EP0302319B1 - Method for reducing the laundry unbalance in washing machines - Google Patents

Method for reducing the laundry unbalance in washing machines Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0302319B1
EP0302319B1 EP88111809A EP88111809A EP0302319B1 EP 0302319 B1 EP0302319 B1 EP 0302319B1 EP 88111809 A EP88111809 A EP 88111809A EP 88111809 A EP88111809 A EP 88111809A EP 0302319 B1 EP0302319 B1 EP 0302319B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
laundry
imbalance
value
speed
reduced
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP88111809A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0302319A1 (en
Inventor
Franz-Josef Ing. Wipperfürth (grad.)
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Licentia Patent Verwaltungs GmbH
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Licentia Patent Verwaltungs GmbH
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F33/00—Control of operations performed in washing machines or washer-dryers 
    • D06F33/30—Control of washing machines characterised by the purpose or target of the control 
    • D06F33/32—Control of operational steps, e.g. optimisation or improvement of operational steps depending on the condition of the laundry
    • D06F33/40—Control of operational steps, e.g. optimisation or improvement of operational steps depending on the condition of the laundry of centrifugal separation of water from the laundry
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/02—Characteristics of laundry or load
    • D06F2103/08—Humidity
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/24—Spin speed; Drum movements
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/26—Imbalance; Noise level
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2103/00—Parameters monitored or detected for the control of domestic laundry washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2103/70—Number of operational cycles
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F2105/00—Systems or parameters controlled or affected by the control systems of washing machines, washer-dryers or laundry dryers
    • D06F2105/52—Changing sequence of operational steps; Carrying out additional operational steps; Modifying operational steps, e.g. by extending duration of steps
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F33/00—Control of operations performed in washing machines or washer-dryers 
    • D06F33/30—Control of washing machines characterised by the purpose or target of the control 
    • D06F33/48—Preventing or reducing imbalance or noise

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for reducing the laundry imbalance in washing machines according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the items to be washed are loosened before the actual spin cycle and then redistributed in accordance with a laundry imbalance correction method, i.e. the wet items of laundry must lie as evenly as possible on the inner circumference of the laundry drum.
  • the invention is based on the object of detecting the laundry imbalance even with large laundry loads and absorbent laundry by reducing the symmetrical base load more precisely.
  • the unbalance detection should continue to be optimized by measuring the actual engine speed fluctuations.
  • the washing machine shown schematically in Fig. 1 has a tub (1), a laundry drum (2) and a digital speed controller (3) for a drive motor (4).
  • the wash liquor is discharged using a drain pump (5) through a drain hose (6).
  • the drain hose (6) contains a moisture sensor (7) in the form of a water flow meter, not shown, near its elbow.
  • a tachometer generator (8) is driven by the drive motor (4).
  • the tachometer generator (8) measures the actual speed fluctuations (9) of the drive motor (4), which represent a measure of the imbalance (G) and transmits them to a microcomputer ( ⁇ P).
  • the spin speed setpoint value (10) is only thrown up if a prescribed minimum unbalance limit (11) entered into the microcomputer ( ⁇ P) is not exceeded during a laundry distribution phase or a known laundry imbalance correction system . If, on the other hand, a maximum unbalance limit is exceeded (as can be the case with large laundry loads and absorbent laundry), the laundry is redistributed in accordance with the known laundry imbalance correction system (the laundry distribution phase). If the laundry is now distributed in such a way that the maximum unbalance limit is undershot, it is spun for a certain spin time at a certain spin speed, which is, however, less than the desired spin speed value (10).
  • the dewatering effect of the laundry to reduce the residual moisture for the first time is measured by the moisture sensor (7) in the drain hose (6) with the help of a water quantity counter and transmitted to the microcomputer ( ⁇ P), which thereby transmits the Spin time and / or the Spin speed affected. This spin speed can also reach the desired spin speed value (10).
  • the microcomputer ( ⁇ P) also determines the number of washing reverse cycles during loosening of the laundry, based on the actual speed fluctuations (9) measured by the tachometer generator (8).
  • the actual speed fluctuations (9) in this phase are not a measure of the imbalance (G) but a measure of the degree of loosening of the laundry.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Washing Machine And Dryer (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Reduzierung der Wäscheunwucht in Waschmaschinen nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1.The invention relates to a method for reducing the laundry imbalance in washing machines according to the preamble of claim 1.

Nach Beendigung der Wasch- und Spülphase wird vor dem eigentlichen Schleudern das Waschgut aufgelockert und dann entsprechend einem Wäscheunwucht-Korrekturverfahren neu verteilt, das heißt die nassen Wäschestücke müssen so gleichmäßig wie möglich am Innenumfang der Wäschetrommel anliegen.After the washing and rinsing phase has ended, the items to be washed are loosened before the actual spin cycle and then redistributed in accordance with a laundry imbalance correction method, i.e. the wet items of laundry must lie as evenly as possible on the inner circumference of the laundry drum.

Aus der DE-OS 34 16 639 ist ein "Verfahren zur Steuerung des Schleuderprogramms einer Waschmaschine" unter Verwendung einer Microcomputer-Steuerung, einer Unwuchterkennungseinrichtung sowie einer Drehzahlregelungseinrichtung für den Antriebsmotor der Wäschetrommel bekannt. Hierbei wird mit Hilfe der Microcomputer-Steuerung das Schleuderverfahren in Abhängigkeit einer eventuell vorliegenden Unwucht durchgeführt. Unterschiedliche Beladungsmengen als auch unterschiedliche Versorgungsspannungen werden erfaßt und bei der Drehzahlsteuerung des Antriebsmotors berücksichtigt. Die Wäschetrommel der Waschmaschine wird von einer kleinen Waschgangsdrehzahl auf einen höheren Anliege- Drehzahlbereich gebracht. Während dieser Anliegephase wird das Waschgut gleichmäßig verteilt und über eine Unwuchterkennungs-Einrichtung das Drehzahl- oder Stromaufnahmeverhalten des Antriebsmotors ausgewertet und einem Microcomputer zugeführt. Das Ergebnis der Auswertung wird mit abgespeicherten Referenzwerten verglichen und bestimmt dann den weiteren Drehzahlverlauf des Schleuderverfahrens.From DE-OS 34 16 639 a "method for controlling the spin program of a washing machine" using a microcomputer control, an imbalance detection device and a speed control device for the drive motor of the laundry drum is known. With the help of the microcomputer control, the centrifugal process is carried out depending on any imbalance. Different loads as well different supply voltages are recorded and taken into account in the speed control of the drive motor. The washing drum of the washing machine is brought from a low wash speed to a higher contact speed range. During this contact phase, the laundry is distributed evenly and the speed or current consumption behavior of the drive motor is evaluated via an imbalance detection device and fed to a microcomputer. The result of the evaluation is compared with stored reference values and then determines the further speed curve of the spinning process.

Messungen haben ergeben, daß bei großen Wäschebeladungen und saugfähigem Waschgut, selbst wenn diese in der Wäschetrommel gleichmäßig verteilt sind, Fehler bei der Unwuchtmessung auftreten. Das heißt je größer die sogenannte symmetrische Grundlast ist ( gleichmäßig verteiltes Gewicht), desto größer ist die Fehlmessung der Wäscheunwuchtsgröße. Bei dem bekannten Verfahren wird mit größeren Wäscheunwuchten geschleudert, welche der Microcomputer nicht erkennt. Bei mittleren Unwuchtwerten, die der Microcomputer allerdings richtig erkennt, wird nur mit reduzierter Drehzahl geschleudert und das Waschwasser nicht genügend aus dem Waschgut ausgeschleudert. Lediglich bei geringer Unwucht wird auf die Endschleuder-Drehzahl hochgefahren.Measurements have shown that with large loads of laundry and absorbent laundry, even if they are evenly distributed in the laundry drum, errors occur in the unbalance measurement. This means that the greater the so-called symmetrical base load (evenly distributed weight), the greater the incorrect measurement of the unbalance size of the laundry. In the known method, larger laundry imbalances are spun which the microcomputer does not recognize. In the case of medium unbalance values, which the microcomputer recognizes correctly, spinning is only carried out at a reduced speed and the washing water is not thrown out of the laundry sufficiently. The final spin speed is only increased when the imbalance is low.

Der Erfindung liegt nun die Aufgabe zugrunde die Wäscheunwucht auch bei großen Wäschebeladungen und saugfähigem Waschgut, durch Reduzierung der symmetrischen Grundlast genauer zu erfassen. Es soll weiterhin die Unwuchterkennung durch Messung der Motordrehzahl-Istwertschwankungen optimiert werden.The invention is based on the object of detecting the laundry imbalance even with large laundry loads and absorbent laundry by reducing the symmetrical base load more precisely. The unbalance detection should continue to be optimized by measuring the actual engine speed fluctuations.

Diese Aufgabe, gemäß der Erfindung, wird durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This object, according to the invention, is achieved by the characterizing features of claim 1.

Die mit der Erfindung erzielbaren Vorteile bestehen insbesondere darin, daß selbst große Wäschebeladungsmengen und schweres, saugfähiges Waschgut ohne größere Unwuchtswerte voll ausgeschleudert wird. Als weiterer Vorteil ergibt sich eine Reduzierung der Bodenkräfte beim Schleuderbetrieb und hierdurch bedingt, eine Material- und Kosteneinsparung durch Verringerung der schwingenden Masse.The advantages that can be achieved with the invention are, in particular, that even large laundry loads and heavy, absorbent laundry are fully thrown out without major imbalance values. Another advantage is a reduction in ground forces during centrifugal operation and, as a result, material and cost savings by reducing the vibrating mass.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in den Zeichnungen dargestellt und wird im folgenden näher beschrieben.
Es zeigen:

  • Fig.1 Die Prinzip-Skizze einer Waschmaschine mit digitaler Drehzahlregelung für den Antriebsmotor sowie mit Feuchtigkeitssensor im Abflußschlauch,
  • Fig.2 das Blockschaltbild des digitalen Drehzahlreglers für den Antriebsmotor,
  • Fig.3 ein Antriebsmotordrehzahl-Zeitdiagramm,
  • Fig.4 ein Kurvendiagramm mit der Unwucht (G) in Abhänigkeit von der Antriebsmotordrehzahl-Istwertschwankung (Δ n) und der symmetrischen Grundlast als Parameter.
An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawings and will be described in more detail below.
Show it:
  • Fig. 1 The basic sketch of a washing machine with digital speed control for the drive motor and with a moisture sensor in the drain hose,
  • 2 shows the block diagram of the digital speed controller for the drive motor,
  • 3 shows an engine speed diagram,
  • 4 shows a curve diagram with the unbalance (G) as a function of the actual engine speed fluctuation (Δ n) and the symmetrical base load as parameters.

Die in Fig 1 schematisch dargestellte Waschmaschine besitzt eine Laugenbehälter (1), eine Wäschetrommel (2) und einen digitalen Drehzahlregler (3) für einen Antriebsmotor (4). Die Waschlauge wird mit Hilfe einer Laugenpumpe (5) über einen Abflußschlauch (6) abgeführt. Der Abflußschlauch (6) beinhaltet in Nähe seines Krümmers einen Feuchtigkeitssensor (7) in Form eines nicht näher dargestellten Wassermengenzählers.The washing machine shown schematically in Fig. 1 has a tub (1), a laundry drum (2) and a digital speed controller (3) for a drive motor (4). The wash liquor is discharged using a drain pump (5) through a drain hose (6). The drain hose (6) contains a moisture sensor (7) in the form of a water flow meter, not shown, near its elbow.

Gemäß Fig. 2 wird ein Tachogenerator (8) vom Antriebsmotor (4) angetrieben. Der Tachogenerator (8) mißt die Drehzahl-Istwertschwankungen (9) des Antriebsmotors (4), welche ein Maß für die Unwucht (G) darstellen und übermittelt sie einem Microcomputer (µP).2, a tachometer generator (8) is driven by the drive motor (4). The tachometer generator (8) measures the actual speed fluctuations (9) of the drive motor (4), which represent a measure of the imbalance (G) and transmits them to a microcomputer (µP).

Im vorliegenden Verfahren wird nach Beendigung der Wasch-und Spülphase nur dann auf den Schleuder-Solldrehzahlwert (10) hochgeschleudert wenn eine vorgeschriebene und dem Microcomputer (µP) eingegebene minimale Unwuchtsgrenze (11) während einer Waschgut-Verteilungsphase bzw. einem bekannten Wäscheunwuchtkorrektursystem nicht überschritten wird.
Wird hingegen eine maximale Unwuchtsgrenze überschritten (wie dies bei großen Wäschebeladungen und saugfähigem Waschgut der Fall sein kann), so wird das Waschgut entsprechend dem bekannten Wäscheunwuchtkorrektursystem (der Waschgut-Verteilphase) neu verteilt. Ist die Wäsche jetzt so verteilt, daß die maximale Unwuchtgrenze unterschritten wird, so wird für eine bestimmte Schleuderzeit mit einer bestimmten Schleuderdrehzahl, die jedoch kleiner als der Schleuder-Solldrehzahlwert (10) ist, geschleudert. Hierbei wird dem Waschgut Feuchtigkeit entzogen und somit dessen Gewicht bzw. die symmetrische Grundlast und damit die Unwucht (G) reduziert. Anschließend wird das Waschgut durch eine bestimmte Anzahl von Waschreversierzyklen aufgelockert um dann erneut in einer Waschgut-Verteilphase, dem Wäscheunwuchtkorrektursystem, solange neu verteilt zu werden bis die minimale Unwuchtsgrenze (11) unterschritten wird. Erst dann wird endgültig entsprechend dem Scheuder-Solldrehzahlwert (10), welcher dem Microcomputer (µP) aufgeschaltet ist, hochgeschleudert.In the present method, after the washing and rinsing phase has ended, the spin speed setpoint value (10) is only thrown up if a prescribed minimum unbalance limit (11) entered into the microcomputer (μP) is not exceeded during a laundry distribution phase or a known laundry imbalance correction system .
If, on the other hand, a maximum unbalance limit is exceeded (as can be the case with large laundry loads and absorbent laundry), the laundry is redistributed in accordance with the known laundry imbalance correction system (the laundry distribution phase). If the laundry is now distributed in such a way that the maximum unbalance limit is undershot, it is spun for a certain spin time at a certain spin speed, which is, however, less than the desired spin speed value (10). This removes moisture from the laundry and thus reduces its weight or the symmetrical base load and thus the unbalance (G). The laundry is then loosened up by a certain number of washing reversing cycles and then redistributed again in a laundry distribution phase, the laundry unbalance correction system, until the minimum unbalance limit (11) is undershot. Only then will the final spin speed (10), which is applied to the microcomputer (µP), be flung up.

In den Fig. 3 und 4 sind die vorher beschriebenen Arbeitsabläufe verdeutlicht:3 and 4 illustrate the previously described work processes:

Messen der Unwucht (G)Measuring the unbalance (G)

Ergebnis: G1 -maximale Unwuchtsgrenze überschritten, sodann Waschgutverteilphase und Messen der Unwucht (G)
Ergebnis: G2 - maximale Unwuchtsgrenze jetzt unterschritten, jedoch minimale Unwuchtsgrenze noch überschritten, anschließend:Result: G1 -maximum unbalance limit exceeded, then the laundry distribution phase and measuring the unbalance (G)
Result: G2 - the maximum unbalance limit is now undershot, but the minimum unbalance limit is still exceeded, then:

Erste Feuchtigkeitsentzugsphase und Reduzierung der symmetrischen GrundlastFirst phase of dehumidification and reduction of the symmetrical base load

Ergebnis: G3 -minimale Unwuchtsgrenze immer noch überschritten, (der Wert G3 ist jetzt sehr genau bestimmt, da er bei reduzierter symmetrischer Grundlast ermittelt wurde. Wie schon eingangs erwähnt sind Unwuchtsbestimmungen bei hohen symmetrischen Grundlasten mit Fehlern behaftet), anschließend:
Waschgut auflockern durch eine bestimmte Anzahl von Waschreversierzyklen und erneute Waschgut-Verteilphase und Messen der Unwucht (G)
Ergebnis: G4 (genauer Wert) -minimale Unwuchtgrenze (11) unterschritten, alsdannResult: G3 minimum unbalance limit still exceeded (the value G3 is now determined very precisely because it was determined with a reduced symmetrical base load. As already mentioned at the beginning, unbalance determinations with high symmetrical base loads are subject to errors), then:
Loosen the laundry by a certain number of washing reversing cycles and a new washing distribution phase and measuring the unbalance (G)
Result: G4 (exact value) - minimum unbalance limit (11) undershot, then

Hochschleudern auf Schleuder-Solldrehzahlwert (10)Throwing up to target spin speed value (10)

Der Entwässerungseffekt des Waschgutes zur ersten Reduzierung der Restfeuchte (erste Feuchtigkeitsentzugsphase mit Schleudern unter Schleuder-Solldrehzahlwert (10)) wird durch den Feuchtigkeitssensor (7) im Abflußschlauch (6) mit Hilfe eines Wassermengenzählers gemessen und dem Microcomputer (µP) übermittelt, welcher dadurch die Schleuderzeit und/oder die Schleuderdrehzahl beeinflußt. Diese Schleuderdrehzahl kann auch den Schleuder-Solldrehzahlwert (10) erreichen. Die Anzahl der Waschreverseirzyklen während des Waschgutauflockerns bestimmt ebenfalls der Microcomputer (µP) aufgrund der vom Tachogenerator (8) gemessenen Drehzahl-Istwertschwankungen (9). Die Drehzahl-Istwertschwankungen (9) stellen in dieser Phase kein Maß für die Unwucht (G) sondern ein Maß für den Lockerungsgrad des Waschgutes dar.The dewatering effect of the laundry to reduce the residual moisture for the first time (first moisture removal phase with spinning below the target spin speed value (10)) is measured by the moisture sensor (7) in the drain hose (6) with the help of a water quantity counter and transmitted to the microcomputer (µP), which thereby transmits the Spin time and / or the Spin speed affected. This spin speed can also reach the desired spin speed value (10). The microcomputer (µP) also determines the number of washing reverse cycles during loosening of the laundry, based on the actual speed fluctuations (9) measured by the tachometer generator (8). The actual speed fluctuations (9) in this phase are not a measure of the imbalance (G) but a measure of the degree of loosening of the laundry.

Claims (1)

  1. Method of reducing the laundry imbalance in washing machines with a tacho-generator coupled rigidly to the drive motor, with a microcomputer-controlled, digital speed control, by means of which, before acceleration to the specified spinning speed reference value during a laundry distribution phase, at a spinning speed which is below the spinning speed reference value, a laundry imbalance can be measured by means of the speed actual value fluctuations of the drive motor detected by the tacho-generator and with which, at laundry imbalance values above a maximum imbalance limit, the laundry can be loosened by reversing cycles, in which case the value of the laundry imbalance (G1) detected at the beginning and with a high symmetrical base load can be reduced to the value (G2) by a further laundry distribution phase, characterised in that the drum is only accelerated to the spinning speed reference value when the high symmetrical base load and the value (G2) have been reduced, by means of a moisture extracting phase directly and continuously following the laundry distribution phase with a spinning speed which is above the spinning speed of the preceding laundry distribution phase, to a lower symmetrical base load and the laundry imbalance has been reduced to the value (G3), in which case the quantity of water per unit time occurring during the moisture extraction phase is detected by means of a moisture sensor (7) mounted in the drainage hose (6) and, as a measure of the speed level and spinning duration, the value (µP) is supplied to the microcomputer, and then with this reduced symmetrical base load with the laundry imbalance value (G3), a number of reversing movements were carried out during a laundry loosening phase, this number being determined on the basis of the level of drive motor speed actual value fluctuations (Δn₂,₃) until this reduced symmetrical base load was reduced in a new laundry distribution phase from the imbalance value (G3) to the imbalance value (G4), which is below a minimum imbalance limit.
EP88111809A 1987-08-06 1988-07-22 Method for reducing the laundry unbalance in washing machines Expired - Lifetime EP0302319B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3726061 1987-08-06
DE19873726061 DE3726061A1 (en) 1987-08-06 1987-08-06 METHOD FOR REDUCING THE WEIGHING BALANCE IN WASHING MACHINES

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EP0302319A1 EP0302319A1 (en) 1989-02-08
EP0302319B1 true EP0302319B1 (en) 1991-12-18

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FR1543665A (en) * 1966-10-24 Method and device for the electronic regulation of the speed of rotation of AC motors, in particular for centrifugal dryers of washing machines
CH469850A (en) * 1968-05-30 1969-03-15 Siemens Elektrogeraete Gmbh Method of spinning laundry
IT1038355B (en) * 1975-05-22 1979-11-20 Ire Spa PROCEDURE AND AUTOMATIC MACHINE FOR WASHING AND SPINNING THE LINEN
DE3141901C2 (en) * 1981-10-22 1986-06-19 Hoesch Ag, 4600 Dortmund Combined washing machine and spin dryer or the like.
DE3416639A1 (en) * 1984-05-05 1985-11-07 Miele & Cie GmbH & Co, 4830 Gütersloh Process for controlling the spin programme of a washing machine

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9115455B2 (en) 2010-12-09 2015-08-25 Whirlpool Corporation Method and apparatus for controlling the extraction duration in a laundry treating appliance

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DE3726061A1 (en) 1989-02-16
DE3866991D1 (en) 1992-01-30
EP0302319A1 (en) 1989-02-08

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