EP0531813A1 - Öffnungseinrichtung für eine Packung - Google Patents

Öffnungseinrichtung für eine Packung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0531813A1
EP0531813A1 EP92114619A EP92114619A EP0531813A1 EP 0531813 A1 EP0531813 A1 EP 0531813A1 EP 92114619 A EP92114619 A EP 92114619A EP 92114619 A EP92114619 A EP 92114619A EP 0531813 A1 EP0531813 A1 EP 0531813A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
opening arrangement
sealing portion
container package
pouring spout
opening
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP92114619A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0531813B1 (de
Inventor
Göran Berggren
Ulf Nedstedt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA
Original Assignee
Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA
Tetra Alfa Holdings SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA, Tetra Alfa Holdings SA filed Critical Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA
Publication of EP0531813A1 publication Critical patent/EP0531813A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0531813B1 publication Critical patent/EP0531813B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D51/00—Closures not otherwise provided for
    • B65D51/18—Arrangements of closures with protective outer cap-like covers or of two or more co-operating closures
    • B65D51/20—Caps, lids, or covers co-operating with an inner closure arranged to be opened by piercing, cutting, or tearing
    • B65D51/22—Caps, lids, or covers co-operating with an inner closure arranged to be opened by piercing, cutting, or tearing having means for piercing, cutting, or tearing the inner closure
    • B65D51/228—Caps, lids, or covers co-operating with an inner closure arranged to be opened by piercing, cutting, or tearing having means for piercing, cutting, or tearing the inner closure a major part of the inner closure being removed from the container after the opening
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D5/00—Rigid or semi-rigid containers of polygonal cross-section, e.g. boxes, cartons or trays, formed by folding or erecting one or more blanks made of paper
    • B65D5/42—Details of containers or of foldable or erectable container blanks
    • B65D5/72—Contents-dispensing means
    • B65D5/74—Spouts
    • B65D5/746—Spouts formed separately from the container
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B31—MAKING ARTICLES OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER; WORKING PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B—MAKING CONTAINERS OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER
    • B31B50/00—Making rigid or semi-rigid containers, e.g. boxes or cartons
    • B31B50/74—Auxiliary operations
    • B31B50/81—Forming or attaching accessories, e.g. opening devices, closures or tear strings
    • B31B50/84—Forming or attaching means for filling or dispensing contents, e.g. valves or spouts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2251/00—Details relating to container closures
    • B65D2251/0003—Two or more closures
    • B65D2251/0006—Upper closure
    • B65D2251/0015—Upper closure of the 41-type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2251/00—Details relating to container closures
    • B65D2251/0003—Two or more closures
    • B65D2251/0068—Lower closure
    • B65D2251/0093—Membrane

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an opening arrangement for container packages, comprising a sealing portion which inflexibly engages with and surrounds a pouring spout, whose end facing away from the container package consists of a continuous, liquid-tight material layer which is shaped in accordance with the inner configuration of the sealing portion.
  • Container packages or cartons of the single-use disposable type are largely employed today to pack consumer goods such as, for example, beverages like milk or juice.
  • the container package is made from a laminate with carrier layers of paperboard or cardboard, different layers of thermoplastic being laminated thereto.
  • the laminate may also have a different core material, such as metal foil.
  • the packaging material which may be in web form or as sheet blanks, is folded, sealed and finally formed into a liquid-tight container package.
  • the finished container package should naturally also include an opening arrangement which must be simple to open and pour from, with the liquid contents in a compact jet and without any risk of spilling or dripping.
  • container packages manufactured from a packaging material consisting of a paper laminate may be difficult to tear open and fold to form a functional pouring spout.
  • the intention is to reclose and reseal the container package, it is not possible to make the package liquid-tight once again.
  • thermoplastic lid also includes an opening arrangement integral with the lid. This opening arrangement is relatively easy to open but neither is this version liquid-tight on reclosure and resealing.
  • One object of the present invention is to realize an opening arrangement for container packages which, on opening, makes it possible for the aperture of the pouring spout to have smooth edges.
  • a further object of the present invention is to devise a screw stopper or plug which ensures that the consumer will be able to see at a glance that the container package has not been subjected to unauthorized opening.
  • the opening arrangement of the type described by way of introduction has been given the characterizing feature that the sealing portion consists of an inner, right-hand threaded part which is closed at the top, and an outer, left-hand threaded part in whose upper region there are provided at least two penetration devices oriented inwardly in the pouring spout.
  • Fig. 1 shows an opening arrangement 1 according to the present invention applied to a container package 2 of known type.
  • the container package 2 which is manufactured from a laminate with a core of paper, cardboard or metal to which is laminated different layers of thermoplastic, is folded, sealed and formed into a so-called gable-top carton 2.
  • the opening arrangement 1 is placed on one of the upper defining surfaces 3 of the carton 2 forming a so-called gable-top.
  • the Figure shows only the outer sealing portion 4 of the opening arrangement 1, this portion being formed as a screw stopper of substantially conventional type, with interior threading, or alternatively a snap top with an inner bead (not shown).
  • Fig. 2 shows another type of container package 5 also of known type in which the lower portion of the container package 5 consists of a laminate in accordance with the above description.
  • the upper defining surface 6 of the container package 5 consists of a thermoplastic panel, part of the surface of which has been formed into a pouring spout surrounded by an outer sealing portion 4. The remaining parts of the thermoplastic panel are folded about the upper edge of the container package 5 and are sealed by means of heat against the thermoplastic surface of the packaging laminate.
  • FIGs. 3A-E schematically show how an opening arrangement 1 according to the present invention is realized in a container package 2 according to Fig. 1.
  • a circular opening 7 (Fig. 3A) is made in one of the upper sloping gable-top panels 3 of the container package 2.
  • a thermoplastic panel 8 is placed inside the circular opening 7, this panel having a diameter which exceeds that of the circular opening 7 in the wall surface 3 of the container package 2.
  • the thermoplastic panel 8 is sealed interiorly against the inner wall surface of the container package 2 by means of a sealing tool 9.
  • thermoplastic panel 8 is heated to a temperature at which the thermoplastic plasticizes (for polyethylene approx. 110°C) with the aid of a heater 10.
  • thermoplastic panel 8 Once the thermoplastic panel 8 has become plasticized and pliable, it is subjected to vacuum or pressure forming in a moulding tool 11 as illustrated in Fig. 3D.
  • the outer sealing portion 4 acts as a mould for the vacuum forming, i.e. the screw stopper which is to surround the pouring spout 12.
  • Fig. 3E finally shows the finished pouring spout 12 provided with threads 15.
  • the pouring spout 1 is completely sealed and constitutes a liquid-tight part of the container package 2 when the outer sealing fin or flap 13 is finally sealed together after the filling operation.
  • Fig. 4 shows the opening arrangement 1 according to the present invention in that state in which it is to be found on the carton 2 when the consumer first handles it.
  • the ring 16 which is fixed or sealed to the outer sealing portion 4, the consumer is guaranteed that no-one can have tampered with or unrightfully opened the carton 2.
  • the ring 16, which is made of plastic material, can be provided with a thumb grip 17 in order to facilitate grasping of the ring for tearing-off.
  • the opening arrangement 1 may also be manufactured without the ring 16 but those advantages afforded by the ring 16 from the point of view of the consumer will then be lost.
  • the outer sealing portion 4 consists of two parts, the first being an outer screw stopper-like part 18 which is left-hand threaded. In the upper region of this outer screw stopper like part 18, there are provided at least two, and preferably four penetration devices 14.
  • the penetration devices 14 may consist of small bevelled plastic pieces which project out from the inner wall of the outer part 18 of the sealing portion 4. They may also consist of small metal pieces which have been fixed in place.
  • the sealing portion 4 also has an inner part 19 which is right-hand threaded and fits the threads 15 of the pouring spout 12.
  • This inner part 19 is not of the same height as the outer part 18 but terminates before the penetration devices 14 with a tightly sealing plastic washer 20.
  • the tightly sealing plastic washer 20 serves as a seal for the inner part 19 of the sealing portion 4 and the upper part of the pouring spout 12 is thus formed against this plastic washer 20.
  • Fig. 5 shows the opening arrangement 1 according to the present invention once the pull-ring 16 has been removed and the outer part 18 of the sealing portion 4 has been screwed with left-hand turn down to a stop heel 21.
  • This stop heel 21 constitutes a component of the inner part 19 of the sealing portion 4 and is located most proximal the end wall of the container package.
  • the penetration devices 14 will also cut through the plastic washer 20 which terminates the inner part 19 of the sealing portion 4, at the same time as they penetrate through the upper region of the pouring spout 12.
  • the outer part 18 of the sealing portion 4 is locked in its lower position, for example by plastic barbs which are placed between the outer part 18 and the stop heel 21 (not shown in the Figure).
  • the penetration devices 14 are placed in such a manner that they are angled slightly in towards the centre of the pouring spout, they will, on removal of the outer sealing portion 4, retain the severed portions of the plastic washer 20 and the pouring spout 12.
  • a screw fixed in the inside of the outer part 18 of the sealing portion 4 can be disposed simultaneously to penetrate down into the plastic washer 20 and the pouring spout 12 and retain the severed portions when the sealing portion 4 is unscrewed from the opening arrangement 1.
  • the penetration devices 14 should be at least two in number but are four in number in the preferred embodiment.
  • the number of penetration devices 14 is dependant upon the length and pitch of the thread 15. The longer the thread 15, the fewer will be the number of penetration devices 14 required.
  • the penetration devices 14 must together be capable of cutting off a complete circular surface of the plastic washer 20 and the pouring spout 12.
  • the present invention realizes an opening arrangement for conventional container packages or cartons which is simple to open and reseal.
  • the consumer is guaranteed a container package which has not been opened by unauthorized hands and, as a result of the perforation or penetration devices characteristic of the present invention, the user will obtain a pouring spout which makes possible pouring of the contents of the container package without spilling and without dripping.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Cartons (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Control And Other Processes For Unpacking Of Materials (AREA)
  • Supplying Of Containers To The Packaging Station (AREA)
  • Wrapping Of Specific Fragile Articles (AREA)
EP92114619A 1991-09-04 1992-08-27 Öffnungseinrichtung für eine Packung Expired - Lifetime EP0531813B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9102533A SE469025B (sv) 1991-09-04 1991-09-04 Oeppningsanordning foer en foerpackningsbehaallare
SE9102533 1991-09-04

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0531813A1 true EP0531813A1 (de) 1993-03-17
EP0531813B1 EP0531813B1 (de) 1995-11-22

Family

ID=20383615

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92114619A Expired - Lifetime EP0531813B1 (de) 1991-09-04 1992-08-27 Öffnungseinrichtung für eine Packung

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US5255813A (de)
EP (1) EP0531813B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3320788B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE130568T1 (de)
AU (1) AU656795B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2077268A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69206220T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0531813T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2080398T3 (de)
GR (1) GR3018202T3 (de)
SE (1) SE469025B (de)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4343442A1 (de) * 1993-12-20 1995-06-22 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Vorrichtung zum Öffnen einer Packung
DE4343816A1 (de) * 1993-12-22 1995-06-29 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Vorrichtung zum Öffnen einer Fließmittelpackung
DE4410205A1 (de) * 1994-03-24 1995-09-28 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Öffnungsvorrichtung für eine Fließmittelpackung
WO1996011850A1 (en) * 1994-10-12 1996-04-25 Ingenius S.R.L. Improved pouring spout for a liquid container
FR2765194A1 (fr) * 1997-06-27 1998-12-31 Rical Sa Ensemble verseur a bouchage a vis pour un recipient
EP0954488A1 (de) * 1995-10-25 1999-11-10 Merck & Co., Inc. Behälterkappe mit einer durchstechvorrichtung
WO1999062775A1 (fr) * 1998-06-04 1999-12-09 Crown Cork & Seal Technologies Corporation Fermeture ayant moyens de perforation et embout verseur
DE102009010681B3 (de) * 2009-02-27 2010-01-28 Sig Technology Ag Deckelanordnung mit Originalitätssiegel
FR2968280A1 (fr) * 2010-12-07 2012-06-08 Procap France Bouchon percuteur pour decoupe automatique d'un opercule de fermeture d'un contenant

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SE501891C2 (sv) * 1993-10-15 1995-06-12 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Öppningsanordning avsedd för vätskeförpackningar
US5477972A (en) * 1994-06-02 1995-12-26 Lester; William M. Tamper evident closure device for bottles and the like
US5725114A (en) * 1996-09-16 1998-03-10 Pickman; E. Steven Child resistant cap and container incorporating same
US5848690A (en) * 1996-10-24 1998-12-15 Wilson Sporting Goods Co. Tennis ball container with pressure seal and screw-on cap
IT1289960B1 (it) * 1997-02-24 1998-10-19 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Dispositivo di apertura per confezioni di prodotti alimentari versabili
DE29801270U1 (de) * 1998-01-27 1998-05-20 Georg Menshen GmbH & Co KG, 57413 Finnentrop Ausgiesseinschweissteil
JP4160163B2 (ja) * 1998-06-11 2008-10-01 日本テトラパック株式会社 キャップ付き容器
US6024234A (en) * 1998-11-09 2000-02-15 Abbott Laboratories Closure device for a membrane sealed container
JP4502088B2 (ja) * 1999-12-27 2010-07-14 東洋製罐株式会社 容器口部及びスクリューキャップ
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US6631823B2 (en) 2001-03-05 2003-10-14 Acorn Bay, Llc Drink spout system
US6629624B2 (en) 2001-03-05 2003-10-07 Acorn Bay, Llc Drink spout system
ES2267703T3 (es) * 2001-05-29 2007-03-16 TETRA LAVAL HOLDINGS & FINANCE SA Dispositivo de apertura cerrable para envases obturados de productos alimenticios que se pueden verter.
US7168581B2 (en) 2001-12-21 2007-01-30 Rexam Medical Packaging Inc. Closure for a retort processed container having a peelable seal
DE60209689T2 (de) * 2002-09-09 2006-10-05 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Verschliessbare Öffnungsvorrichtung für Packungen für fliessfähige Nahrungsmittel
CA2516057A1 (en) * 2003-02-14 2004-10-07 Hee Kwon Rho Stopper of vessel
US7644902B1 (en) 2003-05-31 2010-01-12 Rexam Medical Packaging Inc. Apparatus for producing a retort thermal processed container with a peelable seal
DE102004032100B4 (de) * 2004-07-01 2006-06-22 Rainer Ammann Verfahren zum Ablösen bzw. Abtrennen einer auf den Rand des Halses einer Flasche od. dergl. aufgesiegelten Siegelfolie und Schraubkappen zur Ausführung dieser Verfahren
US7798359B1 (en) 2004-08-17 2010-09-21 Momar Industries LLC Heat-sealed, peelable lidding membrane for retort packaging
US20060051491A1 (en) * 2004-09-03 2006-03-09 Levitt Kenneth E Protein beverage mixing container
FI20045373A (fi) * 2004-10-05 2006-04-06 Tiikkainen Matti Laite ja menetelmä ilmatiiviisti pakatun astian pakkaamiseksi, avaamiseksi sekä avatun astian sisällön ja avaamattoman astian kannen suojaamiseksi ulkopuolisilta epäpuhtauksilta
EP2374723A3 (de) * 2004-11-04 2012-04-04 Viz Enterprises, LLC Mehrkammerbehälter und Kappe dafür
CA2593022C (en) * 2004-12-09 2013-11-26 Hee Kwon Rho Vessel cap and system for manufacturing the same
US7780024B1 (en) 2005-07-14 2010-08-24 Rexam Closures And Containers Inc. Self peel flick-it seal for an opening in a container neck
US8100277B1 (en) 2005-07-14 2012-01-24 Rexam Closures And Containers Inc. Peelable seal for an opening in a container neck
KR100655892B1 (ko) * 2005-11-18 2006-12-11 노희권 용기마개 및 그 제조공정
US20090080813A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2009-03-26 Columbus E. Aps Disposable beverage can
US7549815B2 (en) * 2006-02-24 2009-06-23 Hammond Wong Apparatus or method for applying a solvent
US7572079B2 (en) * 2006-02-24 2009-08-11 Hammond Wong Apparatus or method for applying a solvent
US8251236B1 (en) 2007-11-02 2012-08-28 Berry Plastics Corporation Closure with lifting mechanism
US8231597B2 (en) * 2008-02-08 2012-07-31 Codan Us Corporation Enteral feeding safety reservoir and system
US8739999B2 (en) * 2009-11-19 2014-06-03 George Kasboske Method and assembly for accessing the contents of a sealed container
CN102905986B (zh) * 2010-05-20 2015-09-16 利乐拉瓦尔集团及财务有限公司 带有防盗标记的盖和瓶口
US9067716B2 (en) 2011-09-30 2015-06-30 Federico Intriago Cap assembly for dispensing a dispensable component and method of making and using the same
US10518279B2 (en) * 2014-06-30 2019-12-31 Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd. Refillable container
CN104369935B (zh) * 2014-10-15 2017-02-15 福州百特节能科技有限公司 一种罐头瓶容易开启解决方法
WO2017001162A1 (de) * 2015-06-30 2017-01-05 Sig Technology Ag Ausgiesselement für eine verpackung sowie verbundverpackung mit einem solchen ausgiesselement
US11059633B2 (en) 2019-10-31 2021-07-13 Cheer Pack North America Flip-top closure for container

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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5850930A (en) * 1993-12-20 1998-12-22 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Pouring part of a package and opening device therefore
DE4343442A1 (de) * 1993-12-20 1995-06-22 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Vorrichtung zum Öffnen einer Packung
DE4343816A1 (de) * 1993-12-22 1995-06-29 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Vorrichtung zum Öffnen einer Fließmittelpackung
DE4410205A1 (de) * 1994-03-24 1995-09-28 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Öffnungsvorrichtung für eine Fließmittelpackung
US5755359A (en) * 1994-03-24 1998-05-26 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance, S.A. Opening device for a liquid package
WO1996011850A1 (en) * 1994-10-12 1996-04-25 Ingenius S.R.L. Improved pouring spout for a liquid container
EP0954488A1 (de) * 1995-10-25 1999-11-10 Merck & Co., Inc. Behälterkappe mit einer durchstechvorrichtung
EP0954488A4 (de) * 1995-10-25 2000-03-08 Merck & Co Inc Behälterkappe mit einer durchstechvorrichtung
FR2765194A1 (fr) * 1997-06-27 1998-12-31 Rical Sa Ensemble verseur a bouchage a vis pour un recipient
WO1999000308A1 (fr) * 1997-06-27 1999-01-07 Rical Ensemble verseur a bouchage a vis pour un recipient
WO1999062775A1 (fr) * 1998-06-04 1999-12-09 Crown Cork & Seal Technologies Corporation Fermeture ayant moyens de perforation et embout verseur
FR2779418A1 (fr) * 1998-06-04 1999-12-10 Crown Cork & Seal Tech Corp Dispositif permettant d'ouvrir et de refermer un emballage
DE102009010681B3 (de) * 2009-02-27 2010-01-28 Sig Technology Ag Deckelanordnung mit Originalitätssiegel
WO2010097476A1 (de) 2009-02-27 2010-09-02 Sig Technology Ag Deckelanordnung mit originalitätssiegel
FR2968280A1 (fr) * 2010-12-07 2012-06-08 Procap France Bouchon percuteur pour decoupe automatique d'un opercule de fermeture d'un contenant

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SE9102533L (sv) 1993-03-05
JP3320788B2 (ja) 2002-09-03
GR3018202T3 (en) 1996-02-29
AU656795B2 (en) 1995-02-16
DE69206220T2 (de) 1996-04-18
SE469025B (sv) 1993-05-03
SE9102533D0 (sv) 1991-09-04
ES2080398T3 (es) 1996-02-01
DE69206220D1 (de) 1996-01-04
DK0531813T3 (da) 1995-12-18
CA2077268A1 (en) 1993-03-05
ATE130568T1 (de) 1995-12-15
EP0531813B1 (de) 1995-11-22
US5255813A (en) 1993-10-26
AU2207192A (en) 1993-03-11
JPH05201446A (ja) 1993-08-10

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