EP0280150A1 - Space heating element consisting of a ceramic body provided with an electrically resistant layer, especially in the form of a ceramic plate - Google Patents
Space heating element consisting of a ceramic body provided with an electrically resistant layer, especially in the form of a ceramic plate Download PDFInfo
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- EP0280150A1 EP0280150A1 EP88102207A EP88102207A EP0280150A1 EP 0280150 A1 EP0280150 A1 EP 0280150A1 EP 88102207 A EP88102207 A EP 88102207A EP 88102207 A EP88102207 A EP 88102207A EP 0280150 A1 EP0280150 A1 EP 0280150A1
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- Prior art keywords
- ceramic
- glaze
- heating element
- layer
- electrically conductive
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
- H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
- H05B3/265—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an inorganic material, e.g. ceramic
Definitions
- a room heating element consisting of a ceramic molded body, which is provided on the side facing away from its visible side with a flat heating conductor in the form of an electrical resistance coating made of an electrically conductive ceramic glaze, in which the electrical resistance coating is formed as a resistance layer from a material in which non-metallic, large specific surface area, electrically conductive particles which do not change their electrical conductivity significantly when the temperature rises are embedded in an electrically non-conductive or poorly conductive carrier substance and this material is applied in such a way that the resistance coating has a uniform electrical and thermal conductivity.
- a special form of such a space heating element is e.g. B. a large wall, floor or ceiling panel.
- contact is made with the electrical resistance coating, in particular through contact elements arranged symmetrically on the electrical resistance layer.
- contact elements arranged symmetrically on the electrical resistance layer.
- the invention has set itself the task of designing the electrically conductive resistance coating of the clothing body so that this detachment either no longer occurs directly from the fastening base or from an insulating layer placed over it, and furthermore an improvement in the heating properties of the space heating element is brought about.
- the resistance layer in the form of an electrically conductive resistance glaze is covered by a layer of non-conductive or poorly conductive ceramic glaze with a carrier substance of the same ceramic composition as that of the resistance glaze but with built-in kaolin particles and the structure made of ceramic Molded body, electrically conductive ceramic glaze and ceramic Ab
- the cover layer is heated to below the quartz transformation point ( ⁇ 750 ° C) and the resistance layer and cover layer are burned onto the ceramic clothing body.
- any organic insulating coating adheres to such a coated body of clothing without any problems.
- an electrical current passage which is uniform over the surface is achieved in that the contacting of the electrical heating layer is carried out in such a way that the contact elements or the contact layer is applied directly to the ceramic shaped body, this layer being in a ramp shape to the outer edge of the ceramic molded body grows and the ramp height is measured according to the thickness of the heating layer and the ramp width is more than fifty times this thickness.
- the heating layer thickness was 120 u and the width of the contact layer was 15 mm. Furthermore, this measure reduces the tendency for the contact elements or contact layer to detach.
- contact layer is applied directly to the back of the ceramic molded body as the first process step, followed by the application of the electrical heating layer as the second step.
- cover layer is applied and the entire structure is then subjected to a firing or heating process in a fourth step.
- the electrical resistance coating 2 is composed of a carrier substance 5 and conductive particles 4 embedded in this carrier substance.
- the cover layer 3 is composed of the same carrier substance 5 and kaolin particles 6 embedded therein.
- FIG. 2 shows a space heating element as described in EU-A-0 158 091, which is made up of a ceramic molded body 1, an electrical resistance coating 2 and a contact element 7.
- FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the space heating element according to the invention comprising an electrical resistance coating 2, a cover layer 3 and a contact element 8.
- This contact element 8 grows in a ramp shape at 9 towards the outer edge of the ceramic molded body.
- the contact element which can be formed by a contact layer, is formed in the exemplary embodiment shown with a substantially triangular cross section.
- the maximum ramp height 10 corresponds to the layer thickness 11 of the electrical resistance coating 2.
- the width 12 of the contact element is more than fifty times the thickness or thickness 11 of the electrical resistance coating 2. From FIG. 4 it follows that the contact element, on the two opposite Long sides of the space heating element is formed.
- the space heating element is expediently designed as a large wall, floor or ceiling cladding panel, which has side dimensions of 60 ⁇ 60 cm, in particular as a square panel.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Aus der EU-A- 0 158 091 ist ein Raumheizelement bestehend aus einem keramischen Formkörper, der auf der seiner Sichtseite abgewendeten Seite mit einem flächenhaften Heizleiter in Form einer elektrischen Widerstandsbeschichtung aus einer elektrisch leitenden keramischen Glasur versehen ist, bekannt, bei dem die elektrische Widerstandsbeschichtung als Widerstandsschicht aus einem Material ausgebildet ist, bei dem nichtmetallische, große spezifische Oberfläche aufweisende, elektrisch leitende, bei Temperaturerhöhung ihre elektrische Leitfähigkeit nicht wesentlich ändernde Partikel in einer elektrisch nicht oder nur schlecht leitenden Trägersubstanz eingebettet sind und dieses Material so aufgetragen ist, daß die Widerstandsbeschichtung eine gleichmäßige elektrische und thermische Leitfähigkeit aufweist. Eine Spezialform eines solchen Raumheizelementes ist z. B. eine großflächige Wand-, Boden- oder Deckenbekleidungsplatte.From EU-A-0 158 091 a room heating element is known consisting of a ceramic molded body, which is provided on the side facing away from its visible side with a flat heating conductor in the form of an electrical resistance coating made of an electrically conductive ceramic glaze, in which the electrical resistance coating is formed as a resistance layer from a material in which non-metallic, large specific surface area, electrically conductive particles which do not change their electrical conductivity significantly when the temperature rises are embedded in an electrically non-conductive or poorly conductive carrier substance and this material is applied in such a way that the resistance coating has a uniform electrical and thermal conductivity. A special form of such a space heating element is e.g. B. a large wall, floor or ceiling panel.
Unter ungünstigen Bedingungen kann es bei Ausbildung der elektrischen Widerstandsbeschichtung aus einer elektrisch leitenden keramischen Widerstandsglasur vorkommen, daß sich solche Platten von ihrem sie tragenden Untergrund plötzlich ablösen. Damit wird ihre Anbringung an Decken, aber auch an Wänden durch Verkleben problematisch, vielmehr sind zusätzliche Befestigungsmittel, wie Klammern oder Haken erforder lich, was vielfach unmöglich oder wenigstens manchmal nicht erwünscht ist.Under unfavorable conditions, when the electrical resistance coating is formed from an electrically conductive ceramic resistance glaze, it can happen that such plates suddenly detach from their supporting surface. This makes their attachment to ceilings, but also to walls by gluing problematic, rather additional fasteners such as clips or hooks are required Lich, which is often impossible or at least sometimes not desirable.
Nach der EU-A- 0 158 091 erfolgt eine Kontaktierung der elektrischen Widerstandsbeschichtung insbesondere durch symmetrisch auf der elektrischen Widerstandsschicht angeordnete Kontaktierungselemente. Es hat sich aber gezeigt, daß solche auf der Heizschicht angebrachte Elemente zum Ablösen neigen, aber auch den über eine Fläche gleichmäßigen elektrischen Stromdurchgang nur unzureichend gewährleisten.According to EU-A-0 158 091, contact is made with the electrical resistance coating, in particular through contact elements arranged symmetrically on the electrical resistance layer. However, it has been shown that such elements attached to the heating layer tend to detach, but also only insufficiently ensure the uniform electrical current passage over a surface.
Das Problem einer unzureichenden Haftung tritt überraschenderweise auch zwischen leitender Widerstandsschicht und einer Isolierschicht auf, über die der Bekleidungskörper am Befestigungsuntergrund befestigt ist.The problem of insufficient adhesion also surprisingly arises between a conductive resistance layer and an insulating layer, by means of which the clothing body is attached to the fastening base.
Es gibt offenbar bis jetzt noch kein isolierendes Material, insbesondere organisches Isoliermaterial, das mit der leitenden Widerstandsschicht eine dauerhafte und sichere Verbindung eingeht.So far, there is apparently no insulating material, in particular organic insulating material, that forms a permanent and secure connection with the conductive resistance layer.
Die Erfindung hat sich die Aufgabe gestellt, die elektrisch leitende Widerstandsbeschichtung des Bekleidungskörpers so auszugestalten, daß dieses Ablösen entweder unmittelbar vom Befestigungsgrund oder von einer darübergelegten Isolierschicht nicht mehr auftritt und ferner eine Verbesserung der Heizeigenschaften des Raumheizelementes bewirkt wird.The invention has set itself the task of designing the electrically conductive resistance coating of the clothing body so that this detachment either no longer occurs directly from the fastening base or from an insulating layer placed over it, and furthermore an improvement in the heating properties of the space heating element is brought about.
Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß dadurch gelöst, daß die in Form einer elektrisch leitenden Widerstandsglasur vorliegende Widerstandsschicht durch eine Schicht aus nicht leitender oder nur schlecht leitender keramischer Glasur mit einer Trägersubstanz gleicher keramischer Zusammensetzung wie die der Widerstandsglasur aber mit eingebauten Kaolinteilchen abgedeckt ist und das Gebilde aus keramischen Formkörper, elektrisch leitender keramischer Glasur und keramischer Ab deckschicht bis unterhalb des Quarzumwandlungspunktes (<750°C) erhitzt und so Widerstandsschicht und Abdeckschicht auf dem keramischen Bekleidungskörper eingebrannt sind.This object is achieved in that the resistance layer in the form of an electrically conductive resistance glaze is covered by a layer of non-conductive or poorly conductive ceramic glaze with a carrier substance of the same ceramic composition as that of the resistance glaze but with built-in kaolin particles and the structure made of ceramic Molded body, electrically conductive ceramic glaze and ceramic Ab The cover layer is heated to below the quartz transformation point (<750 ° C) and the resistance layer and cover layer are burned onto the ceramic clothing body.
Überraschenderweise haftet auf einem solchermaßen beschichteten Bekleidungskörper auch jede organische Isolierbeschichtung ohne Probleme.Surprisingly, any organic insulating coating adheres to such a coated body of clothing without any problems.
Überraschenderweise hat sich ferner herausgestellt, daß sich bei Anwendung der vorgeschlagenen Lösung eine erhebliche Reduzierung des elektrischen Widerstandes der abgedeckten Widerstandsbeschichtung, also der Heizschicht ergibt. Dies erklärt sich daraus, daß bei einem sinnvoll gewählten Überschuß an Kaolinteilchen im Verhältnis zu den Glasanteilen der Trägersubstanz diese beim Brennen des gesamten Gebildes Glasanteile aus der Widerstandsglasur (Heizschicht) lösen und in die Abdeckschicht einbinden. Dadurch wird die isolierende Glassubstanz in der Widerstandsglasur verringert, welche die elektrische Leitung der Widerstandsglasur negativ beeinflußt, wodurch sich der elektrische Widerstand der Widerstandsglasur, d. h. der Heizschicht, verringert. Es ergibt sich mithin eine Verbesserung der Heizeigenschaften des Raumheizelementes infolge der Einbettung von Kaolinteilchen in die Abdeckschicht.Surprisingly, it has also been found that using the proposed solution results in a considerable reduction in the electrical resistance of the covered resistance coating, that is to say the heating layer. This can be explained by the fact that if the excess of kaolin particles is chosen in relation to the glass portions of the carrier substance, they release glass portions from the resistance glaze (heating layer) when the entire structure is fired and bind them into the cover layer. This reduces the insulating glass substance in the resistance glaze, which has a negative effect on the electrical conduction of the resistance glaze, as a result of which the electrical resistance of the resistance glaze, i. H. the heating layer. There is thus an improvement in the heating properties of the space heating element as a result of the embedding of kaolin particles in the cover layer.
So wurde z. B. bei 30 % Gewichtsanteil Kaolin eine Widerstandserniedrigung von 50 % gegenüber dem des gleichen Gebildes ohne Zufügung einer Abdeckschicht festgestellt.So z. B. at 30% by weight kaolin, a resistance reduction of 50% compared to that of the same structure without adding a cover layer.
Diese Erscheinung hat man sich erfindungsgemäß in der Weise zunutze gemacht, daß man die Menge an Kaolinteilchen der Deckschicht so wählt, daß damit eine bestimmte Leitfähigkeitsänderung erzielt wird, die es wiederum erlaubt, die Menge an elektrisch leitenden Partikeln in der Heizschicht spürbar zu reduzieren, ohne den ursprünglich angestrebten elektrischen Widerstand der Heizschicht, also ohne Abdeckung, zu verändern.This phenomenon has been exploited according to the invention in such a way that the amount of kaolin particles in the cover layer is selected in such a way that a certain change in conductivity is achieved, which in turn allows the amount of electrically conductive particles in the heating layer to be reduced appreciably without to change the originally desired electrical resistance of the heating layer, that is to say without a cover.
Hinsichtlich den auf der Heizschicht angebrachten elektrischen Kontaktierungselementen wird ein über die Fläche gleichmäßiger elektrischer Stromdurchgang dadurch erreicht, daß die Kontaktierung der elektrischen Heizschicht so vorgenommen wird, daß die Kontaktelemente bzw. die Kontaktschicht direkt auf den keramischen Formkörper aufgebracht wird, wobei diese Schicht rampenförmig zur Außenkante des keramischen Formkörpers hin anwächst und sich die Rampenhöhe nach der Stärke der Heizschicht und die Rampenbreite sich mit mehr als dem Fünfzigfachen dieser Stärke bemißt. Bei einem Ausführungsbeispiel betrug die Heizschichtdicke 120 u und die Breite der Kontaktschicht 15 mm. Ferner wird durch diese Maßnahme die Neigung zum Ablösen der Kontaktelemente bzw. Kontaktschicht verringert.With regard to the electrical contacting elements attached to the heating layer, an electrical current passage which is uniform over the surface is achieved in that the contacting of the electrical heating layer is carried out in such a way that the contact elements or the contact layer is applied directly to the ceramic shaped body, this layer being in a ramp shape to the outer edge of the ceramic molded body grows and the ramp height is measured according to the thickness of the heating layer and the ramp width is more than fifty times this thickness. In one embodiment, the heating layer thickness was 120 u and the width of the contact layer was 15 mm. Furthermore, this measure reduces the tendency for the contact elements or contact layer to detach.
Ein weiterer Vorteil dieser vorgeschlagenen Lösung beruht darin, daß die Anbringung der Kontaktschicht unmittelbar auf die Rückseite des keramischen Formkörpers als erster Verfahrensschritt erfolgt, dem als zweiter Schritt die Aufbringung der elektrischen Heizschicht folgt. Als dritter Schritt wird die Abdeckschicht appliziert und das gesamte Gebilde in einem vierten Schritt dann einem Brenn- oder Erhitzungsprozeß unterworfen.Another advantage of this proposed solution is that the contact layer is applied directly to the back of the ceramic molded body as the first process step, followed by the application of the electrical heating layer as the second step. As a third step, the cover layer is applied and the entire structure is then subjected to a firing or heating process in a fourth step.
Nachfolgend werden Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung schematisch anhand der Zeichnung beschrieben. Darin zeigen.
- Fig. 1 einen schematischen Teilschnitt durch ein Raumheizelement,
- Fig. 2 einen Teilschnitt durch ein Raumheizelement nach der EU-A- 0 158 091,
- Fig. 3 einen Teilschnitt durch eine weitere Ausführungs form der Erfindung sowie
- Fig. 4 eine Draufsicht auf ein Raumheizlement nach Fig. 3.
- 1 is a schematic partial section through a space heating element,
- 2 shows a partial section through a space heating element according to EU-A-0 158 091,
- Fig. 3 shows a partial section through a further embodiment form of the invention as well
- FIG. 4 shows a top view of a room heating element according to FIG. 3.
Das in Fig. 1 dargestellte Raumheizelement umfaßt einen keramischen Formkörper 1, der auf seiner der Sichtseite abgewendeten Seite mit einer elektrischen Widerstandsbeschichtung 2, welche die Heizschicht bildet, sowie ferner mit einer Abdeckschicht 3 versehen ist. Die elektrische Widerstandsbeschichtung 2 setzt sich aus einer Trägersubstanz 5 und in dieser Trägersubstanz eingebetteten leitfähigen Partikeln 4 zusammen. Die Abdeckschicht 3 setzt sich aus derselben Trägersubstanz 5 und darin eingebetteten Kaolinteilchen 6 zusammen.1 comprises a ceramic molded body 1, which is provided on its side facing away from the visible side with an
Fig. 2 zeigt ein Raumheizelement, wie es in der EU-A- 0 158 091 beschrieben ist, welches aus einem keramischen Formkörper 1, einer elektrischen Widerstandsbeschichtung 2 und einem Kontaktelement 7 aufgebaut ist.FIG. 2 shows a space heating element as described in EU-A-0 158 091, which is made up of a ceramic molded body 1, an
Fig. 3 zeigt eine Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Raumheizelementes aus einer elektrischen Widerstandsbeschichtung 2, einer Abdeckschicht 3 und einem Kontaktelement 8. Dieses Kontaktelement 8 wächst rampenförmig bei 9 zur Außenkante des keramischen Formkörpers an. Das Kontaktelement, welches durch eine Kontaktschicht gebildet sein kann, ist im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel mit im wesentlichen dreieckförmigem Querschnitt ausgebildet. Die maximale Rampenhöhe 10 entspricht der Schichtdicke 11 der elektrischen Widerstandsbeschichtung 2. Die Breite 12 des Kontaktelementes beträgt mehr als das Fünfzigfache der Dicke bzw. der Stärke 11 der elektrischen Widerstandsbeschichtung 2. Aus Fig. 4 ergibt sich, daß das Kontaktelement,an den beiden gegenüberliegenden Längsseiten des Raumheizelementes ausgebildet ist. Das Raumheizelement ist in zweckmäßiger Weise als großflächige Wand-Boden- oder Deckenbekleidungsplatte ausgebildet, welches insbesondere als quadratische Platte Seitenabmessungen von 60 × 60 cm aufweist.3 shows an embodiment of the space heating element according to the invention comprising an
Claims (7)
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der mit der elektrischen Widerstandsbeschichtung aus einer elektrisch leitenden keramischen Glasur versehene keramische Formkörper durch eine Schicht aus nicht leitender oder nur schlecht leitender Glasur mit einer Trägersubstanz gleicher keramischer Zusammensetzung wie die der Widerstandsglasur aber mit eingebauten Kaolinteilchen abgedeckt und das Gebilde aus keramischem Formkörper, elektrisch leitender keramischer Glasur und keramischer Abdeckschicht bis unterhalb des Quarzumwandlungspunktes erhitzt worden ist.1. space heating element, in particular plate, consisting of a ceramic molded body which is provided on the side facing away from its visible side with a flat heating conductor in the form of an electrical resistance coating made of an electrically conductive ceramic glaze, the electrical resistance coating being designed as a resistance layer made of a material, in which the non-metallic, large specific surface area has electrically conductive particles which do not significantly change their electrical conductivity when the temperature rises, are embedded in an electrically non-conductive or poorly conductive carrier substance and this material is applied in such a way that the resistance coating has a uniform electrical and thermal conductivity,
characterized by
that the ceramic molded body provided with the electrical resistance coating from an electrically conductive ceramic glaze is not covered by a layer of conductive or poorly conductive glaze with a carrier substance of the same ceramic composition as that of the resistance glaze but covered with built-in kaolin particles and the structure of the ceramic molded body, electrically conductive ceramic glaze and ceramic cover layer has been heated to below the quartz transformation point.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Menge an eingebauten Kaolinteilchen so gewählt wird, daß eine spürbare Erniedrigung des elektrischen Widerstandes der Widerstandsglasur eintritt.2. space heating element according to claim 1,
characterized by
that the amount of kaolin particles incorporated is selected so that a noticeable reduction in the electrical resistance of the resistance glaze occurs.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Menge an eingebauten Kaolinteilchen so gewählt wird, daß wegen der damit verbundenen Erniedrigung des ursprünglichen elektrischen Widerstandes der Heizschicht die Menge an nichtmetallischen, elektrisch leitenden Partikeln der Widerstandsbeschichtung spürbar reduziert werden kann, um den ursprünglich gewünschten elektrischen Widerstand zu erhalten.3. space heating element according to claim 1,
characterized by
that the amount of built-in kaolin particles is selected so that the amount of non-metallic, electrically conductive particles of the resistance coating can be reduced noticeably because of the associated lowering of the original electrical resistance of the heating layer in order to obtain the originally desired electrical resistance.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Kontaktelement unmittelbar auf dem keramischen Körper aufgebracht ist, und daß die Stärke des Kontaktelementes rampenförmig zur Außenkante des keramischen Formkörpers hin anwachsend ausgebildet ist.4. space heating element, with at least one electrical contact element, for the heating layer,
characterized by
that the contact element is applied directly to the ceramic body, and that the thickness of the contact element is ramp-shaped towards the outer edge of the ceramic molded body.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß sich die maximale Rampenhöhe nach der Stärke der Heizschicht bemißt und die Rampenbreite mehr als das Fünfzigfache dieser Stärke beträgt.5. space heating element according to claim 4,
characterized by
that the maximum ramp height is based on the thickness of the heating layer and the ramp width more than that Fifty times this strength.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Kontaktelement im wesentlichen dreieckförmigen Querschnitt aufweist.6. space heating element according to claim 4 or 5,
characterized by
that the contact element has a substantially triangular cross section.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Kontaktelement durch eine Kontaktschicht gebildet ist.7. Space heating element according to one of claims 4 to 6,
characterized by
that the contact element is formed by a contact layer.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT88102207T ATE68655T1 (en) | 1987-02-17 | 1988-02-15 | SPACE HEATING ELEMENT, CONSISTING OF A CERAMIC MOLDING WITH AN ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE COATING, PARTICULARLY IN THE FORM OF A CERAMIC PLATE. |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3705028 | 1987-02-17 | ||
DE3705028 | 1987-02-17 | ||
DE19873710626 DE3710626A1 (en) | 1987-02-17 | 1987-03-31 | ROOM HEATING ELEMENT CONSISTING OF A CERAMIC MOLDED BODY WITH AN ELECTRIC RESISTANT COATING, IN PARTICULAR IN THE FORM OF A CERAMIC PLATE |
DE3710626 | 1987-03-31 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0280150A1 true EP0280150A1 (en) | 1988-08-31 |
EP0280150B1 EP0280150B1 (en) | 1991-10-16 |
Family
ID=25852612
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP88102207A Expired - Lifetime EP0280150B1 (en) | 1987-02-17 | 1988-02-15 | Space heating element consisting of a ceramic body provided with an electrically resistant layer, especially in the form of a ceramic plate |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4868899A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0280150B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS63314790A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE68655T1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA1298602C (en) |
DE (2) | DE3710626A1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK80388A (en) |
FI (1) | FI880603A (en) |
NO (1) | NO880679L (en) |
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US20110188838A1 (en) * | 2008-05-30 | 2011-08-04 | Thermoceramix, Inc. | Radiant heating using heater coatings |
US8306408B2 (en) * | 2008-05-30 | 2012-11-06 | Thermoceramix Inc. | Radiant heating using heater coatings |
US20130071716A1 (en) * | 2011-09-16 | 2013-03-21 | General Electric Company | Thermal management device |
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DE3433667A1 (en) * | 1984-02-29 | 1985-09-05 | Buchtal Gmbh, 8472 Schwarzenfeld | Ceramic moulding with electrical resistance coating bonded to back - with uniform electrical and thermal conductivity, useful for heating room, swimming pool etc. |
DE3545118A1 (en) * | 1985-12-19 | 1987-06-25 | Buchtal Gmbh | Flat ceramic body I |
DE3545117A1 (en) * | 1985-12-19 | 1987-06-25 | Buchtal Gmbh | Flat ceramic body II |
-
1987
- 1987-03-31 DE DE19873710626 patent/DE3710626A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1988
- 1988-02-10 FI FI880603A patent/FI880603A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-02-15 EP EP88102207A patent/EP0280150B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-02-15 AT AT88102207T patent/ATE68655T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-02-15 DE DE8888102207T patent/DE3865454D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-02-16 NO NO880679A patent/NO880679L/en unknown
- 1988-02-16 JP JP63033845A patent/JPS63314790A/en active Pending
- 1988-02-16 DK DK080388A patent/DK80388A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1988-02-16 US US07/156,181 patent/US4868899A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-02-17 CA CA000559119A patent/CA1298602C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2939807A (en) * | 1956-06-29 | 1960-06-07 | Thermway Ind Inc | Method of making a heating panel |
FR1198688A (en) * | 1957-02-05 | 1959-12-09 | Kanthal Ab | advanced electrical resistance element |
US3067310A (en) * | 1959-12-02 | 1962-12-04 | Frank C Walz | Microfilm electric heaters |
US3694627A (en) * | 1970-12-23 | 1972-09-26 | Whirlpool Co | Heating element & method of making |
FR2177078A1 (en) * | 1972-03-23 | 1973-11-02 | Thermonic Sa | |
FR2211832A1 (en) * | 1972-12-20 | 1974-07-19 | Horiki Seinosuke | |
DE2329424A1 (en) * | 1973-06-08 | 1975-01-02 | Siemens Ag | Flat printed circuit heating element - comprises refractory plate sandwich |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2327839A (en) * | 1997-07-28 | 1999-02-03 | Glaverbel | Terminating electrical circuits on glazing panels |
GB2327839B (en) * | 1997-07-28 | 2001-04-25 | Glaverbel | Attachment of electrical connectors |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE68655T1 (en) | 1991-11-15 |
DK80388A (en) | 1988-08-18 |
DE3865454D1 (en) | 1991-11-21 |
JPS63314790A (en) | 1988-12-22 |
FI880603A (en) | 1988-08-18 |
FI880603A0 (en) | 1988-02-10 |
DE3710626A1 (en) | 1988-08-25 |
CA1298602C (en) | 1992-04-07 |
NO880679D0 (en) | 1988-02-16 |
EP0280150B1 (en) | 1991-10-16 |
NO880679L (en) | 1988-08-18 |
US4868899A (en) | 1989-09-19 |
DK80388D0 (en) | 1988-02-16 |
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