EP0263762A1 - Excavating device for digging trenches into the ground - Google Patents
Excavating device for digging trenches into the ground Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0263762A1 EP0263762A1 EP87402244A EP87402244A EP0263762A1 EP 0263762 A1 EP0263762 A1 EP 0263762A1 EP 87402244 A EP87402244 A EP 87402244A EP 87402244 A EP87402244 A EP 87402244A EP 0263762 A1 EP0263762 A1 EP 0263762A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- drums
- milling
- milling machine
- fingers
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
- E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
- E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
- E02F3/18—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging wheels turning round an axis, e.g. bucket-type wheels
- E02F3/20—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging wheels turning round an axis, e.g. bucket-type wheels with tools that only loosen the material, i.e. mill-type wheels
- E02F3/205—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with digging wheels turning round an axis, e.g. bucket-type wheels with tools that only loosen the material, i.e. mill-type wheels with a pair of digging wheels, e.g. slotting machines
Definitions
- the present invention converges a milling machine for digging trenches in the ground, and more particularly such a machine of the type comprising at least one substantially vertical support plate on either side of which two milling drums are rotatably mounted around an axis substantially perpendicular to the plate.
- This thickness of the support plate creates difficulties during the construction of the trench. Indeed, the milling tools mounted on the two drums on the side of the support plate must be sufficiently spaced from each other to allow the passage of this plate during rotation of the drums. This results in the formation of a step at the bottom of the trench, a width generally at least equal to that of the plate.
- the lower edge of the support plate abuts on this step, and can therefore prevent drilling progress.
- Circular grooves have also been made in the support plate, centered on the axis of the drums, so that the milling tools mounted fixed on the drums are spaced apart by a distance less than the thickness of the plate. This solution has proved satisfactory. However, with the plate thicknesses currently used, the fact remains that the step remains of sufficient size to withstand the weight of the milling machine exerted through the lower surfaces of the edge of the support plate.
- the present invention aims to provide a different solution to the problem set out above, possibly in combination with the means already known.
- the invention relates to a milling machine for digging trenches in the ground, of the type comprising at least one substantially vertical support plate on either side of which two milling drums are rotatably mounted around of an axis substantially perpendicular to the plate, characterized in that at least one movable finger is mounted on the lower edge of said plate, drive means being provided to cause the oscillation of said finger on both sides other from the median plane of said plate during rotation of the drums.
- the fingers according to the invention come into contact with the vertical walls of the step, on which they exert a component of lateral force which tends to break this step.
- the present invention makes it easier to disaggregate this step and to ensure better penetration of the milling machine.
- said finger can be mounted on the lower edge of the plate by means of elastic means.
- said drive means can comprise cams placed on the sides of the milling drums situated opposite the support plate, these cams being able to be notably substantially continuous and sinusoidal .
- the milling machine comprises a plurality of fingers mounted on said lower edge of the support plate, said drive means being arranged so that the successive fingers oscillate in opposite opposition relative to the median plane of the plate.
- the lateral forces exerted by the fingers of the milling machine on the step may have a substantially zero lateral component, which avoids deviations of the machine and therefore ensures the verticality of the trench.
- the milling machine shown in Figure 1 comprises in known manner a frame 1 at the bottom of which are mounted two milling drums 2 by means of vertical support plates 3.
- the axes 4 of rotation of the drums are perpendicular to the plates 3.
- hydraulic motors 5 are mounted on the plates 3 and have their output shafts integral with the drums 2 so as to rotate them in the opposite direction, in the direction of the arrows 6.
- the disaggregated soil by the drums 2 is brought back towards the lateral axis 7 of the milling machine where they are sucked by a suction nozzle 8.
- the milling drums 2 carry at their periphery milling peaks 9 which ensure the disintegration of the ground during the rotation of the drums.
- the peaks 9a closest to the plate 3 are inclined towards the transverse axis 10 of this plate so as to be as close as possible.
- a step 11 is formed at the bottom of the trench 12, step whose thickness is at least equal to the thickness of the plate 3, and on which the lower edge of the plate 3 could come into abutment during the descent of the machine.
- fingers 13 are mounted on the lower semi-circular edge 14 of each plate 3.
- the fingers 13 are directed substantially perpendicular to the edge 14 on which they are mounted by means of elastic blocks 15, of so as to allow their oscillation along the arrow 15 on either side of the median plane 10 of the plate 3.
- the inner sides of the drums 2, located opposite the plate 3, are cut along a sinusoidal continuous profile 17, so as to form two guide or cam surfaces, between which is disposed a head 18 of the finger 13.
- the surfaces 17 are arranged so that the movements of two fingers 13 arranged consecutively on a surface 14 take place in phase opposition on either side of the plane 10.
- the fingers 13 exert on the step 11, on the one hand transverse forces, and on the other hand torsional forces. These forces cause the step 11 to rupture so that it cannot oppose the progress of milling the trench.
- these movements in phase opposition cause zero transverse force on the milling machine, so that it is not deviated from the vertical during its progression.
- milling drums which have been described as driven by hydraulic motors located in their hubs, can be driven by any other means, for example by means of chains connected to motors arranged in the frame.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Shovels (AREA)
- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
- Soil Working Implements (AREA)
- Road Repair (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention converne un engin de fraisage pour creuser des tranchées dans le sol, et plus particulièrement un tel engin du type comprenant au moins une plaque de support sensiblement verticale de part et d'autre de laquelle deux tambours de fraisage sont montés à rotation autour d'un axe sensiblement perpendiculaire à la plaque.The present invention converges a milling machine for digging trenches in the ground, and more particularly such a machine of the type comprising at least one substantially vertical support plate on either side of which two milling drums are rotatably mounted around an axis substantially perpendicular to the plate.
On connait déjà de tels engins de fraisage comportant généralement deux plaques, supportant par conséquent quatre tambours tournant deux à deux en sens inverse de manière à ramener les débris de fraisage vers une buse d'aspiration située dans l'axe de l'engin.We already know of such milling machines generally comprising two plates, consequently supporting four drums rotating two by two in opposite directions so as to bring the milling debris to a suction nozzle located in the axis of the machine.
Au fur et à mesure que l'on réalise de tels engins de capacité de plus en plus forte, en est amené à augmenter l'épaisseur de la plaque de support qui doit reprendre les efforts exercés par le sol sur les tambours de fraisage.As and when such machines of increasing capacity are produced, this leads to increasing the thickness of the support plate which must take up the forces exerted by the ground on the milling drums.
Cette épaisseur de la plaque de support crée des difficultés lors de la réalisation de la tranchée. En effet, les outils de fraisage montés sur les deux tambours du côté de la plaque de support doivent être suffisamment écartés les uns des autres pour permettre le passage de cette plaque lors de la rotation des tambours. Il en résulte la formation d'un redan au fond de la tranchée, d'une largeur généralement au moins égale à celle de la plaque.This thickness of the support plate creates difficulties during the construction of the trench. Indeed, the milling tools mounted on the two drums on the side of the support plate must be sufficiently spaced from each other to allow the passage of this plate during rotation of the drums. This results in the formation of a step at the bottom of the trench, a width generally at least equal to that of the plate.
Lors de la descente de l'engin de fraisage, le bord inférieur de la plaque de support vient en butée sur ce redan, et peut par conséquent empêcher la progression du forage.When lowering the milling machine, the lower edge of the support plate abuts on this step, and can therefore prevent drilling progress.
On a déjà proposé différentes solutions à ce problème. C'est ainsi que l'on a envisagé de monter les outils de fraisage situés du côté de la plaque de façon mobile sur les tambours, de manière à rapprocher les uns des autres les outils des deux tambours lorsqu'ils sont dans une position dégagée de la plaque de support. Cette solution s'est toutefois avérée délicate à mettre en oeuvre dans la mesure où les axes d'articulation de ces outils doivent supporter des efforts extrêmement importants.We have already proposed different solutions to this problem. Thus it has been envisaged to mount the milling tools located on the side of the plate in a movable manner on the drums, so as to bring the tools of the two drums together when they are in a disengaged position. of the support plate. However, this solution has proven to be difficult to implement since the axes of articulation of these tools must withstand extremely large forces.
On a également réalisé des raînures circulaires dans la plaque de support, centrées sur l'axe des tambours, de manière que les outils de fraisage montés fixes sur les tambours soient écartés d'une distance inférieure à l'épaisseur de la plaque. Cette solution s'est avérée satisfaisante. Toutefois, avec les épaisseurs de plaque actuellement utilisées, il n'en reste pas moins que le redan reste de dimension suffisante pour résister au poids de l'engin de fraisage exercé par l'intermédiaire des surfaces inférieures du bord de la plaque de support.Circular grooves have also been made in the support plate, centered on the axis of the drums, so that the milling tools mounted fixed on the drums are spaced apart by a distance less than the thickness of the plate. This solution has proved satisfactory. However, with the plate thicknesses currently used, the fact remains that the step remains of sufficient size to withstand the weight of the milling machine exerted through the lower surfaces of the edge of the support plate.
La présente invention vise à fournir une solution différente du problème exposé ci-dessus, éventuellement en combinaison avec les moyens déjà connus.The present invention aims to provide a different solution to the problem set out above, possibly in combination with the means already known.
A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet un engin de fraisage pour creuser des tranchées dans le sol, du type comprenant au moins une plaque de support sensiblement verticale de part et d'autre de laquelle deux tambours de fraisage sont montés à rotation autour d'un axe sensiblement perpendiculaire à la plaque, caractérisé par le fait qu'au moins un doigt mobile est monté sur le bord inférieur de ladite plaque, des moyens d'entraînemement étant prévus pour provoquer l'oscillation dudit doigt de part et d'autre du plan médian de ladite plaque lors de la rotation des tambours.To this end, the invention relates to a milling machine for digging trenches in the ground, of the type comprising at least one substantially vertical support plate on either side of which two milling drums are rotatably mounted around of an axis substantially perpendicular to the plate, characterized in that at least one movable finger is mounted on the lower edge of said plate, drive means being provided to cause the oscillation of said finger on both sides other from the median plane of said plate during rotation of the drums.
Ainsi, les doigts selon l'invention viennent au contact des parois verticales du redan, sur lesquelles ils exercent une composante de force latérale qui a tendance à briser ce redan.Thus, the fingers according to the invention come into contact with the vertical walls of the step, on which they exert a component of lateral force which tends to break this step.
Par conséquent, indépendamment des moyens permettant éventuellement de réduire l'épaisseur du redan, la présente invention permet de désagréger plus facilement ce redan et d'assurer une meilleure pénétration de l'engin de fraisage.Consequently, independently of the means possibly making it possible to reduce the thickness of the step, the present invention makes it easier to disaggregate this step and to ensure better penetration of the milling machine.
De manière à assurer un montage simple, résistant bien aux chocs et à l'usure, ledit doigt peut être monté sur le bord inférieur de la plaque par l'intermédiaire de moyens élastiques.In order to ensure a simple assembly, resistant well to impact and wear, said finger can be mounted on the lower edge of the plate by means of elastic means.
On peut, en variante, utiliser tout moyen mécanique, tel que des articulations.One can, as a variant, use any mechanical means, such as joints.
Dans un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention, lesdits moyens d'entraînement peuvent comprendre des cames placées sur les côtés des tambours de fraisage situés en vis-à-vis de la plaque de support, ces cames pouvant être notamment sensiblement continues et sinusoïdales.In a particular embodiment of the invention, said drive means can comprise cams placed on the sides of the milling drums situated opposite the support plate, these cams being able to be notably substantially continuous and sinusoidal .
De préférence, l'engin de fraisage selon l'invention comporte une pluralité de doigts montés sur ledit bord inférieur de la plaque de support, lesdits moyens d'entraînement étant agencés pour que les doigts successifs oscillent en opposition de face par rapport au plan médian de la plaque.Preferably, the milling machine according to the invention comprises a plurality of fingers mounted on said lower edge of the support plate, said drive means being arranged so that the successive fingers oscillate in opposite opposition relative to the median plane of the plate.
Ainsi, les efforts latéraux exercés par les doigts de l'engin de fraisage sur le redan, peuvent avoir une composante latérale sensiblement nulle, ce qui évite les déviations de l'engin et assure par conséquent la verticalité de la tranchée.Thus, the lateral forces exerted by the fingers of the milling machine on the step, may have a substantially zero lateral component, which avoids deviations of the machine and therefore ensures the verticality of the trench.
On décrira maintenant à titre d'exemple non limitatif un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention en référence aux dessins schématiques annexés dans lesquels :
- - la figure 1 est une vue latérale de la partie inférieure de l'engin de fraisage selon l'invention, et
- - la figure 2 est une vue à plus grande échelle selon la flèche II de la figure 1.
- FIG. 1 is a side view of the lower part of the milling machine according to the invention, and
- - Figure 2 is an enlarged view along arrow II of Figure 1.
L'engin de fraisage représenté à la figure 1 comporte de façon connue un bâti 1 à la partie inférieure duquel sont montés deux tambours de fraisage 2 par l'intermédiaire de plaques de support verticales 3. Les axes 4 de rotation des tambours sont perpendiculaires aux plaques 3. Dans le cas présent, des moteurs hydrauliques 5 sont montés sur les plaques 3 et ont leurs arbres de sortie solidaires des tambours 2 de manière à les faire tourner en sens inverse, dans le sens des flèches 6. Ainsi, le sol désagrégé par les tambours 2 est ramené vers l'axe latérale 7 de l'engin de fraisage où ils sont aspirés par une buse d'aspiration 8.The milling machine shown in Figure 1 comprises in known manner a frame 1 at the bottom of which are mounted two
Comme montré à la figure 2, les tambours de fraisage 2 portent à leur périphérie des pics de fraisage 9 qui assurent la désagrégation du terrain lors de la rotation des tambours. Les pics 9a les plus proches de la plaque 3 sont inclinés vers l'axe transversal 10 de cette plaque de manière à être le plus rapprochés possible.As shown in Figure 2, the
Lors de la rotation des tambours 2 et de la descente de l'engin de fraisage, il se forme néanmois un redan 11 au fond de la tranchée 12, redan dont l'épaisseur est au moins égale à l'épaisseur de la plaque 3, et sur lequel le bord inférieur de la plaque 3 pourrait venir en butée lors de la descente de l'engin.When the
Afin de désagréger ce redan 11, des doigts 13 sont montés sur le bord inférieur semi-circulaire 14 de chaque plaque 3. Les doigts 13 sont dirigés sensiblement perpendiculairement au bord 14 sur lequel ils sont montés par l'intermédiaire de blocs élastiques 15, de manière à permettre leur oscillation suivant la flèche 15 de part et d'autre du plan médian 10 de la plaque 3.In order to disaggregate this
Les côtés intérieurs des tambours 2, situés en vis-à-vis de la plaque 3, sont découpés suivant un profil continu sinusoïdal 17, de manière à former deux surfaces de guidage, ou de came, entre lesquelles est disposée une tête 18 du doigt 13.The inner sides of the
Ainsi, au fur et à mesure que les tambours 2 tournent dans le sens indiqué par les flèches 6, les doigts 13 oscillant suivant la direction de la flèche 16 provoquant ainsi la destruction du redan 11, comme cela est représenté à la figure 2.Thus, as the
Les surfaces 17 sont agencées de telle sorte que les mouvements de deux doigts 13 disposés consécutivement sur une surface 14 s'effectuent en opposition de phase de part et d'autre et d'autre du plan 10. Ainsi, les doigts 13 exercent sur le redan 11, d'une part des efforts transversaux, et d'autre part des efforts de torsion. Ces efforts entraînent la rupture du redan 11 de sorte que celui-ci ne peut s'op poser à la progression du fraisage de la tranchée. En outre, ces mouvements en opposition de phase entraînent un effort transversal nul sur l'engin de fraisage, de sorte que celui-ci n'est pas dévié de la verticale lors de sa progression.The
Diverses variantes et modifications peuvent bien entendu être apportées à la description qui précède sans sortir pour autant du cadre ni de l'esprit de l'invention.Various variants and modifications can of course be made to the above description without departing from the scope or the spirit of the invention.
C'est ainsi en particulier que des moyens connus peuvent être mis en oeuvre de manière à réduire l'épaisseur du redan avant sa désagrégation par les moyens de l'invention.Thus in particular that known means can be implemented so as to reduce the thickness of the step before its disintegration by the means of the invention.
De même, les tambours de fraisage, qui ont été décrits comme entraînés par des moteurs hydrauliques situés dans leurs moyeux, peuvent être entraînés par tout autre moyen, par exemple par l'intermédiaire de chaînes reliées à des moteurs disposés dans le bâti. Similarly, the milling drums, which have been described as driven by hydraulic motors located in their hubs, can be driven by any other means, for example by means of chains connected to motors arranged in the frame.
Claims (5)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT87402244T ATE50014T1 (en) | 1986-10-08 | 1987-10-08 | MILLING DEVICE FOR DIGING DIGITS IN THE GROUND. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR8614003A FR2605028B1 (en) | 1986-10-08 | 1986-10-08 | MILLING MACHINE FOR Digging Trenches In The Ground. |
FR8614003 | 1986-10-08 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0263762A1 true EP0263762A1 (en) | 1988-04-13 |
EP0263762B1 EP0263762B1 (en) | 1990-01-31 |
Family
ID=9339665
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP87402244A Expired - Lifetime EP0263762B1 (en) | 1986-10-08 | 1987-10-08 | Excavating device for digging trenches into the ground |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4824176A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0263762B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS6397731A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE50014T1 (en) |
CY (1) | CY1686A (en) |
DE (2) | DE3761574D1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2605028B1 (en) |
HK (1) | HK76693A (en) |
SG (1) | SG129392G (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5035071A (en) * | 1988-10-14 | 1991-07-30 | Bauer Spezialtiefbau Gmbh | Trench wall cutter |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5056242A (en) * | 1989-05-12 | 1991-10-15 | Finic, B.V. | Underground wall construction method and apparatus |
GB2252576B (en) * | 1991-02-06 | 1994-07-27 | Anderson Group Plc | Mining machine |
FR2806111B1 (en) * | 2000-03-13 | 2002-06-14 | Cie Du Sol | HARD GROUND DRILLING APPARATUS |
FR2806112B1 (en) * | 2000-03-13 | 2002-06-14 | Cie Du Sol | HARD GROUND DRILLING APPARATUS |
FR2862336B1 (en) * | 2003-11-18 | 2006-03-17 | Cie Du Sol | DRILLING MACHINE WITH ROTARY TOOLS |
JP4636997B2 (en) * | 2005-10-26 | 2011-02-23 | 株式会社東亜利根ボーリング | Horizontal multi-axis excavator for continuous underground wall and underground continuous wall construction method using it |
FR3041023B1 (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2017-09-29 | Soletanche Freyssinet | DRILLING MACHINE COMPRISING A SHOCK ABSORBER |
FR3041024B1 (en) * | 2015-09-10 | 2017-09-29 | Soletanche Freyssinet | DRILLING MACHINE WITH AN ANCHORING DEVICE FOR HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF THE DRILLING MODULE IN ANCHORED POSITION |
CN111021450A (en) * | 2019-12-12 | 2020-04-17 | 广州奔桥建筑科技有限公司 | Milling wheel assembly and double-wheel slot milling machine |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1634262B1 (en) * | 1966-04-09 | 1970-09-24 | Bade & Co Gmbh | Milling tool for making slots for slot walls |
DE2362425A1 (en) * | 1972-12-14 | 1975-01-30 | Hydrosol | DEVICE FOR MAKING HOLES IN THE SOIL |
FR2349688A1 (en) * | 1976-04-30 | 1977-11-25 | Fondamat Sarl | ROTATING BODY, ESPECIALLY FOR DIGGING SOIL |
FR2578876A1 (en) * | 1985-03-15 | 1986-09-19 | Tone Boring Co | TRANCHEE EXCAVATOR |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3519774A1 (en) * | 1985-06-03 | 1986-12-04 | Karl Bauer Spezialtiefbau GmbH & Co KG, 8898 Schrobenhausen | MILLING DEVICE FOR A SLOT WALL MILLING |
-
1986
- 1986-10-08 FR FR8614003A patent/FR2605028B1/en not_active Expired
-
1987
- 1987-09-17 US US07/098,389 patent/US4824176A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-10-07 JP JP62253448A patent/JPS6397731A/en active Pending
- 1987-10-08 EP EP87402244A patent/EP0263762B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-08 AT AT87402244T patent/ATE50014T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-08 DE DE8787402244T patent/DE3761574D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-10-08 DE DE198787402244T patent/DE263762T1/en active Pending
-
1992
- 1992-12-19 SG SG1293/92A patent/SG129392G/en unknown
-
1993
- 1993-07-29 HK HK766/93A patent/HK76693A/en unknown
- 1993-10-10 CY CY1686A patent/CY1686A/en unknown
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1634262B1 (en) * | 1966-04-09 | 1970-09-24 | Bade & Co Gmbh | Milling tool for making slots for slot walls |
DE2362425A1 (en) * | 1972-12-14 | 1975-01-30 | Hydrosol | DEVICE FOR MAKING HOLES IN THE SOIL |
FR2349688A1 (en) * | 1976-04-30 | 1977-11-25 | Fondamat Sarl | ROTATING BODY, ESPECIALLY FOR DIGGING SOIL |
FR2578876A1 (en) * | 1985-03-15 | 1986-09-19 | Tone Boring Co | TRANCHEE EXCAVATOR |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5035071A (en) * | 1988-10-14 | 1991-07-30 | Bauer Spezialtiefbau Gmbh | Trench wall cutter |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CY1686A (en) | 1993-10-10 |
FR2605028B1 (en) | 1988-12-09 |
US4824176A (en) | 1989-04-25 |
ATE50014T1 (en) | 1990-02-15 |
HK76693A (en) | 1993-08-06 |
DE3761574D1 (en) | 1990-03-08 |
JPS6397731A (en) | 1988-04-28 |
DE263762T1 (en) | 1988-09-22 |
EP0263762B1 (en) | 1990-01-31 |
FR2605028A1 (en) | 1988-04-15 |
SG129392G (en) | 1993-04-16 |
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