EP0872295B1 - Giessform und Verfahren zum Herstellen von metallischen Hohlgiesslingen sowie Hohlgiesslinge - Google Patents

Giessform und Verfahren zum Herstellen von metallischen Hohlgiesslingen sowie Hohlgiesslinge Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0872295B1
EP0872295B1 EP97810226A EP97810226A EP0872295B1 EP 0872295 B1 EP0872295 B1 EP 0872295B1 EP 97810226 A EP97810226 A EP 97810226A EP 97810226 A EP97810226 A EP 97810226A EP 0872295 B1 EP0872295 B1 EP 0872295B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
casting
mould
mold
sand
accordance
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97810226A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0872295A1 (de
Inventor
Georg Habegger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wartsila NSD Schweiz AG
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Wartsila NSD Schweiz AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wartsila NSD Schweiz AG filed Critical Wartsila NSD Schweiz AG
Priority to DE59707494T priority Critical patent/DE59707494D1/de
Priority to DK97810226T priority patent/DK0872295T3/da
Priority to EP97810226A priority patent/EP0872295B1/de
Priority to JP08372098A priority patent/JP4280322B2/ja
Priority to CNB981066097A priority patent/CN1168557C/zh
Priority to KR1019980013224A priority patent/KR100538284B1/ko
Publication of EP0872295A1 publication Critical patent/EP0872295A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0872295B1 publication Critical patent/EP0872295B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/22—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings
    • B22C9/24—Moulds for peculiarly-shaped castings for hollow articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/02—Sand moulds or like moulds for shaped castings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/06—Permanent moulds for shaped castings
    • B22C9/061—Materials which make up the mould
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
    • B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
    • B22C9/06—Permanent moulds for shaped castings
    • B22C9/067—Venting means for moulds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F7/00—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames
    • F02F2007/0097—Casings, e.g. crankcases or frames for large diesel engines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a casting mold and a method for the manufacture of hollow metal castings according to the preamble of the respective independent claim and one using this mold or this Process produced hollow casting with two areas different wall thickness.
  • the Invention a mold and a method for manufacturing of cylinder liners for reciprocating internal combustion engines, especially for large diesel engines.
  • the cylinder liners are subject to Operating condition of an extremely strong mechanical and thermal load.
  • the explosion area of the Fuel mixture is high in the cylinder liner Pressures and high temperatures. Therefore must the cylinder liner especially in the explosion area have a high strength to withstand the explosion of the fuel mixture withstand.
  • the Cylinder liners are typically used in these areas thick-walled. That means one The cylinder liner has two main areas with significantly different wall thickness: one first area in which the wall thickness is greater and which according to the usual nomenclature as Collar area is referred to as well as a second Area in which the wall thickness is smaller and which is called the shirt area.
  • Cylinder liners for internal combustion engines are often used by means of casting processes from cast iron and especially from Made of gray cast iron alloys.
  • the chemical Composition of the alloy used as casting compound become the physical and metallurgical Properties of the cylinder liner, such as Structure, strength, elongation, tribological Properties, also from the solidification process of the Casting material significantly influenced. That is why used mold or the carried out Casting process of great importance for the Properties of the cylinder liner.
  • cylinder liners are from State of the art two different types of Casting process known.
  • the liquid casting compound is poured into a sand mold, the beforehand according to the desired shape of the castings to be produced, if necessary under Consideration of a machining allowance, modeled has been.
  • a sand mold is made with one Binder quartz sand or another, sand-like mineral z. B. by chemical or thermal curing created and is usually only designed for single use.
  • Disadvantageous cylinder liners produced in this way is, however, that, for example, in terms of their structure, their strength and their stretch less and less The requirements are sufficient, as they are in modern Reciprocating internal combustion engines, especially with large ones Performance. This is mainly due to it attributed that the solidification process of the Casting compound, especially the setting time, in the Sand form not optimal under metallurgical aspects is.
  • the so-called Chill casting process one is mostly used Cast iron mold (mold) into which the liquid casting compound is filled.
  • Such molds can usually be used several times.
  • at Chill casting is subject to the outer shape of the produced castings, however, relatively strong geometrical restrictions because the mold after the Solidify or after the casting has cooled down must be removable. Because of this constraint can geometric details in the outer shape of the Giesslings usually do not with permanent mold casting processes be formed with reasonable effort. So you have to in the manufacture of e.g. B.
  • DE-A-195 33 529 describes a method for casting of an engine block made of aluminum, in which the Engine block being poured into a sand mold.
  • the cylinder cavities are inserted into the sand mold Chill molds made of a brass material that one has certain coefficients of thermal expansion.
  • a casting mold and a method for the production of hollow metal castings to provide the most optimal spatial and temporal solidification in the Allow casting compound and at the same time with relative small processing allowances.
  • a mold and a To provide methods that are relatively low Machining allowances the manufacture of such Cylinder liners for reciprocating piston internal combustion engines, especially for large diesel engines, enable the with regard to their resilience (e.g. strength, Elongation) also meet the requirements in modern powerful machines are sufficient.
  • the Casting mold according to the invention for producing metallic hollow cylindrical castings, which have a first and a second region, wherein the wall thickness of the casting is larger in the first area is as in the second area, has an entrance to Introducing a casting compound into a casting room, through Forming surfaces are limited and the casting compound receives.
  • the casting mold according to the invention comprises a Mold and a sand mold, the mold being a first Has shaping surface, and the sand mold the rest decisive shaping surfaces.
  • the first The shaping surface shapes the outer shape of the Castings in the first area, while the Shaping surfaces of the sand mold the outer shape in second area and the inner boundary surface of the Shape castings.
  • the Casting mold according to the invention and the inventive Procedure the respective advantages of both Sand casting process as well as the permanent mold casting process without the disadvantages mentioned above in Purchase must be made.
  • the inventive Combination of the mold with the sand mold can - how explained in more detail below - the spatial and solidification over time in the casting compound optimize that the mechanical strength of the Hollow castings (e.g. its strength and hardness) is significantly larger than that of Giesslingen, which for example with conventional sand casting processes or sand molds are produced.
  • the sand mold of the casting mold according to the invention, or their use in the inventive Process high flexibility with regard to the exterior Shape of the area of the shape that it forms Hollow castings, so that only comparatively small Machining allowances are required.
  • the mold is preferably the one according to the invention Cast mold designed in one piece because of this thermal damage to the hollow casting, such as they at the interface between two butts Mold parts can occur, have them avoided.
  • the mold preferably has lines for a fluid Medium, especially air, for the removal and / or supply of Heat up.
  • a fluid Medium especially air
  • This measure is advantageous because the Mold before introducing the liquid casting compound into simple way, namely z. B. by warm air through the Blown lines can be preheated.
  • the hot mold can be removed after removing the Hollow castings easily and quickly, e.g. B. using cold air, can be cooled and stands for again after a short time a new casting process is available. It also exists advantageous possibility during and / or after Introduce the casting compound to withdraw heat from the mold.
  • the sand mold comprises a sand core and a sand coat, the casting room of the sand core on the one hand and the sand coat and the On the other hand, mold is limited.
  • the mold is preferably a vessel that is open on one side with an inner wall and a bottom, the inner wall and at least part of the floor form the first shaping surface.
  • the bottom of the Mold element has a recess and the Sand core extends into this recess.
  • the mold is designed in this way is that the distance between the sand core and the inner wall of the mold is larger than the distance between the sand core and the sandcoat.
  • This will the thick-walled area of the hollow casting, that is Area corresponding to the collar area of the cylinder liner corresponds, molded in the mold.
  • This is special favorable for the solidification process of the hollow casting because the thick-walled area (collar area) through the Chill mold at least as fast, but also faster, can freeze like the thin-walled Area (shirt area) that is shaped by the sand mold.
  • the method according to the invention is used to manufacture metallic hollow cylindrical castings, especially cylinder liners for Reciprocating internal combustion engines, especially for Large diesel engines, the castings being a first and have a second area and the wall thickness of the casting in the first area is larger than in the second area.
  • a casting compound is introduced into a casting mold and freezes there.
  • the mold according to the invention or the Methods according to the invention are particularly suitable for the production of cylinder liners for a Reciprocating internal combustion engine, especially for one Large diesel engine, with two areas different Wall thickness.
  • the mold according to the invention is particularly suitable for Suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention.
  • the first Area the so-called collar area and a second Have area
  • the so-called shirt area where the average wall thickness of the cylinder liner in Collar area is significantly larger than in the shirt area, for example at least twice as large.
  • the Collar area is the one in the operating state explosion of the fuel mixture of the engine takes place, which is the highest pressures and Exposed to temperatures and thus the highest stress is.
  • the Collar area usually with a larger one Wall thickness designed.
  • Fig. 1 shows a preferred in a sectional view Embodiment of the casting mold according to the invention, which is generally provided with the reference number 1.
  • the casting mold 1 has an inlet 4 for introducing one Pouring compound 6 into a casting chamber 5.
  • the casting chamber 5 is limited by shaping surfaces 7, 8, 9.
  • shaping surfaces With the term "shaping surfaces" becomes physical existing areas designated that an essential Influence the shape of the hollow casting, the means the total of the shaping surfaces is 7,8,9 decisive for the shape of the hollow casting, it forms so him.
  • the shaping surfaces are essentially correct 7,8,9 with the contact surfaces between casting compound 6 and Mold 1 match.
  • Fig. 1 shows the mold 1 in the filled state, i.e. the casting compound 6 is in the casting chamber 5 and fills this one out. 1 for better understanding Casting compound 6 in two parts with different hatching shown.
  • the larger one, with the reference number 6a provided part indicates the finished Cylinder liner, i.e. the shape of the end product.
  • the smaller part with the reference number 6b indicates the machining allowance.
  • the casting mold 1 comprises a mold 3 and a sand mold 2, the mold 3 being a first Has shaping surface 9 and the sand mold 2 the other decisive shaping surfaces 7, 8.
  • the Mold 3 is a one-piece, open-sided vessel with an inner wall 31 and a bottom 32 (see also Fig. 2).
  • the inner wall 31 forms together with one Part 32a of the bottom 32, the first shaping surface 9.
  • Im Bottom 32 of the mold 3 is a recess 322 (see Fig. 2) provided, the function of which later is explained.
  • the mold also has 3 lines 33 for a fluid medium, preferably air. This Lines 33 can channels inside the mold wall be or pipelines that run into the interior of the Mold wall are poured. Through these lines 33 air can be blown to heat the mold 3 feed or withdraw.
  • the mold 3 is on provided on its outer wall with carrying devices 34 to which it can be raised.
  • the mold 3 is, for. B. made in a manner known per se from cast iron.
  • the sand mold 2 of the shown in Fig. 1 Embodiment includes a sand core 21 as well a sand coat 22.
  • the sand core 21 extends to into the recess 322 in the bottom 32 of the mold 3. Seine
  • the outer surface forms the shaping surface 7.
  • the Sand coat 22 is essentially in the form of a Hollow cylinder or a hollow truncated cone on and surrounds the sand core 21 essentially concentrically.
  • the the sand core 21 facing boundary surface of the Sand jacket 22 forms the shaping surface 8.
  • the sand coat 22 be in one piece or - as in Fig. 1 shown - from several molded boxes 22a, 22b, 22c be composed.
  • the manufacture of the 22 sand mold can be done in a manner analogous to that of conventional sand casting process well known is and therefore does not require any further explanation.
  • the Sand coat 22 is sealing but detachable with the mold 3 connected. Known sealants can be used Escape of the liquid casting compound 6 between the mold 3 and prevent the sand coat 22.
  • the casting space 5 is thus on the one hand from the sand core 21 or the shaping surface 7 and on the other hand of the sand coat 22 and the mold 3 and the associated shaping surfaces 8 and 9, that is The outer shape of the hollow casting is essentially through the first shaping surface 9 of the mold 3 and the Forming surface 8 of the sand shell 22 determined.
  • the exemplary embodiment is in the recess 322 in the base 32 the mold 3 is fitted with a further sand element 10, which receives one end of the sand core 21 flush.
  • the sand element 10 which can be produced in the same way is shaped like conventional sand molds in such a way that it centers the sankers 21 with respect to the mold 3. This measure ensures the radial symmetry of the Hollow castings can be realized.
  • the outer shape of the hollow casting in the first area that is, the area with the greater wall thickness has (collar area), the mold 3 shaped. Therefore, the one shown in Fig. 1 Casting mold 1 the distance between the sand core 21 and the inner wall 31 of the mold 3 larger than the distance between the sand core 21 and the sand coat 22. Furthermore is the embodiment of the mold 1 for designing rising cast, that is, the liquid Casting compound 6 is at the bottom of the mold 1 in the Foundry room 5 introduced.
  • inlet 4 comprises an inlet duct 41, which is located approximately in the center of the Sand core 21 through this and along its longitudinal axis extends.
  • the inlet channel 41 opens into a distributor 42, which is located in the sand element 10 in the recess 322 located.
  • the distributor 42 connects the inlet duct 41 with the casting chamber 5, so that the liquid casting compound 6 through the inlet duct 41 and the distributor 42 to the reaches the lower end of the casting chamber 5.
  • Overflow container 11 is provided, which also with Fill the casting compound 6 when the casting chamber 5 is filled.
  • the overflow container 11 also serve as Expansion tank from which the casting compound 6 in the Casting chamber 5 can flow back when the volume of the Casting compound 6 in the casting chamber 5 decreases during solidification.
  • the mold according to the invention or the method according to the invention also for falling Cast can be designed, d. H. the casting room 5 then from above (as shown in Fig. 1) with the Casting compound 6 filled. This can be done using, for example a ring feeder, which is on the upper end of the Casting mold 1 is placed.
  • Fig. 2 shows a section through a variant for the Mold 3.
  • Most of the reference numerals in Fig. 2 are already explained earlier. These explanations are to be clarified again by Fig. 2.
  • Mold 3 On Difference in the variant shown in Fig. 2 Mold 3 is that the inner wall 31 is not is smooth-walled, but a paragraph 311 having. This makes it possible to change the shape of the Hollow castings even more the desired shape of the Align end product and thus the necessary To further reduce post-processing.
  • the mold 3 according to FIG. 2 are in the wall of the mold 3 two separate lines 331 and 332 for the fluid Medium provided for the removal and supply of heat.
  • each of lines 331 and 332 is as a pipeline designed, which is poured into the wall of the mold 3 and the mold 3 rotates twice in the circumferential direction. Extends from a first opening 331a or 332a the associated pipeline inside the Mold wall parallel to the circumference around the mold 3, then leads up in the wall, revolves around the Mold 3 in the circumferential direction and ends at a second Opening 331b or 332b.
  • the fluid medium preferably air in order to supply or to add heat to the mold revoke. So it is, for example, using warm air possible to preheat the mold 3 in a simple manner thermal damage on contact with the to avoid hot casting compound 6.
  • the mold 3 before the introduction of the Casting compound 6 to a temperature of over 100 ° C. preheat. It is also possible through the Lines 331 and 332 blow cold air to z. B. the Chill mold 3 cool down more quickly after the hollow casting is separated from her. This allows the mold 3 provided faster for further casting processes become. It is also possible to the mold 3 during the Solidification or cooling of the casting compound 6 heat withdraw to z. B. the solidification in the first area To accelerate (collar area) of the hollow casting. In addition, the mold, for example after the Applying release agents and protective agents using warm air be heated to remove residual moisture.
  • the mold 3 is z. B. by means of lines 33 blown warm air to over 100 ° C, for example preheated. Of course, preheating can also be done before Assemble the casting mold 1.
  • the casting compound 6 solidifies in the casting chamber 5, causing the Hollow casting is created.
  • the outer shape of the Hollow castings will be in the first area (Collar area) through the first shaping surface 9 of the Mold 3 shaped and in the second area (shirt area) through the sand coat 22 of the sand mold 2.
  • the sand mold 2 can together be lifted off the mold 3 with the hollow casting and deposited in another place to cool down. The mold 3 can thus be used again for one another pouring process can be prepared.
  • the Hollow casting in sand mold 2 has cooled sufficiently, it is removed from the mold and can now be reworked until the cylinder liner has its final shape.
  • the interaction of the mold 3 and the sand mold 2 is especially for the production of cylinder liners or of hollow castings with two areas clearly different wall thickness advantageous because of itself hereby a particularly favorable time and space Solidification course of the casting compound 6 can be achieved.
  • the hollow casting due to the 2 much better heat-conducting mold 3 the heat withdrawn, so that here a large heat flow related to the contact area between the casting compound and the mold 3 prevails.
  • the hollow casting solidifies in the Collar area very quickly.
  • a short solidification time in the Collar area is under metallurgical aspects desirable because this creates a finer structure in the Hollow casting is created, d. H. a structure with small eutectic cells. This results in very good ones mechanical properties, such as high Strength and high elongation, especially in the collar area, where the cylinder liner is in the operating state is subject to the highest loads.
  • the one-piece design of the mold 3 is particularly preferred because this results in the heat flow the collar area into the mold 3 during solidification spatially very homogeneous, what is the structure of the educational structure positively influenced.
  • the first Shaping surface 9 about half of those surfaces the mold 1, which forms the casting chamber 5 in the Limit the area surrounded by the mold 3, the That is, the first shaping surface 9 is approximately half as much as large as the heat emitting surface of the Collar area.
  • the wall thickness of the mold 3 is preferably less than 1.5 times, in particular approximately 0.9 times the distance between the sand core 21 and the inner wall 31 of the mold 3. This distance is equal to the wall thickness of the hollow casting in Collar area.
  • FIG. 3 shows in a schematic sectional view of a part of rotationally symmetrical collar area of a Hollow castings (left) and the part of the mold 3, the the outer shape of the collar area shown shaped (right).
  • the representation in FIG. 3 corresponds essentially to a section of the lower right corner of Fig. 1.
  • the wall thickness of the mold 3 with the Reference number DK denotes and that for cooling essential material volume of the mold 3 with the VK.
  • for cooling essential material volume are the Volume areas of the mold wall meant that immediately be limited by the shaping surface 9.
  • the collar area shown in the left part of FIG. 3 of the hollow casting has a total volume that with VG is designated, as well as a wall thickness that with DG is designated.
  • the heat can be dissipated through the surface OG of the Collar area are given off, the heat both by the left part of the surface OG in FIG the sand core 21 flows as well through the lower and right part of the upper floor into the mold 3.
  • the the surface of the heat-emitting surface is the same as large as those surfaces of the mold 1 that the of limit the area of the casting space 5 surrounding the mold.
  • the method according to the invention can be Cylinder liners for reciprocating piston internal combustion engines, especially for large diesel engines, especially due to the optimized time and spatial solidification course of the casting compound 6, very much good mechanical properties, e.g. B. high strength and have high elongation, so that such Cylinder liners also for use in modern, powerful machines are suitable.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
EP97810226A 1997-04-15 1997-04-15 Giessform und Verfahren zum Herstellen von metallischen Hohlgiesslingen sowie Hohlgiesslinge Expired - Lifetime EP0872295B1 (de)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE59707494T DE59707494D1 (de) 1997-04-15 1997-04-15 Giessform und Verfahren zum Herstellen von metallischen Hohlgiesslingen sowie Hohlgiesslinge
DK97810226T DK0872295T3 (da) 1997-04-15 1997-04-15 Støbeform og fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af metalliske hule udstøbninger samt hule udstøbninger
EP97810226A EP0872295B1 (de) 1997-04-15 1997-04-15 Giessform und Verfahren zum Herstellen von metallischen Hohlgiesslingen sowie Hohlgiesslinge
JP08372098A JP4280322B2 (ja) 1997-04-15 1998-03-30 中空金属鋳造品を製造するための鋳型及び方法
CNB981066097A CN1168557C (zh) 1997-04-15 1998-04-13 铸造金属空心铸件用的铸模和方法以及空心铸件
KR1019980013224A KR100538284B1 (ko) 1997-04-15 1998-04-14 메탈중공주조물을제조하는캐스팅몰드및방법과그중공주조물

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP97810226A EP0872295B1 (de) 1997-04-15 1997-04-15 Giessform und Verfahren zum Herstellen von metallischen Hohlgiesslingen sowie Hohlgiesslinge

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0872295A1 EP0872295A1 (de) 1998-10-21
EP0872295B1 true EP0872295B1 (de) 2002-06-12

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EP97810226A Expired - Lifetime EP0872295B1 (de) 1997-04-15 1997-04-15 Giessform und Verfahren zum Herstellen von metallischen Hohlgiesslingen sowie Hohlgiesslinge

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EP (1) EP0872295B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP4280322B2 (zh)
KR (1) KR100538284B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN1168557C (zh)
DE (1) DE59707494D1 (zh)
DK (1) DK0872295T3 (zh)

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DE102011079356A1 (de) * 2011-07-18 2013-01-24 Mahle International Gmbh Gießkern einer Gussform zur Herstellung eines Zylinders
DE102015216224A1 (de) * 2015-08-25 2017-03-02 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Gussform mit integrierten Kernlagerbolzen und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gussbauteils
DE102015216452A8 (de) * 2015-08-27 2017-07-20 Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Werkzeug und Kokillengießverfahren zur Herstellung eines Zylinderkurbelgehäuses

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JPH10305347A (ja) 1998-11-17
KR19980081389A (ko) 1998-11-25
KR100538284B1 (ko) 2006-03-22
DE59707494D1 (de) 2002-07-18
CN1199659A (zh) 1998-11-25
CN1168557C (zh) 2004-09-29
JP4280322B2 (ja) 2009-06-17
EP0872295A1 (de) 1998-10-21
DK0872295T3 (da) 2002-07-15

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