EP0374008A1 - Den vollen Raumwinkel abtastende elektronische Antenne mit räumlich zufällig verteilten, verdünnt angeordneten Strahlern - Google Patents
Den vollen Raumwinkel abtastende elektronische Antenne mit räumlich zufällig verteilten, verdünnt angeordneten Strahlern Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0374008A1 EP0374008A1 EP89403381A EP89403381A EP0374008A1 EP 0374008 A1 EP0374008 A1 EP 0374008A1 EP 89403381 A EP89403381 A EP 89403381A EP 89403381 A EP89403381 A EP 89403381A EP 0374008 A1 EP0374008 A1 EP 0374008A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- antenna
- elementary
- mast
- dipoles
- antennas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/20—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a curvilinear path
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
- H01Q21/22—Antenna units of the array energised non-uniformly in amplitude or phase, e.g. tapered array or binomial array
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an antenna with three-dimensional coverage and electronic scanning, of the random rarefied volume array type.
- antennas which make it possible to obtain three-dimensional coverage (most often hemispherical or quasi-hemispherical coverage) from a configuration of fixed elements combined with electronic scanning, that is to say antennas in which the shape of the radiation diagram is modified (in particular, the pointing of a main lobe) by playing on the individual, adjustable phase shifts, of the various elements constituting the network.
- the most commonly used configuration in practice, for producing such an antenna, consists in distributing the various elementary antennas of the array on one or more reflecting surfaces, such as for example the surface of a cylinder or a plurality of differently oriented panels.
- Another type of antenna with three-dimensional coverage and electronic scanning is known in which, unlike multi-panel or cylindrical surface antennas, all of the elementary antennas of the array participate in the formation of the beam and contribute to the gain of the antenna, whatever whatever the direction of the main lobe.
- These antennas are the so-called “steric” or “solid” antennas in which, unlike surface antennas, the elementary antennas are no longer distributed on the surface of a given plane or volume, but inside d 'a volume (usually a sphere).
- the elementary antennas are distributed in this volume as irregularly as possible, so as to minimize the mutual coupling between elementary antennas and thus attenuate the network lobes as much as possible; this condition is obtained by distributing the antennas in the volume according to a statistically isotropic random distribution law, and on the other hand by providing an average spacing between elementary antennas which is notably greater than half a wavelength.
- Such an antenna has in particular been described in DE-A-28 22 845.
- this document describes a so-called crow's nest antenna, that is to say an antenna formed by a network in which the elementary antennas are open loops or “ turnstile ” antennas, radiating on a horizontal polarization and placed at the top of vertical coaxial feed lines.
- the length of the coaxial lines the longest of which have a length at least equal to twice the radius of the envelope sphere makes the system mechanically fragile and requires, if we want to have the desired precision of positioning of the different loops inside the sphere and sufficient overall rigidity, to provide additional mechanical means such as nylon threads holding the semi-rigid power cables in position and / or drowning the entire network in a mass of foam (polyurethane foam for example).
- phase shift which can vary in significant proportions depending on whether it is a short line or a long line and it will be necessary to compensate to avoid the appearance of phase faults independent of the direction pointed.
- Such a network is very "visible" in terms of radar signature, due to the use of loops or turnstile antennas; however the use of such types of elementary antennas is inevitable because, by nature, a network requires antennas having, in amplitude as in phase, a quasi-omnidirectional diagram in azimuth.
- this known type of antenna is limited, due to its structure, to operation essentially in horizontal polarization.
- the present invention relates to a steric type antenna (that is to say of the “random rarefied volume network” type explained above) which overcomes all of the aforementioned drawbacks, while keeping a simple, robust and therefore inexpensive structure. to achieve.
- This antenna is, in itself known, made up of a fixed network comprising a plurality of elementary antennas with quasi-omnidirectional individual radiation distributed according to a statistically isotropic random distribution law inside an envelope volume of revolution, the average spacing between elementary antennas being notably greater than half a wavelength of the minimum frequency to receive or transmit, each elementary antenna being connected to individually controllable phase-shifting means themselves connected to common distributor means.
- the elementary antennas consist of vertically oriented dipoles supplied by a supply line comprising a first section, extending horizontally between the respective dipole and a common vertical mast coaxial with the volume envelope of revolution, and a second section extending inside this mast and leading to the distributor means.
- the volume envelope of revolution can in particular be a sphere.
- the first sections of the supply lines constitute means, self-supporting, of mechanical support of the dipoles on the common vertical dish.
- the length of the sections of the supply lines which form the self-supporting means is considerably reduced: the maximum length of these is at most equal to the radius of the sphere (more precisely, it is equal to the radius of the sphere minus the radius of the central cylinder), while in the crow's nest structure of the prior art described above, this length was at least twice the radius of the sphere.
- the central mast only moderately disturbs the radiation diagram, and in any case has no effect on the isotropy in azimuth of the beam, because of its axial position; in other words, the non-uniformity introduced by the central cylinder will be essentially a non-uniformity in site, where one accepts very well a degradation of the performances of the network in the vicinity of the zenithal region.
- the central tube may advantageously be constituted by a mast of the ship or by a similar superstructure element, which makes it much easier to find a suitable location for the antenna and makes the mast neutral from a radioelectric point of view, a particularly appreciable advantage on ships, where the superstructure elements close to the antenna always bring significant disturbances to the diagram.
- the structure of the antenna makes it easy to place, on the supply line, the active modules inside the vertical mast and therefore close to the elementary antennas, which increases their efficiency all the more.
- the network can be made practically invisible in terms of radar signature by choosing very thin wires for the dipole production, therefore having an equivalent surface. extremely weak reflective (unlike the loops or turnstiles of the prior art).
- the structure essentially comprises a network 1 formed of a plurality of elementary antennas formed of simple vertical dipoles 3, distributed randomly inside an envelope volume 2, in accordance with the principles of random rarefied networks, which have been explained more high.
- the dipoles 3 are each connected by a clean supply line 4,5 to an active module 6.
- active module an electronic module comprising at least one individually controllable phase shifting circuit, but which may further comprise amplifier, filtering circuits, transmission means, reception means, etc. depending on the functions assumed by the antenna and the types of signals it may be required to transmit or receive).
- the different active modules 6 all lead to an antenna distributor 7 itself connected to the transmission and / or reception circuits 8.
- the supply lines of each dipole consist of two sections 4 and 5.
- the first section 4 is essentially horizontal to be transparent (from the radioelectric point of view), taking into account the vertical polarization provided by the antenna.
- this first section 4 has an essentially rigid structure in order to play, in addition to its role of supplying the dipole 3, a role of mechanical support for this dipole on a central mast 9.
- the second section 5 of the supply line runs inside the mast 9.
- the mast 9 is made of a material forming radioelectric shielding, so that the sections 5, which are generally vertical, do not disturb the antenna pattern, the direction of polarization of which is also vertical.
- the active modules 6 are placed at the end of section 5 of the supply line, near the distributor 7 (generally located at the base of the antenna or at the base of the mast ).
- the active modules 6 are placed inside the mast 9, at the end of the horizontal section 4.
- this second configuration requires an increase in the diameter of the mast 9 in order to accommodate the active modules of the various elementary antennas, it has the advantage of minimizing the distance between each elementary antenna and its associated active module, thus allowing a significant improvement. antenna performance, both from the point of view of the signal / noise ratio and of the disturbances introduced by the proper phase shifts of the supply lines.
- the active modules can also contain transmission and reception means.
- they are positioned, for example, in the same way as the phase shifting means 6 shown in Figures 1 and 2, the dispensing means no longer appear in this case.
- the vertical mast 9 can (in particular in the embodiment of FIG. 1) have a very small diameter (less than a wavelength) and consequently only bring a minimal gene to the quasi-hemispherical diagram of each elementary antenna.
- All the elements of the network can be placed in free space, or inside a protective radome, or even be drowned in an appropriate material such as a polyurethane foam (although this solution, as indicated above, is not satisfactory from the point of view of heat dissipation when the network is used in transmission).
- the envelope volume in its simplest form, is a sphere.
- a spherical volume corresponds to a substantially uniform beam whatever the elevation angle, while a flattened shape, close to that of a disc, will obtain the fineness of the beam mainly for large angles of elevation.
- the number of elementary antennas determines the gain of the antenna in the chosen direction: the greater the number of elementary antennas, the higher this gain;
- the diameter of the sphere determines the fineness of the beam: the larger the sphere, the more the beam, in the determined direction, is eroit; typically for a fine beam, of the order of 1 ° opening at -3 dB, it is necessary to provide a sphere having a diameter of the order of 70 wavelengths.
- Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the performance obtained with a network produced according to the teachings of the invention, comprising 377 sources distributed with an average mesh of 3 wavelengths and an average random deviation of ⁇ 1.5 wavelength.
- the gain G has been plotted as a function of the elevation angle, the azimuth angle being in the two figures fixed at 60 °).
- Figure 3 corresponds to a pointing of the beam at a site angle of 0 °
- Figure 4 corresponds to a pointing to a site angle of 60 °.
- a beam width l of -3 dB of 2.52 ° in the first case and 2.56 ° in the second case is obtained.
- the excellent performance of beam finesse will be emphasized, although there is both a high elevation angle (60 °) and a high azimuth angle (also 60 °).
- point A the maximum gain in one case and in the other, which reveals an excellent isotropy in site.
- the antenna according to the invention lends itself to numerous applications, among which one can indicate: - radars on board ships, where there is typically a need for both hemispherical coverage and vertical polarization to eliminate the effects of reflection on the sea, - IFF radars and tracking radars for weapon systems, for which a continuous rotation of the beam is ill-suited. Indeed, once the threats are located, it is necessary to be able to exchange information sequentially in a plurality of well-defined directions, likely to extend over the entire horizon and with significant angles of site, directions in which it is desirable to be able to access selectively without having to scan the entire horizon, as is currently the case with continuously rotating radars.
Landscapes
- Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8816622A FR2640821B1 (fr) | 1988-12-16 | 1988-12-16 | Antenne a couverture tridimensionnelle et balayage electronique, du type reseau volumique rarefie aleatoire |
FR8816622 | 1988-12-16 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0374008A1 true EP0374008A1 (de) | 1990-06-20 |
EP0374008B1 EP0374008B1 (de) | 1993-07-14 |
Family
ID=9373036
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP89403381A Expired - Lifetime EP0374008B1 (de) | 1988-12-16 | 1989-12-06 | Den vollen Raumwinkel abtastende elektronische Antenne mit räumlich zufällig verteilten, verdünnt angeordneten Strahlern |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5038149A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0374008B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE68907575T2 (de) |
FR (1) | FR2640821B1 (de) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0755094A1 (de) * | 1995-07-18 | 1997-01-22 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Konfiguration einer Gruppenantenne |
EP0755090A1 (de) * | 1995-07-18 | 1997-01-22 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Anordnung zur Antennenstrahlsteuerung der Abwärtsrichtung |
Families Citing this family (37)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2672436B1 (fr) * | 1991-01-31 | 1993-09-10 | Europ Agence Spatiale | Dispositif de controle electronique du diagramme de rayonnement d'une antenne a un ou plusieurs faisceaux de direction et/ou de largeur variable. |
US5194873A (en) * | 1991-10-11 | 1993-03-16 | General Electric Company | Antenna system providing a spherical radiation pattern |
FR2697949B1 (fr) * | 1992-11-06 | 1995-01-06 | Thomson Csf | Antenne pour radar notamment de désignation et de trajectographie. |
FR2702090B1 (fr) * | 1993-02-26 | 1995-05-19 | Thomson Csf | Antenne d'écartométrie pour radar monopulse. |
FR2715511B1 (fr) * | 1994-01-21 | 1996-02-23 | Thomson Csf | Dispositif de compensation des erreurs de pointage causées par des pannes de déphaseurs d'antennes à balayage électronique ou de coefficients d'antennes à formation de faisceaux par le calcul. |
FR2725075B1 (fr) * | 1994-09-23 | 1996-11-15 | Thomson Csf | Procede et dispositif d'elargissement du diagramme de rayonnement d'une antenne active |
US5969689A (en) * | 1997-01-13 | 1999-10-19 | Metawave Communications Corporation | Multi-sector pivotal antenna system and method |
US6542481B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2003-04-01 | Tantivy Communications, Inc. | Dynamic bandwidth allocation for multiple access communication using session queues |
US6081536A (en) | 1997-06-20 | 2000-06-27 | Tantivy Communications, Inc. | Dynamic bandwidth allocation to transmit a wireless protocol across a code division multiple access (CDMA) radio link |
US7394791B2 (en) | 1997-12-17 | 2008-07-01 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Multi-detection of heartbeat to reduce error probability |
US9525923B2 (en) | 1997-12-17 | 2016-12-20 | Intel Corporation | Multi-detection of heartbeat to reduce error probability |
US6222832B1 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2001-04-24 | Tantivy Communications, Inc. | Fast Acquisition of traffic channels for a highly variable data rate reverse link of a CDMA wireless communication system |
US7936728B2 (en) | 1997-12-17 | 2011-05-03 | Tantivy Communications, Inc. | System and method for maintaining timing of synchronization messages over a reverse link of a CDMA wireless communication system |
FR2775347B1 (fr) * | 1998-02-24 | 2000-05-12 | Thomson Csf | Procede de determination de l'erreur de calage de la face rayonnante d'une antenne reseau a balayage electronique |
US7773566B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2010-08-10 | Tantivy Communications, Inc. | System and method for maintaining timing of synchronization messages over a reverse link of a CDMA wireless communication system |
US8134980B2 (en) | 1998-06-01 | 2012-03-13 | Ipr Licensing, Inc. | Transmittal of heartbeat signal at a lower level than heartbeat request |
US6989797B2 (en) * | 1998-09-21 | 2006-01-24 | Ipr Licensing, Inc. | Adaptive antenna for use in wireless communication systems |
US6404386B1 (en) | 1998-09-21 | 2002-06-11 | Tantivy Communications, Inc. | Adaptive antenna for use in same frequency networks |
US6100843A (en) | 1998-09-21 | 2000-08-08 | Tantivy Communications Inc. | Adaptive antenna for use in same frequency networks |
NL1010657C1 (nl) * | 1998-11-26 | 2000-05-30 | Hollandse Signaalapparaten Bv | Arrayantenne en werkwijze voor het bedrijven van een arrayantenne. |
NL1011421C2 (nl) | 1999-03-02 | 2000-09-05 | Tno | Volumetrisch phased array antenne systeem. |
DE19962461B4 (de) * | 1999-12-22 | 2005-07-21 | Eads Deutschland Gmbh | Antennenanordnung |
AU3673001A (en) | 2000-02-07 | 2001-08-14 | Tantivy Communications, Inc. | Minimal maintenance link to support synchronization |
US6326926B1 (en) | 2000-05-18 | 2001-12-04 | Telxon Corporation | Method of operating a wireless and a short-range wireless connection in the same frequency |
US8155096B1 (en) | 2000-12-01 | 2012-04-10 | Ipr Licensing Inc. | Antenna control system and method |
US6954448B2 (en) | 2001-02-01 | 2005-10-11 | Ipr Licensing, Inc. | Alternate channel for carrying selected message types |
US7551663B1 (en) | 2001-02-01 | 2009-06-23 | Ipr Licensing, Inc. | Use of correlation combination to achieve channel detection |
KR100665077B1 (ko) | 2001-06-13 | 2007-01-09 | 탄티비 커뮤니케이션즈 인코포레이티드 | 하트비트 요구보다 낮은 레벨로의 하트비트 신호의 전송 |
US7339521B2 (en) * | 2002-02-20 | 2008-03-04 | Univ Washington | Analytical instruments using a pseudorandom array of sources, such as a micro-machined mass spectrometer or monochromator |
WO2005088671A2 (en) * | 2004-03-05 | 2005-09-22 | Oi Corporation | Gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer |
US8456374B1 (en) | 2009-10-28 | 2013-06-04 | L-3 Communications, Corp. | Antennas, antenna systems and methods providing randomly-oriented dipole antenna elements |
US8743015B1 (en) * | 2010-09-29 | 2014-06-03 | Rockwell Collins, Inc. | Omni-directional ultra wide band miniature doubly curved antenna array |
US11115792B2 (en) | 2017-06-15 | 2021-09-07 | Jiejun Kong | Vehicular high-speed network system |
US20180367210A1 (en) * | 2017-06-15 | 2018-12-20 | Jiejun Kong | Portable vehicular long-distance broadband communication system using horizontally-placed sector antennas against unbounded gradual yaw-rotations and up to +-60 degrees abrupt pitch-rotations |
CN108959806B (zh) * | 2018-07-23 | 2022-03-15 | 电子科技大学 | 一种基于球面近场测量和球模式源的等效辐射建模方法 |
US11435438B2 (en) * | 2019-12-30 | 2022-09-06 | Woven Planet North America, Inc. | Dynamic sparse radar array for scenarios |
DE102021115986A1 (de) | 2021-06-21 | 2022-12-22 | Hochschule Heilbronn Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts | Verfahren und Empfangseinrichtung zur Erfassung einer elektromagnetischen Welle |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1591060A1 (de) * | 1966-09-21 | 1970-08-20 | Csf | Elektronische Abtastantenne |
US3653057A (en) * | 1970-12-24 | 1972-03-28 | Itt | Simplified multi-beam cylindrical array antenna with focused azimuth patterns over a wide range of elevation angles |
DE2822845C2 (de) * | 1978-05-24 | 1983-12-01 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Gruppenantenne mit elektronisch gesteuerter Strahlschwenkung |
EP0207511A2 (de) * | 1985-07-05 | 1987-01-07 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Gruppenantenne mit elektronisch phasengesteuerter Strahlschwenkung |
US4792808A (en) * | 1982-12-14 | 1988-12-20 | Harris Corp. | Ellipsoid distribution of antenna array elements for obtaining hemispheric coverage |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4052723A (en) * | 1976-04-26 | 1977-10-04 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Randomly agglomerated subarrays for phased array radars |
GB8602246D0 (en) * | 1986-01-30 | 1986-03-05 | British Telecomm | Omnidirectional antenna |
JPS62203402A (ja) * | 1986-03-04 | 1987-09-08 | Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co Ltd <Kdd> | 移動衛星通信用アンテナ装置 |
-
1988
- 1988-12-16 FR FR8816622A patent/FR2640821B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1989
- 1989-12-06 DE DE89403381T patent/DE68907575T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-12-06 EP EP89403381A patent/EP0374008B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-12-12 US US07/448,981 patent/US5038149A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1591060A1 (de) * | 1966-09-21 | 1970-08-20 | Csf | Elektronische Abtastantenne |
US3653057A (en) * | 1970-12-24 | 1972-03-28 | Itt | Simplified multi-beam cylindrical array antenna with focused azimuth patterns over a wide range of elevation angles |
DE2822845C2 (de) * | 1978-05-24 | 1983-12-01 | Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München | Gruppenantenne mit elektronisch gesteuerter Strahlschwenkung |
US4792808A (en) * | 1982-12-14 | 1988-12-20 | Harris Corp. | Ellipsoid distribution of antenna array elements for obtaining hemispheric coverage |
EP0207511A2 (de) * | 1985-07-05 | 1987-01-07 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Gruppenantenne mit elektronisch phasengesteuerter Strahlschwenkung |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN * |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0755094A1 (de) * | 1995-07-18 | 1997-01-22 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Konfiguration einer Gruppenantenne |
EP0755090A1 (de) * | 1995-07-18 | 1997-01-22 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Anordnung zur Antennenstrahlsteuerung der Abwärtsrichtung |
US5778324A (en) * | 1995-07-18 | 1998-07-07 | Northern Telecom Limited | Antenna downlink beamsteering arrangement |
US6002947A (en) * | 1995-07-18 | 1999-12-14 | Nortel Networks Corporation | Antenna array configuration |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0374008B1 (de) | 1993-07-14 |
US5038149A (en) | 1991-08-06 |
DE68907575T2 (de) | 1994-01-27 |
DE68907575D1 (de) | 1993-08-19 |
FR2640821B1 (fr) | 1991-05-31 |
FR2640821A1 (fr) | 1990-06-22 |
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