EP0528761B1 - Modular apparatus for press-forming or calibrating of parts with helical contours - Google Patents
Modular apparatus for press-forming or calibrating of parts with helical contours Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0528761B1 EP0528761B1 EP92810600A EP92810600A EP0528761B1 EP 0528761 B1 EP0528761 B1 EP 0528761B1 EP 92810600 A EP92810600 A EP 92810600A EP 92810600 A EP92810600 A EP 92810600A EP 0528761 B1 EP0528761 B1 EP 0528761B1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ram
- contours
- helical
- link
- slide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/08—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of toothed articles, e.g. gear wheels; of cam discs
- B22F5/085—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of toothed articles, e.g. gear wheels; of cam discs with helical contours
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/08—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of toothed articles, e.g. gear wheels; of cam discs
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B11/00—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses
- B30B11/02—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses using a ram exerting pressure on the material in a moulding space
- B30B11/04—Presses specially adapted for forming shaped articles from material in particulate or plastic state, e.g. briquetting presses, tabletting presses using a ram exerting pressure on the material in a moulding space co-operating with a fixed mould
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device constructed in modular form for press molding or calibrating workpieces with helical contours and a hub on one or both sides, which can also have helical contours or straight teeth, grooves, wedges etc.
- a pressing device for producing workpieces with helical contours consists of a two-part press mold, the upper part being fixed.
- the powder mass is compressed by two axially movable punches from below and from above.
- the upper punch with an external toothing corresponding to the workpiece to be produced is set directly into a rotary movement during the pressing process by a fixed screw nut block. Since the rotary movement in this arrangement is due to the direct interaction of the helical teeth of the stamp that of the fixed screw nut block, there is wear directly on the shaping tool. It is also known that an inhomogeneous density distribution results when pressing with fixed, graduated dies and one-sided compression of the powder mass.
- the filling volume cannot be varied at each stage, which is necessary due to the different apparent densities of the starting powder mixtures which are often found in practice.
- the described pressing device cannot be used on a simple press, because the compaction must be carried out evenly from both sides.
- the rotary movement of the stamp is generated by a gear which generates a rotary movement of the stamp when there is an axial movement between the stamp and the press mold.
- the gearbox consists of a rack, which drives a worm via a pinion, which engages with a worm wheel connected to the stamp. It proves to be disadvantageous that a change in the helical gear to be produced requires a new gear with a different gear ratio. Another disadvantage is that there is always considerable play between the rack and the pinion, which naturally has a small diameter, so that it is precise Insertion of the stamp into the mold is not guaranteed.
- the rotary movement of the stamp is generated by a ring which is arranged concentrically with the stamp and which has an inner and an outer helical toothing.
- the inner helical toothing is in engagement with a gear wheel connected to the stamp
- the outer helical toothing is in engagement with a corresponding helical toothing of the housing.
- retrofitting for a workpiece with a different pitch is very complex because the ring, the gearwheel and the housing must be replaced with corresponding parts having the desired pitch. This requires not only the production of expensive parts, but also extensive dismantling and reassembly of the device.
- Another disadvantage is that the production of workpieces, the teeth of which have a pitch of 45 ° or less, is not possible because a self-locking effect occurs between the ring and gear, which excludes the production of workpieces with a small pitch of the teeth.
- transfer large torques to the stamp and workpieces with helical contours, optionally with one or hub on both sides and helical contours or straight teeth, wedges, grooves etc. can be produced on standard presses regardless of the pressing process used and the same device can also be used for the subsequent calibration of the sintered workpieces.
- a device according to the preamble of claim 1 in that a link device with a link core with helical contours and a link matrix with complementary inner contours for controlling the rotary movement is provided for controlling the rotational movement, the link matrix and the link core during the axial movement of the Stamp are axially movable relative to each other and serve to drive the transmission.
- a device is obtained in which geometrically complex workpieces with helical contours can be produced from powder masses in a cost-effective manner.
- the link devices generating the rotary movement are arranged opposite one another on the guide plate and consist of a link core having helical contours and a link die with helical contours complementary to the link core.
- the backdrop matrices mesh with the backdrop cores fixed on the guide plate and are thus rotated.
- the rotary movement of the backdrop matrices is transferred to the replaceable upper punch by means of gear wheels. If the gearwheel connected to the link core is made larger than the gearwheel connected to the stamp, workpieces with a relatively large helix angle of the teeth can also be produced.
- the modular structure of the device according to the invention enables the conversion to a new workpiece with a different geometry to be carried out in a short time.
- the fact that all punches and core rods can be moved axially means that the filling volumes can be set at each level.
- the device according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 for producing a workpiece W (FIG. 4) with helical contours 1 and cylindrical hub 2, 4 on both sides, one (2) of which is straight-toothed, and a central bore 3 has an upper device part A consisting of a guide plate 18 and upper housing part 28 with the rotatably mounted and axially movable punches 16 and 17, and a lower device part B consisting of axially movable jacket plate 24 with press mold 21 and lower press die holder 29 with the rotatably mounted and axially movable punches 26, 27 and core stamp 25th device upper part and -bottom parts A, B are integrated into the tool adapter with appropriate clamping tools and attached to a standard press.
- the stamp 16 having helical contours 16a corresponding to the workpiece W to be manufactured is fastened to the stamp receiver 14, which in turn is rigidly connected to the central gear 11.
- the middle gear 11 is driven by the two outer gears 12 connected to the link matrices 13.
- the link matrices 13 mesh with the link cores 15 and thus set the punch 16 indirectly into a rotary movement.
- the two link cores 15 are rigidly connected to the guide plate 18 at the lower end and to the piston 10 at the upper end.
- the piston 10 and thus the Guide plate 18 are moved pneumatically or hydraulically relative to the upper housing part 28 and fixed.
- the rotatably mounted and axially movable stamp 17 is guided in the stamp 16.
- the punch 17 has a bore 17a at the lower end, into which the core punch 25 penetrates during the pressing process (FIG. 2).
- the compression mold 21 is non-positively connected to the jacket plate 24 by means of a clamping ring 32.
- the stops 20 protrude beyond the mold 21 to a certain extent, so that the punch 16 is rotated during the pressing process before it is screwed into the mold 21.
- the outer helical contours 27a of the lower punch 27 interact with the complementary contours 21a of the die 21.
- a second rotatably mounted plunger 26 with an outer straight toothing 26a to form a corresponding hub 2 is axially movably guided in the plunger 27 with complementary toothing 27b.
- the punch 26 is drilled centrally around the rotatably mounted and axially movable core punch 25 to produce the core bore 3 in the workpiece W.
- FIG. 4 shows a workpiece W produced with the device according to the invention with helical contours 1 and cylindrical hubs 2, 4 on both sides, one of which has 2 straight teeth.
- the device according to the invention works in the following way: In the filling position of the device (see FIG. 1), the mold 21 and. Jacket plate 24 in the highest position. The device upper part A is in the uppermost starting position. The stamps 16 and 17 are in the press position. The punches 26 and 27 are in the filling position. The core punch 25 is flush with the upper edge of the die 21.
- the powder mass is introduced into the press mold 21, the filling volume of which is given by the movable punches 26 and 27 and by the core punch 25, in a known manner.
- the guide plate 18 is moved pneumatically or hydraulically from the upper housing part 28.
- the upper device part A is now lowered vertically until the guide plate 18 rests on the two outer stops 20.
- the guide plate 18 is non-positively fixed to the jacket plate 24 via the two bolts 19 by the balls 22 being pressed hydraulically or pneumatically into the locking grooves 30 of the bolts 19.
- the upper housing part 28 moves further downward. Since the backdrop matrices 13 mesh with the fixed backdrop cores 15, they are set in rotation. The rotary movement is over the with the backdrop matrices 13 connected gears 12 to the central gear 11 and thus transferred to the stamp 16.
- the punch 16 is rotated before it enters the mold 21 and then comes into engagement with the mold 21. Now the compacting of the powder mass begins.
- the punch 16 has reached the depth of penetration, the die 21 and the punches 16 and 27 move downwards synchronously. This results in a further compression by the fixed punch 26.
- the punch 27 has reached the pressing position, it is forced to rotate by the continued vertical movement of the press mold 21 and the powder material is finally compacted to form the actual workpiece W (see FIG. 2).
- the workpiece begins to be shaped (see FIG. 3).
- the mold 21 is moved down until the helical contours 1 of the workpiece W are exposed (pull-off position).
- the punch 27 is rotated by the mold 21. Since the guide plate 18 is still rigidly connected to the jacket plate 24, the punch 16 is also set in rotation.
- the guide plate 18 After reaching the trigger position, the guide plate 18 is decoupled from the jacket plate 24 by moving the two pistons 23 downwards and the balls 22 releasing the two coupling bolts 19.
- the upper device part A now moves upwards, the punch 17 simultaneously making an extension movement relative to the upper device part A and pushing the workpiece W off the punch 16. Following this movement, the hub-shaped straight toothing 2 of the part is ejected by a vertical upward movement of the stamp 26.
- the workpiece W is removed and the individual device parts move back to the filling position.
- the sintered workpieces are calibrated in the opposite manner by first pressing the straight toothing 2 of the workpiece W into the complementary toothing 27b of the punch 27 and then the helical toothing 1 into the complementary helical toothing 21a of the press mold 21.
- the distance between the guide plate 18 and the jacket plate 24 is increased by means of suitable spacers or intermediate rings.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Forging (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Press Drives And Press Lines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine in modularer Form aufgebaute Vorrichtung zum Pressformen oder Kalibrieren von Werkstücken mit schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen und ein- oder beidseitiger Nabe, welche ebenfalls schraubenlinienförmige Konturen oder Geradeverzahnungen, Nuten, Keile etc. aufweisen können.The invention relates to a device constructed in modular form for press molding or calibrating workpieces with helical contours and a hub on one or both sides, which can also have helical contours or straight teeth, grooves, wedges etc.
Es ist bekannt, dass beim Pressformen von.Werkstücken mit Schrägverzahnungen ein starker Werkzeugverschleiss hervorgerufen wird, wenn die Drehbewegung allein durch das Zusammenwirken der Konturen des Stempels mit denen der Matrize erfolgt. Es wurde deshalb vorgeschlagen, die Drehbewegung des Stempels über eine wie bei Drehmaschinen zum Einsatz kommende, hydraulisch betätigte Kopiereinrichtung zu erzeugen. Aufgrund von unvermeidbaren Leckagen sowie der temperaturabhängigen Kompressibilität der Druckmittel lässt sich aber eine den heutigen Anforderungen entsprechend präzise und gleichförmige Drehbewegung des Stempels in der Pressform, wo der gegenseitige Spielraum maximal einige Tausendstel Millimeter beträgt, während des Pressvorganges nicht erreichen.It is known that during the compression molding of workpieces with helical gears, severe tool wear is caused if the rotary movement takes place solely through the interaction of the contours of the punch with those of the die. It has therefore been proposed to generate the rotary movement of the stamp by means of a hydraulically operated copying device which is used in lathes. Due to unavoidable leakages and the temperature-dependent compressibility of the pressure medium, a precise and uniform rotary movement of the punch in the press mold, where the mutual scope is a maximum of a few thousandths of a millimeter, cannot be achieved during the pressing process.
Eine Pressvorrichtung zur Herstellung von Werkstücken mit schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen gemäss Patentschrift AT-B-328 264 besteht aus einer zweigeteilten Pressform, wobei der obere Teil feststehend ist. Die Verdichtung der Pulvermasse erfolgt durch zwei axial bewegbare Stempel von unten und von oben her. Der obere Stempel mit einer dem herzustellenden Werkstück entsprechenden Aussenverzahnung wird beim Pressvorgang durch einen feststehenden Schraubenmutterblock direkt in eine Drehbewegung versetzt. Da die Drehbewegung bei dieser Anordnung durch direktes Zusammenwirken der Schrägverzahnung des Stempels mit derjenigen des feststehenden Schraubenmutterblockes erfolgt, kommt es zu einem Verschleiss direkt am formgebenden Werkzeug. Es ist zudem bekannt, dass beim Pressformen mit feststehenden, abgestuften Matrizen und einseitiger Verdichtung der Pulvermasse eine inhomogene Dichteverteilung resultiert. Ausserdem kann bei der erwähnten, zweigeteilten Pressform das Füllvolumen nicht auf jeder Stufe variiert werden, was aufgrund der in der Praxis oft festgestellten, unterschiedlichen Scheindichten der Ausgangspulvermischungen erforderlich ist. Die beschriebene Pressvorrichtung ist auf einer einfachen Presse nicht einsetzbar, weil die Verdichtung von beiden Seiten gleichmässig erfolgen muss.A pressing device for producing workpieces with helical contours according to patent specification AT-B-328 264 consists of a two-part press mold, the upper part being fixed. The powder mass is compressed by two axially movable punches from below and from above. The upper punch with an external toothing corresponding to the workpiece to be produced is set directly into a rotary movement during the pressing process by a fixed screw nut block. Since the rotary movement in this arrangement is due to the direct interaction of the helical teeth of the stamp that of the fixed screw nut block, there is wear directly on the shaping tool. It is also known that an inhomogeneous density distribution results when pressing with fixed, graduated dies and one-sided compression of the powder mass. In addition, in the case of the two-part press mold mentioned, the filling volume cannot be varied at each stage, which is necessary due to the different apparent densities of the starting powder mixtures which are often found in practice. The described pressing device cannot be used on a simple press, because the compaction must be carried out evenly from both sides.
Bei der durch DE-A-2 508 065 bekannten Anordnung wird die Drehbewegung indirekt auf den Stempel mittels Kugelumlaufmechanismen übertragen, die schraubenlinienförmige Konturen oder Nuten mit einer den fertigenden schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen entsprechenden Steigung aufweisen. Diese Drehantriebe sind fertigungstechnisch sehr aufwendig und kompliziert herzustellen. Ausserdem sind diese Drehantriebe für jedes spezifische Werkstück neu herzustellen und die Herstellkosten übertreffen oftmals die eigentlichen Formwerkzeugkosten.In the arrangement known from DE-A-2 508 065, the rotary movement is transmitted indirectly to the stamp by means of ball recirculation mechanisms which have helical contours or grooves with a pitch corresponding to the finishing helical contours. These rotary drives are technically very complex to manufacture. In addition, these rotary drives have to be re-manufactured for each specific workpiece and the manufacturing costs often exceed the actual mold costs.
Bei der Vorrichtung gemäss der US-A-2 561 735, die die Merkmale des Oberbegriffs von Anspruch 1 aufweist, wird die Drehbewegung des Stempels durch ein Getriebe erzeugt, welches bei einer Axialbewegung zwischen Stempel und Pressform eine Drehbewegung des Stempels erzeugt. Das Getriebe besteht aus einer Zahnstange, welche über ein Ritzel eine Schnecke antreibt, die mit einem mit dem Stempel verbunden Schneckenrad in Eingriff ist. Als nachteilig erweist sich dabei, dass eine Aenderung der herzustellenden Schrägverzahnung ein neues Getriebe mit einem anderen Uebersetzungsverhältnis erfordert.
Nachteilig ist auch, dass zwischen der Zahnstange und dem naturgemäss einen kleinen Durchmesser aufweisenden Ritzel immer ein erhebliches Spiel besteht, sodass ein präzises Einführen des Stempels in die Pressform nicht gewährleistet wird.In the device according to US-A-2 561 735, which has the features of the preamble of
Another disadvantage is that there is always considerable play between the rack and the pinion, which naturally has a small diameter, so that it is precise Insertion of the stamp into the mold is not guaranteed.
Bei der Vorrichtung gemäss der US-A 3 394 432 wird die Drehbewegung des Stempels durch einen konzentrisch zum Stempel angeordneten Ring erzeugt, welcher eine innere und eine äussere Schrägverzahnung aufweist. Die innere Schrägverzahnung ist in Eingriff mit einem mit dem Stempel verbundenen Zahnrad, und die äussere Schrägverzahnung ist in Eingriff mit einer entsprechenden Schrägverzahnung des Gehäuses. Auch bei dieser Vorrichtung ist ein Umrüsten für ein Werkstück mit einer anderen Steigung sehr aufwendig, denn es müssen der Ring, das Zahnrad und das Gehäuse mit entsprechenden, die gewünschte Steigung aufweisenden Teilen ersetzt werden. Dies erfordert nicht nur die Herstellung von kostspieligen Teilen, sondern auch eine weitgehende Demontage und Neumontage der Vorrichtung. Nachteilig ist ferner, dass die Herstellung von Werkstücken, deren Verzahnung eine Steigung von 45° oder weniger besitzen, nicht möglich ist, weil ein Selbsthemmungseffekt zwischen Ring und Zahnrad auftritt, der die Herstellung von Werkstücken mit geringer Steigung der Zähne ausschliesst.In the device according to US Pat. No. 3,394,432, the rotary movement of the stamp is generated by a ring which is arranged concentrically with the stamp and which has an inner and an outer helical toothing. The inner helical toothing is in engagement with a gear wheel connected to the stamp, and the outer helical toothing is in engagement with a corresponding helical toothing of the housing. In this device too, retrofitting for a workpiece with a different pitch is very complex because the ring, the gearwheel and the housing must be replaced with corresponding parts having the desired pitch. This requires not only the production of expensive parts, but also extensive dismantling and reassembly of the device. Another disadvantage is that the production of workpieces, the teeth of which have a pitch of 45 ° or less, is not possible because a self-locking effect occurs between the ring and gear, which excludes the production of workpieces with a small pitch of the teeth.
Ferner sind im heutigen Stand der Technik keine Vorrichtungen bekannt, welche nicht nur für das Pressformen von Werkstücken aus Pulvermassen sondern auch für das bei der Herstellung von hochpräzisen Werkstücken erforderliche Nachkalibrieren eingesetzt werden können, bei welchem die bereits gesinterten Werkstücke nochmals unter ähnlich hohen Drücken wie beim Pressformen der Pulvermassen in die Matrize eingestossen und gepresst werden. Bei Vorrichtungen der letzteren Art müssen grosse Drehmomente bereits ausserhalb der Matrize auf das zu kalibrierende Werkstück einwirken, um es im richtigen Winkel in die Matrize einzustossen.
Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine zum Pressformen von Werkstücken mit schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen aus Pulvermassen geeignete, modular aufgebauteFurthermore, no devices are known in the current state of the art, which can be used not only for the press molding of workpieces from powder masses but also for the recalibration required in the production of high-precision workpieces, in which the already sintered workpieces are again subjected to pressures similar to those in the case of Press forms of the powder masses are pushed into the die and pressed. In devices of the latter type, large torques must act on the workpiece to be calibrated outside the die in order to push it into the die at the correct angle.
The invention is therefore based on the object of a modular design suitable for press-forming workpieces with helical contours from powder materials
Vorrichtung der eingangs erwähnten Art zu schaffen, bei welcher die Drehbewegung des oder der Stempel mit hoher Präzision indirekt durch kostengünstig herzustellende und einfach montier- und auswechselbare Kulisseneinrichtung hervorgerufen wird, grosse Drehmomente auf den Stempel übertragen und Werkstücke mit schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen, wahlweise mit ein- oder beidseitiger Nabe und schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen oder Geradeverzahnungen, Keilen, Nuten etc., auf Standardpressen unabhängig vom angewendeten Pressverfahren hergestellt werden können und dieselbe Vorrichtung auch für das anschliessende Kalibrieren der gesinterten Werkstücke gingesetzt werden kann.To create device of the type mentioned, in which the rotary movement of the stamp or stamps is caused indirectly with high precision by inexpensive to manufacture and easy to assemble and replace backdrop device, transfer large torques to the stamp and workpieces with helical contours, optionally with one or hub on both sides and helical contours or straight teeth, wedges, grooves etc. can be produced on standard presses regardless of the pressing process used and the same device can also be used for the subsequent calibration of the sintered workpieces.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss durch eine Vorrichtung gemäss Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 dadurch gelöst, dass eine eine Kulisseneinrichtung mit einem Kulissenkern mit schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen und einer Kulissenmatrize mit zum Kulissenkern komplementären Innenkonturen zur Steuerung der Drehbewegung vorgesehen ist, wobei die Kulissenmatrize und der Kulissenkern bei der Axialbewegung des Stempels relativ zueinander axial bewegbar sind und dem Antrieb des Getriebes dienen. Mit den Mitteln nach der Erfindung kommt man zu einer Vorrichtung, bei der auf kostengünstige Art geometrisch komplizierte Werkstücke mit schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen aus Pulvermassen hergestellt werden können.This object is achieved according to the invention by a device according to the preamble of
In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der Erfindung sind die die Drehbewegung erzeugenden Kulisseneinrichtungen auf der Führungsplatte gegenüberliegend angeordnet und bestehen aus einem schraubenlinienförmige Konturen aufweisenden Kulissenkern und einer Kulissenmatrize mit zum Kulissenkern komplementären schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen. Die Kulissenmatrizen kämmen beim Pressvorgang mit den auf der Führungsplatte fixierten Kulissenkernen und werden so in eine Drehbewegung versetzt. Die Drehbewegung der Kulissenmatrizen wird mittels Zahnräder auf den auswechselbaren oberen Stempel übertragen. Wird das mit dem Kulissenkern verbundene Zahnrad grösser als das mit dem Stempel verbundene Zahnrad gestaltet, können auch Werkstücke mit relativ grossem Schrägungswinkel der Zähne hergestellt werden. Der modulare Aufbau der erfindungsgemässen Vorrichtung lässt die Umrüstung auf ein neues Werkstück mit anderer Geometrie in kurzer Zeit bewerkstelligen. Dadurch, dass sämtliche Stempel und Kernstäbe axial bewegbar sind, können die Füllvolumina auf jeder Stufe eingestellt werden.In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the link devices generating the rotary movement are arranged opposite one another on the guide plate and consist of a link core having helical contours and a link die with helical contours complementary to the link core. During the pressing process, the backdrop matrices mesh with the backdrop cores fixed on the guide plate and are thus rotated. The rotary movement of the backdrop matrices is transferred to the replaceable upper punch by means of gear wheels. If the gearwheel connected to the link core is made larger than the gearwheel connected to the stamp, workpieces with a relatively large helix angle of the teeth can also be produced. The modular structure of the device according to the invention enables the conversion to a new workpiece with a different geometry to be carried out in a short time. The fact that all punches and core rods can be moved axially means that the filling volumes can be set at each level.
In den Zeichnungen ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel der erfindungsgemässen Vorrichtung zum Pressformen eines Werkstückes mit schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen und beidseitiger zylindrischer Nabe, deren eine geradeverzahnt ist, dargestellt.In the drawings, an embodiment of the device according to the invention for the press molding of a workpiece with helical contours and cylindrical hub on both sides, one of which has straight teeth, is shown.
Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- einen Längsschnitt der Pressvorrichtung in Ausgangs- resp. Füllstellung,
- Fig. 2
- einen Längsschnitt der Pressvorrichtung in Pressstellung,
- Fig. 3
- einen Längsschnitt der Pressvorrichtung in Abzugs- bzw. Ausstossstellung,
- Fig. 4a,b
- eine Schrägansicht eines mittels dieser Vorrichtung hergestellten Zahnrades mit schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen und beidseitiger Nabe, deren eine geradeverzahnt ist,
- Fig. 4c
- eine Draufsicht auf das Werkstück
- Fig. 4d
- einen Querschnitt durch dasselbe Werkstück
- Fig. 5a
- eine Seitenansicht eines Kulissenkerns,
- Fig. 5b
- eine Draufsicht auf einen Kulissenkern
- Fig. 6a
- einen querschnitt einer Kulissenmatrize
- Fig. 6b
- eine Draufsicht auf eine Kulissenmatrize
- Fig. 1
- a longitudinal section of the pressing device in the starting or. Filling position,
- Fig. 2
- a longitudinal section of the pressing device in the pressing position,
- Fig. 3
- a longitudinal section of the pressing device in the pull-off or ejection position,
- 4a, b
- 2 shows an oblique view of a gearwheel produced by means of this device with helical contours and a hub on both sides, one of which has straight teeth,
- Fig. 4c
- a top view of the workpiece
- Fig. 4d
- a cross section through the same workpiece
- Fig. 5a
- a side view of a backdrop core,
- Fig. 5b
- a top view of a backdrop core
- Fig. 6a
- a cross section of a backdrop matrix
- Fig. 6b
- a top view of a backdrop die
Die in Fig. 1 dargestellte erfindungsgemässe Vorrichtung zum Herstellen eines Werkstückes W (Fig. 4) mit schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen 1 und beidseitiger zylindrischer Nabe 2,4, deren eine (2) geradeverzahnt ist, und einer zentralen Bohrung 3 hat einen Vorrichtungsoberteil A bestehend aus Führungsplatte 18 und Gehäuseoberteil 28 mit den drehbar gelagerten und axial bewegbaren Stempeln 16 und 17, sowie einen Vorrichtungsunterteil B bestehend aus axial bewegbarer Mantelplatte 24 mit Pressform 21 und unterem Pressstempelhalter 29 mit den drehbar gelagerten und axial bewegbaren Stempeln 26, 27 und Kernstempel 25. Vorrichtungsoberteil und -unterteil A,B werden mit entsprechenden Spannzeugen in den Werkzeugadapter integriert und an eine standardmässige Presse angebaut.The device according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 for producing a workpiece W (FIG. 4) with
Im Vorrichtungsoberteil A ist der dem herzustellenden Werkstück W entsprechende schraubenlinienförmige Konturen 16a aufweisende Stempel 16 an den Stempelaufnehmer 14 befestigt, der seinerseits mit dem mittleren Zahnrad 11 starr verbunden ist. Das mittlere Zahnrad 11 wird durch die beiden äusseren, mit den Kulissenmatrizen 13 verbundenen Zahnrädern 12 getrieben. Bei der Hubbewegung kämmen die Kulissenmatrizen 13 mit den Kulissenkernen 15 und versetzen so den Stempel 16 indirekt in eine Drehbewegung.In the upper part A of the device, the
Die beiden Kulissenkerne 15 sind am unteren Ende mit der Führungsplatte 18 und am oberen Ende mit den Kolben 10 starr verbunden. Die Kolben 10 und damit die Führungsplatte 18 werden pneumatisch oder hydraulisch relativ zum Gehäuseoberteil 28 axial bewegt und fixiert.The two
Am äusseren Rand an der Unterseite der Führungsplatte 18 sind zwei zylindrische, am unteren Ende konische und mit einer Verriegelungssrille 30 versehene Kupplungsbolzen 19 in senkrechter Position angebracht, welche in eine Kupplungsführung 31 in der Mantelplatte 24 eingeführt werden. Wenn die Führungsplatte 18 an den die Mantelplatte 24 um ein bestimmtes Mass überragenden Anschlägen 20 anliegt (Fig. 2) und anschliessend die Kolben 23 pneumatisch oder hydraulisch betätigt werden, werden die Kugeln 22 in die Verriegelungsrillen 30 der Kupplungsbolzen 19 gedrückt und bewirken das Fixieren der Führungsplatte 18 an die Mantelplatte 24. Dadurch lässt sich eine exakte Synchronisation der Bewegung von Stempel 16 zur schraubenlinienförmigen Innenkontur 21a der Pressform 21 erreichen.At the outer edge on the underside of the
Der drehbar gelagerte und axial bewegbare Stempel 17 wird im Stempel 16 geführt. Der Stempel 17 weist am unteren Ende eine Bohrung 17a auf, in welche der Kernstempel 25 während des Pressvorganges eindringt (Fig.2).The rotatably mounted and axially
Mit der Mantelplatte 24 ist die Pressform 21 mittels Spannring 32 kraftschlüssig verbunden. Die Anschläge 20 überragen die Pressform 21 um ein gewisses Mass, sodass der Stempel 16 beim Pressvorgang in eine Drehung versetzt wird, bevor derselbe in die Pressform 21 eingedreht wird.The
Die äusseren schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen 27a des unteren Stempels 27 wirken mit den komplementären Konturen 21a der Pressform 21 zusammen. Ein zweiter drehbar gelagerter Stempel 26 mit einer äusseren Geradeverzahnung 26a zur Ausbildung einer entsprechenden Nabe 2 ist im Stempel 27 mit komplementärer Verzahnung 27b axial bewegbar geführt. Der Stempel 26 ist zentral gebohrt, um den drehbar gelagerten und axial bewegbaren Kernstempel 25 zur Erzeugung der Kernbohrung 3 im Werkstück W aufzunehmen.The outer
Fig. 4 zeigt ein mit der erfindungsgemässen Vorrichtung hergestelltes Werkstück W mit schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen 1 und beidseitiger zylindrischer Nabe 2, 4, deren eine 2 geradeverzahnt ist.FIG. 4 shows a workpiece W produced with the device according to the invention with
Die erfindungsgemässe Vorrichtung arbeitet in folgender Weise:
In der Füllposition der Vorrichtung (s. Fig. 1) befindet sich die Pressform 21 resp. Mantelplatte 24 in der höchsten Stellung. Der Vorrichtungsoberteil A ist in der obersten Ausgangsposition. Die Stempel 16 und 17 befinden sich in Pressposition. Die Stempel 26 und 27 befinden sich in der Füllposition. Der Kernstempel 25 ist bündig zur Oberkante der Pressform 21.The device according to the invention works in the following way:
In the filling position of the device (see FIG. 1), the
In die Pessform 21, deren Füllvolumen durch die beweglichen Stempel 26 und 27, sowie durch den Kernstempel 25 gegeben ist, wird die Pulvermasse in bekannter Weise eingebracht.The powder mass is introduced into the
Nach dem Beschickungsvorgang wird die Führungsplatte 18 pneumatisch oder hydraulisch in Abstand vom Gehäuseoberteil 28 gebracht. Der Vorrichtungsoberteil A wird nun senkrecht abgesenkt bis die Führungsplatte 18 auf den beiden äusseren Anschlägen 20 anliegt. In dieser Position wird die Führungsplatte 18 über die beiden Bolzen 19 kraftschlüssig an die Mantelplatte 24 fixiert, indem die Kugeln 22 hydraulisch oder pneumatisch in die Verriegelungsrillen 30 der Bolzen 19 gedrückt werden.After the loading process, the
Nach erfolgter Fixierung der Führungsplatte 18 bewegt sich der Gehäuseoberteil 28 weiter nach unten. Da die Kulissenmatrizen 13 mit den feststehenden Kulissenkernen 15 kämmen, werden sie so in Rotation versetzt. Die Drehbewegung wird dabei über die mit den Kulissenmatrizen 13 verbundenen Zahnräder 12 auf das mittlere Zahnrad 11 und damit auf den Stempel 16 übertragen. Der Stempel 16 wird noch vor dem Eintritt in die Pressform 21 in eine Drehbewegung versetzt und kommt sodann in Eingriff mit der Pressform 21. Jetzt beginnt das Verdichten der Pulvermasse. Hat der Stempel 16 die Eindringtiefe erreicht, so fahren die Pressform 21, sowie die Stempel 16 und 27 synchron nach unten. Dadurch kommt es durch den feststehenden Stempel 26 zu einer weiteren Verdichtung. Hat der Stempel 27 die Pressposition erreicht, so wird er durch die fortführende Senkrechtbewegung der Pressform 21 zwangsweise in Drehung versetzt und es kommt zur abschliessenden Verdichtung der Pulvermasse zum eigentlichen Werkstück W (s. Fig. 2).After the
Nachdem der Pressvorgang beendet ist, beginnt das Ausformen des Werkstücks (s. Fig. 3). Als erstes wird die Pressform 21 soweit nach unten gefahren, bis die schraubenlinienförmigen Konturen 1 des Werkstücks W freigelegt sind (Abzugsposition). Bei dieser Senkrechtbewegung der Pressform 21 wird der Stempel 27 durch die Pressform 21 in Drehung versetzt. Da die Führungsplatte 18 mit der Mantelplatte 24 weiterhin starr verbunden ist, wird der Stempel 16 ebenfalls in Drehung versetzt.After the pressing process is finished, the workpiece begins to be shaped (see FIG. 3). First, the
Nach Erreichen der Abzugssposition wird die Führungsplatte 18 von der Mantelplatte 24 entkoppelt, indem die beiden Kolben 23 nach unten gefahren werden und die Kugeln 22 die beiden Kupplungsbolzen 19 freigeben.After reaching the trigger position, the
Der Vorrichtungsoberteil A fährt nun nach oben, wobei gleichzeitig der Stempel 17 eine Ausfahrbewegung relativ zum Vorrichtungsoberteil A vornimmt und das Werkstück W vom Stempel 16 abdrückt. Anschliessend an diese Bewegung wird die nabenförmige Geradeverzahnung 2 des Teiles durch eine senkrechte Aufwärtsbewegung des Stempels 26 ausgestossen.The upper device part A now moves upwards, the
Das Werkstück W wird entnommen und die einzelnen Vorrichtungsteile fahren wieder in Füllposition.The workpiece W is removed and the individual device parts move back to the filling position.
Das Kalibrieren der gesinterten Werkstücke erfolgt ablaufmässig gerade umgekehrt, indem zuerst die Geradeverzahnung 2 des Werkstückes W in die komplementäre Verzahnung 27b des Stempels 27 und sodann die Schrägverzahnung 1 in die komplementäre Schrägverzahnung 21a der Pressform 21 gedrückt wird. Um das Einbringen des Werkstückes W zu ermöglichen, werden durch geeignete Abstandshalter oder Zwischenringe der Abstand zwischen Führungsplatte 18 und Mantelplatte 24 vergrössert.The sintered workpieces are calibrated in the opposite manner by first pressing the
Claims (9)
- Apparatus for press forming or calibrating workpieces with helical contours with a pressing mould (21) or a calibrating tool with a helical inner contour corresponding to the workpiece to be manufactured and at least one first and a second rotary mounted and axially movable ram (16,27), each with an outer contour complementary with the pressing mould or calibrating tool and a gearing (11,12) which with axial movement of a ram (16) sets this ram (16) in rotation relative to the pressing mould (21), characterised in that a slide device (13,15) is provided with a slide core (15) with helical contours and a slide matrix (13) with inner contours complementary with the slide core (15) for controlling the rotary movement wherein the slide matrix (13) and the slide core (15) are movable axially relative to each other during the axial movement of the ram and serve to drive the gearing (11,12).
- Apparatus according to claim 1 characterised in that the slide device (13,15) is coupled to the ram (16) to be turned by means of a gearwheel gearing.
- Apparatus according to one of claims 1 or 2 characterised in that a guide plate (18) is provided which is movable relative to the ram (16) to be turned, that the slide core (15) is fixedly connected to the guide plate (18), that the slide matrix (13) is coupled to a first gearwheel (12) and that the ram (16) to be turned is coupled to a second gearwheel (11) which is drivable by the first gearwheel (12).
- Apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 3 characterised in that two or more slide devices (13,15) are used to produce the rotary movement of a ram.
- Apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 4 characterised in that a second rotary mounted ram (17) is guided axially movable in the upper ram (16) to form a hub (4) and this second ram has at the lower end a bore (17a) in order to receive the core ram (25) to create the bore (3) in the workpiece.
- Apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 5 characterised in that a second rotary mounted ram (26) with complementary contours (26a) is guided axially movable in the lower ram (27) with the inner contours (27b) to form a corresponding hub (2).
- Apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 6 characterised in that a core ram (25) is rotatably mounted and guided axially movable in the second lower ram (26) to produce the bore (3) in the workpiece.
- Apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 7 characterised in that spacers and stops (20) are mounted between the guide plate (18) and sleeve plate (24) and cause the ram (16) to be set already in a rotary movement during the pressing process before entering the pressing mould (21).
- Apparatus according to one of claims 1 to 8 characterised in that the fixing of the guide plate (18) on the sleeve plate (24) is carried out by at least one coupling bolt (19) which is fixed in a vertical position on the outer edge on the underneath of the guide plate (18), is conical at the lower end and has a locking groove (30) wherein this bolt is fixed in a corresponding coupling guide (31) in the sleeve plate (24) by a ball pressed pneumatically or hydraulically in the locking groove (30).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH241891 | 1991-08-17 | ||
| CH2418/91 | 1991-08-17 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0528761A1 EP0528761A1 (en) | 1993-02-24 |
| EP0528761B1 true EP0528761B1 (en) | 1996-12-27 |
Family
ID=4233348
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP92810600A Expired - Lifetime EP0528761B1 (en) | 1991-08-17 | 1992-08-06 | Modular apparatus for press-forming or calibrating of parts with helical contours |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5366363A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0528761B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH05195011A (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE146709T1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE59207753D1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2098479T3 (en) |
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| ES2147226T3 (en) * | 1993-11-24 | 2000-09-01 | Stackpole Ltd | MATRIX SPLIT WITH NOTCH. |
| AU5556994A (en) * | 1993-11-24 | 1995-06-13 | Stackpole Limited | Phased split die |
| DE4428842C1 (en) * | 1994-08-02 | 1996-01-18 | Mannesmann Ag | Device for the production of compacts |
| TW287975B (en) * | 1995-11-16 | 1996-10-11 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Method of and apparatus for manufacturing pressed powder body |
| US6440357B1 (en) * | 1996-05-09 | 2002-08-27 | Stackpole Limited | Compacted-powder opposed twin-helical gears and method |
| US6165400A (en) * | 1996-05-09 | 2000-12-26 | Stackpole Limited | Compacted-powder opposed twin-helical gears and method |
| AT406240B (en) * | 1996-06-20 | 2000-03-27 | Miba Sintermetall Ag | MOLDING TOOL FOR PRESSING A MOLDED BODY FROM A SINTER POWDER |
| JP3400690B2 (en) * | 1996-11-11 | 2003-04-28 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Bevel gear hot forging equipment |
| JP3059406B2 (en) * | 1997-08-27 | 2000-07-04 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Compacting equipment |
| JP3414215B2 (en) * | 1997-08-28 | 2003-06-09 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | Molding method and powder molding apparatus for spiral bevel gear |
| US6044555A (en) * | 1998-05-04 | 2000-04-04 | Keystone Powered Metal Company | Method for producing fully dense powdered metal helical gear |
| US6790503B2 (en) | 1998-06-22 | 2004-09-14 | Target Technology Company, Llc | Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium |
| US6544616B2 (en) | 2000-07-21 | 2003-04-08 | Target Technology Company, Llc | Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium |
| US6764735B2 (en) | 1998-06-22 | 2004-07-20 | Target Technology Company, Llc | Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium |
| US6852384B2 (en) | 1998-06-22 | 2005-02-08 | Han H. Nee | Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium |
| US7045187B2 (en) | 1998-06-22 | 2006-05-16 | Nee Han H | Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium |
| US6007889A (en) | 1998-06-22 | 1999-12-28 | Target Technology, Llc | Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium |
| US6332392B1 (en) * | 2000-03-10 | 2001-12-25 | Fitel Innovations | Dual nested plunger transfer molding system and method therefor |
| GB2360825B (en) * | 2000-03-30 | 2004-11-17 | Formflo Ltd | Gear wheels roll formed from powder metal blanks |
| ES2246320T3 (en) * | 2000-05-31 | 2006-02-16 | Morphic Technologies Aktiebolag | METHOD, IMPACT MACHINE AND EQUIPMENT INCLUDED IN AN IMPACT MACHINE. |
| US6592809B1 (en) * | 2000-10-03 | 2003-07-15 | Keystone Investment Corporation | Method for forming powder metal gears |
| CN100430215C (en) | 2003-04-18 | 2008-11-05 | 目标技术有限公司 | Metal alloys for the reflective or the semi-reflective layer of an optical storage medium |
| ES2286656T3 (en) * | 2003-10-29 | 2007-12-01 | Alvier Ag Pm-Technology | SUPPORT DEVICE FOR PARTS CALIBRATION AND PRESS TOOLS WITH SUCH DEVICE. |
| US7025929B2 (en) * | 2004-04-08 | 2006-04-11 | Pmg Ohio Corp. | Method and apparatus for densifying powder metal gears |
| US20050227772A1 (en) * | 2004-04-13 | 2005-10-13 | Edward Kletecka | Powdered metal multi-lobular tooling and method of fabrication |
| US7393194B2 (en) * | 2005-04-26 | 2008-07-01 | Gkn Sinter Metals, Inc. | Powdered metal process tooling and method of assembly |
| JP4533869B2 (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2010-09-01 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Two-stage gear compaction mold |
| JP4820281B2 (en) * | 2006-12-25 | 2011-11-24 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | Compaction mold apparatus and compaction molding method using the same |
| AT9818U1 (en) | 2007-04-04 | 2008-04-15 | Miba Sinter Austria Gmbh | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CALIBRATING A SINTERING PART |
| CN101947670B (en) * | 2010-08-27 | 2012-05-02 | 合肥压力机械有限责任公司 | Mould base-type tooth form finishing device |
| CN102672172B (en) * | 2012-06-08 | 2013-11-06 | 北京科技大学 | Method for preparing evaporating body of alkali-metal evaporator by utilizing mold |
| US9676021B2 (en) | 2012-07-06 | 2017-06-13 | Lapmaster International L.L.C. | Stamping press |
| CN103447441B (en) * | 2013-08-23 | 2015-06-10 | 浙江振华紧固件有限公司 | Helical gear heading mold |
| EP2853322A1 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2015-04-01 | Seco Tools AB | Press for making a tool green body having a helical flute, method for making a tool green body having a helical flute, and tool green body having a helical flute |
| KR101692984B1 (en) | 2016-07-06 | 2017-01-17 | 정삼균 | Powder metallurgy press die for manufacuturing helical gear |
| CN108555061A (en) * | 2018-06-23 | 2018-09-21 | 东莞理工学院 | A kind of pressing stripping and slicing collection all-in-one machine for capableing of health maintenance |
| US11480239B2 (en) | 2019-01-08 | 2022-10-25 | American Axle & Manufacturing, Inc. | Tooling and method for fabricating helical sector gear and related helical sector gear |
| US11707786B2 (en) * | 2020-04-17 | 2023-07-25 | PMG Indiana LLC | Apparatus and method for internal surface densification of powder metal articles |
| AT524440B1 (en) * | 2021-03-05 | 2022-06-15 | Miba Sinter Austria Gmbh | Apparatus for manufacturing a green gear wheel |
| CN115770876B (en) * | 2022-12-16 | 2023-07-11 | 苏州市职业大学 | Powder metallurgy gear forming equipment |
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| DE328264C (en) * | 1918-03-16 | 1920-10-21 | Exact Ab | Device on mortise locks |
| US2561735A (en) * | 1949-07-21 | 1951-07-24 | Haller John | Machine for molding helical gears |
| GB1091321A (en) * | 1963-12-18 | 1967-11-15 | R Laurent Sa Atel | Apparatus for the production of helically toothed mechanical parts from sintered metals |
| US3353215A (en) * | 1965-11-10 | 1967-11-21 | Haller John | Powdered material briquetting press |
| GB1226889A (en) * | 1969-02-01 | 1971-03-31 | ||
| BE759661A (en) * | 1969-12-01 | 1971-04-30 | Hitachi Powdered Metals Cy Ltd | POWDER COMPRESSION DEVICE TO FORM A COMPRESSED HELICOIDAL GEAR |
| US3677672A (en) * | 1970-03-12 | 1972-07-18 | Chrysler Corp | Apparatus for the manufacture of powder metal helical gears |
| IT958783B (en) * | 1972-05-04 | 1973-10-30 | Olivetti & Co Spa | DEVICE FOR THE FORMING OF WHEEL AND HELICAL GEARS BY COMPRESSION OF POWDERS |
| GB1419770A (en) * | 1972-06-29 | 1975-12-31 | Metal Compacting Tools Ltd | Press tools |
| IT976216B (en) * | 1972-12-29 | 1974-08-20 | Olivetti & Co Spa | DEVICE FOR FORMING HELICAL PIECES BY COMPACTION OF POWDER MATERIALS |
| US3891367A (en) * | 1973-05-08 | 1975-06-24 | Olivetti & Co Spa | Apparatus for moulding helical gears by compression of powders |
| DE2508065A1 (en) * | 1975-02-25 | 1976-09-02 | Metal Compacting Tools Ltd | Metal powder press tool - for helical contours with top-bottom plungers guided in helical grooves with recirculating balls |
| JPS57199598A (en) * | 1981-06-01 | 1982-12-07 | Toshiba Corp | Compacting apparatus of compact having inclined tooth |
-
1992
- 1992-04-28 JP JP4109821A patent/JPH05195011A/en active Pending
- 1992-08-06 AT AT92810600T patent/ATE146709T1/en active
- 1992-08-06 DE DE59207753T patent/DE59207753D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-08-06 ES ES92810600T patent/ES2098479T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-08-06 EP EP92810600A patent/EP0528761B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-08-14 US US07/930,848 patent/US5366363A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE59207753D1 (en) | 1997-02-06 |
| ATE146709T1 (en) | 1997-01-15 |
| ES2098479T3 (en) | 1997-05-01 |
| US5366363A (en) | 1994-11-22 |
| JPH05195011A (en) | 1993-08-03 |
| EP0528761A1 (en) | 1993-02-24 |
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