 2006-04-05

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EP (1) EP0892118B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE322588T1 (en)
DE (2) DE19731093B4 (en)

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KR101661998B1 (en) 2015-03-11 2016-10-19 주식회사 제드건축사사무소 Exterior corridor connected structure for removing thermal bridge and construction method thereof
KR101663205B1 (en) 2016-07-09 2016-10-10 주식회사 제드건축사사무소 Exterior corridor connected structure for removing thermal bridge and construction method thereof
EP3514296A1 (en) * 2018-01-22 2019-07-24 AVI Alpenländische Veredelungs-Industrie Gesellschaft m.b.H. Reinforcement cage
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3430210B1 (en) * 2016-03-17 2022-05-04 Plakabeton NV Fire-resistant construction element for connecting thermally insulated parts of a building

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE322588T1 (en) 2006-04-15
DE19731093A1 (en) 1999-01-21
DE19731093B4 (en) 2004-07-15
DE59813471D1 (en) 2006-05-18
EP0892118A1 (en) 1999-01-20

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