EP0324718B1 - Method and device for ink monitoring in a printing machine - Google Patents

Method and device for ink monitoring in a printing machine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0324718B1
EP0324718B1 EP89810006A EP89810006A EP0324718B1 EP 0324718 B1 EP0324718 B1 EP 0324718B1 EP 89810006 A EP89810006 A EP 89810006A EP 89810006 A EP89810006 A EP 89810006A EP 0324718 B1 EP0324718 B1 EP 0324718B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
colour
color
location
fields
measuring
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EP89810006A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0324718A1 (en
Inventor
Guido Keller
Helmut Prof. Dr. Kipphan
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Gretag AG
Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG
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Gretag AG
Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41FPRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F33/00Indicating, counting, warning, control or safety devices
    • B41F33/0036Devices for scanning or checking the printed matter for quality control

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for color control of a printing press with a colorimetric ink guide control according to the preamble of claim 1 and a device for carrying out the method according to the preamble of claim 9.
  • a method of the type mentioned at the outset is known from EP A 228 347, in which a large number of color measurement fields are used to optimally match the color impression can be evaluated as reference fields in order to obtain an optimal adjustment of the color impression of sensitive, image-critical points of the print when printed, whereby the color distance-controlled color guide can be superimposed on a color density-controlled color guide during production.
  • the spectral color analysis of a large number of color measuring fields and the calculation of a large number of color coordinates for each printed sheet require a relatively high level of effort.
  • the invention is based on the object of further improving a method of the type mentioned at the outset.
  • a method of the type mentioned at the outset especially in the case of particularly critical tones, it should be possible to dispense with specially adapted color measurement fields and still obtain color control with a high rate of convergence.
  • the change in layer thickness calculated in this way can also be converted into a change in density, for example using a Tollenaar function.
  • the sensitivity of the color locus shift due to a change in density can also be calculated directly. To do this, it makes sense to correct the density values. This can be done, for example, with the Saunderson correction.
  • a sensitivity matrix determined in this way a density change control vector is then calculated, which should result in density changes that bring the measured color location as close as possible to the target color location move.
  • the following exemplary embodiments are based on a sensitivity matrix based on layer thicknesses. However, they can easily be transferred to a sensitivity matrix based on densities.
  • the reference field is a gray field which is produced by printing three rasters with the three colored standard printing inks involved. Black and spot colors on 5 and 6-color machines are treated separately, as will be described in detail later.
  • the control method according to the invention compares the color location of the actual gray field printed on a printing sheet with the stored color location of the gray field on the OK sheet or the numerically entered color location. A color difference vector is determined from the deviation between the actual color location and the target color location and a layer thickness change control vector is calculated, which (theoretically) should result in layer thickness changes that shift the measured color location as close as possible to the target color location.
  • the method according to the invention is therefore on the one hand a relative model, since the measured reflectance or the color location of the corresponding three-color grid is used as the basis and the change in reflectance due to the change in the color guide is calculated relatively to this. Since the requirements for accuracy in such a relative model are lower than in the case of an absolute model that carries out a color location determination without reference to an already existing intermediate value, a linear substitute function in the measured working point is already sufficient as the simplest type of model formation to achieve a high speed of convergence with a relative model if the natural requirement of a correct sign is met.
  • a model is formed to determine the sensitivity of the color locus change due to a change in layer thickness on the basis of partially differentiated Neugebauer equations.
  • a sensitivity matrix is calculated individually for each color location of the gray field serving as a reference field and, after inverting, is formed as a transformation matrix for generating a layer thickness change control vector from the color distance vector.
  • the printing system shown in Fig. 1 has an electronic device for measured value processing 10, which generates control data 11 which correspond to the undesirable color deviations of the printing inks involved in the printing in the individual printing zones and printing units and which are fed as input variables to a control console 20.
  • the control console 20 uses the control data 11 to generate actuating signals 21 for the ink guide members of a printing machine 30 equipped with a remotely controllable ink guide, which printing machine can be, in particular, a three-color offset printing machine, so that the color deviations on printed sheets 40 printed by the printing machine 30 are minimal.
  • color measurement fields 41 are also printed as color measurement strips by the printing press, wherein a block of a color measurement strip can extend, for example, over two zones of the print sheet 40 having a plurality of zones.
  • the color measuring fields 41 are optically scanned by hand or preferably automatically and continuously with the aid of at least one measuring head 42 which is motor-driven in the direction of the arrows 43, 44 along the color measuring fields 41 of the color measuring strips which are also printed is.
  • a second measuring head can be provided for manual scanning.
  • the measuring head 42 contains a white light source, not shown in the drawing, for illuminating the color measuring fields 41, for example at an angle of 45 degrees, and measuring light optics in order to collect the light remitted by the color measuring fields 41, for example at an angle of 0 degrees, and to lead it via a light guide to the input of a spectrometer 45.
  • the spectrometer 45 is used to spectrally split the portion of the white illuminating light remitted by the color measurement fields 41 printed for pressure monitoring in order to permit spectral color analysis and thus colorimetric analysis.
  • the spectrometer 45 contains, for example, a holographic grating illuminated via an entrance slit for the spatial splitting of the measuring light according to wavelengths, and a line-shaped arrangement of, for example, 35 photodiodes, which are acted upon by the spectrally divided measuring light.
  • the spectrometer 45 thus allows spectral color measurement at, for example, 35 support points to determine the spectral remissions of the manually or automatically scanned color measurement fields 41, in order to allow the measured value processing 10 to derive colorimetric parameters.
  • the measurement data 46 present at the output of the spectrometer 45 arrive via an interface (not shown in the drawing), which among other things also performs a digitization of the measurement data 46, to a computer arrangement contained in the device for the measurement value processing 10.
  • the computer arrangement of the electronic device for measured value processing 10 has driver electronics for feeding the electrical drive of the measuring head 42 and the measuring head illumination. Furthermore, as with a conventional computer, a data display device including a keyboard and a log printer are provided in order to deal with the spectral data acquisition To be able to display data as required and to be able to enter constants and setpoints manually using the keyboard.
  • the measured data 46 are converted into spectral remissions based on the paper white of the printed sheet 40 and color location coordinates.
  • the control data 11 are generated on the basis of a color distance determination between the target color location and the actual color location of the reference field actually recorded on the printed sheet, which is preferably a gray field from a three-color grid .
  • the target color location coordinates define a target color location, which can be done either manually via the keyboard or by scanning the reference field of a print sheet that is found to be good, i.e. a so-called "O.K. sheet" has been entered into a memory.
  • the spectrophotometric measurement data i.e. the spectral remissions, preferably of each printed sheet, converted into color location coordinates and compared with the stored target color location coordinates in order to continuously determine color distances and control data 11 for the control console 20 and the color guide elements for controlling the color application in the manner described in more detail below.
  • the printing system shown in FIG. 1 Since the result obtained is scanned by the measuring head 42 when the color guide members are adjusted to correct the coloring, the printing system shown in FIG. 1 has a control circuit for correcting color deviations.
  • the respective rule Softening is determined by the measured value processing 10, which contains the coordinates of the respective target color location as a reference variable in its memory and generates the control data 11 as a manipulated variable.
  • the control data 11 feed the printing machine 30 indirectly via the control console 20 that is usually present.
  • the mode of operation and the structure of the electronic measured value processing 10 are shown in more detail in FIG. 2.
  • the spectral reflectance values supplied by the spectrometer 45 arrive via an input bus 50 to the reflectance value memories 51 to 63, each assigned to the individual color measuring fields 41.
  • the reflectance value memory 51 serves to store the reflectance values ⁇ R123 of a three-color grid field measured at 35 different wavelengths on the OK sheet.
  • the three-color grid on the OK sheet corresponds to a three-color grid on the newly printed printed sheet 40 in each case.
  • the color appearance of the printed sheet 40 corresponds to the OK sheet if the three-color grid field serving as a reference area on the printed sheet 40 has the same, in particular gray, Color impression.
  • the spectral reflectance values of the three-color grid are stored as the actual value in the reflectance value memory 52 and indirectly with the spectral reflectance values present as the target value in the reflectance value memory 51 after conversion of the spectral reflectance values into color coordinate coordinates of a color coordinate system, in particular the CIELAB or CIELUV system. Systems compared.
  • the standard color values X, Y and Z are calculated from the spectral reflectance values in the reflectance value memory 51, for example assigned to 35 different wavelengths, using the first standard color value calculator 64 in accordance with the formulas defined by the CIE (Commission Internationele de l'Eclairage).
  • the actual standard color values X, Y and Z are calculated in a second standard color value calculator 65 from the spectral remission values obtained from the reflectance spectrum of the reference field on the printed sheet 40.
  • the standard color value calculators 64, 65 can be combined in terms of hardware and in particular can also be part of the main processor of the printing system and thus, like the reflectance value memories 51 to 63, only exist in software.
  • the coordinates of the target color location can also be entered manually using the keyboard. This possibility is indicated in the drawing by the input line 69 of the first color locator 66. Theoretically, the corresponding target standard color values or the target reflectance values could of course also be entered manually, but this should not make much sense in practice. Corresponding possibilities are indicated in the drawing by input lines 69 'and 69 ⁇ .
  • the target standard color values calculated or manually entered by the first standard color value calculator 64 and the actual standard color values calculated by the second standard color value calculator 65 according to CIE each serve a first color location calculator 66 and a second color location calculator 67 as input variables.
  • the first color location calculator 66 and the second color location calculator 67 each calculate the color locations with the coordinates L, a and b or L, u and v of a CIE color space from the target standard color values and the actual standard color values according to the CIE formulas.
  • the first color location computer 66 and the second color location computer 67 like all computers of the measured value processing 10, can also be implemented in hardware and / or software with the other computers in the printing system.
  • the CIE color space with the color location coordinates L, a and b is discussed below as an exemplary embodiment, it should be pointed out that the invention can also be implemented with other color spaces.
  • the target color locus vector for the color of the three-color grid of the OK sheet determined by the first color locator 66 is compared in a color distance calculator 68 with the actual value determined by the second color locator 67 for the color locus of the three-color grid on the freshly printed printed sheet 40, which serves as a reference field. in order to determine a color distance vector from the difference between the two color locus vectors, the length and orientation of which in the color space indicate the undesired color deviation between the OK sheet and the newly printed printed sheet 40.
  • the output of the color distance calculator 68 is connected to the first input of a layer thickness change computer, which calculates a layer thickness change control vector ⁇ S from the color distance vector ⁇ F, a transformation function being fed in via a second input 72, which is used for the respective by the actual standard color values X, Y, Z or the actual color point L, a, b defined working point is a linear replacement function of what is extremely complex in practice Relationship between layer thicknesses and color locations for an infinitesimal surrounding area of the working point.
  • the quantities fed into the second input 72 for calculating the layer thickness change control vector are determined with the aid of a matrix computer 73 which components of a matrix A (i, j ), which is a three-dimensional normal matrix with nine elements in three columns and three rows.
  • FIG. 2 shows a matrix memory 74 for the components of the matrix A (i, j).
  • the matrix A (i, j) is inverted with the aid of a matrix inverter 75, so that the elements of the inverted matrix A der1 are present at the second input 72 as elements of a transformation function, which are preferably determined anew each time a reference field is measured. If there is a discrepancy between the actual color location of the reference field scanned with the aid of the measuring head 42 and the target color location, the layer thickness change computer 71 is thus used to calculate which layer thickness changes are required for the three printing inks in order to approximate them when printing the next printing sheet 40 the actual color location to reach the target color location.
  • the matrix A (i, j) stored in the matrix memory 74 contains, as information, the sensitivity of the color location change due to the layer thickness changes.
  • the matrix A (i, j) is referred to below as the sensitivity matrix.
  • the elements of the sensitivity matrices in the exemplary embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2 are calculated separately for each working point defined by the standard color values X, Y, Z.
  • the elements of the sensitivity matrix A (i, j) are the partial derivatives of the color locus vector, in particular the color locus vector of one of the color spaces mentioned, according to the components of the layer thickness control vector.
  • the color measuring fields 41 on the printing sheet 40 therefore comprise a single-color grid for each of the three printing inks, the film surface coverings corresponding to the three-color grid or reference field for the grid fields. If the film surface coverings do not match those of the three-color grid, the calculated surface coverings must be interpolated.
  • solid color fields are provided for the three printing inks.
  • the color measurement fields 41 also include three solid tone fields, in which two printing colors have been printed on top of each other.
  • the color measurement strips of the printed sheet 40 which are also printed, each contain a solid field with all three colors printed one above the other and a white field for determining the paper remission.
  • each reflectance value memory 53 to 63 stores the spectral remissions assigned to a multiplicity of wavelengths, for example 35 different wavelength ranges.
  • the matrix computer 73 has an operating point input 77, via which the respectively applicable standard color values are fed. Further inputs of the matrix computer 73 are connected to the three remission value memories 53 to 55, which contain, for example, the spectral remission values of grid fields of the colors yellow, magenta and cyan.
  • the reflectance value memories 56 to 58 each store 35 reflectance values of solid color fields of the colors yellow, magenta and cyan, the layer thicknesses of which change when the color guide elements are adjusted in the same way as the layer thicknesses of the respective printing color in the grid fields.
  • three reflectance value memories 59 to 61 for solid tone fields are assigned to the matrix computer 73, each of which is produced by overprinting two printing inks and, in the exemplary embodiment described, stores the spectral remission values of the colors red, green and blue produced by overprinting.
  • a reflectance value memory 62 is provided for storing the spectral reflectance values of a solid-color field, which was created by printing all three printing colors on top of one another and thus essentially has a black color.
  • the reflectance value memory 63 is provided, so that the matrix computer 73 can process reflectance values relating to paper white which are between 0 and 1.
  • a constant and parameter input 76 is provided.
  • the computers and inputs mentioned above can be present physically or in software in the measured value processing 10.
  • the sensitivity matrix A (i, j) is determined, with which Layer thickness change control vectors are generated in order to adjust the ink guiding elements with the greatest possible convergence speed in such a way that during the printing of the printed sheets 40 a color-spaced control takes place.
  • the elements of the sensitivity matrix are the partial derivatives of the components of the color locus vector according to the components of the layer thickness control vector. If the L * a * b * system of the CIE is used in accordance with the exemplary embodiment described, the partial derivatives of the coordinates L, a and b must therefore be calculated according to the component of the layer thickness vectors.
  • the partial derivatives of the color space coordinates contain the actual standard color values X, Y and Z of the measured reference field and the partial derivatives of these standard color values according to the component of the layer thickness vector.
  • the partial derivations of the standard color value according to the three components of the layer thickness vector could be determined empirically, the values obtained being stored in a memory. However, this case is hardly useful in practice. Another possibility is to calculate these quantities from time to time, for example at the beginning of a printing process, from many printing sheets 40 from the spectral remission values stored in the remission value memories 53 to 63. Instead of a calculation from time to time, a calculation can also be carried out for each individual printed sheet. However, it is preferable to determine the partial derivatives of the measured actual standard color values according to the three components of the layer thickness vector for each measurement of a reference field in a zone or a block of the printed sheet.
  • the information stored in the reflectance value memories 53 to 63 represent secondary variables that make it possible to determine which color guide changes for the main variable stored in the reflectance value memory 52 are necessary in order to ensure that the color locus assigned to the main variable measured is closer to the target color locus in the color space the next time printing and the next measurement.
  • the nine partial derivatives of the standard color values according to the components of the layer thickness vector or layer thickness control vector are obtained by integrating a printout over the entire spectral range, which essentially contains the partial derivatives of the reflectance values of a three-color grid, calculated on the basis of the model, according to the three layer thicknesses of the three printing inks.
  • the simplest model is the calculation using the Neugebauer equations, which, in their differential form, indicate the changes in reflectance of a three-color grid depending on the optically effective area coverage and the remissions of the solid fields printed together with the grid.
  • the matrix calculator 73 calculates the sizes contained in the Neugebauer equations in a differentiated form and in particular the partial derivations of the remissions of the solid tone fields according to the layer thicknesses of the respectively assigned colors, furthermore the optically effective area coverage from the relationships specified by Murray-Davies and partial derivations of the optically effective surface coverings after the remissions of the single-color solid color fields assigned by the color.
  • the linear substitute function at the operating point allows an approximate theoretical determination of the color location of the new three-color grid that will be printed later when the color is changed.
  • the "slope" or sensitivity at the operating point is used to determine the required changes in layer thickness or changes in color from the color difference between the actually measured color location and the desired color location for the three-color grid.
  • the matrix computer 73 shown in FIG. 2 calculates the sensitivity matrices for all zones or blocks A (i, j) so that linear regulation can take place.
  • the spectral single-color grid emissions are first interpolated to the corresponding grid values of the three-color grid (square) and stored in the corresponding reflectance value memories 53-55. As a result, only these interpolated values are used.
  • the ten secondary measurement values contained in the reflectance value memories 53 to 62 are weighted with densitometric filter profiles and, based on paper white, the geometric area coverage for the three colors is calculated according to the following formula.
  • F RjGeom F RjFilm + (F Dj - F RjFilm ) / 3.
  • the film area coverage F RjFilm is predetermined by the measurement strip definition and does not need to be measured.
  • the formula for calculating the geometrical area coverage is based on the assumption that the increase for the optically effective bottle coverage is composed of 1/3 mechanical point magnification and 2/3 light trapping.
  • S j means the current layer thickness of the printing ink j. It results from the machine characteristic curve (ie the relationship between a manipulated variable of the machine control and the resulting layer thickness).
  • r Oj is a constant that indicates the surface reflection of the paper for ink j. In the first approximation it is the same for all printing inks j. In addition, the surface reflection r Oj can be assumed to be negligible due to the measuring optics (45 °, 0 °) and due to the polarizer used. It is therefore advisable to set this constant to zero in most cases.
  • the constant r 2j expresses the total reflection in the color layer and is also approximately the same for all printing inks j. If the internal reflection r 2j is set to zero, the layer thickness is assumed to be proportional to the density. Reasonable values for r 2j range from 0.4 to 0.6. The larger r 2j , the greater the sensitivity and thus the controlled variable.
  • the optically effective area coverage F Dj is then calculated in all 35 support points for all three colors according to the Murray-Davies formula. If the related paper white spectral reflectance value ⁇ PY 'of the associated Volltenfeldes is greater than 0.95, the light capture is assumed to be zero and replaces the optically effective area coverage by the geometric area coverage in the further calculation to a in the calculation of the optically effective surface coverage Avoid division by zero. Such a division by zero could otherwise occur because the measured values are subject to noise.
  • the paper constant P is a constant that contains the paper and printing ink properties and can be entered into the matrix calculator 73, for example, via the input 76.
  • the above relationship is based on a light trapping model, where the paper constant P can be set equal to 1.
  • the values of the paper constant P are between 0.1 and 1. The smaller the paper constant P is chosen, the greater the sensitivity and thus the controlled variable.
  • ⁇ R123 the reflectance of a three-color grid and ⁇ V12 , ⁇ V13 and ⁇ V23 are the remissions of the full-tone fields assigned to the remission value memories 59 to 61 from two different overprinted colors
  • ⁇ V123 is the remission of a full-tone field with three colors printed one above the other.
  • the differential Neugebauer equations above each contain a first addend, which contains the changes in reflectance due to the changes in light trapping, and a second addend, which contains the changes in reflectance due to the changes in layer thickness.
  • the influences of the color acceptance were neglected.
  • the change in the reflectance of a color layer due to the change in the layer thickness is assumed to be independent of whether the color was printed entirely on paper or partly on another color.
  • the matrix computer 73 calculates the sensitivity matrix, which is inverted in the matrix inverter 75, which can also be software-integrated in the matrix computer 73.
  • B ( ⁇ ) means the spectral characteristic of the lighting and x ( ⁇ ), y ( ⁇ ) and e.g. ( ⁇ ) the standardized weight functions according to CIE.
  • the quantities d ⁇ R123 ( ⁇ ) / dS j are the quantities calculated using the differential Neugebauer equations, the dependence on the wavelength ⁇ being given for clarification and dS j standing for dS1, dS2 and dS3.
  • the sensitivity matrix A is formed and recorded in the matrix memory 74, which can be implemented in software or hardware.
  • the derivatives according to S 1 mean the derivatives according to the layer thickness of the first printing ink, for example cyan.
  • the derivatives according to S2 and S3 refer accordingly to the second and third printing inks, especially magenta and yellow.
  • a pure cyan field or a field which contains only two instead of three colors printed one above the other is to be used as a reference field.
  • the 3 x 3 matrix degenerates to a 1 x 3 matrix (one color, vector) or to a 2 x 3 matrix (two colors). This is evident because the colors that are not taken into account, ie the colors that do not appear in the reference field, cannot make a contribution and the corresponding elements of the matrix must therefore disappear.
  • Matrices with empty rows or empty columns cannot be inverted, since an inversion would result in a division by zero.
  • the desired target color location will generally not be in the printable color space, since a color deviation can also run in the direction of the "foreign" colors.
  • the characteristic of the printable color space only indicates the relationship between the layer thicknesses of the colors taken into account and the color locations achieved. On the other hand, this means that the desired target color location can generally not be achieved at all.
  • the matrix computer 73 allows a replacement target color location to be determined which lies on the replacement characteristic curve or replacement characteristic surface defined by the degenerated "matrix" A in the color space. This replacement target color location can then of course be reached. The replacement target color difference is calculated so that the distance between the original target color location and the replacement characteristic or replacement characteristic surface is minimal.
  • the sensitivity matrix is a vector
  • an area is defined.
  • the replacement target color location is determined as the point of penetration of the solder onto the surface or the vector by the original target color location.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Farbregelung einer Druckmaschine mit einer farbmetrischen Farbführungssteuerung gemäss dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 sowie eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens gemäss dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 9.The invention relates to a method for color control of a printing press with a colorimetric ink guide control according to the preamble of claim 1 and a device for carrying out the method according to the preamble of claim 9.

Aus der EP A 228 347 ist ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art bekannt, bei dem zur optimalen Angleichung des Farbeindrucks eine Vielzahl von Farbmessfeldern als Bezugsfelder ausgewertet werden, um beim Andruck eine optimale Angleichung des Farbeindrucks von heiklen bildwichtigen Stellen des Drucks zu erhalten, wobei beim Fortdruck die farbabstandsgesteuerte Farbführung einer farbdichtegesteuerten Farbführung überlagert sein kann. Die spektralen Farbanalysen einer Vielzahl von Farbmeßfeldern sowie die Berechnung einer Vielzahl von Farbkoordinaten für jeden Druckbogen erfordert einen verhältnismäßig hohen Aufwand. Dieser Aufwand wird noch dadurch erhöht, daß bei dem bekannten Verfahren für jedes der zahlreichen Bezugsfelder Abstandsvektoren gewichtet werden, um als Qualitätsmaß für den Druck den Gesamtfarbabstand, der aus der Summe der Beträge der einzelnen Farbabstände ermittelt wird, zu minimieren. Zur Bestimmung der den einzelnen Farbmeßfeldern zugeordneten Schichtdickenänderungen ist es erforderlich, die den zahlreichen Bezugsfeldern zugeordneten Farbabstandsvektoren mit empirisch ermittelten Transformationsmatrizen zu multiplizieren. Bereits die empirische Ermittlung und Abspeicherung der zahlreichen Transformationsmatrizen stellt einen sehr hohen Aufwand dar. Da die beteiligten Druckfarbenanteile mehr oder weniger unabhängig voneinander korrigiert werden, ergibt sich ein ungünstiges Konvergenzverhalten. Aus diesem Grunde sieht das bekannte Verfahren vor, für besonders kritische Töne gesonderte Farbmeßfelder einzusetzen, wodurch der Gesamtaufwand wiederum erhöht wird.A method of the type mentioned at the outset is known from EP A 228 347, in which a large number of color measurement fields are used to optimally match the color impression can be evaluated as reference fields in order to obtain an optimal adjustment of the color impression of sensitive, image-critical points of the print when printed, whereby the color distance-controlled color guide can be superimposed on a color density-controlled color guide during production. The spectral color analysis of a large number of color measuring fields and the calculation of a large number of color coordinates for each printed sheet require a relatively high level of effort. This effort is further increased in that, in the known method, distance vectors are weighted for each of the numerous reference fields, in order to minimize the overall color distance, which is determined from the sum of the amounts of the individual color distances, as a quality measure for the print. To determine the layer thickness changes associated with the individual color measurement fields, it is necessary to multiply the color distance vectors assigned to the numerous reference fields by empirically determined transformation matrices. The empirical determination and storage of the numerous transformation matrices already represents a very high expenditure. Since the printing ink components involved are corrected more or less independently of one another, there is an unfavorable convergence behavior. For this reason, the known method provides for using separate color measuring fields for particularly critical tones, which in turn increases the overall expenditure.

Ausgehend von diesem Stand der Technik liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art weiter zu verbessern. Insbesondere soll auch bei besonders kritischen Tönen auf dem Bildinhalt besonders angepaßte Farbmeßfelder verzichtet werden können und dennoch eine Farbregelung mit hoher Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit erhalten werden.Starting from this prior art, the invention is based on the object of further improving a method of the type mentioned at the outset. In particular, especially in the case of particularly critical tones, it should be possible to dispense with specially adapted color measurement fields and still obtain color control with a high rate of convergence.

Das diese Angelegenheit lösende Verfahren und die entsprechende Vorrichtung sind in den unabhängigen Ansprüchen beschrieben. Bevorzugte Ausführungsformen ergeben sich aus den abhängigen Ansprüchen.The method solving this matter and the corresponding device are described in the independent claims. Preferred embodiments result from the dependent claims.

In Einzelfällen (d.h. bei bestimmten Sujets oder bei farbigem Papier) kann es sinnvoll sein, bei der Bestimmung des Ist-Farbortes nicht auf Absolutweiss sondern auf Papierweiss zu normieren.In individual cases (i.e. with certain subjects or with colored paper) it can make sense to standardize not on absolute white but on paper white when determining the actual color location.

Die so berechnete Schichtdickenänderung kann auch, z.B. über eine Tollenaar Funktion, in eine Dichteänderung umgerechnet werden.
An Stelle der Schichtdicke kann allerdings auch direkt die Empfindlichkeit der Farbortverschiebung aufgrund einer Dichteänderung berechnet werden. Hierzu ist es sinnvoll, die Dichtewerte zu korrigieren. Dies kann z.B. mit der Saunderson-Korrektur geschehen. Mit einer so ermittelten Sensitivitätsmatrix wird dann ein Dichteänderungssteuervektor berechnet, der Dichteänderungen zur Folge haben sollte, die den gemessenen Farbort möglichst nahe an den Soll-Farbort verschieben.
Die folgenden Ausführungsbeispiele gehen von einer Sensitivitätsmatrix auf der Basis von Schichtdicken aus. Sie lassen sich jedoch einfach auf eine Sensitivitätsmatrix auf der Basis von Dichten übertragen. Bei einem zweckmässigen Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung für eine Mehrfarben-, z.B. Vierfarben-Offset-Druckmaschine ist das Bezugsfeld ein Graufeld, das durch Uebereinanderdrucken von drei Rastern mit den beteiligten drei bunten Normdruckfarben erzeugt wird. Schwarz sowie Schmuckfarben bei 5- und 6-Farbenmaschinen werden, wie später noch im einzelnen beschrieben, gesondert behandelt. Das erfindungsgemässe Regelverfahren vergleicht den Farbort des auf einem Druckbogen aufgedruckten Ist-Graufeldes mit dem gespeicherten Farbort des Graufeldes auf dem O.K.-Bogen oder dem numerisch eingegebenen Farbort. Aus der Abweichung zwischen dem Ist-Farbort und dem Soll-Farbort wird ein Farbabstandsvektor ermittelt und ein Schichtdickenänderungssteuervektor berechnet, der (theoretisch) Schichtdickenänderungen zur Folge haben sollte, die den gemessenen Farbort möglichst nahe an den Soll-Farbort verschieben. Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren handelt es sich somit einerseits um ein relatives Modell, da die gemessene Remission bzw. der Farbort des entsprechenden Dreifarbenrasterfeldes als Grundlage verwendet wird und die Remissionsänderung aufgrund der Änderung der Farbführung relativ dazu gerechnet wird. Da bei einem solchen relativen Modell die Anforderungen an die Genauigkeit kleiner sind als bei einem absoluten Modell, das eine Farbortbestimmung ohne Rückbezug auf einen bereits vorhandenen Zwischenwert durchführt, reicht eine lineare Ersatzfunktion im gemessenen Arbeitspunkt als einfachste Art der Modellbildung bereits aus, um bei einem relativen Modell eine hohe Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit zu erzielen, wenn die selbstverständliche Voraussetzung eines richtigen Vorzeichens erfüllt ist. Bei einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel erfolgt eine Modellbildung zur Bestimmung der Empfindlichkeit der Farbortänderung aufgrund einer Schichtdickenänderung auf der Grundlage partiell differenzierter Neugebauer-Gleichungen.
The change in layer thickness calculated in this way can also be converted into a change in density, for example using a Tollenaar function.
Instead of the layer thickness, the sensitivity of the color locus shift due to a change in density can also be calculated directly. To do this, it makes sense to correct the density values. This can be done, for example, with the Saunderson correction. With a sensitivity matrix determined in this way, a density change control vector is then calculated, which should result in density changes that bring the measured color location as close as possible to the target color location move.
The following exemplary embodiments are based on a sensitivity matrix based on layer thicknesses. However, they can easily be transferred to a sensitivity matrix based on densities. In an expedient exemplary embodiment of the invention for a multicolor, for example four-color offset printing machine, the reference field is a gray field which is produced by printing three rasters with the three colored standard printing inks involved. Black and spot colors on 5 and 6-color machines are treated separately, as will be described in detail later. The control method according to the invention compares the color location of the actual gray field printed on a printing sheet with the stored color location of the gray field on the OK sheet or the numerically entered color location. A color difference vector is determined from the deviation between the actual color location and the target color location and a layer thickness change control vector is calculated, which (theoretically) should result in layer thickness changes that shift the measured color location as close as possible to the target color location. The method according to the invention is therefore on the one hand a relative model, since the measured reflectance or the color location of the corresponding three-color grid is used as the basis and the change in reflectance due to the change in the color guide is calculated relatively to this. Since the requirements for accuracy in such a relative model are lower than in the case of an absolute model that carries out a color location determination without reference to an already existing intermediate value, a linear substitute function in the measured working point is already sufficient as the simplest type of model formation to achieve a high speed of convergence with a relative model if the natural requirement of a correct sign is met. In a preferred exemplary embodiment, a model is formed to determine the sensitivity of the color locus change due to a change in layer thickness on the basis of partially differentiated Neugebauer equations.

Für jeden Farbort des als Bezugsfeld dienenden Graufeldes wird eine Sensitivitätsmatrix individuell berechnet und nach dem Invertieren als Transformationsmatrix zur Erzeugung eines Schichtdickenänderungssteuervektors aus dem Farbabstandsvektor gebildet. Um eine hohe Genauigkeit zu erzielen, ist es zweckmäßig, alle Größen, die zur Bildung der Elemente der Sensitivitätsmatrix benötigt werden, bei jedem Druck neu zu bestimmen. Die dazu benötigten Größen werden durch Auswerten der spektralen Remissionswerte von drei Rasterfeldern in den beteiligten Druckfarben, drei Volltonfeldern in den beteiligten Druckfarben, drei Volltonfeldern mit jeweils zwei übereinander gedruckten Druckfarben, einem Volltonfeld mit allen übereinander gedruckten Druckfarben und schließlich einem Feld zur Erfassung der Papierremission erzeugt.A sensitivity matrix is calculated individually for each color location of the gray field serving as a reference field and, after inverting, is formed as a transformation matrix for generating a layer thickness change control vector from the color distance vector. In order to achieve a high level of accuracy, it is expedient to redetermine all the sizes which are required to form the elements of the sensitivity matrix with each print. The sizes required for this are generated by evaluating the spectral remission values of three halftone patches in the printing inks involved, three solid patches in the printing inks involved, three solid patches each with two printing inks printed one above the other, a solid patch with all printing inks printed one above the other and finally a field for recording the paper remission .

Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 ein stark vereinfachtes Blockschema einer Druckanlage mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Regelverfahren und
  • Fig. 2 ein Blockschema zur Veranschaulichung einer möglichen Realisierung der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung zur Meßwertverarbeitung.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the drawing. Show it:
  • Fig. 1 is a greatly simplified block diagram of a printing system with the control method and
  • 2 shows a block diagram to illustrate a possible implementation of the device according to the invention for processing measured values.

Die in Fig. 1 dargestellte Druckanlage verfügt über eine elektronische Einrichtung zur Meßwertverarbeitung 10, die Steuerdaten 11 erzeugt, welche den unerwünschten Farbabweichungen der am Druck beteiligten Druckfarben in den einzelnen Druckzonen und Druckwerken entsprechen und als Eingangsgrößen einer Steuerkonsole 20 zugeführt werden. Die Steuerkonsole 20 erzeugt aus den Steuerdaten 11 Stellsignale 21 für die Farbführungsorgane einer mit einer fernsteuerbaren Farbführung ausgestatteten Druckmaschine 30, die insbesondere eine Dreifarben-Offset-Druckmaschine sein kann, so daß die Farbabweichungen auf von der Druckmaschine 30 bedruckten Druckbogen 40 minimal werden.The printing system shown in Fig. 1 has an electronic device for measured value processing 10, which generates control data 11 which correspond to the undesirable color deviations of the printing inks involved in the printing in the individual printing zones and printing units and which are fed as input variables to a control console 20. The control console 20 uses the control data 11 to generate actuating signals 21 for the ink guide members of a printing machine 30 equipped with a remotely controllable ink guide, which printing machine can be, in particular, a three-color offset printing machine, so that the color deviations on printed sheets 40 printed by the printing machine 30 are minimal.

Beim Drucken werden von der Druckmaschine 30 Farbmeßfelder 41 als Farbmeßstreifen mitgedruckt, wobei ein Block eines Farbmeßstreifens sich beispielsweise über zwei Zonen des mehrere Zonen aufweisenden Druckbogens 40 erstrecken kann.During printing, 30 color measurement fields 41 are also printed as color measurement strips by the printing press, wherein a block of a color measurement strip can extend, for example, over two zones of the print sheet 40 having a plurality of zones.

Um die Farbabweichungen der am Druck beteiligten Druckfarben klein zu halten, werden die Farbmeßfelder 41 von Hand oder vorzugsweise automatisch und laufend mit Hilfe wenigstens eines Meßkopfes 42 optisch abgetastet, der entlang den Farbmeßfeldern 41 der jeweils mitgedruckten Farbmeßstreifen motorgetrieben in Richtung der Pfeile 43, 44 verschiebbar ist. Für die manuelle Abtastung kann ein zweiter Meßkopf vorgesehen sein.
Der Meßkopf 42 enthält eine in der Zeichnung nicht dargestellte Weißlichtquelle zur Beleuchtung der Farbmeßfelder 41, z.B. unter einem Winkel von 45 Grad, und eine Meßlichtoptik, um das von den Farbmeßfeldern 41, z.B. unter einem Winkel von 0 Grad, remittierte Licht aufzufangen und über einen Lichtleiter zum Eingang eines Spektrometers 45 zu führen. Das Spektrometer 45 dient dazu, den von den zur Drucküberwachung mitgedruckten Farbmeßfeldern 41 remittierten Anteil des weißen Beleuchtungslichtes spektral zu zerlegen, um eine spektrale Farbanalyse und somit eine farbmetrische Analyse zu gestatten. Das Spektrometer 45 enthält beispielsweise ein über einen Eintrittsspalt beleuchtetes holografisches Gitter zur räumlichen Aufspaltung des Meßlichtes nach Wellenlängen sowie eine zeilenförmige Anordnung von beispielsweise 35 Fotodioden, die mit dem spektral zerlegten Meßlicht beaufschlagt werden. Das Spektrometer 45 gestattet somit eine spektrale Farbmessung an beispielsweise 35 Stützstellen zur Bestimmung der spektralen Remissionen der manuell oder automatisch abgetasteten Farbmeßfelder 41, um der Meßwertverarbeitung 10 die Ableitung farbmetrischer Kenngrößen zu gestatten. Die am Ausgang des Spektrometers 45 vorleigenden Meßdaten 46 gelangen über eine in der Zeichnung nicht dargestellte Schnittstelle, die unter anderem auch eine Digitalisierung der Meßdaten 46 durchführt, zu einer in der Einrichtung zur Meßwertverarbeitung 10 enthaltenen Rechneranordnung.
In order to keep the color deviations of the printing inks involved in the printing small, the color measuring fields 41 are optically scanned by hand or preferably automatically and continuously with the aid of at least one measuring head 42 which is motor-driven in the direction of the arrows 43, 44 along the color measuring fields 41 of the color measuring strips which are also printed is. A second measuring head can be provided for manual scanning.
The measuring head 42 contains a white light source, not shown in the drawing, for illuminating the color measuring fields 41, for example at an angle of 45 degrees, and measuring light optics in order to collect the light remitted by the color measuring fields 41, for example at an angle of 0 degrees, and to lead it via a light guide to the input of a spectrometer 45. The spectrometer 45 is used to spectrally split the portion of the white illuminating light remitted by the color measurement fields 41 printed for pressure monitoring in order to permit spectral color analysis and thus colorimetric analysis. The spectrometer 45 contains, for example, a holographic grating illuminated via an entrance slit for the spatial splitting of the measuring light according to wavelengths, and a line-shaped arrangement of, for example, 35 photodiodes, which are acted upon by the spectrally divided measuring light. The spectrometer 45 thus allows spectral color measurement at, for example, 35 support points to determine the spectral remissions of the manually or automatically scanned color measurement fields 41, in order to allow the measured value processing 10 to derive colorimetric parameters. The measurement data 46 present at the output of the spectrometer 45 arrive via an interface (not shown in the drawing), which among other things also performs a digitization of the measurement data 46, to a computer arrangement contained in the device for the measurement value processing 10.

Die Rechneranordnung der elektronischen Einrichtung zur Meßwertverarbeitung 10 verfügt über eine Treiberelektronik zur Speisung des elektrischen Antriebs des Meßkopfes 42 und des Meßkopfbeleuchtung. Weiterhin sind wie bei einem üblichen Rechner ein Datensichtgerät inklusive Tastatur und ein Protokolldrucker vorgesehen, um die bei der spektralen Meßwerterfassung anfallenden Daten bei Bedarf anzeigen zu können und um insbesondere Konstanten und Sollwerte auch manuell über die Tastatur eingeben zu können.The computer arrangement of the electronic device for measured value processing 10 has driver electronics for feeding the electrical drive of the measuring head 42 and the measuring head illumination. Furthermore, as with a conventional computer, a data display device including a keyboard and a log printer are provided in order to deal with the spectral data acquisition To be able to display data as required and to be able to enter constants and setpoints manually using the keyboard.

In der elektronischen Einrichtung zur Meßwertverarbeitung 10 werden die Meßdaten 46 in spektrale Remissionen bezogen auf das Papierweiß des Druckbogens 40 und Farbortkoordinaten umgerechnet. Durch Vergleich der Farbortkoordinaten eines als bezugsfeld dienenden Farbmeßfeldes 41 mit gespeicherten Soll-Farbortkoordinaten werden aufgrund einer Farbabstandsbestimmung zwischen dem Soll-Farbort und dem tatsächlich auf dem Druckbogen erfaßten Ist-Farbort des Bezugsfeldes, das vorzugsweise ein Graufeld aus einem Dreifarbenraster ist, die Steuerdaten 11 erzeugt. Die Soll-Farbortkoordinaten definieren einen Soll-Farbort, der entweder manuell über die Tastatur oder durch Abtasten des Bezugsfeldes eines für gut befundenen Druckbogens, d.h. eines sogenannten "O.K.-Bogens" in einen Speicher eingegeben worden ist. In der elektronischen Einrichtung zur Meßwertverarbeitung 10 werden die spektralfotometrischen Meßdaten, d.h. die spektralen Remissionen, vorzugsweise eines jeden Druckbogens in Farbortkoordinaten umgerechnet und mit den gespeicherten Soll-Farbortskoordinaten verglichen, um in der weiter unten detaillierter beschriebenen Weise laufend Farbabstände und hieraus Steuerdaten 11 für die Steuerkonsole 20 und die Farbführungsorgane zur Steuerung des Farbauftrags zu bestimmen.In the electronic device for measured value processing 10, the measured data 46 are converted into spectral remissions based on the paper white of the printed sheet 40 and color location coordinates. By comparing the color location coordinates of a color measuring field 41 serving as a reference field with stored target color location coordinates, the control data 11 are generated on the basis of a color distance determination between the target color location and the actual color location of the reference field actually recorded on the printed sheet, which is preferably a gray field from a three-color grid . The target color location coordinates define a target color location, which can be done either manually via the keyboard or by scanning the reference field of a print sheet that is found to be good, i.e. a so-called "O.K. sheet" has been entered into a memory. In the electronic device for measured value processing 10, the spectrophotometric measurement data, i.e. the spectral remissions, preferably of each printed sheet, converted into color location coordinates and compared with the stored target color location coordinates in order to continuously determine color distances and control data 11 for the control console 20 and the color guide elements for controlling the color application in the manner described in more detail below.

Da bei einer Verstellung der Farbführungsorgane zur Korrektur der Farbgebung das erhaltene Resultat vom Meßkopf 42 abgetastet wird, verfügt die in Fig. 1 dargestellte Druckanlage über einen Regelkreis zum Ausregeln von Farbabweichungen. Die jeweilige Regelab weichung wird dabei von der Meßwertverarbeitung 10 ermittelt, die in ihrem Speicher als Führungsgröße die Koordinaten des jeweiligen Soll-Farbortes enthält und als Stellgröße die Steuerdaten 11 erzeugt. Bei der in Fig. 1 dargestellten Druckanlage speisen die Steuerdaten 11 die Druckmaschine 30 indirekt über die üblicherweise vorhandene Steuerkonsole 20. Selbstverständlich ist es auch möglich, die Druckanlage so abzuwandeln, daß die Steuerdaten direkt auf die Farbführungsorgane, beispielsweise die Farbzonenschrauben, der Druckmaschine 30 einwirken.Since the result obtained is scanned by the measuring head 42 when the color guide members are adjusted to correct the coloring, the printing system shown in FIG. 1 has a control circuit for correcting color deviations. The respective rule Softening is determined by the measured value processing 10, which contains the coordinates of the respective target color location as a reference variable in its memory and generates the control data 11 as a manipulated variable. In the printing system shown in FIG. 1, the control data 11 feed the printing machine 30 indirectly via the control console 20 that is usually present. Of course, it is also possible to modify the printing system in such a way that the control data act directly on the ink guide elements, for example the ink fountain keys, of the printing machine 30 .

Die Funktionsweise und der Aufbau der elektronischen Meßwertverarbeitung 10 sind in Fig. 2 detaillierter dargestellt. Die vom Spektrometer 45 gelieferten spektralen Remissionswerte gelangen über einen Eingangsbus 50 zu den einzelnen Farbmeßfeldern 41 jeweils zugeordneten Remissionswertspeichern 51 bis 63. Der Remissionswertspeicher 51 dient zur Speicherung der bei 35 verschiedenen Wellenlängen gemessenen Remissionswerte βR123 eines Dreifarbenrasterfeldes auf dem O.K.-Bogen.The mode of operation and the structure of the electronic measured value processing 10 are shown in more detail in FIG. 2. The spectral reflectance values supplied by the spectrometer 45 arrive via an input bus 50 to the reflectance value memories 51 to 63, each assigned to the individual color measuring fields 41. The reflectance value memory 51 serves to store the reflectance values β R123 of a three-color grid field measured at 35 different wavelengths on the OK sheet.

Dem Dreifarbenrasterfeld auf dem O.K.-Bogen entspricht ein Dreifarbenrasterfeld auf dem jeweils gerade neu gedruckten Druckbogen 40. Die farbliche Erscheinung des Druckbogens 40 stimmt dann mit dem O.K.-Bogen überein, wenn das als Bezugsfeld auf dem Druckbogen 40 dienende Dreifarbenrasterfeld den gleichen, insbesondere grauen, Farbeindruck hervorruft. Aus diesem Grunde werden die spektralen Remissionswerte des Dreifarbenrasterfeldes als Ist-Wert in dem Remissionswertspeicher 52 gespeichert und mit den als Soll-Wert im Remissionswertspeicher 51 vorhandenen spektralen Remissionswerten indirekt nach einer Umrechnung der spektralen Remissionswerte in Farbortkoordinaten eines Farbkoordinatensystems, insbesondere des CIELAB- oder CIELUV-Systems verglichen.The three-color grid on the OK sheet corresponds to a three-color grid on the newly printed printed sheet 40 in each case. The color appearance of the printed sheet 40 corresponds to the OK sheet if the three-color grid field serving as a reference area on the printed sheet 40 has the same, in particular gray, Color impression. For this reason, the spectral reflectance values of the three-color grid are stored as the actual value in the reflectance value memory 52 and indirectly with the spectral reflectance values present as the target value in the reflectance value memory 51 after conversion of the spectral reflectance values into color coordinate coordinates of a color coordinate system, in particular the CIELAB or CIELUV system. Systems compared.

Aus den beispielsweise 35 verschiedenen Wellenlängen zugeordneten spektralen Remissionswerten im Remissionswertspeicher 51 werden mit Hilfe eines ersten Normfarbwertrechners 64 gemäß den durch die CIE (Commission Internationele de l'Eclairage) definierten Formeln die Normfarbwerte X, Y und Z errechnet. Entsprechend werden aus den aus dem Remissionsspektrum des Bezugsfelds auf dem Druckbogen 40 erhaltenen spektralen Remissionswerten in einem zweiten Normfarbwertrechner 65 die Ist-Normfarbwerte X, Y und Z berechnet. Die Normfarbwertrechner 64, 65 können hardewaremäßig zusammengefaßt und auch insbesondere Bestandteil des Hauptprozessors der Druckanlage sein und somit ebenso wie die Remissionswertspeicher 51 bis 63 lediglich softwaremäßig existieren.The standard color values X, Y and Z are calculated from the spectral reflectance values in the reflectance value memory 51, for example assigned to 35 different wavelengths, using the first standard color value calculator 64 in accordance with the formulas defined by the CIE (Commission Internationele de l'Eclairage). Correspondingly, the actual standard color values X, Y and Z are calculated in a second standard color value calculator 65 from the spectral remission values obtained from the reflectance spectrum of the reference field on the printed sheet 40. The standard color value calculators 64, 65 can be combined in terms of hardware and in particular can also be part of the main processor of the printing system and thus, like the reflectance value memories 51 to 63, only exist in software.

Anstatt die Soll-Normfarbwerte (und daraus, wie unten ausgeführt, die Soll-Farborte) aus den mittels des Meßkopfs eingelesenen spektralen Remissionswerten des Bezugsfelds des O.K.-Bogens zu berechnen, können die Koordinaten des Soll-Farborts auch manuell via Tastatur eingegeben werden. Diese Möglichkeit ist in der Zeichnung durch die Eingangsleitung 69 des ersten Farbortrechners 66 angedeutet. Rein theoretisch könnten natürlich auch die entsprechenden Soll-Normfarbwerte oder die Soll-Remissionswerte manuell eingegeben werden, jedoch dürfte dies in der Praxis wenig sinnvoll sein. Entsprechende Möglichkeiten sind in der Zeichnung durch Eingabeleitungen 69′ und 69˝ angedeutet.Instead of calculating the target standard color values (and, as explained below, the target color locations) from the spectral reflectance values of the reference field of the O.K. sheet read in by the measuring head, the coordinates of the target color location can also be entered manually using the keyboard. This possibility is indicated in the drawing by the input line 69 of the first color locator 66. Theoretically, the corresponding target standard color values or the target reflectance values could of course also be entered manually, but this should not make much sense in practice. Corresponding possibilities are indicated in the drawing by input lines 69 'and 69˝.

Die von dem ersten Normfarbwertrechner 64 berechneten oder manuell eingegebenen Soll-Normfarbwerte und die von dem zweiten Normfarbwertrechner 65 berechneten Ist-Normfarbwerte nach CIE dienen jeweils einem ersten Farbortrechner 66 und einem zweiten Farbortrechner 67 als Eingangsgrößen. Der erste Farbortrechner 66 und der zweite Farbortrechner 67 berechnen jeweils aus den Soll-Normfarbwerten und den Ist-Normfarbwerten gemäß den CIE-Formeln die Farborte mit den Koordinaten L, a und b oder L, u und v eines CIE-Farbraumes. Der erste Farbortrechner 66 und der zweite Farbortrechner 67 können ebenfalls wie alle Rechner der Meßwertverarbeitung 10 hardwaremäßig und/oder softwaremäßig mit den übrigen Rechnern der Druckanlage gemeinsam realisiert sein. Obwohl nachfolgend der CIE-Farbraum mit den Farbortkoordinaten L, a und b als Ausführungsbeispiel erörtert ist, sei darauf hingewiesen, daß die Erfindung auch mit anderen Farbräumen realsisiert werden kann.The target standard color values calculated or manually entered by the first standard color value calculator 64 and the actual standard color values calculated by the second standard color value calculator 65 according to CIE each serve a first color location calculator 66 and a second color location calculator 67 as input variables. The first color location calculator 66 and the second color location calculator 67 each calculate the color locations with the coordinates L, a and b or L, u and v of a CIE color space from the target standard color values and the actual standard color values according to the CIE formulas. The first color location computer 66 and the second color location computer 67, like all computers of the measured value processing 10, can also be implemented in hardware and / or software with the other computers in the printing system. Although the CIE color space with the color location coordinates L, a and b is discussed below as an exemplary embodiment, it should be pointed out that the invention can also be implemented with other color spaces.

Der durch den ersten Farbortrechner 66 bestimmte Soll-Farbortvektor für die Farbe des Dreifarbenrasterfeldes des O.K.-Bogens wird in einem Farbabstandsrechner 68 mit dem von dem zweiten Farbortrechner 67 ermittelten Ist-Wert für den Farbortvektor des als Bezugsfeld dienenden Dreifarbenrasterfeldes auf dem frischgedruckten Druckbogen 40 verglichen, um aus der Differenz der beiden Farbortvektoren einen Farbabstandsvektor zu bestimmen, dessen Länge und Orientierung im Farbraum die unerwünschte Farbabweichung zwischen dem O.K.-Bogen und dem neu gedruckten Druckbogen 40 angibt.The target color locus vector for the color of the three-color grid of the OK sheet determined by the first color locator 66 is compared in a color distance calculator 68 with the actual value determined by the second color locator 67 for the color locus of the three-color grid on the freshly printed printed sheet 40, which serves as a reference field. in order to determine a color distance vector from the difference between the two color locus vectors, the length and orientation of which in the color space indicate the undesired color deviation between the OK sheet and the newly printed printed sheet 40.

Der Ausgang des Farbabstandsrechners 68 ist mit dem ersten Eingang eines Schichtdickenänderungsrechners verbunden, der aus dem Farbabstandsvektor Δ F einen Schichtdickenänderungssteuervektor Δ S berechnet, wobei über einen zweiten Eingang 72 eine Transformationsfunktion eingespeist wird, die für den jeweiligen durch die Ist-Normfarbwerte X, Y, Z bzw. den Ist-Farbort L, a, b definierten Arbeitspunkt eine lineare Ersatzfunktion des in der Praxis äußerst komplexen Zusammenhangs zwischen Schichtdicken und Farborten für einen infinitesimalen Umgebungsbereich des Arbeitspunkts darstellt. Die im den zweiten Eingang 72 eingespeisten Größen zur Berechnung des Schichtdickenänderungssteuervektors, dessen Komponenten für die drei Druckfarben, beispielsweise Cyan, Gelb und Magenta, die Steuerdaten 11 bilden, werden mit Hilfe eines Matrixrechners 73 bestimmt, der die Komponenten einer Matrix A(i,j) berechnet, die im dreidimensionalen Normalfall eine Matrix mit neun Elementen in drei Spalten und drei Zeilen ist.The output of the color distance calculator 68 is connected to the first input of a layer thickness change computer, which calculates a layer thickness change control vector Δ S from the color distance vector Δ F, a transformation function being fed in via a second input 72, which is used for the respective by the actual standard color values X, Y, Z or the actual color point L, a, b defined working point is a linear replacement function of what is extremely complex in practice Relationship between layer thicknesses and color locations for an infinitesimal surrounding area of the working point. The quantities fed into the second input 72 for calculating the layer thickness change control vector, the components of which for the three printing colors, for example cyan, yellow and magenta, form the control data 11, are determined with the aid of a matrix computer 73 which components of a matrix A (i, j ), which is a three-dimensional normal matrix with nine elements in three columns and three rows.

In Fig. 2 ist ein Matrixspeicher 74 für die Komponenten der Matrix A(i,j) dargestellt.2 shows a matrix memory 74 for the components of the matrix A (i, j).

Die Matrix A(i,j) wird mit Hilfe eines Matrixinverters 75 invertiert, so daß am zweiten Eingangs 72 die Elemente der invertierten Matrix A⁻¹ als Elemente einer Transformationsfunktion vorliegen, die vorzugsweise bei jeder Messung eines Bezugsfeldes neu bestimmt werden. Wenn zwischen dem Ist-Farbort des mit Hilfe des Meßkopfes 42 abgetasteten Bezugsfeldes und dem Soll-Farbort eine Abweichung besteht, wird somit mit Hilfe des Schichtdickenänderungsrechners 71 berechnet, welche Schichtdickenänderungen bei den drei Druckfarben erforderlich sind, um beim Druck des nächsten Druckbogens 40 eine Annäherung des Ist-Farbortes an den Soll-Farbort zu erreichen. Die im Matrixspeicher 74 gespeicherte Matrix A(i,j) enthält als Information die Empfindlichkeit der Farbortänderung aufgrund der Schichtdickenänderungen. Daher wird die Matrix A(i,j) nachfolgend als Sensitivitätsmatrix bezeichnet. Ihre Elemente können zwar experimentell ermittelt werden, wobei jedoch bereits für jeden Farbort andere Matrixelemente gelten. Wegen der Vielzahl der möglichen Farborte und sonstigen Einflüsse ist ein erhebliches Speichervolumen erforderlich, wenn experimentell ermittelte Sensitivitätsmatrizen abgespeichert werden sollen, um die für einen bestimmten Arbeitspunkt benötigten Werte jeweils auszulesen. Aus diesem Grunde werden die Elemente der Sensitivitätsmatrizen bei dem in Fig. 2 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung für jeden durch die Normfarbwerte X, Y, Z definierten Arbeitspunkt gesondert berechnet. Die Elemente der Sensitivitätsmatrix A(i,j) sind die partiellen Ableitungen des Farbortvektors, insbesondere des Farbortvektors eines der erwähnten Farbräume, nach den Komponenten des Schichtdickensteuervektors. Diese Komponenten werden mit Hilfe des Matrixrechners 73 unter Verwendung von Rechenvorschriften berechnet, die auf einem relativen und linearen Modell aufbauen, bei dem aus den partiellen Ableitungen der Remissionsänderungen pro Schichtdickeänderung die Farbortverschiebung dL, da, db aufgrund der Schichtdickeänderungen der Druckfarben berechnet wird.The matrix A (i, j) is inverted with the aid of a matrix inverter 75, so that the elements of the inverted matrix A der¹ are present at the second input 72 as elements of a transformation function, which are preferably determined anew each time a reference field is measured. If there is a discrepancy between the actual color location of the reference field scanned with the aid of the measuring head 42 and the target color location, the layer thickness change computer 71 is thus used to calculate which layer thickness changes are required for the three printing inks in order to approximate them when printing the next printing sheet 40 the actual color location to reach the target color location. The matrix A (i, j) stored in the matrix memory 74 contains, as information, the sensitivity of the color location change due to the layer thickness changes. Therefore, the matrix A (i, j) is referred to below as the sensitivity matrix. Although their elements can be determined experimentally, different matrix elements already apply to each color locus. Because of the multitude of possible color locations and other influences, there is a considerable storage volume Required if experimentally determined sensitivity matrices are to be saved in order to read out the values required for a particular operating point. For this reason, the elements of the sensitivity matrices in the exemplary embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2 are calculated separately for each working point defined by the standard color values X, Y, Z. The elements of the sensitivity matrix A (i, j) are the partial derivatives of the color locus vector, in particular the color locus vector of one of the color spaces mentioned, according to the components of the layer thickness control vector. These components are calculated with the aid of the matrix calculator 73 using computation rules which are based on a relative and linear model in which the color locus shift dL, db, is calculated from the partial derivations of the reflectance changes per change in layer thickness, because db is calculated on the basis of the layer thickness changes of the printing inks.

Um es dem Matrixrechner 73 zu gestatten, die einem frischgedruckten Bezugsfeld zugeordnete Sensitivitätsmatrix zu berechnen, ist es erforderlich, beim Drucken des Farbmeßstreifens mit den Farbmeßfeldern 41 zusätzlich zu dem Feld mit einem Dreifarbenraster weitere Rasterfelder sowie Volltonfelder vorzusehen. Die Farbmeßfelder 41 auf dem Druckbogen 40 umfassen daher für jede der drei Druckfarben ein einfarbiges Rasterfeld, wobei für die Rasterfelder die Filmflächendeckungen dem Dreifarbenrasterfeld oder Bezugsfeld entsprechen. Stimmen die Filmflächendeckungen nicht mit denjenigen des Dreifarbenrasterfeldes überein, so müssen die berechneten Flächendeckungen interpoliert werden. Außerdem sind für die drei Druckfarben jeweils Volltonfelder vorgesehen. Die Farbmeßfelder 41 umfassen auch drei Volltonfelder, bei denen jeweils zwei Druckfarben übereinander gedruckt worden sind. Schließlich enthalten die mitgedruckten Farbmeßstreifen des Druckbogens 40 noch jeweils ein Volltonfeld mit allen drei übereinander gedruckten Farben und ein weißes Feld zur Bestimmung der Papierremission.In order to allow the matrix computer 73 to calculate the sensitivity matrix assigned to a freshly printed reference field, it is necessary to provide additional halftone fields and solid color fields in addition to the field with a three-color grid when printing the color measurement strip with the color measurement fields 41. The color measuring fields 41 on the printing sheet 40 therefore comprise a single-color grid for each of the three printing inks, the film surface coverings corresponding to the three-color grid or reference field for the grid fields. If the film surface coverings do not match those of the three-color grid, the calculated surface coverings must be interpolated. In addition, solid color fields are provided for the three printing inks. The color measurement fields 41 also include three solid tone fields, in which two printing colors have been printed on top of each other. Finally, the color measurement strips of the printed sheet 40, which are also printed, each contain a solid field with all three colors printed one above the other and a white field for determining the paper remission.

Zur Bestimmung der Sensitivitätsmatrix eines bestimmten frischgedruckten Druckbogens ist es somit erforderlich, daß der Meßkopf 42 die spektralen Remissionswerte für eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Farbmeßfelder 41 erfaßt. Aus diesem Grunde sind in Fig. 2 Remissionswertspeicher 53 bis 63 dargestellt, die softwaremäßig oder hardwaremäßig realisiert sein können. Bei einer hardwaremäßigen Realisierung ist der Eingangsbus 50 jeweils mit demjenigen Remissionswertspeicher 51 bis 63 verbunden, dessen zugeordnetes Farbmeßfeld 41 gerade vom Meßkopf 42 abgetastet wird. Jeder Remissionswertspeicher 53 bis 63 speichert wie die Remissionswertspeicher 51 und 52 die einer Vielzhal von Wellenlängen, beispielsweise 35 verschiedenen Längenwellenbereichen, zugeordneten spektralen Remissionen.To determine the sensitivity matrix of a specific freshly printed sheet, it is therefore necessary for the measuring head 42 to record the spectral reflectance values for a large number of different color measuring fields 41. For this reason, remission value memories 53 to 63 are shown in FIG. 2, which can be implemented in software or hardware. In the case of a hardware implementation, the input bus 50 is in each case connected to that reflectance value memory 51 to 63, the associated color measuring field 41 of which is just being scanned by the measuring head 42. Like the reflectance value memories 51 and 52, each reflectance value memory 53 to 63 stores the spectral remissions assigned to a multiplicity of wavelengths, for example 35 different wavelength ranges.

Der Matrixrechner 73 verfügt über einen Arbeitspunkteingang 77, über den die jeweils geltendem Normfarbwerte eingespeist werden. Weitere Eingänge des Matrixrechners 73 sind mit den drei Remissionswertspeichern 53 bis 55 verbunden, die beispielsweise die spektralen Remissionswerte von Rasterfeldern der Farben Gelb, Magenta und Cyan enthalten. Die Remissionswertspeicher 56 bis 58 speichern jeweils 35 Remissionswerte von Volltonfeldern der Farben Gelb, Magenta und Cyan, deren Schichtdicken sich bei einer Verstellung der Farbführungsorgane analog verändern wie die Schichtdicken der jeweiligen Druckfarbe in den Rasterfeldern.The matrix computer 73 has an operating point input 77, via which the respectively applicable standard color values are fed. Further inputs of the matrix computer 73 are connected to the three remission value memories 53 to 55, which contain, for example, the spectral remission values of grid fields of the colors yellow, magenta and cyan. The reflectance value memories 56 to 58 each store 35 reflectance values of solid color fields of the colors yellow, magenta and cyan, the layer thicknesses of which change when the color guide elements are adjusted in the same way as the layer thicknesses of the respective printing color in the grid fields.

Wie aus Fig. 2 zu erkennen ist, sind dem Matrixrechner 73 drei Remissionswertspeicher 59 bis 61 für Volltonfelder zugeordnet, die jeweils durch Übereinanderdrucken zweier Druckfarben entstehen und bei dem beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiel die spektralen Remissionswerte der durch Übereinanderdruck entstandenen Farben Rot, Grün und Blau speichern. Schließlich ist ein Remissionswertspeicher 62 zum Speichern der spektralen Remissionswerte eines Volltonfeldes vorgesehen, das durch Übereinanderdruck aller drei Druckfarben entstanden ist und somit im wesentlichen eine schwarze Farbe hat. Um die spektrale Remission des Papiers des Druckbogens 40 zu speichern, ist schließlich der Remissionswertspeicher 63 vorgesehen, so daß der Matrixrechner 73 auf Papierweiß bezogene Remissionswerte verarbeiten kann, die zwischen 0 und 1 liegen.As can be seen from FIG. 2, three reflectance value memories 59 to 61 for solid tone fields are assigned to the matrix computer 73, each of which is produced by overprinting two printing inks and, in the exemplary embodiment described, stores the spectral remission values of the colors red, green and blue produced by overprinting. Finally, a reflectance value memory 62 is provided for storing the spectral reflectance values of a solid-color field, which was created by printing all three printing colors on top of one another and thus essentially has a black color. Finally, in order to store the spectral reflectance of the paper of the printed sheet 40, the reflectance value memory 63 is provided, so that the matrix computer 73 can process reflectance values relating to paper white which are between 0 and 1.

Um den Matrixrechner 73 mit Konstanten und Parametern zu speisen, ist ein Konstanten- und Parametereingang 76 vorgesehen. Die oben erwähnten Rechner und Eingänge können bei der Meßwertverarbeitung 10 physisch oder softwaremäßig vorhanden sein.In order to supply the matrix computer 73 with constants and parameters, a constant and parameter input 76 is provided. The computers and inputs mentioned above can be present physically or in software in the measured value processing 10.

Nachdem der (ggf. über die Bedienungsperson) geschlossene Regelkreis der Druckanlage und die Organisation der Meßwertverarbeitung 10 erörtert worden sind, wird nachfolgend erörtert, wie nach dem Abtasten der Farbmeßfelder 41 eines frischen Druckbogens die Sensitivitätsmatrix A(i,j) bestimmt wird, mit deren Hilfe Schichtdickenänderungssteuervektoren erzeugt werden, um die Farbführungsorgane mit möglichst großer Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit so zu verstellen, daß beim Fortdruck der Druckbogen 40 eine farbabstandsgesteuerte Regelung erfolgt.After the closed control loop of the printing system (and possibly via the operator) and the organization of the measured value processing 10 have been discussed, it is subsequently discussed how, after the color measurement areas 41 of a fresh printing sheet have been scanned, the sensitivity matrix A (i, j) is determined, with which Layer thickness change control vectors are generated in order to adjust the ink guiding elements with the greatest possible convergence speed in such a way that during the printing of the printed sheets 40 a color-spaced control takes place.

Zur Bestimmung der Sensitivitätsmatrix A(i,j) ist es erforderlich, deren Komponenten zu berechnen. Die Elemente der Sensitivitätsmatrix sind die partiellen Ableitungen der Komponenten des Farbortvektors nach den Komponenten des Schichtdickensteuervektors. Verwendet man entsprechend dem beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiel das L*a*b*-System der CIE, sind somit die partiellen Ableitungen der Koordinaten L, a und b nach dem Komponenten der Schichtdickenvektoren zu berechnen. Die partiellen Ableitungen der Farbraumkoordinaten enthalten die Ist-Normfarbwerte X, Y und Z des gemessenen Bezugsfeldes sowie die partiellen Ableitungen dieser Normfarbwerte nach dem Komponenten des Schichtdickenvektors.To determine the sensitivity matrix A (i, j), it is necessary to calculate its components. The elements of the sensitivity matrix are the partial derivatives of the components of the color locus vector according to the components of the layer thickness control vector. If the L * a * b * system of the CIE is used in accordance with the exemplary embodiment described, the partial derivatives of the coordinates L, a and b must therefore be calculated according to the component of the layer thickness vectors. The partial derivatives of the color space coordinates contain the actual standard color values X, Y and Z of the measured reference field and the partial derivatives of these standard color values according to the component of the layer thickness vector.

Die Bestimmung der partiellen Ableitungen der Normfarbwert nach den drei Komponenten des Schichtdickenvektors könnte empirisch erfolgen, wobei die erhaltenen Werte in einem Speicher festgehalten werden. Dieser Fall ist jedoch für die Praxis kaum brauchbar. Eine andere Möglichkeit besteht darin, diese Größen von Zeit zur Zeit, z.B. am Anfang eines Druckvorganges, von vielen Druckbögen 40 aus den in den Remissionswertspeichern 53 bis 63 gespeicherten spektralen Remissionswerten zu berechnen. Statt einer Berechnung von Zeit zur Zeit kann auch für jeden einzelnen Druckbogen eine Berechnung erfolgen. Vorzuziehen ist jedoch eine Bestimmung der partiellen Ableitungen der gemessenen Ist-Normfarbwerte nach den drei Komponenten des Schichtdickenvektors bei jeder Messung eines Bezugsfeldes in einer Zone oder einem Block des Druckbogens. Die in die Remissionswertspeichern 53 bis 63 gespeicherten Informationen stellen Nebengrößen dar, die es gestatten, für die im Remissionswertspeicher 52 gespeicherte Hauptgröße zu bestimmen, welche Farbführungsänderungen erforderlich sind, um zu erreichen, daß der der gemessenen Hauptgröße zugeordnete Farbort im Farbraum beim nächsten Druck und bei der nächsten Messung näher am Soll-Farbort liegt.The partial derivations of the standard color value according to the three components of the layer thickness vector could be determined empirically, the values obtained being stored in a memory. However, this case is hardly useful in practice. Another possibility is to calculate these quantities from time to time, for example at the beginning of a printing process, from many printing sheets 40 from the spectral remission values stored in the remission value memories 53 to 63. Instead of a calculation from time to time, a calculation can also be carried out for each individual printed sheet. However, it is preferable to determine the partial derivatives of the measured actual standard color values according to the three components of the layer thickness vector for each measurement of a reference field in a zone or a block of the printed sheet. The information stored in the reflectance value memories 53 to 63 represent secondary variables that make it possible to determine which color guide changes for the main variable stored in the reflectance value memory 52 are necessary in order to ensure that the color locus assigned to the main variable measured is closer to the target color locus in the color space the next time printing and the next measurement.

Die neun partiellen Ableitungen der Normfarbwerte nach den Komponenten des Schichtdickenvektors oder Schichtdickensteuervektors werden durch Integrieren eines Ausdruckes über den gesamten Spektralbereich erhalten, der im wesentlichen die aufgrund eines Modells berechneten partiellen Ableitungen der Remissionswerte eines Dreifarbenrasterfeldes nach den drei Schichtdicken der drei Druckfarben enthält. Als einfachstes Modell bietet sich die Berechnung mit Hilfe der Neugebauer-Gleichungen an, die in ihrer differentiellen Form die Remissionsänderungen eines Dreifarbenrasterfeldes in Abhängigkeit von den optisch wirksamen Flächendeckungen sowie den Remissionen der zusammen mit den Rasterfeldern gedruckten Volltonfeldern angibt.The nine partial derivatives of the standard color values according to the components of the layer thickness vector or layer thickness control vector are obtained by integrating a printout over the entire spectral range, which essentially contains the partial derivatives of the reflectance values of a three-color grid, calculated on the basis of the model, according to the three layer thicknesses of the three printing inks. The simplest model is the calculation using the Neugebauer equations, which, in their differential form, indicate the changes in reflectance of a three-color grid depending on the optically effective area coverage and the remissions of the solid fields printed together with the grid.

Aus diesem Grund berechnet der Matrixrechner 73 die in den Neugebauer-Gleichungen in differenzierter Form enthaltenen Größen und insbesondere die partiellen Ableitungen der Remissionen der Volltonfelder nach den Schichtdicken der jeweils zugeordneten Farben, weiterhin die optisch wirksamen Flächendeckungen aus den von Murray-Davies angegebenen Beziehungen sowie die partiellen Ableitungen der optisch wirksamen Flächendeckungen nach den Remissionen der durch die Farbe jeweils zugeordneten einfarbigen Volltonfelder.For this reason, the matrix calculator 73 calculates the sizes contained in the Neugebauer equations in a differentiated form and in particular the partial derivations of the remissions of the solid tone fields according to the layer thicknesses of the respectively assigned colors, furthermore the optically effective area coverage from the relationships specified by Murray-Davies and partial derivations of the optically effective surface coverings after the remissions of the single-color solid color fields assigned by the color.

Die obigen Erläuterungen zeigen, wie es möglich ist, ein relatives und lineares Modell zu verwirklichen, das es gestattet, den aufgrund von Farbführungsänderungen erwarteten neuen Farbort eines Dreifarbenrasterfeldes nicht absolut zu berechnen, sondern mit wesentlich höherer Genauigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit, ausgehend von der gemessenen Remission bzw. dem Farbort des tatsächlich gedruckten Dreifarbenrasterfeldes unter relativer Hinzurechnung der Remissionsänderung aufgrund der Änderung der Farbführung. Bei einem relativen Modell wirken sich Fehler (bei richtigem Vorzeichen) hauptsächlich auf die Konvergenzeschwindigkeit, nicht aber auf die Konvergenz als solche aus. Aus diesem Grunde kann zur Berechnung der bei einer Änderung der Farbführung auftretenden Remissionsänderung im Dreifarbenrasterfeld, das als Bezugsfeld dient, ein lineares Modell als einfachste Art der Modellbildung mit einer linearen Ersatzfunktion im Arbeitspunkt eingesetzt werden. Der Arbeitspunkt ergibt sich dabei in Abhängigkeit von der jeweils tatsächlich gemessenen Remission und dem somit tatsächlich bestimmten Farbort. Die lineare Ersatzfunktion im Arbeitspunkt gestattet aufbauend auf der gemessenen Remission eine näherungsweise theoretische Bestimmung des Farbortes des bei geänderter Farbführung später gedruckten neuen Dreifarbenrasterfeldes. Dabei wird die "Steigung" oder Sensitivität im Arbeitspunkt ausgenutzt, um aus dem Farbabstand zwischen dem tatsächlich gemessenen Farbort und dem erwünschten Farbort für das Dreifarbenrasterfeld die erforderlichen Schichtdickenveränderungen bzw. Farbführungsänderungen zu bestimmen.The above explanations show how it is possible to implement a relative and linear model which allows the new color location of a three-color grid, which is expected due to color guide changes not to be calculated absolutely, but with significantly higher accuracy and reliability, based on the measured reflectance or the color location of the actually printed three-color grid, with the addition of the change in reflectance due to the change in color. With a relative model, errors (with the correct sign) mainly affect the speed of convergence, but not the convergence as such. For this reason, a linear model can be used as the simplest type of model formation with a linear substitute function at the operating point for calculating the reflectance change in the three-color grid that occurs when the color guide changes. The operating point depends on the remission actually measured and the color location actually determined. Based on the measured reflectance, the linear substitute function at the operating point allows an approximate theoretical determination of the color location of the new three-color grid that will be printed later when the color is changed. The "slope" or sensitivity at the operating point is used to determine the required changes in layer thickness or changes in color from the color difference between the actually measured color location and the desired color location for the three-color grid.

Die Formeln und die Berechnungen für den Regelalgorithmus mit einem linearen Modell auf der Grundlage der Neugebauer-Gleichungen sowie der dem Fachmann bekannten Beziehungen der Farbmetrik ergeben sich aus dem nachfolgend erörterten Ausführungsbeispiel.The formulas and the calculations for the control algorithm with a linear model based on the Neugebauer equations and the relationships of colorimetry known to the person skilled in the art result from the exemplary embodiment discussed below.

Der in Fig. 2 dargestellte Matrixrechner 73 berechnet für alle Zonen bzw. Blöcke die Sensitivitätsmatrizen A(i,j), so daß eine lineare Regelung erfolgen kann.The matrix computer 73 shown in FIG. 2 calculates the sensitivity matrices for all zones or blocks A (i, j) so that linear regulation can take place.

Zur Berechnung der Sensitivitätsmatrix A(i,j) werden zuerst die spektralen Einfarbenrasteremissionen auf die entsprechenden Rasterwerte des Dreifarbenrasterfelds (quadratisch) interpoliert und in den entsprechenden Remissionswertspeichern 53 - 55 abgelegt. In der Folge werden nur diese interpolierten Werte verwendet.To calculate the sensitivity matrix A (i, j), the spectral single-color grid emissions are first interpolated to the corresponding grid values of the three-color grid (square) and stored in the corresponding reflectance value memories 53-55. As a result, only these interpolated values are used.

In einem weiteren Schritt wird aus den in den Remissionswertspeichern 53 bis 62 enthaltenen zehn Nebenmesswerten mit jeweils 35 spektralen Einzelwerten gewichtet mit densitometrischen Filterverläufen und bezogen auf Papierweiss die geometrische Flächendeckung für die drei Farben gemäss folgender Formel berechnet.
F RjGeom = F RjFilm + (F Dj - F RjFilm ) / 3.

Figure imgb0001
In a further step, the ten secondary measurement values contained in the reflectance value memories 53 to 62, each with 35 spectral individual values, are weighted with densitometric filter profiles and, based on paper white, the geometric area coverage for the three colors is calculated according to the following formula.
F RjGeom = F RjFilm + (F Dj - F RjFilm ) / 3.
Figure imgb0001

In dieser Gleichung bedeutet FDj die optisch wirksame Flächendeckung (nach Murray-Davies) für die Farbe j, wobei j = 1 Cyan, j = 2 Magenta und j = 3 beispielsweise Gelb bedeutet. Die Filmflächendeckung FRjFilm ist von der Meßstreifendefinition her vorgegeben und braucht nicht gemessen zu werden. Die Formel zur Berechnung der geometrischen Flächendeckung geht von der Annahme aus, daß sich die Zunahme für die optisch wirksame Fläschendeckung aus 1/3 mechanischer Punktvergrößerung und 2/3 Lichtfang zusammensetzt.In this equation, F Dj means the optically effective area coverage (according to Murray-Davies) for the color j, where j = 1 means cyan, j = 2 magenta and j = 3 means, for example, yellow. The film area coverage F RjFilm is predetermined by the measurement strip definition and does not need to be measured. The formula for calculating the geometrical area coverage is based on the assumption that the increase for the optically effective bottle coverage is composed of 1/3 mechanical point magnification and 2/3 light trapping.

Die nachfolgend erwähnten Berechnungen erfolgen spektral für die drei Farben über die Wellenlängen zwischen 380 und 730 Nanometer, beispielsweise in 35 Schritten. Um einen Papierweißbezug herzustellen, werden die Koeffzienten βVj′ = βVj / βPapier bestimmt, wobei βVj der für die jeweilige Wellenlänge gemessene Remissionswert für ein Volltonfeld Vj der Druckfarbe j ist.The calculations mentioned below are performed spectrally for the three colors over the wavelengths between 380 and 730 nanometers, for example in 35 steps. To produce a paper white reference, the coefficients Vj β '= β j / β paper are determined, wherein β Vj is the measured for the respective wavelength reflectance value for a solid field V j of the printing ink j.

Der Matrixrechner 73 berechnet für jede der 35 Wellenlängen und für alle Volltonfarben j die partiellen Ableitungen der spektralen Volltronremissionen nach den Schichtdicken gemäß folgender Formel: Vj dS j = (1 - r Oj - r 2j (1 - β Vj )) (β Vj -r Oj ) (1 - r Oj ) (1 - r 2j ) · ln10 log (β* / β* Papier ) S j

Figure imgb0002
wobei gilt: β* = β Vj - r Oj 1 - R Oj - r 2j · (1 - β Vj )
Figure imgb0003
β* Papier = β Papier - R Oj 1 - r Oj - r 2j · (1 - β Papier )
Figure imgb0004
The matrix calculator 73 calculates the partial derivatives of the spectral full tron emissions according to the layer thicknesses for each of the 35 wavelengths and for all solid colors j according to the following formula: Vj dS j = (1 - r Oj - r 2y (1 - β Vj )) (β Vj -r Oj ) (1 - r Oj ) (1 - r 2y ) · Ln10 log (β * / β * paper ) S j
Figure imgb0002
where: β * = β Vj - r Oj 1 - R Oj - r 2y · (1 - β Vj )
Figure imgb0003
β * paper = β paper - R Oj 1 - r Oj - r 2y · (1 - β paper )
Figure imgb0004

In dieser Gleichung bedeutet Sj die momentane Schichtdicke der Druckfarbe j. Sie ergibt sich jeweils aus der Maschinenkennlinie (d.i. der Zusammenhang zwischen einer Stellgröße der Maschinensteuerung und der daraus resultierenden Schichtdicke). rOj ist eine Konstante, die die Oberflächenreflexion des Papiers für die Druckfarbe j angibt. Sie ist in erster Näherung für alle Druckfarben j gleich. Arßerdem kann die Oberflächenreflexion rOj aufgrund der Meßoptik (45°, 0°) und aufgrund eines verwendeten Polarisators als vernachlässigbar klein angenommen werden. Es ist daher zweckmäßig, diese Konstante in den meisten Fällen Null zu setzen. Die Konstante r2j drückt die Totalreflexion in der Farbschicht aus und ist ebenfalls in etwa gleich für alle Druckfarben j. Wird die innere Reflexion r2j Null gesetzt, so wird die Schichtdicke als proportional zur Dichte angenommen. Vernünftige Werte für r2j liegen im Bereich 0,4 bis 0,6. Je größer r2j ist, desto größer wird die Sensitivität und somit auch die Regelgröße.In this equation, S j means the current layer thickness of the printing ink j. It results from the machine characteristic curve (ie the relationship between a manipulated variable of the machine control and the resulting layer thickness). r Oj is a constant that indicates the surface reflection of the paper for ink j. In the first approximation it is the same for all printing inks j. In addition, the surface reflection r Oj can be assumed to be negligible due to the measuring optics (45 °, 0 °) and due to the polarizer used. It is therefore advisable to set this constant to zero in most cases. The constant r 2j expresses the total reflection in the color layer and is also approximately the same for all printing inks j. If the internal reflection r 2j is set to zero, the layer thickness is assumed to be proportional to the density. Reasonable values for r 2j range from 0.4 to 0.6. The larger r 2j , the greater the sensitivity and thus the controlled variable.

Anschließend erfolgt die Berechnung der optisch wirksamen Flächendeckung FDj in allen 35 Stützstellen für alle drei Farben gemäß der Formel von Murray-Davies. Falls der auf Papierweiß bezogene spektrale Remissionswert βVj′ des zugeordneten Volltenfeldes größer als 0,95 ist, wird der Lichtfang als Null angenommen und bei der weiteren Berechnung die optisch wirksame Flächendeckung durch die geometrische Flächendeckung ersetzt, um bei der Berechnung der optisch wirksamen Flächendeckung eine Division durch Null zu vermeiden. Eine solche Division durch Null könnte andernfalls auftreten, da die Meßwerte mit einem Rauschen behaftet sind. F Dj = 1 - β′ Rj 1 - β′ Vj mit j = 1, 2, 3,

Figure imgb0005
Darin ist β′Rj ein auf Papierweiß bezogener Wert eines in den Remissionswertspeichern 53 bis 55 gespeicherten Wertes für ein Rasterfeld mit einer einzigen Farbe j (β′ Rj = β Rj / β Papier ).
Figure imgb0006
The optically effective area coverage F Dj is then calculated in all 35 support points for all three colors according to the Murray-Davies formula. If the related paper white spectral reflectance value β PY 'of the associated Volltenfeldes is greater than 0.95, the light capture is assumed to be zero and replaces the optically effective area coverage by the geometric area coverage in the further calculation to a in the calculation of the optically effective surface coverage Avoid division by zero. Such a division by zero could otherwise occur because the measured values are subject to noise. F Dj = 1 - β ′ Rj 1 - β ′ Vj with j = 1, 2, 3,
Figure imgb0005
Therein, β ′ Rj is a value related to paper white of a value stored in the remission value memories 53 to 55 for a grid with a single color j (β ′ Rj = β Rj / β paper ).
Figure imgb0006

Als nächstes berechnet das Program des Matrixrechners 73 für alle Wellenlängen und für alle Farben die Ableitungen der optisch wirksamen Flächendeckungen FDj nach den Remissionswerten β′Vj der einfarbigen Volltonfelder gemäß folgender Gleichung: dF Dj dβ′ Vj =-P · F Rj · (1-F Rj ) · (1 - β′ Vj 1/ 2 ) 2 (1 - β′ Vj ) 2 ·β′ Vj

Figure imgb0007
Next, the program of the matrix calculator 73 calculates the derivatives of the optically effective area coverings F Dj for all wavelengths and for all colors according to the reflectance values β ′ Vj of the monochrome solid tone fields according to the following equation: dF Dj dβ ′ Vj = -P · F Rj (1-F Rj ) · (1 - β ′ Vj 1/ 2nd ) 2nd (1 - β ′ Vj ) 2nd · Β ′ Vj
Figure imgb0007

In dieser Gleichung ist die Papierkonstante P eine Konstante, die die Papier- und Druckfarbeneigenschaften beinhaltet und beispielsweise über den Eingang 76 in den Matrixrechner 73 eingegeben werden kann. Die obige Beziehung beruht auf einem Lichtfangmodell, wobei die Papierkonstante P gleich 1 gesetzt werden kann. Die Werte der Papierkonstante P liegen zwischen 0,1 und 1. Je kleiner die Papierkonstante P gewählt wird, umso größer wird die Sensitivität und somit auch die Regelgröße.In this equation, the paper constant P is a constant that contains the paper and printing ink properties and can be entered into the matrix calculator 73, for example, via the input 76. The above relationship is based on a light trapping model, where the paper constant P can be set equal to 1. The values of the paper constant P are between 0.1 and 1. The smaller the paper constant P is chosen, the greater the sensitivity and thus the controlled variable.

Wenn alle Größen vorliegen, die benötigt werden, um aus den differentiellen Neugebauer-Gleichungen die partiellen Ableitungen der spektralen Remissionen eines Dreifarbenrasterfeldes nach den Schichtdicken der Druckfarben zu berechnen, erfolgt der Einsatz der nachfolgenden Gleichungen, in denen βR123 die Remission eines Dreifarbenrasterfeldes und βV12, βV13 und βV23 die Remissionen der den Remissionswertspeichern 59 bis 61 zugeordneten Volltonfelder aus zwei unterschiedlichen übereinandergedruckten Farben und βV123 die Remission eines Volltonfeldes mit drei übereinander gedruckten Farben bedeutet.

Figure imgb0008
Figure imgb0009
Figure imgb0010
If all the quantities required to calculate the partial derivations of the spectral remissions of a three-color grid according to the layer thicknesses of the printing inks are available from the differential Neugebauer equations, the following equations are used, in which β R123 the reflectance of a three-color grid and β V12 , β V13 and β V23 are the remissions of the full-tone fields assigned to the remission value memories 59 to 61 from two different overprinted colors, and β V123 is the remission of a full-tone field with three colors printed one above the other.
Figure imgb0008
Figure imgb0009
Figure imgb0010

Die obigen differentiellen Neugebauer-Gleichungen enthalten jeweils einen ersten Summanden, der die Remissionsänderungen aufgrund der Lichtfangänderungen und einen zweiten Summanden, der die Remissionsänderungen aufgrund der Schichtdickenänderungen enthält. Die Einflüsse der Farbannahme wurden vernachlässigt. Die Änderung der Remission einer Farbschicht aufgrund der Änderung der Schichtdicke wird als unabhängig davon angenommen, ob die Farbe ganz auf Papier oder zum Teil auf eine andere Farbe gedruckt wurde.The differential Neugebauer equations above each contain a first addend, which contains the changes in reflectance due to the changes in light trapping, and a second addend, which contains the changes in reflectance due to the changes in layer thickness. The influences of the color acceptance were neglected. The change in the reflectance of a color layer due to the change in the layer thickness is assumed to be independent of whether the color was printed entirely on paper or partly on another color.

Wenn die differentiellen Neugebauer-Gleichungen für alle drei Farben und alle Wellenlängen ausgewertet worden sind, berechnet der Matrixrechner 73 die Sensitivitätsmatrix, die in dem Matrixinverter 75, der auch softwaremäßig in den Matrixrechner 73 integriert sein kann, invertiert wird.When the differential Neugebauer equations have been evaluated for all three colors and all wavelengths, the matrix computer 73 calculates the sensitivity matrix, which is inverted in the matrix inverter 75, which can also be software-integrated in the matrix computer 73.

Aus den Definitionsgleichungen der CIE für die Normfarbwerte ergeben sich für die partiellen Ableitungen der Normfarbwerte nach den Schichtdicken die folgenden neun Beziehungen: dX dS j = ∫ B(λ) · x ¯ (λ) · R123 (λ) dS j · dλ

Figure imgb0011
dY dS j = ∫ B(λ) · y ¯ (λ) · R123 (λ) dS j · dλ
Figure imgb0012
dZ dS j = ∫ B(λ) · z ¯ (λ) · R123 (λ) dS j · dλ
Figure imgb0013
mit j = 1, 2, 3The following nine relationships result from the CIE definition equations for the standard color values for the partial derivations of the standard color values according to the layer thicknesses: dX dS j = ∫ B (λ) x ¯ (λ) R123 (λ) dS j · Dλ
Figure imgb0011
dY dS j = ∫ B (λ) y ¯ (λ) R123 (λ) dS j · Dλ
Figure imgb0012
dZ dS j = ∫ B (λ) e.g. ¯ (λ) R123 (λ) dS j · Dλ
Figure imgb0013
with j = 1, 2, 3

Die obigen Gleichungen für die drei Druckfarben, die durch j = 1, j = 2 oder j = 3 bezeichnet sind, liefern nach Einsetzen der verschiedenen Größen und Aufintegrieren über die Wellenlänge bzw. Aufsummieren über die 35 Stützstellen im Spektrum 9 Zahlenwerte zur Weiterverarbeitung. In den obigen Gleichungen bedeutet B(λ) die spektrale Charakteristik der Beleuchtung und x (λ), y(λ) und z (λ) die genormten Gewichtsfunktionen gemäß CIE. Die Größen dβR123(λ) / dSj sind die mit Hilfe der differentiellen Neugebauer-Gleichungen berechneten Größen, wobei zur Verdeutlichung die Abhängigkeit von der Wellenlänge λ angegeben worden ist und dSj für dS₁, dS₂ und dS₃ steht.The above equations for the three printing inks, which are designated by j = 1, j = 2 or j = 3, provide 9 numerical values for further processing after inserting the various sizes and integrating them over the wavelength or adding them up over the 35 reference points in the spectrum. In the above equations, B (λ) means the spectral characteristic of the lighting and x (λ), y (λ) and e.g. (λ) the standardized weight functions according to CIE. The quantities dβ R123 (λ) / dS j are the quantities calculated using the differential Neugebauer equations, the dependence on the wavelength λ being given for clarification and dS j standing for dS₁, dS₂ and dS₃.

Wenn die neun Werte der differentiellen Ableitungen der Normfarbwerte nach den Schichtdicken der drei Druckfarben vorliegen, werden diese Größen verwendet, um aus den folgenden Beziehungen, die durch Differenzieren der Definitionsgleichungen für L, a und b nach CIE erhalten worden sind, die neun Elemente der Sensibilitätsmatrix zu bestimmen: dL dS j = 116 3 · ( Y Y N ) -2/3 · 1 Y N · dY dS j

Figure imgb0014
da dS j = 500 3 (( X X N ) -2/3 · 1 X N · dX dS j - ( Y Y N ) -2/3 · 1 Y N · dY dS j )
Figure imgb0015
db dS j = 200 3 (( Y Y N ) -2/3 · 1 Y N · dY dS j - ( Z Z N ) -2/3 · 1 Z N · dZ dS j
Figure imgb0016
mit j = 1, 2, 3. XN, YN und ZN sind Normfarbwerte der vollkommen weißen Fläche der entsprechenden Lichtart und des entsprechenden Beobachters gemäß CIE.If the nine values of the differential derivatives of the standard color values are available according to the layer thicknesses of the three printing inks, these quantities are used to derive the nine elements of the sensitivity matrix from the following relationships, which have been obtained by differentiating the definition equations for L, a and b according to CIE to determine: dL dS j = 116 3rd · ( Y Y N ) -2/3 · 1 Y N · dY dS j
Figure imgb0014
there dS j = 500 3rd (( X X N ) -2/3 · 1 X N · dX dS j - ( Y Y N ) -2/3 · 1 Y N · dY dS j )
Figure imgb0015
db dS j = 200 3rd (( Y Y N ) -2/3 · 1 Y N · dY dS j - ( Z Z N ) -2/3 · 1 Z N · dZ dS j
Figure imgb0016
with j = 1, 2, 3. X N , Y N and Z N are standard color values of the completely white surface of the corresponding illuminant and the corresponding observer according to CIE.

Nach dem Berechnen der neun Ableitungen der drei Farbraumkoordinaten nach den Schichtdicken der drei Farben wird die Sensitivitätsmatrix A gebildet und im Matrixspeicher 74, der softwaremäßig oder hardwaremäßig realisiert sein kann, festgehalten. Die nachfolgend aufgeführten neun Elemente der Sensitivitätsmatrix, die sich aus den obigen Gleichungen berechnen lassen, ergeben die Sensitivitätsmatrix A(i,j):

Figure imgb0017
After the nine derivatives of the three color space coordinates have been calculated according to the layer thicknesses of the three colors, the sensitivity matrix A is formed and recorded in the matrix memory 74, which can be implemented in software or hardware. The nine elements of the sensitivity matrix listed below, which can be calculated from the equations above, result in the sensitivity matrix A (i, j):
Figure imgb0017

In dieser Matrix bedeuten die Ableitungen nach S₁ die Ableitungen nach der Schichtdicke der ersten Druckfarbe, beispielsweise Cyan. Die Ableitungen nach S₂ und S₃ beziehen sich entsprechend auf die zweite und dritte Druckfarbe, insbesondere Magenta und Gelb.In this matrix, the derivatives according to S 1 mean the derivatives according to the layer thickness of the first printing ink, for example cyan. The derivatives according to S₂ and S₃ refer accordingly to the second and third printing inks, especially magenta and yellow.

Aus den obigen Ausführungen ergibt sich, daß in die gesamte Berechnung nur zehn bzw. unter Berücksichtigung des Papierweiß elf spektrale Remissionsmeßwerte mit jeweils 35 Einzelwerten sowie einige Konstanten eingehen, die entweder ohnehin in Tabellenwerken zu finden sind oder durch andere separate Messungen in an sich bekannter Weise ein für alle mal ermittelt werden.It follows from the above explanations that only ten or, taking into account the paper white, eleven spectral reflectance measurements with 35 individual values each and some constants are included in the entire calculation, which can either be found in tables or by other separate measurements in a manner known per se be determined once and for all.

Bei dem oben erörterten Normalfall eines grauen Bezugsfeldes, d.h. eines Bezugsfeldes mit einem Dreifarbenraster, ergibt sich für A(i,j) in der beschriebenen Weise eine Matrix mit drei Spalten und drei Zeilen, die ohne weiteres invertiert werden kann, um als Steuerdaten die Komponenten des Schichtdickenänderungssteuervektors zu berechnen.In the normal case of a gray reference field discussed above, ie a reference field with a three-color grid, for A (i, j), a matrix with three columns and three rows results which can be easily inverted in order to calculate the components of the layer thickness change control vector as control data.

Es kann aber auch sein, daß man z.B. ein reines Cyan-Feld oder ein Feld, das nur zwei statt drei übereinander gedruckte Farben enthält, als Bezugsfeld verwenden will. Dies bedeutet, daß man den Farbeindruck eines Cyan-Rasterfeldes oder Zweifarbenrasterfeldes regeln will. In solchen Fällen degeneriert die 3 x 3-Matrix zu einer 1 x 3-Matrix (eine Farbe, Vektor) oder zu einer 2 x 3-Matrix (zwei Farben). Dies ist evident, da die nicht berücksichtigten, d.h. die nicht im Bezugsfeld vorkommenden Farben keinen Beitrag liefern können und somit die entsprechenden Elemente der Matrix verschwinden müssen. Matrizen mit leeren Zeilen oder leeren Spalten können nicht invertiert werden, da bei einer Invertierung eine Division durch Null auftreten würde. Aus diesem Grunde müssen solche "degenerierte Fälle" gesondert behandelt werden. Hier wird der angestrebte Soll-Farbort im Regelfall nicht im druckbaren Farbraum liegen, da eine Farbabweichung hier auch in Richtung der "fremden" Farben laufen kann. Die Kennlinie des druckbaren Farbraums gibt ja nur den Zusammenhang zwischen den Schichtdicken der berücksichtigten Farben und den erreichten Farborten an. Das heißt andererseits, daß der angestrebte Soll-Farbort im allgemeinen überhaupt nicht erreicht werden kann. In solchen Fällen gestattet es der Matrixrechner 73, einen Ersatz-Soll-Farbort zu bestimmen, welcher auf der durch die degenerierte "Matrix" A definierten Ersatz-Kennlinie oder Ersatz-Kennfläche im Farbraum liegt. Dieser Ersatz-Soll-Farbort ist dann natürlich erreichbar. Der Ersatz-Soll-Farbabstand wird so berechnet, daß der Abstand zwischen dem Original-Soll-Farbort und der Ersatz-Kennlinie oder Ersatz-Kennfläche minimal wird. Im eindimensionalen Fall ist die Sensitivitätsmatrix ein Vektor, im zweidimensionalen Fall wird eine Fläche definiert. Der Ersatz-Soll-Farbort wird als Durchstoßpunkt des Lots auf die Fläche bzw. den Vektor durch den Original-Soll-Farbort bestimmt. Ist dies geschehen, können die Werte für die Komponenten des Schichtdickenänderungssteuervektors einfach nach den Regeln der Vektorgeometrie aus dem Farbvektor des gemessenen Feldes (Ist-Wert, Arbeitspunkt) und dem Farbvektor des Ersatz-Soll-Wertes bestimmt werden.However, it may also be the case that, for example, a pure cyan field or a field which contains only two instead of three colors printed one above the other is to be used as a reference field. This means that you want to control the color impression of a cyan grid or two-color grid. In such cases the 3 x 3 matrix degenerates to a 1 x 3 matrix (one color, vector) or to a 2 x 3 matrix (two colors). This is evident because the colors that are not taken into account, ie the colors that do not appear in the reference field, cannot make a contribution and the corresponding elements of the matrix must therefore disappear. Matrices with empty rows or empty columns cannot be inverted, since an inversion would result in a division by zero. For this reason, such "degenerate cases" must be treated separately. Here, the desired target color location will generally not be in the printable color space, since a color deviation can also run in the direction of the "foreign" colors. The characteristic of the printable color space only indicates the relationship between the layer thicknesses of the colors taken into account and the color locations achieved. On the other hand, this means that the desired target color location can generally not be achieved at all. In such cases, the matrix computer 73 allows a replacement target color location to be determined which lies on the replacement characteristic curve or replacement characteristic surface defined by the degenerated "matrix" A in the color space. This replacement target color location can then of course be reached. The replacement target color difference is calculated so that the distance between the original target color location and the replacement characteristic or replacement characteristic surface is minimal. In the one-dimensional case the sensitivity matrix is a vector, in the two-dimensional case an area is defined. The replacement target color location is determined as the point of penetration of the solder onto the surface or the vector by the original target color location. Once this has been done, the values for the components of the layer thickness change control vector can simply be determined according to the rules of the vector geometry from the color vector of the measured field (actual value, operating point) and the color vector of the replacement target value.

Ferner kann es aber auch sein, dass man für einzelne Farben das Volltonfeld (z.B. bei Schwarz) als Bezugsfeld verwenden will. Dies bedeutet, dass die Sensitivität ohne Nebenfelder errechnet wird. Die oben genannte Sensitivitätsmatrix reduziert sich auf einen Vektor; die Berechnung des Lichtfanges und der Flächendeckung entfallen. Alle weiteren Schritte verlaufen wie bei einem Rasterfeld einer Farbe als Bezugsfeld.It may also be the case that you want to use the solid field (e.g. black) as a reference field for individual colors. This means that the sensitivity is calculated without secondary fields. The sensitivity matrix mentioned above is reduced to a vector; there is no need to calculate the light catch and the area coverage. All further steps proceed like a grid of a color as a reference field.

Claims (14)

1. A process for the ink control of a printing machine with colorimetric ink control regulation, wherein there are co-printed, on the sheets printed by the printing machine, colour measuring strips having a plurality of colour measuring fields which are optically scanned by a measuring head to determine the spectral intensity distributions of the colour measuring fields in order to determine from a spectral colour analysis of the measuring light the spectral reflections and the colour location of a reference field of a scanned colour measuring field in a colour co-ordinate system and to produce, by co-ordinate comparison, from the colour deviation of the scanned colour measuring field relative to a given desired colour location, control variables for adjusting the ink control elements of the printing machine so that undesirable colour deviations become minimal on the sheets printed subsequently with the new ink control setting, said process comprising the steps of measuring, for colour deviation determination, the spectral reflection values of a reference field in the form of a half-tone field as the principal value for determining an actual colour location, determining as secondary values the spectral reflections of colour measuring fields serving as secondary fields and calculating from those values the sensitivity of the colour location shift, said sensitivity representing the relationship between the colour location shift and layer thickness/density variations causing that shift, and determining from the colour deviation vector between the measured actual colour location of the reference field and the desired colour location of the reference field, and from the sensitivity calculated on the basis of the secondary values, the layer thickness/density variations of the printing inks that are required as a relative correction value for ink control, to compensate for the colour location deviation of the actual colour location of the reference field from tne desired colour location of the reference field.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the half-tone field chosen as the reference field is a three-colour half-tone field.
3. A process according to claim 2, wherein the reference half-tone field is a grey field.
4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the secondary fields include full-tone fields and half-tone fields of the printing inks involved.
5. A process according to claims 2 or 3 and 4, wherein the secondary fields are full-tone fields in the printing inks involved, full-tone fields with two overprinted printing inks, full-tone fields with all of the printing inks overprinted and half-tone fields in the printing inks involved.
6. A process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the sensitivity of the colour location shift is approximated by a linear substitute function.
7. A process according to claim 6, wherein the linear substitute function is derived from Neugebauer equations in their differential form taking into account the capture of light.
8. A process according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the relationship between the colour location shift and layer thickness/density variations causing that shift is recalculated for every working point defined by the standard colour values of the reference field scanned, as a sensitivity matrix.
9. An apparatus for carrying out the process according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising at least one measuring head (42) connected to a spectrometer (45) to scan the co-printed colour measuring fields (41), a measured data processing unit (10) for processing the measured data (46) of the spectrometer (45) into control variables (11, 21) for the printing machine (30), the data processing unit including computer means (64 to 68) for determining the colour deviations between an actual reference field (52) and a desired reference field (51), wherein the data processing unit (10) comprises computer means (71) for determining the layer thickness variation control vector (11) required for an ink correction, and matrix computer means (73) for determining the relationship (74, 75) between the colour location shift and layer thickness/density variations causing that shift,
10. An apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the computer means for determining colour deviation comprises means (64, 65) for calculating standard colour values, and means (66, 67) for calculating colour locations.
11. An apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the means for calculating standard colour values (64, 65) is connected to reflection value memories (51, 52) for storing the spectral reflection values of tne desired reference field and of tne actual reference field, and the matrix computer means (73) is connected to reflection value memories (53 to 63) for storing the spectral reflections of the secondary fields.
12. An apparatus according to any one of claims 9 to 11, wherein the matrix computer means (73) comprises a working point input (77) connected to the means (65) for calculating standard colour values for the actual reference field (52).
13. An apparatus according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein desired data may be entered, for example via a keyboard, into the means for calculating colour deviation (64-68).
14. A process for the ink control of a printing machine with colorimetric ink control regulation, wherein there are co-printed, on the sheets printed by the printing machine, colour measuring strips having a plurality of colour measuring fields which are optically scanned by a measuring head to determine the spectral intensity distributions of the colour measuring fields in order to determine from a spectral colour analysis of the measuring light the spectral reflections and the colour location of a reference field of a scanned colour measuring field in a colour co-ordinate system and to produce, by co-ordinate comparison, from the colour deviation of the scanned colour measuring field relative to a given desired colour location, a control variable for adjusting the ink control elements of the printing machine so that undesirable colour deviations become minimal on the sheets printed subsequently with the new ink control setting, said process comprising the steps of measuring, for colour deviation determination, the spectral reflection values of a reference field in the form of a one-colour full-tone field to determine an actual colour location, calculating from those values the sensitivity of the colour location shift, said sensitivity representing the relationship between the colour location shift and layer thickness/density variations causing that shift, and determining from the colour deviation vector between the measured actual colour location of the reference field and the desired colour location of the reference field, and from the calculated sensitivity, the layer thickness/density variations of the printing ink of the full-tone field that are required as a relative correction value for ink control, to compensate for the colour location deviation of the actual colour location of tne reference field from the desired colour location of tne reference field.
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US4975862A (en) 1990-12-04
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DE58901780D1 (en) 1992-08-13
EP0324718A1 (en) 1989-07-19
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CN1008989B (en) 1990-08-01
CN1034166A (en) 1989-07-26

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