EP0310169A2 - Rackets for ball games, especially tennis rackets - Google Patents

Rackets for ball games, especially tennis rackets Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0310169A2
EP0310169A2 EP88202025A EP88202025A EP0310169A2 EP 0310169 A2 EP0310169 A2 EP 0310169A2 EP 88202025 A EP88202025 A EP 88202025A EP 88202025 A EP88202025 A EP 88202025A EP 0310169 A2 EP0310169 A2 EP 0310169A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
racket
profile
height
frame
handle
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Granted
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EP88202025A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0310169B1 (en
EP0310169A3 (en
EP0310169B2 (en
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Siegfried Kuebler
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority claimed from DE19843434956 external-priority patent/DE3434956A1/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AT88202025T priority Critical patent/ATE63226T1/en
Publication of EP0310169A2 publication Critical patent/EP0310169A2/en
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63BAPPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63BAPPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B60/00Details or accessories of golf clubs, bats, rackets or the like
    • A63B60/002Resonance frequency related characteristics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63BAPPARATUS FOR PHYSICAL TRAINING, GYMNASTICS, SWIMMING, CLIMBING, OR FENCING; BALL GAMES; TRAINING EQUIPMENT
    • A63B49/00Stringed rackets, e.g. for tennis
    • A63B49/02Frames
    • A63B2049/0211Frames with variable thickness of the head in a direction perpendicular to the string plane

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a racket for ball games, in particular a tennis racket, with covering provided in a tensioning frame made of a profile bar in one plane, a heart zone (H) adjoining the tensioning frame and flanked by profile bar sections of the tensioning frame, and a frame part connecting these profile bar sections - in particular with a frame bridge - as well as an end handle in the longitudinal axis of the racket.
  • a tensioning frame made of a profile bar in one plane
  • a heart zone (H) adjoining the tensioning frame and flanked by profile bar sections of the tensioning frame
  • a frame part connecting these profile bar sections - in particular with a frame bridge - as well as an end handle in the longitudinal axis of the racket.
  • Such a conventional tennis racket has a height of the uncovered handle of 23 to 32 mm, and the height of the tensioning frame - seen in the direction of impact, that is to say at right angles to the covering - is below the handle thickness.
  • a racket of this customary dimension is given, for example, in DE-A 30 18 354.
  • US-A-15 39 019 describes the development of a tennis racket whose center of vibration lies in the center of the stringing surface. Its handle continues up to the racket oval in an "intermediate portion", whose - to reduce the air resistance - the oval cross-section near the racket frame is knotted higher than its cross-section.
  • the club head has a heavier knot-like cross-section in the club axis and is supplemented by an additional weight in the form of a metal strip.
  • the usual thickness of the handle is without casing - that is, without grip leather, foam rubber covering or the like.
  • Its rack axis forms a line of symmetry, and the height of a cross section of the stenter is greater than that thickness of the handle. The latter is determined by the human hand and therefore remains without influence on the club design.
  • the above stipulation of the ratio of handle thickness to the height of a cross section also applies to a profile rod from which the stenter frame is made.
  • the height of the cross-section of the profile bar and / or stenter has proven to be a measure above the thickness of the handle up to approximately 45 mm.
  • the racket has its greatest height in the area of the heart zone and tapers both to the handle and to the racket head, that is to say in both directions of the longitudinal axis.
  • the greatest height of the profiled bar should lie in the vicinity of the connection point between the profiled bar and the frame web, advantageously on both sides of this frame web. It is also advantageous if its greatest height is constant in an area running on both sides of the heart zone.
  • the greatest height may decrease steadily while creating a straight longitudinal contour of the profile, but it is also possible to produce the contour curved or curved.
  • the height of the cross section or profile of the racket or stenter which is perpendicular to the covering, increases suddenly or gradually compared to the grip thickness and can also decrease again from the point of greatest extent to the racket head.
  • the racket according to the invention - which corresponds to known rackets insofar as its tensioning frame or a profile rod resulting from it has a cross-sectional width between 8 and 16 mm measured in the plane of the covering - has an moment of inertia which is 4 to 16 times higher than the moment of inertia of a tennis racket according to the prior art, the cross-sectional height of which is equal to or less than the thickness of its handle.
  • the longitudinal axis of the racket is also an axis of symmetry, ie the cross-section of the clamping frame described is on the other side of the axis of symmetry a corresponding cross-section.
  • the covering determines a plane of symmetry according to a feature of the invention.
  • a tennis racket 10 of known type shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 has an oval clamping frame 12 made of a correspondingly curved profile rod 13, which ends on both sides of the racket longitudinal axis M in - defining a plate-shaped heart 14 - profile arms 15.
  • the latter are fixed in a handle 16 with a thickness i of 26 to 32 mm; the thickness i is measured on handles 16 without wrapping leather and without considering a handle cap 17.
  • Tensioning frame 12 and heart 14 surround a stringing surface Q composed of transverse strings 18 and longitudinal strings 19 crossing them.
  • the preferred point of impact for a tennis ball (not shown) is designated by S in FIG. 1.
  • the tensioning frame 12 or its profile bar 13 is rectangular in cross section, the side walls 20 of which run, for example, at a distance a of 7 mm and the transverse walls 21 of which run at a distance b of 17 mm.
  • the outer width m is 11 mm and the outer height n is 21 mm. The latter is otherwise far lower than the thickness i of the handle 16.
  • the natural frequency f o of the tennis racket 10 clamped in accordance with the diagram according to FIG. 5 can be measured by an action on the longitudinal axis M of the racket Force P is suddenly removed.
  • the dimension d is proportional to the deflection of the force P made clear in FIG. 5. But it is also related to the natural frequency of the tennis racket 10 in the longitudinal direction; if a tennis racket under the same force P has a deflection of d1 and another has a deflection of d2, the natural frequency of the second tennis racket can be calculated approximately according to the following relationship:
  • FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal vibration curve for a conventional tennis racket 10 according to FIGS. 1 to 3.
  • a ball touches the net of covering Q and forces the tenter 12 to follow the ball frequency. This movement seeks to counteract dynamic inertial forces of the tenter frame 12.
  • Arrived at point B the ball reverses its direction and leaves the string Q following the ball approximately at point C.
  • the design of a tennis racket 30 according to FIGS. 6 to 8 has a resonance frequency, which remedies the described defect;
  • the cross section of the profile rod 33 contains the following dimensions according to FIG. 8: inner width a 1 8 mm, outer width m1 10 mm, inner height b1 32.2 mm, outer height n1 37 mm as the result of a calculation which confirms the agreement of the natural frequency of this tennis racket 30 and the "ball resonance", that is to say the agreement of the excitation frequency with the natural frequency.
  • the deflection under a load P must be 1/6 compared to TS10 at TS30.
  • the deflection d is a function of 1 J .
  • the resonance frequency is a constant
  • FIG. 7 A frame shape that takes these findings into account is shown in FIG. 7, in which an area E with the above profile height n 1 extends on both sides of a frame web 34.
  • the profile height n o decreases steadily from the area E to the club head 40 on the one hand and to the handle attachment 41.
  • the frame web 34 shown in section in FIG. 7 replaces the previously described heart 14 and has a lower average profile height h than the profile bar 33.
  • the vibration behavior of the tennis racket 30 according to the invention in the longitudinal direction can be seen in FIG. 9.
  • the excitation frequency of the ball now corresponds to its natural frequency.
  • the tennis racket 30 has reached point C or in the immediate vicinity thereof, and in addition to an additional acceleration from the clamping frame 32 of the tennis racket 30, the ball receives an exact trajectory which is no longer falsified by the dimension Z of the deflection is, as shown in Fig. 4. If inaccurate - d. H. outside the longitudinal axis M on the tennis racket 30 or its strings Q --- hitting balls, a torsional vibration occurs about the longitudinal axis M. This torsional vibration is superimposed on the longitudinal vibration.
  • this oscillation is also brought to preferably 125 Hz by tuning the frame web 34 from FIG. 7, the entire tennis racket 30 only vibrates sinusoidally at a frequency when it touches the ball and also compensates for torsional deflection by timely swinging back.
  • the handles 16 of the tennis racket 30 (FIGS. 6 to 8) and the embodiments 30 b to 30 c shown in FIGS. 10 to 12 are of conventional thickness i, which - as said - measures 23 to 32 mm compared to this Thickness i have the adjoining profile bars - better known as frame profiles 33 for their changing heights - in all cases a longer outer height n 1.
  • the frame profile 33 b of FIG. 10 is a total of that max. Height n 1, while the max. Height n 1 of the frame profile 33 c (FIG. 11) ends approximately at the heart zone H and decreases as the height n o to the club head 40.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Golf Clubs (AREA)
  • Fishing Rods (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

The tennis racket (30) has strings in a frame (32) of profiled rod (33), a heart zone adjacent to the frame and flanked by rod sections, a frame member (34) joining its sections, and a handle (16) on the longitudinal axis (M). The maximum height (n1) of the profiled rod at right angles to the string plane (Q) is greater than the thickness of the handle in the same direction. The profile height (h) of the frame member can be less than this max. height.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Schläger für Ballspiele, insbe­sondere einen Tennisschläger, mit in einem Spannrahmen aus einem Profilstab vorgesehener Bespannung in einer Ebene, einer an den Spannrahmen anschließenden, von Profilstabab­schnitten des Spannrahmens flankierten Herzzone (H), einem diese Profilstababschnitte verbindenden Rahmenteil -- insbe­sondere mit einem Rahmensteg -- sowie einem endwärtigen Handgriff in der Schlägerlängsachse.The invention relates to a racket for ball games, in particular a tennis racket, with covering provided in a tensioning frame made of a profile bar in one plane, a heart zone (H) adjoining the tensioning frame and flanked by profile bar sections of the tensioning frame, and a frame part connecting these profile bar sections - in particular with a frame bridge - as well as an end handle in the longitudinal axis of the racket.

Ein derartiger üblicher Tennisschläger weist eine Höhe des nicht ummantelten Handgriffes von 23 bis 32 mm auf, und die Höhe des Spannrahmens -- in Schlagrichtung, also rechtwinklig zur Bespannung gesehen -- liegt unterhalb der Handgriffdicke. Ein Schläger dieser üblichen Bemaßung wird etwa in DE-A 30 18 354 wiedergegeben.Such a conventional tennis racket has a height of the uncovered handle of 23 to 32 mm, and the height of the tensioning frame - seen in the direction of impact, that is to say at right angles to the covering - is below the handle thickness. A racket of this customary dimension is given, for example, in DE-A 30 18 354.

An im Bereich des Handgriffes eingespannten Tennisschlägern dieser Art wurde durch Versuche eine Eigenfrequenz von 25 bis max. 50 Hz festgestellt; unbespannte Tennisschläger zeigen im allgemeinen geringfügig höhere Werte an.On tennis rackets of this type clamped in the area of the handle, a natural frequency of 25 to max. 50 Hz detected; unstrung tennis rackets generally show slightly higher values.

Ein auf die Bespannung treffender Ball zwingt den Spann­rahmen bekanntlich aus der Längsachse des Schlägers und führt zu einer Verschlechterung der Treffsicherheit; die be­schriebene Auslenkung des Spannrahmens ist für die Richtung des Balles mit verantwortlich.As is well known, a ball striking the stringing forces the tenter frame out of the longitudinal axis of the racket and leads to a deterioration in the accuracy; the described deflection of the tenter is responsible for the direction of the ball.

Durch die unterschiedlichen Maße der Eigenfrequenz des Tennisschlägers einerseits sowie der "Ballresonanz" von etwa 125 Hz anderseits entstehen über die gesamte Länge eines Spielfeldes nachweislich Abweichungen bis zu einem Meter von der gewünschten Fluglinie des Balles. Die Schlagpräzision bekannter Tennisschläger läßt somit erheblich zu wünschen übrig.Due to the different dimensions of the natural frequency of the tennis racket on the one hand and the "ball resonance" of about 125 Hz on the other hand, deviations of up to one meter from the desired flight line of the ball are evident over the entire length of a playing field. The precision of known tennis rackets leaves much to be desired.

In der US-A-15 39 019 wird die Entwicklung eines Tennis­schlägers beschrieben, dessen Schwingungsmittelpunkt im Zentrum der Bespannungsfläche liegt. Sein Handgriff setzt sich bis zum Schlägeroval in einer "intermediate portion" fort, deren -- zur Verminderung des Luftwiderstandes -- ­ovaler Querschnitt nahe des Schlägerrahmens knotenartig höher ausgebildet ist als dessen Querschnitt. Der Schlägerkopf ist durch einen ebenfalls knotenartig größeren Querschnitt in der Schlägerachse schwerer gestaltet und durch ein Zusatzgewicht in Form eines Metallstreifens ergänzt.US-A-15 39 019 describes the development of a tennis racket whose center of vibration lies in the center of the stringing surface. Its handle continues up to the racket oval in an "intermediate portion", whose - to reduce the air resistance - the oval cross-section near the racket frame is knotted higher than its cross-section. The club head has a heavier knot-like cross-section in the club axis and is supplemented by an additional weight in the form of a metal strip.

Angesichts dieser Gegebenheiten hat sich der Erfinder das Ziel gesetzt, einen Schläger der eingangs erwähnten Art zu schaffen, bei welchem die beschriebenen Abweichungen erheb­lich vermindert sind. Das Schlagverhalten des Schlägers soll insgesamt verbessert werden.In view of these circumstances, the inventor has set himself the goal of creating a racket of the type mentioned at the beginning in which the deviations described are considerably reduced. Overall, the striking behavior of the racket should be improved.

Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe führt ein Schläger, an dessen Profilstab die quer zur Ebene der Bespannung verlaufende größte Höhe größer ist als die dazu parallele Dicke des Handgriffes; es hat sich gezeigt, daß eine solche Erhöhung des Profilstabquerschnittes -- vor allem beidseits der Schlägerlängsachse, also in den Seitenbereichen des Rahmens -- das Schlagverhalten des Schlägers erheblich verbessert.To solve this problem, a racket, on the profile bar of which the greatest height running transversely to the plane of the covering is greater than the parallel thickness of the handle; it has been shown that such an increase in the cross section of the profile bar - especially on both sides of the longitudinal axis of the racket, that is to say in the side regions of the frame - considerably improves the striking behavior of the racket.

Im Rahmen der Erfindung liegt auch die Ausgestaltung der Herzzone mit schmalem Rahmensteg dessen Höhe wenigstens teilweise geringer ist als die größte Höhe des Profil­stabes.Within the scope of the invention is also the design of the heart zone with a narrow frame web whose height is at least partially less than the greatest height of the profile bar.

Bei dem Schläger nach der Erfindung liegt die übliche Dicke des Handgriffes ohne Ummantelung -- also ohne Griffleder, Schaumgummiumhüllung od.dgl. nicht zum konstruktiven Schlägerprofil gehörenden Zutaten -- und ohne Berücksichtigung der Griffkappe zwischen etwa 23 und 32 mm. Seine Schlägerachse bildet eine Symmetriegerade, und die Höhe eines Querschnittes des Spannrahmens ist größer als jene Dicke des Handgriffes. Letztere ist durch die menschliche Hand vorgegeben und bleibt deshalb selbst ohne Einfluß auf die Schlägergestaltung. Erfindungsgemäß gilt die voranstehende Maßgabe des Verhältnisses von Handgriffdicke zu der Höhe eines Querschnittes auch für einen Profilstab, aus welchem der Spannrahmen hergestellt ist.In the racket according to the invention, the usual thickness of the handle is without casing - that is, without grip leather, foam rubber covering or the like. Ingredients not belonging to the structural racket profile - and without taking into account the grip cap between about 23 and 32 mm Its rack axis forms a line of symmetry, and the height of a cross section of the stenter is greater than that thickness of the handle. The latter is determined by the human hand and therefore remains without influence on the club design. According to the invention, the above stipulation of the ratio of handle thickness to the height of a cross section also applies to a profile rod from which the stenter frame is made.

Als bevorzugte max. Höhe des Querschnittes von Profilstab und/oder Spannrahmen hat sich ein Maß über der Dicke des Handgriffes bis zu etwa 45 mm erwiesen.As a preferred max. The height of the cross-section of the profile bar and / or stenter has proven to be a measure above the thickness of the handle up to approximately 45 mm.

Als günstig hat es sich erwiesen, daß der Schläger im Bereich der Herzzone seine größte Höhe aufweist und sich sowohl zum Handgriff als auch zum Schlägerkopf, also in beide Richtungen der Längsachse, verjüngt. So soll bei einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform die größte Höhe des profilstabes in der Nähe der Verbindungsstelle von Profilstab und Rahmen­steg liegen, vorteilhafterweise beidseits dieses Rahmen­steges. Auch ist von Vorteil, wenn seine größte Höhe in einem beidseits der Herzzone verlaufenden Bereich gleich­bleibend verläuft.It has proven to be favorable that the racket has its greatest height in the area of the heart zone and tapers both to the handle and to the racket head, that is to say in both directions of the longitudinal axis. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the greatest height of the profiled bar should lie in the vicinity of the connection point between the profiled bar and the frame web, advantageously on both sides of this frame web. It is also advantageous if its greatest height is constant in an area running on both sides of the heart zone.

Die Abnahme der größten Höhe mag unter Erzeugung einer geraden Längskontur des Profiles stetig erfolgen, jedoch ist es auch möglich, die Kontur geschwungen oder gekrümmt herzu­stellen.The greatest height may decrease steadily while creating a straight longitudinal contour of the profile, but it is also possible to produce the contour curved or curved.

Erfindungsgemäß nimmt die senkrecht zur Bespannung gerichtete Höhe des Querschnittes oder Profiles von Schläger bzw. Spannrahmen gegenüber der Griffdicke sprunghaft oder allmählich zu und kann von der Stelle des höchsten Ausmaßes zum Schlägerkopf hin -- ebenfalls sprunghaft oder allmählich -- wieder abnehmen.According to the invention, the height of the cross section or profile of the racket or stenter, which is perpendicular to the covering, increases suddenly or gradually compared to the grip thickness and can also decrease again from the point of greatest extent to the racket head.

Der erfindungsgemäße Schläger -- der insoweit mit bekannten Schlägern übereinstimmt, als sein Spannrahmen bzw. ein diesen ergebender Profilstab eine in der Ebene der Bespannung gemessene Querschnittsbreite zwischen 8 und 16 mm besitzt -- weist ein Trägheitsmoment auf, welches 4- bis 16fach höher ist als das Trägheitsmoment eines Tennis­schlägers nach dem Stande der Technik, dessen Querschnitts­höhe gleich oder geringer ist als die Dicke seines Hand­griffes.The racket according to the invention - which corresponds to known rackets insofar as its tensioning frame or a profile rod resulting from it has a cross-sectional width between 8 and 16 mm measured in the plane of the covering - has an moment of inertia which is 4 to 16 times higher than the moment of inertia of a tennis racket according to the prior art, the cross-sectional height of which is equal to or less than the thickness of its handle.

Soweit vorstehend ein Querschnittsmaß erwähnt wird, bleibt zu berücksichtigen, daß die Längsachse des Schlägers auch Symmetrieachse ist, d.h. dem beschriebenen Querschnitt des Spannrahmens liegt auf der anderen Seite der Symmetrieachse ein entsprechender Querschnitt gegenüber. Zudem bestimmt nach einem Merkmal der Erfindung -- wie an sich bekannt -- ­die Bespannung eine Symmetrieebene.Insofar as a cross-sectional dimension is mentioned above, it must be taken into account that the longitudinal axis of the racket is also an axis of symmetry, ie the cross-section of the clamping frame described is on the other side of the axis of symmetry a corresponding cross-section. In addition, as is known per se, the covering determines a plane of symmetry according to a feature of the invention.

Weitere Vorteile, Merkmale und Einzelheiten der Er­findung ergeben sich aus der nachfolgenden Beschrei­bung sowie anhand der Zeichnung; diese zeigt in:

  • Fig. 1: die teilweise wiedergegebene Draufsicht auf ei­nen bekannten Tennisschläger mit Spannrahmen aus Profilrohr;
  • Fig. 2: die Seitenansicht zu Fig. 1;
  • Fig. 3: den vergrößerten Querschnitt durch Fig. 1 nach deren Linie III - III;
  • Fig. 4: eine Schwingungsgrafik für den Tennisschläger nach Fig. 1 bis 4;
  • Fig. 5: eine Schemaskizze zu einem Belastungsfall;
  • Fig. 6: eine Teildraufsicht auf eine bevorzugte Aus­führungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Tennis­schlägers mit Spannrahmen;
  • Fig. 7: die der Fig. 2 entsprechende Darstellung des Tennisschlägers der Fig. 6;
  • Fig. 8 einen Querschnitt des Spannrahmens des erfin­dungsgemäßen Tennisschlägers;
  • Fig. 9: eine Schwingungsgrafik zu Fig. 6 bis 8;
  • Fig. 10 bis Fig. 12: schematisierte Seitenansichten zu ausgewählten bevorzugten Ausführungsformen des erfindungs­gemäßen Tennisschlägers.
Further advantages, features and details of the invention emerge from the following description and from the drawing; this shows in:
  • Fig. 1: the partially reproduced plan view of a known tennis racket with a frame made of profile tube;
  • Fig. 2: the side view of Fig. 1;
  • 3: the enlarged cross section through FIG. 1 along the line III - III;
  • 4: a vibration graphic for the tennis racket according to FIGS. 1 to 4;
  • 5: a schematic sketch of a load case;
  • 6: a partial top view of a preferred embodiment of a tennis racket with a tensioning frame according to the invention;
  • FIG. 7: the representation of the tennis racket of FIG. 6 corresponding to FIG. 2;
  • 8 shows a cross section of the tenter frame of the tennis racket according to the invention;
  • FIG. 9: a vibration graphic for FIGS. 6 to 8;
  • 10 to 12: schematic side views of selected preferred embodiments of the tennis racket according to the invention.

Ein in den Fig. 1 bis 3 besipielhaft dargestellten Tennisschläger 10 bekannter Art weist einen ovalen Spannrahmen 12 aus einem entsprechend gekrümmten Pro­filstab 13 auf, der beidseits der Schlägerlängsachse M in -- ein plattenförmiges Herz 14 begrenzenden -- Profil­armen 15 endet. Letztere sind in einem Handgriff 16 ei­ner Dicke i von 26 bis 32 mm festgelegt; die Dicke i ist an Handgriffen 16 ohne Umwicklungsleder und ohne Berücksichtigung einer Griffkappe 17 gemessen.A tennis racket 10 of known type shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 has an oval clamping frame 12 made of a correspondingly curved profile rod 13, which ends on both sides of the racket longitudinal axis M in - defining a plate-shaped heart 14 - profile arms 15. The latter are fixed in a handle 16 with a thickness i of 26 to 32 mm; the thickness i is measured on handles 16 without wrapping leather and without considering a handle cap 17.

Spannrahmen 12 und Herz 14 umgeben eine Bespannungs­fläche Q aus Quersaiten 18 und diese kreuzenden Längs­saiten 19. Der bevorzugte Auftreffpunkt für einen nicht gezeigten Tennisball ist in Fig. 1 mit S bezeichnet.Tensioning frame 12 and heart 14 surround a stringing surface Q composed of transverse strings 18 and longitudinal strings 19 crossing them. The preferred point of impact for a tennis ball (not shown) is designated by S in FIG. 1.

Der Spannrahmen 12 bzw. sein Profilstab 13 ist gemäß Fig. 3 rechteckigen Querschnitts, dessen Seitenwände 20 beispielsweise in einem Abstand a von 7 mm und dessen Querwände 21 in einem Abstand b von 17 mm verlaufen.According to FIG. 3, the tensioning frame 12 or its profile bar 13 is rectangular in cross section, the side walls 20 of which run, for example, at a distance a of 7 mm and the transverse walls 21 of which run at a distance b of 17 mm.

Bei einer Wanddicke q der Seiten- bzw. Querwand 20 bzw. 21 von 2 mm ergeben sich eine Außenbreite m von 11 mm und eine äußere Höhe n von 21 mm. Letztere ist im übrigen weit niedriger als die Dicke i des Hand­griffs 16.With a wall thickness q of the side or transverse wall 20 or 21 of 2 mm, the outer width m is 11 mm and the outer height n is 21 mm. The latter is otherwise far lower than the thickness i of the handle 16.

Die aus vorstehenden Maßen errechenbare Querschnitts­fläche für den Profilstab 13 beträgt in mm²:

21 . 2 . 2 + 7 . 2 . 2 = 112.
The cross-sectional area for the profile rod 13, which can be calculated from the above dimensions, is in mm 2:

21st 2nd 2 + 7. 2nd 2 = 112.

Die Eigenfrequenz fo des entsprechend dem Schema gemäß Fig. 5 eingespannten Tennisschlägers 10 ist meß­bar, indem eine an der Schlägerlängsachse M angreifende Kraft P plötzlich entfernt wird.The natural frequency f o of the tennis racket 10 clamped in accordance with the diagram according to FIG. 5 can be measured by an action on the longitudinal axis M of the racket Force P is suddenly removed.

Wird die Eigenfrequenz auf ein mit 3000 mm/s laufendes Schreibband geschrieben, gilt

Figure imgb0001
worin l die vom Schreibband abgelesene Schwingungslänge in mm ist.If the natural frequency is written on a writing tape running at 3000 mm / s , the following applies
Figure imgb0001
where l is the vibration length in mm read from the writing tape.

Im Elastizitätsbereich ist das Maß d der in Fig. 5 deut­lich gemachten Durchbiegung der Kraft P proportional. Sie ist aber auch in eine Beziehung zu der Eigenfrequenz des Tennisschlägers 10 in Längsrichtung zu bringen; hat ein Tennisschläger unter der gleichen Kraft P eine Durchbiegung von d₁ und ein anderer eine solche von d₂ , kann die Eigenfrequenz des zweiten Tennisschlägers annähernd nach folgender Beziehung berechnet werden:

Figure imgb0002
In the range of elasticity, the dimension d is proportional to the deflection of the force P made clear in FIG. 5. But it is also related to the natural frequency of the tennis racket 10 in the longitudinal direction; if a tennis racket under the same force P has a deflection of d₁ and another has a deflection of d₂, the natural frequency of the second tennis racket can be calculated approximately according to the following relationship:
Figure imgb0002

Die Kontaktzeit zwischen Tennisschläger 10 und Ball wurde durch viele Versuche -- u. a. durch Hochgeschwin­digkeitsfotografie -- mit 2 bis max. 6 ms festge­stellt, im Mittel also mit 4 ms, was für eine ganze Schwingung t = 8 ms oder 125 Hz erbringt.The contact time between tennis racket 10 and ball has been through many attempts - including high-speed photography - with 2 to max. 6 ms determined, on average 4 ms, which results in a whole oscillation t = 8 ms or 125 Hz.

Fig. 4 zeigt eine Schwingungskurve in Längsrichtung für einen üblichen Tennisschläger 10 nach Fig. 1 bis 3. Bei Punkt A berührt ein Ball das Netz der Bespannung Q und zwingt den Spannrahmen 12,der Ballfrequenz zu fol­gen. Dieser Bewegung trachten dynamische Trägheits­kräfte des Spannrahmens 12 entgegenzuwirken. Am Punkt B angelangt, kehrt der Ball seine Richtung um und ver­läßt die dem Ball folgende Bespannung Q etwa an Punkt C. Der Tennisschläger 10 schwingt in seiner Eigenfrequenz nach und befindet sich erst am Punkt D, wenn sich der Ball von der Bespannung Q bei C trennt (t = 8 ms, t/₄= 2 ms).FIG. 4 shows a longitudinal vibration curve for a conventional tennis racket 10 according to FIGS. 1 to 3. At point A, a ball touches the net of covering Q and forces the tenter 12 to follow the ball frequency. This movement seeks to counteract dynamic inertial forces of the tenter frame 12. Arrived at point B, the ball reverses its direction and leaves the string Q following the ball approximately at point C. The tennis racket 10 oscillates at its natural frequency and is only at point D when the ball is clear of the string Q at C. separates (t = 8 ms, t / ₄ = 2 ms).

Die unterschiedlichen Maße der Eigenfrequenz des Ten­nisschlägers 10 von 25 bis 50 Hz einerseits sowie der Erregerfrequenz des Balles von etwa 125 Hz ander­seits führen -- über die ganze Länge eines Spielfeldes gesehen -- zu bedeutenden Abweichungen des Balles von der gewünschten Fluglinie; diese Abweichung kann -- ­wie erwähnt -- bis zu einem Meter betragen.The different dimensions of the natural frequency of the tennis racket 10 from 25 to 50 Hz on the one hand and the excitation frequency of the ball of about 125 Hz on the other hand - seen over the entire length of a playing field - lead to significant deviations of the ball from the desired airline; as mentioned, this deviation can be up to one meter.

Die Ausführung eines Tennisschlägers 30 nach Fig. 6 bis 8 weist ein Resonanzfrequenz auf, welche dem beschrie­benen Mangel abhilft; der Querschnitt des Profilstabes 33 enthält gemäß Fig. 8 die folgenden Maße:

innere Breite a₁      8 mm,
äußere Breite m₁      10 mm,
innere Höhe b₁      32,2 mm,
äußere Höhe n₁      37 mm

als Ergebnis einer Berechnung, welche die Übereinstimmung der Eigenfrequenz dieses Tennisschlägers 30 und der "Ballresonanz" bestätigt, also die Übereinstimmung der Erregerfrequenz mit der Eigenfrequenz.
The design of a tennis racket 30 according to FIGS. 6 to 8 has a resonance frequency, which remedies the described defect; the cross section of the profile rod 33 contains the following dimensions according to FIG. 8:

inner width a ₁ 8 mm,
outer width m₁ 10 mm,
inner height b₁ 32.2 mm,
outer height n₁ 37 mm

as the result of a calculation which confirms the agreement of the natural frequency of this tennis racket 30 and the "ball resonance", that is to say the agreement of the excitation frequency with the natural frequency.

Die errechenbare Querschnittsfläche ist hier

37 . 1 . 2 + 8 . x . 2 und bei x = 2,4
112 mm²,

gleicht also der Querschnittsfläche von Tennisschläger 10, der nachfolgend mit TS₁₀ bezeichnet sei.
*) Werte gelten für Graphitschläger, also für harte Werkstoffe
The calculable cross-sectional area is here

37. 1 . 2 + 8. x. 2 and at x = 2.4
112 mm²,

is therefore equal to the cross-sectional area of tennis racket 10, which is hereinafter referred to as TS₁₀.
*) Values apply to graphite mallets, i.e. hard materials

Bei d₁₀= Durchbiegung von TS₁₀
d₃₀= Durchbiegung Tennisschläger 30 (TS₃₀)
FR₁₀= Eigenresonanz von TS₁₀ = 50 Hz*)
FR₃₀ = Eigenresonanz von TS₃₀ = 125 Hz
ist

Figure imgb0003
At d₁₀ = deflection of TS₁₀
d₃₀ = deflection tennis racket 30 (TS₃₀)
FR₁₀ = natural resonance of TS₁₀ = 50 Hz *)
FR₃₀ = natural resonance of TS₃₀ = 125 Hz
is
Figure imgb0003

Die Einfederung unter einer Last P muß -- gegenüber TS₁₀-- bei TS₃₀ 1/6 betragen.The deflection under a load P must be 1/6 compared to TS₁₀ at TS₃₀.

Die Querschnittsflächen in Fig. 3 und Fig. 5 führen zu

Figure imgb0004
The cross-sectional areas in FIGS. 3 and 5 lead to
Figure imgb0004

Die Durchbiegung d ist eine Funktion von 1 J

Figure imgb0005
.The deflection d is a function of 1 J
Figure imgb0005
.

Das heißt

Figure imgb0006
die Einfederung ist mit dem Querschnitt nach Fig. 5: 0,28,This means
Figure imgb0006
the deflection is with the cross section according to FIG. 5: 0.28,

Die Resonanzfrequenz ist

Figure imgb0007
The resonance frequency is
Figure imgb0007

Nimmt man an

b₁ = 37 mm,
n₁ = 42 mm,

so ist

Figure imgb0008
One assumes

b₁ = 37 mm,
n₁ = 42 mm,

so is
Figure imgb0008

Eine diese Erkenntnisse berücksichtigende Rahmenform gibt Fig. 7 wieder, in der sich ein Bereich E mit vor­stehender Profilhöhe n₁ beidseits eines Rahmensteges 34 erstreckt. Vom Bereich E nimmt die Profilhöhe no zum Schlägerkopf 40 einerseits und zum Handgriffansatz 41 stetig ab.Der in Fig. 7 geschnitten dargestellte Rahmen­steg 34 ersetzt das zuvor beschriebene Herz 14 und weist eine geringere mittlere Profilhöhe h auf als der Profilstab 33.A frame shape that takes these findings into account is shown in FIG. 7, in which an area E with the above profile height n 1 extends on both sides of a frame web 34. The profile height n o decreases steadily from the area E to the club head 40 on the one hand and to the handle attachment 41. The frame web 34 shown in section in FIG. 7 replaces the previously described heart 14 and has a lower average profile height h than the profile bar 33.

Das Schwingungsverhalten des erfindungsgemäßen Tennis­schlägers 30 in Längsrichtung entnimmt man Fig. 9. Mit dessen Eigenfrequenz stimmt jetzt die Erreger­frequenz des Balles überein. Bei dessen Abheben von der Bespannung Q ist der Tennisschläger 30 am Punkt C oder in dessen unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft angelangt, und der Ball erhält neben einer zusätzlichen Beschleu­nigung aus dem Spannrahmen 32 des Tennisschlägers 30 eine genaue Flugbahn, die nicht mehr durch das Maß Z der Auslenkung verfälscht ist, wie sie Fig. 4 erkennen läßt. Bei ungenau -- d. h. außerhalb der Längsachse M auf den Tennisschläger 30 bzw. dessen Bespannung Q --- ­treffenden Bällen entsteht eine Torsionsschwingung um die Längsachse M. Diese Torsionsschwingung ist der Längsschwingung überlagert.The vibration behavior of the tennis racket 30 according to the invention in the longitudinal direction can be seen in FIG. 9. The excitation frequency of the ball now corresponds to its natural frequency. When it is lifted off the covering Q, the tennis racket 30 has reached point C or in the immediate vicinity thereof, and in addition to an additional acceleration from the clamping frame 32 of the tennis racket 30, the ball receives an exact trajectory which is no longer falsified by the dimension Z of the deflection is, as shown in Fig. 4. If inaccurate - d. H. outside the longitudinal axis M on the tennis racket 30 or its strings Q --- hitting balls, a torsional vibration occurs about the longitudinal axis M. This torsional vibration is superimposed on the longitudinal vibration.

Wird auch diese Schwingung durch Abstimmung des Rahmen­stegs 34 aus Fig. 7 auf bevorzugt 125 Hz gebracht, schwingt der gesamte Tennisschläger 30 bei Ballberührung nur noch sinusförmig in einer Frequenz und kompensiert auch torsionsbedingte Schlagabweichungen durch rechtzeitiges Rückschwingen.If this oscillation is also brought to preferably 125 Hz by tuning the frame web 34 from FIG. 7, the entire tennis racket 30 only vibrates sinusoidally at a frequency when it touches the ball and also compensates for torsional deflection by timely swinging back.

Die Handgriffe 16 des Tennisschlägers 30 (Fig. 6 bis 8) und der in den Fig. 10 bis 12 wiedergegebenen Aus­führungsformen 30b bis 30c sind von üblicher Dicke i, welche -- wie gesagt -- 23 bis 32 mm mißt, gegenüber dieser Dicke i besitzen die anschließenden Profilstäbe -- ihrer wechselnden Höhen halber besser als Rahmen­profile 33 bezeichnet -- in allen Fällen eine längere äußere Höhe n₁.The handles 16 of the tennis racket 30 (FIGS. 6 to 8) and the embodiments 30 b to 30 c shown in FIGS. 10 to 12 are of conventional thickness i, which - as said - measures 23 to 32 mm compared to this Thickness i have the adjoining profile bars - better known as frame profiles 33 for their changing heights - in all cases a longer outer height n 1.

Das Rahmenprofil 33b nach Fig. 10 ist insgesamt von jener max. Höhe n₁, während die max. Höhe n₁ von Rahmen­profil 33c (Fig. 11) etwa an Herzzone H endet und als Höhe no zum Schlägerkopf 40 abnimmt.The frame profile 33 b of FIG. 10 is a total of that max. Height n 1, while the max. Height n 1 of the frame profile 33 c (FIG. 11) ends approximately at the heart zone H and decreases as the height n o to the club head 40.

Die in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiele zeigen von der max. Höhe n₁ ausgehende Gerade, also jeweils eine stetige Abnahme der variablen Höhe no. Statt diesem stetigen Verlauf können die entsprechen­den Querschnittskonturen auch gekrümmt sein, wie dies in Fig. 12 bei 33a angedeutet ist.The embodiments shown in the drawing show the max. Height n 1 outgoing straight line, that is, a constant decrease in the variable height n o . Instead of this continuous course, the corresponding cross-sectional contours can also be curved, as indicated at 33 a in FIG. 12.

Claims (12)

1. Schläger (30) für Ballspiele, insbesondere Tennisschläger, mit in einem Spannrahmen (32) aus einem Profilstab (33) vorgesehener Bespannung in einer Ebene, einer an den Spannrahmen (32) anschließenden, von Profilstababschnitten des Spannrahmens (32) flankierten Herzzone (H), einem diese Profilstababschnitte verbindenden Rahmenteil (34) sowie einem endwärtigen Handgriff (16) in der Schlägerlängsachse (M),

dadurch gekennzeichnet,

daß die quer zur Ebene der Bespannung (Q) verlaufende größte Höhe (n₁) des Profilstabes (33, 33a bis 33c) größer ist als die dazu parallele Dicke (i) des Handgriffes (16).
1. racket (30) for ball games, in particular tennis racket, with covering provided in a tensioning frame (32) from a profile bar (33) in one plane, a heart zone flanked by profile bar sections of the tensioning frame (32) and adjoining the tensioning frame (32) H), a frame part (34) connecting these profile bar sections and an end handle (16) in the longitudinal axis of the racket (M),

characterized,

that the transverse to the plane of the covering (Q) greatest height (n₁) of the profile bar (33, 33 a to 33 c ) is greater than the parallel thickness (i) of the handle (16).
2. Schläger nach Anspruch 1 mit einem Rahmensteg als die Profilabschnitte verbindenden Rahmenteil, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Profilhöhe (h) des Rahmensteges (34) kürzer ist als die größte Höhe (n₁) des Profilstabes.2. Racket according to claim 1 with a frame web as the profile sections connecting frame part, characterized in that the profile height (h) of the frame web (34) is shorter than the greatest height (n₁) of the profile bar. 3. Schläger nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Profilstab (33, 33a bis 33c) im Bereich der Herzzone (H) seine größte Höhe (n₁) aufweist.3. Racket according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the profile rod (33, 33 a to 33 c ) in the region of the heart zone (H) has its greatest height (n₁). 4. Schläger nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die größte Höhe (n₁) des Profil­stabes (33) beidends des Rahmensteges (34) vorgesehen ist.4. Racket according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the greatest height (n₁) of the profile bar (33) is provided on both ends of the frame web (34). 5. Schläger nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die größte Höhe (n₁) des Profilstabes (30, 30b, 30c) in einem Bereich (E) beidseits der Herzzone (H) gleichbleibend ist.5. Racket according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the greatest height (n₁) of the profile bar (30, 30 b , 30 c ) in a region (E) on both sides of the heart zone (H) is constant. 6. Schläger nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Höhe (ho) des Profil­stabes (33c) etwa von der Herzzone (H) des Schlägers (30c) zu dessen Schlägerkopf (40) hin abnimmt.6. Racket according to at least one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the height (h o ) of the profile bar (33 c ) decreases approximately from the heart zone (H) of the racket (30 c ) to the club head (40). 7. Schläger nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sich der Profilstab (33, 33c) sowohl zum Handgriff (16) als auch zum Schläger­kopf hin verjüngt.7. Racket according to at least one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the profile rod (33, 33 c ) tapers both to the handle (16) and to the racket head. 8. Schläger nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verminderung seiner Höhe (no) stetig ist oder daß seine Höhe (no) unter Er­zeugung einer gekrümmten Kontur abnimmt.8. Racket according to at least one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the reduction in its height (n o ) is continuous or that its height (n o ) decreases to produce a curved contour. 9. Schläger nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Profilstab (33, 33a bis 33c) als Hohlprofil ausgebildet ist.9. Racket according to at least one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the profile rod (33, 33 a to 33 c ) is designed as a hollow profile. 10. Schläger nach wenigstens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Resonanzfrequenz erster Ordnung des bespannten Schlägers (30) näherungsweise der an der Halbschwingung umgerechneten Frequenz der Zeitdauer der Berührung Ball/Bespannung (Q) entspricht und bei dem am Handgriff (16) festliegenden Schläger (30) ein Spiel mit einem in einer Zeitdauer von etwa 2 bis 6 ms für eine halbe Schwingung mit der Bespannung (Q) in Berührung befindlichen Balles 80 bis 200 Hz, insbesondere 100 bis 140 Hz, beträgt.10. Racket according to at least one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the first-order resonance frequency of the stringed racket (30) approximately corresponds to the frequency converted at the half-vibration of the period of contact with the ball / stringing (Q) and at which on the handle ( 16) fixed racket (30) a game with a ball in a period of about 2 to 6 ms for half a vibration in contact with the covering (Q) 80 to 200 Hz, in particular 100 to 140 Hz. 11. Schläger nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Eigenfrequenz des Schlägers (30) mit der Erreger­frequenz des Balles etwa übereinstimmt.11. Racket according to claim 10, characterized in that the natural frequency of the racket (30) corresponds approximately to the excitation frequency of the ball. 12. Schläger nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11 mit einer Querschnittsbreite des den Spannrahmen ergebenden Profilstabes zwischen 8 und 16 mm, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Trägheitsmoment des Querschnittes von Spannrahmen (32) bzw. Profilstab (33) des Schlägers (30) das 4- bis 16fache des Trägheits­momentes eines Schlägers (10) aufweist, dessen Quer­schnittshöhe gleich oder geringer ist als die Dicke (i) des Handgriffes (16).12. Racket according to one of claims 1 to 11 with a cross-sectional width of the profile frame resulting from the clamping bar between 8 and 16 mm, characterized in that the moment of inertia of the cross section of the clamping frame (32) or profile bar (33) of the racket (30) the 4th - Up to 16 times the moment of inertia of a racket (10) whose cross-sectional height is equal to or less than the thickness (i) of the handle (16).
EP88202025A 1984-09-22 1985-09-17 Rackets for ball games, especially tennis rackets Expired - Lifetime EP0310169B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88202025T ATE63226T1 (en) 1984-09-22 1985-09-17 RACKETS FOR BALL GAMES, ESPECIALLY TENNIS RACKETS.

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19843434956 DE3434956A1 (en) 1984-09-22 1984-09-22 BULLETS FOR GAMES WITH LIMITED ELASTIC BALL
DE3434956 1984-09-22
EP85111713A EP0176021B1 (en) 1984-09-22 1985-09-17 Tennis racket

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85111713.5 Division 1985-09-17

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0310169A2 true EP0310169A2 (en) 1989-04-05
EP0310169A3 EP0310169A3 (en) 1989-08-02
EP0310169B1 EP0310169B1 (en) 1991-05-08
EP0310169B2 EP0310169B2 (en) 1996-08-07

Family

ID=25825035

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88202025A Expired - Lifetime EP0310169B2 (en) 1984-09-22 1985-09-17 Rackets for ball games, especially tennis rackets

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EP (1) EP0310169B2 (en)
AT (1) ATE63836T1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS63270068A (en) * 1987-04-28 1988-11-08 ヤマハ株式会社 Racket frame
JPH06236311A (en) * 1993-02-10 1994-08-23 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Information control unit

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1539019A (en) * 1924-02-07 1925-05-26 John P Nikonow Tennis racket
US3647211A (en) * 1970-06-08 1972-03-07 James H Doessel Plastic tennis racket having predetermined cross sections effecting flexibility
US4165071A (en) * 1976-01-05 1979-08-21 Frolow Jack L Tennis racket

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1539019A (en) * 1924-02-07 1925-05-26 John P Nikonow Tennis racket
US3647211A (en) * 1970-06-08 1972-03-07 James H Doessel Plastic tennis racket having predetermined cross sections effecting flexibility
US4165071A (en) * 1976-01-05 1979-08-21 Frolow Jack L Tennis racket

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS63270068A (en) * 1987-04-28 1988-11-08 ヤマハ株式会社 Racket frame
JPH0562553B2 (en) * 1987-04-28 1993-09-08 Yamaha Corp
JPH06236311A (en) * 1993-02-10 1994-08-23 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Information control unit

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0310169B1 (en) 1991-05-08
EP0310169A3 (en) 1989-08-02
EP0310169B2 (en) 1996-08-07
ATE63836T1 (en) 1991-06-15

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