EP0473499B1 - Method of and installation for a pouring stream protective tube in continuous casting - Google Patents

Method of and installation for a pouring stream protective tube in continuous casting Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0473499B1
EP0473499B1 EP91402296A EP91402296A EP0473499B1 EP 0473499 B1 EP0473499 B1 EP 0473499B1 EP 91402296 A EP91402296 A EP 91402296A EP 91402296 A EP91402296 A EP 91402296A EP 0473499 B1 EP0473499 B1 EP 0473499B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tube
tundish
stream protection
protection tube
metal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Revoked
Application number
EP91402296A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0473499A1 (en
Inventor
Jean-Paul Grand
Daniel Juvigny
André Vinuesa
Serge Tortosa
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sollac SA
Original Assignee
Sollac SA
Lorraine de Laminage Continu SA SOLLAC
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Publication date
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Application filed by Sollac SA, Lorraine de Laminage Continu SA SOLLAC filed Critical Sollac SA
Publication of EP0473499A1 publication Critical patent/EP0473499A1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a jet protective tube located between the ladle and the liquid metal distributor of a continuous casting installation and to a continuous casting method using such a tube.
  • the flow of liquid metal between the ladle and the distributor takes place by passage through a jet protective tube.
  • This tube fixed at the end of the ladle taphole, is immersed in the distributor in order to guide the jet, to avoid renitriding of the steel and its oxidation due to its contact with air, and avoid entrainment of dross and slag present on the surface of the liquid metal contained in the distributor either towards the bottom, due to the emulsion generated by the fall of the metal from the ladle towards the distributor, or towards outside the dispenser due to possible splashing due to said fall.
  • the problem is as follows: - or the lower part of the jet protective tube is immersed in the liquid metal contained in the dispenser before the opening of the tap tapping hole. In this case, during the opening of said tap hole, the liquid metal of the ladle descends into the tube, compressing the air which was trapped there.
  • part of the jet is not protected and is in contact with the ambient air, which causes oxidation of the liquid metal in this unprotected part.
  • the subject of the invention is a jet protective tube of a continuous casting installation making it possible to remedy these drawbacks as well as a continuous casting process using such a tube.
  • It relates more particularly to a jet protective tube of a continuous casting installation, characterized in particular that the lower end of this tube is provided with at least one air outlet or air outlet.
  • a continuous casting installation is made up of a ladle 1 above a distributor or distributor 2. Between the ladle 1 and the distributor 2, the metal is guided by a protective jet tube 3.
  • the ladle 1 of known type, is provided in its bottom with a tap hole 4, of vertical axis x-x, circular and arranged in its middle in the embodiment shown.
  • the distributor 2 located under the ladle, is filled with a bath of liquid metal 8 and is provided in its bottom with a hole connected in a known manner to a continuous casting line 5.
  • the jet protective tube 3 is a vertical tube of length L, of axis x-x coincident with the axis of the tap hole 4 of the bag 1.
  • the device 6 is a support plate.
  • the tube 3 has, in its lower part opposite the end provided with the device 6 at least one lumen or hole 7, of height h .
  • the tube has two holes of rectangular shape arranged opposite one another in the same cross section of the tube.
  • the tube has four circular holes distributed around the axis x-x and located in the same cross section of the tube 3.
  • the tube may have gills of geometrical shapes different from those shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, and arranged differently, for example four triangular-shaped openings distributed around the periphery of the tube and located in different sections or at different levels.
  • the distance d between the upper end of the nozzle, the highest when the tube has several gills arranged on different sections, and the lower end of the jet protective tube 3, is at most equal to the ferrostatic height at the overflow of the distributor used, that is to say substantially the height of the distributor.
  • the jet protective tube continues to be lowered into the distributor at a speed V until the openings 7 are completely submerged in the distributor bath (Fig. 5).
  • the speed of descent of the tube V is a function of the height of the tube, its section and the density of the metal being poured. It is chosen so that, when the first drop of metal arrives at the gills, the latter are about to be completely immersed in the dispenser bath. - As soon as the openings 7 are completely submerged in the distributor bath, the descent of the tube stops and the entire pocket is poured under these conditions.
  • the entire jet is protected at all stages of the process, which prevents metal oxidation phenomena in the jet.
  • the desired objective is therefore achieved effectively and by particularly simple and inexpensive means.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)

Abstract

This tube (3) comprises, in the vicinity of its lower end, apertures (7) which permit the evacuation of the air contained in the tube during the progression of the metal in this tube. <??>The explosions and splashes which occur with conventional tubes are thus prevented. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention concerne un tube protecteur de jet situé entre la poche de coulée et le distributeur de métal liquide d'une installation de coulée continue et un procédé de coulée continue mettant en oeuvre un tel tube.The present invention relates to a jet protective tube located between the ladle and the liquid metal distributor of a continuous casting installation and to a continuous casting method using such a tube.

Dans les installations de coulée continue, l'écoulement du métal liquide entre la poche de coulée et le distributeur s'effectue par passage dans un tube protecteur de jet. Ce tube, fixé à l'extrémité du trou de coulée de la poche, est plongé dans le distributeur afin de guider le jet, d'éviter la renitruration de l'acier et son oxydation du fait de son contact avec l'air, et d'éviter l'entrainement des crasses et du laitier présent à la surface du métal liquide contenu dans le distributeur soit vers le fond, du fait de l'émulsion engendrée par la chute du métal de la poche de coulée vers le distributeur, soit vers l'extérieur du distributeur du fait des éclaboussures éventuelles dues à ladite chute.In continuous casting installations, the flow of liquid metal between the ladle and the distributor takes place by passage through a jet protective tube. This tube, fixed at the end of the ladle taphole, is immersed in the distributor in order to guide the jet, to avoid renitriding of the steel and its oxidation due to its contact with air, and avoid entrainment of dross and slag present on the surface of the liquid metal contained in the distributor either towards the bottom, due to the emulsion generated by the fall of the metal from the ladle towards the distributor, or towards outside the dispenser due to possible splashing due to said fall.

Le problème posé est le suivant :
   - soit la partie inférieure du tube protecteur de jet est immergée dans le métal liquide contenu dans le distributeur avant l'ouverture du trou de coulée de la poche. Dans ce cas, lors de l'ouverture dudit trou de coulée, le métal liquide de la poche descend dans le tube en comprimant l'air qui s'y trouvait emprisonné.The problem is as follows:
- or the lower part of the jet protective tube is immersed in the liquid metal contained in the dispenser before the opening of the tap tapping hole. In this case, during the opening of said tap hole, the liquid metal of the ladle descends into the tube, compressing the air which was trapped there.

Dès que la pression exercée sur l'air par le métal qui descend dans le tube atteint un niveau suffisant, l'air s'échappe violemment à l'intérieur du distributeur créant une véritable mini explosion.As soon as the pressure exerted on the air by the metal which descends in the tube reaches a sufficient level, the air escapes violently inside the distributor creating a real mini explosion.

Cette mini explosion entraîne d'une part une oxydation du bain contenu dans le distributeur et d'autre part des éclaboussures de métal liquide ce qui représente un réel danger pour le personnel, voire même dans certains cas le désaccouplement du tube et du trou de coulée ou la rupture du tube protecteur de jet du fait de l'onde de choc importante qui est engendrée, auquel cas il convient de refermer le trou de coulée de la poche et de stopper toute l'installation pour remplacer ledit tube.
   - soit le trou de coulée de la poche est ouvert alors que l'extrémité du tube protecteur de jet n'est pas en contact avec le métal liquide contenu dans le distributeur, ledit tube étant descendu dans le distributeur dans un second temps après que le métal soit arrivé à son extrémité inférieure.This mini explosion leads on the one hand to an oxidation of the bath contained in the dispenser and on the other hand to splashes of liquid metal which represents a real danger for the personnel, even in some cases even the uncoupling of the tube and the tap hole or the rupture of the jet protective tube due to the strong shock wave which is generated, in which case it is necessary to close the tap hole and stop the entire installation to replace said tube.
- Either the tap hole is opened while the end of the jet protective tube is not in contact with the liquid metal contained in the dispenser, said tube being lowered into the dispenser in a second time after the metal has arrived at its lower end.

Dans ce cas, l'air contenu dans le tube s'échappe au dessus du bain du distributeur et ce n'est que lorsque le métal liquide de la poche apparaît que le tube est plongé dans le bain du distributeur. Cette solution présente toutefois un inconvénient du fait de la densité élevée du métal liquide et de la hauteur importante, près de 2 m, entre la poche de coulée et le distributeur. Le métal liquide du tube arrive en contact avec le bain du distributeur avec une énergie cinétique élevée et l'impact de la chute provoque également des éclaboussures nombreuses et un brassage mécanique du bain, entraînant vers le fond des crasses et du laitier présents à la surface dudit bain.In this case, the air contained in the tube escapes above the distributor bath and it is only when the liquid metal of the pocket appears that the tube is immersed in the distributor bath. However, this solution has a drawback due to the high density of the liquid metal and the large height, almost 2 m, between the ladle and the dispenser. The liquid metal of the tube comes into contact with the distributor bath with a high kinetic energy and the impact of the fall also causes numerous splashes and mechanical mixing of the bath, leading to the bottom of the dross and slag present on the surface. of said bath.

De plus, une partie du jet n'est pas protégée et est en contact avec l'air ambiant ce qui entraîne une oxydation du métal liquide dans cette partie non protégée.In addition, part of the jet is not protected and is in contact with the ambient air, which causes oxidation of the liquid metal in this unprotected part.

L'invention a pour objet un tube protecteur de jet d'une installation de coulée continue permettant de remédier à ces inconvénients ainsi qu'un procédé de coulée continue mettant en oeuvre un tel tube.The subject of the invention is a jet protective tube of a continuous casting installation making it possible to remedy these drawbacks as well as a continuous casting process using such a tube.

Elle concerne plus particulièrement un tube protecteur de jet d'une installation de coulée continue, caractérisé notamment en ce que l'extrémité inférieure de ce tube est munie d'au moins une ouïe ou lumière d'échappement de l'air.It relates more particularly to a jet protective tube of a continuous casting installation, characterized in particular that the lower end of this tube is provided with at least one air outlet or air outlet.

Elle a également pour objet un procédé de coulée mettant en oeuvre un tel tube et caractérisé en ce que :

  • on amène la poche de coulée au-dessus du distributeur et l'on descend cette poche jusqu'à ce qu'une portion inférieure du tube située au-dessous de l'ouïe la plus basse, soit immergée dans le métal contenu dans le distributeur;
  • on ouvre le trou de coulée, le métal liquide descend dans le tube et l'air contenu dans le tube, poussé par le métal, s'évacue au-dessus du distributeur par les ouïes, pendant que le tube protecteur de jet continue à être descendu dans le distributeur jusqu'à ce que les ouïes soient complètement immergées dans le bain du distributeur;
  • on arrête la descente du tube dès que les ouïes sont complètement immergées dans le bain du distributeur, et l'on poursuit la coulée de toute la poche dans ces conditions.
It also relates to a casting process using such a tube and characterized in that:
  • the ladle is brought above the dispenser and the ladle is lowered until a lower portion of the tube located below the lowest opening is immersed in the metal contained in the dispenser ;
  • the tap hole is opened, the liquid metal descends into the tube and the air contained in the tube, pushed by the metal, is evacuated above the distributor by the gills, while the jet protective tube continues to be lowered into the dispenser until the gills are completely submerged in the dispenser bath;
  • the descent of the tube is stopped as soon as the gills are completely submerged in the dispenser bath, and the entire ladle is continued to pour under these conditions.

L'invention va être décrite plus en détail ci-dessous en se référant aux dessins annexés, donnés uniquement à titre d'exemple, et dans lesquels :

  • la Fig. 1 est une vue schématique d'une installation de coulée continue;
  • la Fig. 2 est une vue en coupe longitudinale d'un tube protecteur de jet selon l'invention;
  • la Fig. 3 est une vue en coupe longitudinale d'un autre mode de réalisation de tube protecteur de jet selon l'invention;
  • la Fig. 4 est une vue illustrant la position du tube avant ouverture du trou de coulée de la poche;
  • la Fig. 5 est une vue du tube pendant la coulée.
The invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, given solely by way of example, and in which:
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a continuous casting installation;
  • Fig. 2 is a view in longitudinal section of a jet protective tube according to the invention;
  • Fig. 3 is a view in longitudinal section of another embodiment of the jet protective tube according to the invention;
  • Fig. 4 is a view illustrating the position of the tube before opening of the ladle taphole;
  • Fig. 5 is a view of the tube during casting.

Une installation de coulée continue est composée d'une poche de coulée 1 au-dessus d'un distributeur ou répartiteur 2. Entre la poche de coulée 1 et le distributeur 2, le métal est guidé par un tube protecteur de jet 3.A continuous casting installation is made up of a ladle 1 above a distributor or distributor 2. Between the ladle 1 and the distributor 2, the metal is guided by a protective jet tube 3.

La poche de coulée 1, de type connu, est munie dans son fond d'un trou de coulée 4, d'axe vertical x-x, circulaire et disposé en son milieu dans l'exemple de réalisation représenté.The ladle 1, of known type, is provided in its bottom with a tap hole 4, of vertical axis x-x, circular and arranged in its middle in the embodiment shown.

Le distributeur 2, situé sous la poche de coulée, est rempli d'un bain de métal liquide 8 et est muni dans son fond d'un trou relié de manière connue à une ligne de coulée continue 5.The distributor 2, located under the ladle, is filled with a bath of liquid metal 8 and is provided in its bottom with a hole connected in a known manner to a continuous casting line 5.

Le tube protecteur de jet 3 est un tube vertical de longueur L, d'axe x-x confondu avec l'axe du trou de coulée 4 de la poche 1.The jet protective tube 3 is a vertical tube of length L, of axis x-x coincident with the axis of the tap hole 4 of the bag 1.

Son extrémité supérieure est munie d'un dispositif 6 permettant sa fixation de manière étanche sur la face inférieure du fond de la poche de coulée 1 mettant ainsi le trou de coulée 4 en regard du tube.Its upper end is provided with a device 6 allowing it to be fixed in a sealed manner on the lower face of the bottom of the ladle 1 thus putting the tap hole 4 opposite the tube.

Dans l'exemple de réalisation représenté, le dispositif 6 est une platine d'appui.In the embodiment shown, the device 6 is a support plate.

Le tube 3 présente, dans sa partie inférieure opposée à l'extrémité munie du dispositif 6 au moins une lumière ou ouïe 7, de hauteur h.The tube 3 has, in its lower part opposite the end provided with the device 6 at least one lumen or hole 7, of height h .

Dans l'exemple de réalisation représenté Fig. 2, le tube présente deux ouïes de forme rectangulaire disposées en vis-à-vis dans une même section transversale du tube.In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the tube has two holes of rectangular shape arranged opposite one another in the same cross section of the tube.

Dans l'exemple de réalisation représenté Fig. 3, le tube présente quatre ouïes de forme circulaire réparties autour de l'axe x-x et situées dans une même section transversale du tube 3.In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the tube has four circular holes distributed around the axis x-x and located in the same cross section of the tube 3.

Il est bien évident que le tube peut présenter des ouïes de formes géométriques différentes de celles représentées aux Fig. 2 et 3, et disposées différemment, par exemple quatre ouïes de forme triangulaire réparties sur le pourtour du tube et situées dans des sections différentes ou à des niveaux différents.It is obvious that the tube may have gills of geometrical shapes different from those shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, and arranged differently, for example four triangular-shaped openings distributed around the periphery of the tube and located in different sections or at different levels.

La distance d entre l'extrémité supérieure de l'ouïe, la plus haute lorsque le tube présente plusieurs ouïes disposées sur des sections différentes, et l'extrémité inférieure du tube protecteur de jet 3, est au maximum égale à la hauteur ferrostatique au débordement du distributeur utilisé, c'est-à-dire sensiblement la hauteur du distributeur.The distance d between the upper end of the nozzle, the highest when the tube has several gills arranged on different sections, and the lower end of the jet protective tube 3, is at most equal to the ferrostatic height at the overflow of the distributor used, that is to say substantially the height of the distributor.

Le procédé de coulée continue dans une installation munie d'un tube protecteur de jet tel que décrit ci-dessus se déroule de la manière suivante :

  • la poche 1 est amenée au-dessus du distributeur 2 jusqu'à ce que la portion a du tube, de hauteur H inférieure à d-h, soit immergée dans le métal contenu dans le distributeur (Fig. 4), soit environ quelques centimètres à partir de l'extrémité inférieure du tube. Les ouïes se trouvent alors au-dessus de la surface du bain 8 contenu dans le distributeur.
  • le trou de coulée 4 de la poche 1 est ouvert et le métal liquida descend dans le tube 3. L'air contenu dans le tube, poussé par le métal, s'évacue au-dessus du distributeur par les ouïes 7.
The continuous casting process in an installation fitted with a jet protective tube as described above takes place as follows:
  • the bag 1 is brought above the distributor 2 until the portion a of the tube, of height H less than dh, is immersed in the metal contained in the distributor (Fig. 4), ie approximately a few centimeters from from the lower end of the tube. The gills are then located above the surface of the bath 8 contained in the dispenser.
  • the tap hole 4 of the bag 1 is open and the molten metal descends into the tube 3. The air contained in the tube, pushed by the metal, is evacuated above the distributor by the gills 7.

Pendant la descente du métal, le tube protecteur de jet continue à être descendu dans le distributeur à une vitesse V jusqu'à ce que les ouïes 7 soient complètement immergées dans le bain du distributeur (Fig. 5).During the descent of the metal, the jet protective tube continues to be lowered into the distributor at a speed V until the openings 7 are completely submerged in the distributor bath (Fig. 5).

La vitesse V de descente du tube est fonction de la hauteur du tube, de sa section et de la masse volumique du métal que l'on coule. Elle est choisie de telle sorte que, lorsque la première goutte de métal arrive au niveau des ouïes, ces dernières soient sur le point d'être complètement immergées dans le bain du distributeur.
   - dès que les ouïes 7 sont totalement immergées dans le bain du distributeur, la descente du tube s'arrête et la coulée de toute la poche s'effectue dans ces conditions.The speed of descent of the tube V is a function of the height of the tube, its section and the density of the metal being poured. It is chosen so that, when the first drop of metal arrives at the gills, the latter are about to be completely immersed in the dispenser bath.
- As soon as the openings 7 are completely submerged in the distributor bath, the descent of the tube stops and the entire pocket is poured under these conditions.

Ainsi l'air contenu dans le tube ne se comprime pas du fait de la poussée du métal et s'échappe par les ouïes 7.Thus the air contained in the tube does not compress due to the thrust of the metal and escapes through the vents 7.

Lorsque le métal arrive à l'extrémité du tube, celle-ci étant déjà plongée dans le distributeur, aucune éclaboussure ni aucun phénomène de brassage du bain ne se produit.When the metal reaches the end of the tube, the latter already being immersed in the distributor, no splashing or any phenomenon of mixing of the bath occurs.

Tout le jet est protégé à toutes les phases du processus ce qui évite les phénomènes d'oxydation du métal au niveau du jet.The entire jet is protected at all stages of the process, which prevents metal oxidation phenomena in the jet.

L'objectif recherché est donc atteint de façon efficace et par des moyens particulièrement simples et peu onéreux.The desired objective is therefore achieved effectively and by particularly simple and inexpensive means.

Claims (7)

  1. Stream protection tube (3) located between the casting ladle (1) and the tundish (2) of liquid metal of a continuous casting installation, characterised in that the lower end of the tube (3) in equipped with at least one opening or aperture (7).
  2. Stream protection tube according to Claim 1, oharacterised in that the distance d between the upper end of the aperture (7) and the lower end of the stream protection tube (3) is at most equal to the ferrostatic overflow height of the tundish (2).
  3. Stream protection tube according to Claim 1, characterised in that the aperture (7) is rectangular.
  4. Stream protection tube according to Claim 1, characterised in that the aperture (7) is of circular shape.
  5. Stream protection tube according to claim 1, characterised in that it comprises at least two apertures (7) uniformly distributed and disposed in the same section of the tube.
  6. Continuous casting process employing a stream protection tube according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, characterised in that:
    - the casting ladle (1) is brought above the tundish (2) and this ladle is lowered until a lower portion (a) of the tube, located below the lowest aperture (7), is immersed in the metal contained in the tundish.
    - the tap hole (4) is opened, the liquid metal descends into the tube and the air contained in the tube, pushed by the metal, is evacuated above the tundish via the apertures (7), whilst the stream protection tube continues to be lowered into the tundish until the apertures (7) are completely immersed in the bath of the tundish;
    - lowering of the tube stopped as soon as the apertures (7) are completely immersed in the bath of the tundish and casting of the entire ladle is continued under these conditions.
  7. Process according to Claim 6, characterised in that the descent speed (V) of the tube (3) into the tundish is chosen such that, when the metal arrives at the level of the aperturec (7), the latter are about to be completely immersed in the bath of the tundish.
EP91402296A 1990-08-30 1991-08-22 Method of and installation for a pouring stream protective tube in continuous casting Revoked EP0473499B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9010829A FR2666257B1 (en) 1990-08-30 1990-08-30 JET PROTECTIVE TUBE OF A CONTINUOUS CASTING SYSTEM AND METHOD THEREOF.
FR9010829 1990-08-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0473499A1 EP0473499A1 (en) 1992-03-04
EP0473499B1 true EP0473499B1 (en) 1994-06-22

Family

ID=9399968

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91402296A Revoked EP0473499B1 (en) 1990-08-30 1991-08-22 Method of and installation for a pouring stream protective tube in continuous casting

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5180537A (en)
EP (1) EP0473499B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE107553T1 (en)
DE (1) DE69102601T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2059081T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2666257B1 (en)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109916348B (en) * 2019-03-21 2020-08-21 广西大学 Liquid landing horizontal distance S calculation model based on vertical storage tank body leakage port

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH445034A (en) * 1966-10-18 1967-10-15 Metacon Ag Pouring device
US3845943A (en) * 1973-10-26 1974-11-05 J Shapland Refractory pouring tube
US4510191A (en) * 1982-09-30 1985-04-09 Toshiba Ceramics Co., Ltd. Casting nozzle
US4662546A (en) * 1985-07-30 1987-05-05 Allegheny Ludlum Corporation Submerged nozzle for use in the continuous casting of slabs
GB8624738D0 (en) * 1986-10-15 1986-11-19 British Steel Corp Refractory pouring tube
US4887748A (en) * 1986-12-29 1989-12-19 J. W. Hicks, Inc. Apparatus and method for attachment of submerged nozzle to lower plate of sliding gate valve mechanism for a continuous casting operation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US5180537A (en) 1993-01-19
ATE107553T1 (en) 1994-07-15
DE69102601D1 (en) 1994-07-28
ES2059081T3 (en) 1994-11-01
DE69102601T2 (en) 1994-11-24
FR2666257B1 (en) 1992-12-11
EP0473499A1 (en) 1992-03-04
FR2666257A1 (en) 1992-03-06

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