EP0240445B1 - Sectional-type cast iron boiler for solid fuels comprising a fireproof afterburning channel - Google Patents

Sectional-type cast iron boiler for solid fuels comprising a fireproof afterburning channel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0240445B1
EP0240445B1 EP19870440018 EP87440018A EP0240445B1 EP 0240445 B1 EP0240445 B1 EP 0240445B1 EP 19870440018 EP19870440018 EP 19870440018 EP 87440018 A EP87440018 A EP 87440018A EP 0240445 B1 EP0240445 B1 EP 0240445B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
boiler
cast iron
solid fuels
fireproof
fuels according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP19870440018
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0240445A1 (en
Inventor
Roger Sonderegger
Alfred Engel
Paul Hintermayer
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De Dietrich Thermique SAS
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De Dietrich Thermique SAS
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Priority claimed from FR8604823A external-priority patent/FR2596851B1/en
Priority claimed from FR8614762A external-priority patent/FR2605386B2/en
Priority claimed from FR8703593A external-priority patent/FR2612284A2/en
Application filed by De Dietrich Thermique SAS filed Critical De Dietrich Thermique SAS
Publication of EP0240445A1 publication Critical patent/EP0240445A1/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B7/00—Combustion techniques; Other solid-fuel combustion apparatus
    • F23B7/002—Combustion techniques; Other solid-fuel combustion apparatus characterised by gas flow arrangements
    • F23B7/005—Combustion techniques; Other solid-fuel combustion apparatus characterised by gas flow arrangements with downdraught through fuel bed and grate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING ONLY SOLID FUEL
    • F23B5/00—Combustion apparatus with arrangements for burning uncombusted material from primary combustion
    • F23B5/04—Combustion apparatus with arrangements for burning uncombusted material from primary combustion in separate combustion chamber; on separate grate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24B—DOMESTIC STOVES OR RANGES FOR SOLID FUELS; IMPLEMENTS FOR USE IN CONNECTION WITH STOVES OR RANGES
    • F24B5/00—Combustion-air or flue-gas circulation in or around stoves or ranges
    • F24B5/02—Combustion-air or flue-gas circulation in or around stoves or ranges in or around stoves
    • F24B5/04—Combustion-air or flue-gas circulation in or around stoves or ranges in or around stoves the air or gas passing downwards through the bottom of the stove of fire grate
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
    • F24H1/22—Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating
    • F24H1/24—Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating with water mantle surrounding the combustion chamber or chambers
    • F24H1/26—Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating with water mantle surrounding the combustion chamber or chambers the water mantle forming an integral body
    • F24H1/28—Water heaters other than continuous-flow or water-storage heaters, e.g. water heaters for central heating with water mantle surrounding the combustion chamber or chambers the water mantle forming an integral body including one or more furnace or fire tubes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H2230/00—Solid fuel fired boiler

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a boiler for solid fuels of the reverse combustion type and with post-combustion chamber.
  • Boilers of this type are already known; they allow the rate of unburnt fumes to be reduced, thereby improving the efficiency of the boiler.
  • a boiler with post-combustion chamber is already described in French application no. 85 00 946 of the plaintiff.
  • the boiler described comprises an afterburner chamber located at the rear of the hearth and opening into the exchanger flues located in the upper part of the boiler, above the fuel reserve.
  • a steel boiler, described in French application no. 84 01 083 is of the reverse combustion type and has a combustion chamber at the bottom, located under the grate, the exchangers being placed parallel to the walls of the fuel reserve.
  • a post-combustion of the gases develops, under the effect of secondary air inlets, in a chamber located immediately under the grate.
  • this post-combustion chamber does not constitute a prefabricated assembly of refractory material, it is delimited laterally by the internal envelope of the boiler and in the lower part by a sheet exchanger.
  • Such boilers also have drawbacks: the primary air inlets are in the plane of the grate: the bottom of the hearth comprises a large number of elements (conical nozzle, grate, primary air passages through the hearth, ducts opening into the pyrolysis zone, walls of an annular chamber for preheating the primary air, etc.) complicating construction and increasing the cost; and, the weight of the fuel rests entirely on the grid.
  • the primary air inlets are in the plane of the grate: the bottom of the hearth comprises a large number of elements (conical nozzle, grate, primary air passages through the hearth, ducts opening into the pyrolysis zone, walls of an annular chamber for preheating the primary air, etc.) complicating construction and increasing the cost; and, the weight of the fuel rests entirely on the grid.
  • a cast iron boiler by elements is described in the document CH A 195 599. It comprises a refractory channel with two outlets placed at the ends, and two secondary air inlets placed opposite these two outlets so that the post-combustion of the gas develops completely outside the canal, in two parallel chambers adjacent to said canal.
  • the aim of the present invention is to overcome all the drawbacks of the prior art by optimizing the construction as much as possible: involving the maximum of surfaces in the heat exchange, simplifying the construction to optimize the smoke path and to reduce the cost of the set.
  • the invention consists of a boiler for solid fuels of the reverse combustion type and with post-combustion chamber, characterized in that it comprises a refractory brick channel provided in its upper part with grate-shaped openings, said channel serving both as a combustion chamber and ashtray, and allowing a very high post-combustion temperature.
  • the refractory channel thus having a triple function.
  • the exchanger flues are placed in the lower part of the boiler, directly near the refractory channel; several variations of arrangement of the flues are possible.
  • the solid fuel boiler object of the invention, is a sectional cast iron boiler, also called element boiler. It is provided, without limitation, for operating powers from 20 to 60 kW.
  • the first embodiment described is perfectly suited for the combustion of wood.
  • the second embodiment described includes a construction variant allowing the use of the boiler with wood, coal, agricultural waste, combustible household waste.
  • This variant relates to the presence of two grids: a secondary grid belonging to the refractory channel; a primary grid located above the secondary grid and intended to support the fuel load, to increase the grid surface, to avoid clinker formation, The primary grid thus ensuring at least two functions.
  • the Applicant has also perfected the embodiment of the prefabricated refractory channel for reasons of manufacture and strength.
  • the refractory channel (2) is formed here by a prefabricated one-piece chute made of refractory brick, substantially U-shaped, closed in its upper part by a grid also of refractory brick.
  • the choice of this material allows to withstand higher temperatures than for example refractory cast iron.
  • the post-combustion chamber (7), delimited by the refractory channel, can thus be brought to very high temperatures of the order of 600 ° ensuring the combustion of various chemical compounds, carbon monoxide, volatile matter, embers passing through the grid (3). Any variant shape and assembly of the elements constituting the refractory channel (2) is possible.
  • the flues are provided in a manner known per se with fins (9) for heat exchange.
  • At least one primary air inlet (5) is provided, at least one secondary air inlet (6), for example ballasted valves of known type, opening by the depression created by the exhaust fan (10 ).
  • the exhaust fan (10) is placed at the outlet of the flue (4 '). It makes it possible to reverse the combustion as shown in Figure 2: the primary air is brought in by a primary air inlet (5), passes through the grid (3) from top to bottom, the flame develops through the grid and inside the refractory canal.
  • Said refractory channel (2) can be fragmented into sections and / or have a cylindrical shape, etc.
  • the exchanger flues (4) and (4 ') are arranged directly near the refractory channel (2) in order to obtain very short connections between the combustion chamber and the exchange surfaces.
  • the first flue (4) is at the same level as the refractory channel (2), the second flue (4 ') being raised.
  • This arrangement has the advantage of giving the fuel reserve (1) an inclined bottom (8) promoting the descent of the fuel.
  • the chamber (7) delimited by the refractory channel (2) therefore plays the role of post-combustion chamber. Thanks to the refractory material, a very high temperature is obtained in this post-combustion chamber.
  • the hot fumes subjected to the vacuum of the fan successively pass through the refractory channel (2), the flue (4), the flue (4 ′), according to a flue path shown in FIG. 4.
  • the refractory channel and, possibly, at least one of the flues plays the role of ashtray in which the ashes are deposited by gravity.
  • Another advantage of the preferred embodiment of this boiler is the ease of cleaning.
  • These three elements are easily accessible for cleaning, and because of their position near the ground, the recovery of dirt is easier and less messy.
  • FIG. 1 The main difference between Figures 1 and 3 is the presence of a pre-combustion chamber (11).
  • This pre-combustion chamber (11) is produced by the use of two combustion grates in series.
  • a primary grid (12) which retains large embers and supports the mass of fuel, and a secondary grid (3) which can be a brick breakthrough refractory, through which the flame develops.
  • the Applicant has had the idea of adding the primary grid (12) to simultaneously solve several problems.
  • the Applicant has simultaneously solved all these problems by adding the primary grate (12) of refractory cast iron, placed substantially higher than the secondary grate (3), in an appropriate manner so that the flame passage surface is sufficient for the combustion of the coal, thereby discharging the refractory brick grate (3) from the weight of the fuel and preventing the combustion temperature on the grate from reaching the fusibility point of the ashes.
  • the walls (13) of the pre-combustion chamber (11) are also lined with refractory brickwork to avoid cooling of the pre-combustion chamber (11).
  • refractory brick have been used to simplify the explanations, but mean: “any solid refractory material of the silico-aluminous type", synonyms in the trade of "refractory stone” or “refractory bricklaying”.
  • FIGS. 5 to 8 showing the two improvements made to the air circulation devices.
  • the first improvement consists in equipping the smoke outlet (105) with a dilution means.
  • an outside air or boiler air inlet (107) is used between the boiler outlet and the fan inlet (106).
  • the fan (106) therefore sends a mixture (108) of smoke and boiler air into the chimney. This is to lower the dew point of the smoke and thus avoid condensation on the internal walls of the chimney.
  • the boiler air inlet (107) is equipped with a weighted valve (109) which can be adjusted manually, or controlled automatically, for example as a function of the temperature of the chimney, boiler sequences, etc.
  • the boiler air inlet (107) is equipped with a circular shutter (110) adjusted manually.
  • the air circulation device can be equipped with a second improvement represented in FIG. 8 which consists in equipping the primary air inlet (101) with a draft moderator, for example with a weighted valve ( 102).
  • a non-return flame box (103) on the internal face of the primary air inlet (101).
  • This box preferably has on its upper part a grid (104) or suitable openings.
  • the variant embodiment of the prefabricated refractory channel of FIG. 9 is formed by assembling a bottom, a rear wall, two side walls, on which rests by gravity an upper plate, provided with a plurality of openings, acting as a grid.
  • one of the two side walls is shorter than the other to form access to the exchanger flues.
  • the side wall (40) is a rounded plate in its lower part, over its entire length.
  • the side plate (50) is advantageously formed of two sections: a section (51) identical to the side wall (40), to standardize the manufacture, and a section (52), facing the lateral opening (41) provided for direct access to the exchanger flues.
  • the bottom (20) is advantageously formed of three sections: a plate (22), a part (21) specially formed so that its lower part (23) follows the shape of the elements of the boiler, a section rear (24) of the same width as the lateral section (52) and extending into the opening (41).
  • the rear wall (30) is designed to close the refractory channel, and comprises a groove (31) or fitting means suitable for cooperating with at least the bottom (20) and one of the side walls (50).
  • the upper plates (60) are traversed by a plurality of openings (61), for example elongated and parallel.
  • the plates (60) rest on the side walls by a plurality of transverse ribs (64), they block transversely, by longitudinal ribs (63), the side plates (40) (50).
  • the plates (60) rest at the rear on the rear wall (30) by a flat (62), they are blocked longitudinally by a stop (65).
  • the assembly (flat (62), stop (65)) is provided at each end of the upper plate.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Solid-Fuel Combustion (AREA)

Description

La présente invention concerne une chaudière pour combustibles solides du type à combustion inversée et à chambre de post-combustion.The present invention relates to a boiler for solid fuels of the reverse combustion type and with post-combustion chamber.

Des chaudières de ce type sont déjà connues; elles permettent de diminuer le taux d'imbrûlés dans les fumées, entraînant ainsi une amélioration du rendement de la chaudière.Boilers of this type are already known; they allow the rate of unburnt fumes to be reduced, thereby improving the efficiency of the boiler.

Une chaudière à chambre de post-combustion est déjà décrite dans la demande française no. 85 00 946 de la demanderesse. La chaudière décrite comporte une chambre de postcombustion située à l'arrière du foyer et débouchant dans les carneaux échangeurs situés dans la partie supérieure de la chaudière, au-dessus de la réserve de combustible.A boiler with post-combustion chamber is already described in French application no. 85 00 946 of the plaintiff. The boiler described comprises an afterburner chamber located at the rear of the hearth and opening into the exchanger flues located in the upper part of the boiler, above the fuel reserve.

Un des inconvénients de cette construction est que le cendrier récupérateur de cendres, situé dans la partie basse, ne participe pas à l'échange de chaleur puisqu'il ne se trouve pas dans le circuit des fumées. Sur le plan de l'échange thermique, le cendrier est donc considéré comme une surface perdue et cette surface n'est pas négligeable.One of the drawbacks of this construction is that the ash recovery ashtray, located in the lower part, does not participate in the heat exchange since it is not in the smoke circuit. In terms of heat exchange, the ashtray is therefore considered a lost surface and this surface is not negligible.

Une chaudière acier, décrite dans la demande française no. 84 01 083 est du type à combustion inversée et comporte une chambre de combustion en partie basse, située sous la grille, les échangeurs étant placés parallèlement aux parois de la réserve de combustible. Dans une autre chaudière acier, décrite dans le document US 4 516 534, une post-combustion des gaz se développe, sous l'effet d'entrées d'air secondaire, dans une chambre située immédiatement sous la grille. Cependant cette chambre de post-combustion ne constitue pas un ensemble préfabriqué en matériau réfractaire, elle est délimitée latéralement par l'enveloppe interne de la chaudière et en partie basse par un échangeur en tôle.A steel boiler, described in French application no. 84 01 083 is of the reverse combustion type and has a combustion chamber at the bottom, located under the grate, the exchangers being placed parallel to the walls of the fuel reserve. In another steel boiler, described in document US Pat. No. 4,516,534, a post-combustion of the gases develops, under the effect of secondary air inlets, in a chamber located immediately under the grate. However, this post-combustion chamber does not constitute a prefabricated assembly of refractory material, it is delimited laterally by the internal envelope of the boiler and in the lower part by a sheet exchanger.

Pour ces deux chaudières, la disposition de la chambre de post-combustion est nécessaire puisqu'il s'agit de chaudières acier avec chemise d'eau, les échangeurs devant être placés dans le volume d'eau.For these two boilers, the provision of the post-combustion chamber is necessary since they are steel boilers with water jackets, the exchangers having to be placed in the volume of water.

De telles chaudières présentent également des inconvénients: les entrées d'air primaire se font dans le plan de la grille: le fond du foyer comporte un nombre important d'éléments (tuyère conique, grille, passages d'air primaire à travers la sole, conduits débouchant dans la zone de pyrolyse, parois d'une chambre annulaire de préchauffage de l'air primaire ... ) compliquant la construction et augmentant le coût; et, le poids du combustible repose entièrement sur la grille.Such boilers also have drawbacks: the primary air inlets are in the plane of the grate: the bottom of the hearth comprises a large number of elements (conical nozzle, grate, primary air passages through the hearth, ducts opening into the pyrolysis zone, walls of an annular chamber for preheating the primary air, etc.) complicating construction and increasing the cost; and, the weight of the fuel rests entirely on the grid.

Une chaudière en fonte par éléments est décrite dans le document CH A 195 599. Elle comporte un canal réfractaire à deux sorties placées aux extrémités, et deux entrées d'air secondaires placèes en regard de ces deux sorties de façon que la post-combustion des gaz se développe totalement à l'extérieur du canal, dans deux chambres parallèles et contigües audit canal.A cast iron boiler by elements is described in the document CH A 195 599. It comprises a refractory channel with two outlets placed at the ends, and two secondary air inlets placed opposite these two outlets so that the post-combustion of the gas develops completely outside the canal, in two parallel chambers adjacent to said canal.

Le but de la présente invention est de pallier tous les inconvénients de l'art antérieur en optimisant au maximum la construction: faire participer le maximum de surfaces à l'échange de chaleur, simplifier la construction pour optimiser le parcours de fumées et pour diminuer le coût de l'ensemble.The aim of the present invention is to overcome all the drawbacks of the prior art by optimizing the construction as much as possible: involving the maximum of surfaces in the heat exchange, simplifying the construction to optimize the smoke path and to reduce the cost of the set.

A cet effet l'invention consiste en une chaudière pour combustibles solides du type à combustion inversée et à chambre de post-combustion caractérisée en ce qu'elle comporte un canal en brique réfractaire muni dans sa partie supérieure d'ouvertures en forme de grille, ledit canal servant à la fois de chambre de combustion et de cendrier, et permettant une température de post- combustion très élevée. Le canal réfractaire ayant ainsi une triple fonction. Pour optimiser la construction et le parcours des fumées, les carneaux échangeurs sont placés dans la partie basse de la chaudière, directement à proximité du canal réfractaire; plusieurs variantes de disposition des carneaux sont possibles.To this end, the invention consists of a boiler for solid fuels of the reverse combustion type and with post-combustion chamber, characterized in that it comprises a refractory brick channel provided in its upper part with grate-shaped openings, said channel serving both as a combustion chamber and ashtray, and allowing a very high post-combustion temperature. The refractory channel thus having a triple function. To optimize the construction and the smoke path, the exchanger flues are placed in the lower part of the boiler, directly near the refractory channel; several variations of arrangement of the flues are possible.

Plus particulièrement, la chaudière à combustibles solides, objet de l'invention, est une chaudière en fonte sectionnée, dite aussi chaudière par éléments. Elle est prévue, non limitativement, pour des puissances de fonctionnement de 20 à 60 kW.More particularly, the solid fuel boiler, object of the invention, is a sectional cast iron boiler, also called element boiler. It is provided, without limitation, for operating powers from 20 to 60 kW.

Le premier mode de réalisation décrit convient parfaitement pour la combustion du bois. Le second mode de réalisation décrit comporte une variante de construction permettant l'utilisation de la chaudière avec du bois, du charbon, des déchets d'origine agricole, des déchets ménagers combustibles. Cette variante porte sur la présence de deux grilles: une grille secondaire appartenant au canal réfractaire; une grille primaire située au-dessus de la grille secondaire et ayant pour but de supporter la charge du combustible, d'augmenter la surface de grille, d'éviter la formation de mâchefer, La grille primaire assurant ainsi au moins deux fonctions.The first embodiment described is perfectly suited for the combustion of wood. The second embodiment described includes a construction variant allowing the use of the boiler with wood, coal, agricultural waste, combustible household waste. This variant relates to the presence of two grids: a secondary grid belonging to the refractory channel; a primary grid located above the secondary grid and intended to support the fuel load, to increase the grid surface, to avoid clinker formation, The primary grid thus ensuring at least two functions.

Les avantages des modes de réalisation de l'invention sont:

  • production d'oxyde de carbone très faible;
  • absence d'imbrûlés gazeux;
  • production très faible de goudrons imbrûlés et de mâchefer;
  • souplesse de fonctionnement;
  • facilité de nettoyage;
  • simplicité de construction;
  • passage direct entre la chambre de combustion et les surfaces d'échange.
The advantages of the embodiments of the invention are:
  • very low carbon monoxide production;
  • absence of unburnt gases;
  • very low production of unburnt tars and clinker;
  • flexibility of operation;
  • ease of cleaning;
  • simplicity of construction;
  • direct passage between the combustion chamber and the exchange surfaces.

Afin d'améliorer encore le rendement de la chaudière, la demanderesse a mis au point deux perfectionnements aux dispositifs de circulation d'air, appliquables séparément ou simultanément.In order to further improve the efficiency of the boiler, the applicant has developed two improvements to the air circulation devices, which can be applied separately or simultaneously.

La demanderesse a également perfectionné le mode de réalisation du canal réfractaire préfabriqué pour des raisons de fabrication et de solidité.The Applicant has also perfected the embodiment of the prefabricated refractory channel for reasons of manufacture and strength.

La description ci-après est faite en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels:

  • la figure 1 est un schéma de principe montrant un premier mode de réalisation, vu en coupe selon un plan parallèle à la façade avant de la chaudière;
  • la figure 2 est une coupe selon A-A de la figure 1 ;
  • la figure 3 est un schéma de principe montrant un second mode de réalisation, vu en coupe selon un plan parallèle à la façade avant de la chaudière;
  • la figure 4 est une vue en perspective montrant le parcours des fumées;
  • la figure 5 est une vue en coupe de la chaudière, cette vue montrant le parcours de circulation d'air;
  • la figure 6 est un croquis d'un premier mode de réalisation du premier perfectionnement;
  • la figure 7 est un croquis d'un deuxième mode de réalisation du premier perfectionnement;
  • la figure 8 est un croquis du mode de réalisation préféré du deuxième perfectionnement;
  • la figure 9 est une vue éclatée d'un mode de réalisation du canal réfractaire.
The description below is made with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram showing a first embodiment, seen in section along a plane parallel to the front of the boiler;
  • Figure 2 is a section along AA of Figure 1;
  • Figure 3 is a block diagram showing a second embodiment, seen in section along a plane parallel to the front of the boiler;
  • Figure 4 is a perspective view showing the course of the smoke;
  • Figure 5 is a sectional view of the boiler, this view showing the air circulation path;
  • Figure 6 is a sketch of a first embodiment of the first improvement;
  • Figure 7 is a sketch of a second embodiment of the first improvement;
  • Figure 8 is a sketch of the preferred embodiment of the second improvement;
  • Figure 9 is an exploded view of an embodiment of the refractory channel.

Le premier mode de réalisation non limitatif de l'invention représenté aux figures 1 et 2 comporte principalement:

  • une réserve de combustible (1) dans la partie supérieure du corps de la chaudière;
  • un canal réfractaire (2) préfabriqué muni d'orifices ou d'une grille (3) dans sa partie supérieure;
  • d'une pluralité de carneaux échangeurs (4, 4');
  • de clapets d'entrée d'air primaire (5) et secondaire (6);
  • d'un ventilateur d'extraction (10) placé à la sortie du dernier carneau (4').
The first non-limiting embodiment of the invention shown in Figures 1 and 2 mainly comprises:
  • a fuel reserve (1) in the upper part of the boiler body;
  • a prefabricated refractory channel (2) provided with orifices or a grid (3) in its upper part;
  • a plurality of exchanger flues (4, 4 ');
  • primary (5) and secondary (6) air inlet valves;
  • an exhaust fan (10) placed at the outlet of the last flue (4 ').

Le canal réfractaire (2) est formé ici par une goulotte monobloc préfabriquée en brique réfractaire, sensiblement en forme de U, fermée dans sa partie supérieure par une grille également en brique réfractaire. Le choix de ce matériau permet de supporter des températures plus élevées que par exemple la fonte réfractaire. La chambre de post-combustion (7), délimitée par le canal réfractaire, pourra ainsi être portée à des températures très élevées de l'ordre de 600° assurant la combustion des composés chimiques divers, oxyde de carbone, matières volatiles, braises traversant la grille (3). Toute variante de forme et d'assemblage des éléments constituant le canal réfractaire (2) est possible.The refractory channel (2) is formed here by a prefabricated one-piece chute made of refractory brick, substantially U-shaped, closed in its upper part by a grid also of refractory brick. The choice of this material allows to withstand higher temperatures than for example refractory cast iron. The post-combustion chamber (7), delimited by the refractory channel, can thus be brought to very high temperatures of the order of 600 ° ensuring the combustion of various chemical compounds, carbon monoxide, volatile matter, embers passing through the grid (3). Any variant shape and assembly of the elements constituting the refractory channel (2) is possible.

Les carneaux sont munis de façon connue en soi d'ailettes (9) d'échange de chaleur.The flues are provided in a manner known per se with fins (9) for heat exchange.

On prévoit au moins une entrée d'air primaire (5), au moins une entrée d'air secondaire (6), par exemple des clapets lestés de type connu, s'ouvrant par la dépression créée par le ventilateur d'extraction (10).At least one primary air inlet (5) is provided, at least one secondary air inlet (6), for example ballasted valves of known type, opening by the depression created by the exhaust fan (10 ).

Le ventilateur d'extraction (10) est placé à la sortie du carneau (4'). Il permet d'inverser la combustion comme le montre la figure 2: l'air primaire est amené par une entrée d'air primaire (5), traverse la grille (3) de haut en bas, la flamme se développe à travers la grille et à l'intérieur du canal réfractaire.The exhaust fan (10) is placed at the outlet of the flue (4 '). It makes it possible to reverse the combustion as shown in Figure 2: the primary air is brought in by a primary air inlet (5), passes through the grid (3) from top to bottom, the flame develops through the grid and inside the refractory canal.

Ledit canal réfractaire (2) peut être fragmenté en tronçons et/ou présenter une forme cylindrique, etc.Said refractory channel (2) can be fragmented into sections and / or have a cylindrical shape, etc.

Les carneaux échangeurs (4) et (4') sont disposés directement à proximité du canal réfractaire (2) dans le but d'obtenir des liaisons très courtes entre la chambre de combustion et les surfaces d'échange.The exchanger flues (4) and (4 ') are arranged directly near the refractory channel (2) in order to obtain very short connections between the combustion chamber and the exchange surfaces.

Selon la disposition préférée non limitative de la figure 1, le premier carneau (4) est au même niveau que le canal réfractaire (2), le deuxième carneau (4') étant surélevé. Cette disposition a l'avantage de conférer à la réserve de combustible (1) un fond incliné (8) favorisant la descente du combustible.According to the preferred nonlimiting arrangement of FIG. 1, the first flue (4) is at the same level as the refractory channel (2), the second flue (4 ') being raised. This arrangement has the advantage of giving the fuel reserve (1) an inclined bottom (8) promoting the descent of the fuel.

On peut prévoir d'autres variantes, par exemple: un canal réfractaire de même largeur que le corps de la chaudière pour augmenter la surface de la grille et augmenter la puissance, les carneaux étant situés sous le canal réfractaire.Other variants can be provided, for example: a refractory channel of the same width as the body of the boiler to increase the surface of the grate and increase the power, the flues being located under the refractory channel.

Les formes, dimensions et nombre de carneaux présentés ici ne sont pas limitatifs.The shapes, dimensions and number of flues presented here are not limiting.

L'air secondaire est amené directement dans la zone chaude du canal réfractaire (7) portée à haute température, ce qui favorise la combustion des composés gazeux qui ont traversé la grille (3). La chambre (7) délimitée par le canal réfractaire (2) joue donc le rôle de chambre de postcombustion. Grâce au matériau réfractaire, on obtient une température très élevée dans cette chambre de post-combustion.Secondary air is brought directly into the hot zone of the refractory channel (7) brought to high temperature, which promotes the combustion of gaseous compounds which have passed through the grid (3). The chamber (7) delimited by the refractory channel (2) therefore plays the role of post-combustion chamber. Thanks to the refractory material, a very high temperature is obtained in this post-combustion chamber.

Les fumées chaudes soumises à la dépression du ventilateur traversent successivement le canal réfractaire (2), le carneau (4), le carneau (4'), selon un parcours de fumées représenté sur la figure 4.The hot fumes subjected to the vacuum of the fan successively pass through the refractory channel (2), the flue (4), the flue (4 ′), according to a flue path shown in FIG. 4.

Bien entendu, il est connu et utiliser de façon équivalente un ventilateur d'insufflation, l'ensemble du circuit de combustion et d'échange de chaleur étant alors en pression par rapport à l'atmosphère.Of course, it is known to use an insufflation fan in an equivalent manner, the entire combustion and heat exchange circuit then being under pressure relative to the atmosphere.

En outre, le canal réfractaire et, éventuellement, au moins un des carneaux, joue le rôle de cendrier dans lequel les cendres se déposent par gravité.In addition, the refractory channel and, possibly, at least one of the flues, plays the role of ashtray in which the ashes are deposited by gravity.

Par conséquent, dans cette chaudière, le cendrier participe à la combustion et à l'échange de chaleur; il ne constitue plus une surface inutile.Consequently, in this boiler, the ashtray takes part in the combustion and the heat exchange; it no longer constitutes a useless surface.

Un autre avantage du mode de réalisation préféré de cette chaudière est la facilité du nettoyage. On prévoit sur l'une au moins des façades avant ou arrière, au moins une trappe ou une porte non représentée, permettant d'accéder directement à la chambre (7) et aux carneaux (4, 4'). Ces trois éléments sont aisément accessibles pour le nettoyage, et du fait de leur position près du sol, la récupération des saletés est plus aisée et moins salissante.Another advantage of the preferred embodiment of this boiler is the ease of cleaning. There is provided on at least one of the front or rear facades, at least one hatch or a door not shown, allowing direct access to the chamber (7) and to the flues (4, 4 '). These three elements are easily accessible for cleaning, and because of their position near the ground, the recovery of dirt is easier and less messy.

On prévoit encore une porte de chargement de combustible, non représentée, sur la façade avant de la chaudière.There is also a fuel loading door, not shown, on the front of the boiler.

La demanderesse propose une variante de réalisation de l'invention représentée en figure 3.The applicant proposes an alternative embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 3.

La différence principale entre les figures 1 et 3 est la présence d'une chambre de pré-combustion (11). Cette chambre de pré-combustion (11) est réalisée par l'utilisation de deux grilles de combustion en série.The main difference between Figures 1 and 3 is the presence of a pre-combustion chamber (11). This pre-combustion chamber (11) is produced by the use of two combustion grates in series.

Une grille primaire (12) qui retient les grosses braises et supporte la masse du combustible, et une grille secondaire (3) qui peut être une brique réfractaire percée, au travers de laquelle se développe la flamme.A primary grid (12) which retains large embers and supports the mass of fuel, and a secondary grid (3) which can be a brick breakthrough refractory, through which the flame develops.

Tous les autres éléments de la chaudière, canal réfractaire (2), carneaux (4, 4'). etc, restant identiques à ceux du premier mode de réalisation de la figure 1.All the other elements of the boiler, refractory channel (2), flues (4, 4 '). etc, remaining identical to those of the first embodiment of FIG. 1.

La demanderesse a eu l'idée d'ajouter la grille primaire (12) pour résoudre simultanément plusieurs problèmes.The Applicant has had the idea of adding the primary grid (12) to simultaneously solve several problems.

D'abord on s'était imposé pour première condition de choisir une grille de chambre de post- combustion en brique réfractaire, car ce matériau présente aux hautes températures une meilleure tenue et une meilleure résistance thermique que la fonte réfractaire, permettant comme déjà dit précédemment d'obtenir des températures très élevées et de diminuer encore le taux d'imbrûlés et, non limitativement, d'oxyde de carbone.First, we had the first condition to choose a post-combustion chamber grate made of refractory brick, because this material has better resistance and better thermal resistance at high temperatures than refractory cast iron, allowing as already said previously to obtain very high temperatures and to further decrease the rate of unburnt and, without limitation, carbon monoxide.

L'inconvénient de la brique réfractaire étant sa moins grande résistance mécanique, il fallait trouver un moyen pour supporter la charge du combustible.The disadvantage of the refractory brick being its lower mechanical resistance, it was necessary to find a way to support the load of the fuel.

Ensuite, pour pouvoir brûler également du charbon et augmenter la puissance, tout en conservant l'avantage du fond incliné (8), il fallait pouvoir augmenter la surface de la grille soutenant le combustible.Then, to be able to also burn coal and increase the power, while retaining the advantage of the inclined bottom (8), it was necessary to be able to increase the surface of the grate supporting the fuel.

En outre, la température de combustion sur grille ne doit pas atteindre le point de fusibilité des cendres qui entraînerait la formation de mâchefer; cette dernière condition est en contradiction avec la première condition qui est de choisir une grille montant à haute température.In addition, the combustion temperature on the grate must not reach the point of fusibility of the ash, which would cause clinker formation; this last condition is in contradiction with the first condition which is to choose a grid rising at high temperature.

La demanderesse a résolu simultanément tous ces problèmes en ajoutant la grille primaire (12) en fonte réfractaire, placée sensiblement plus haut que la grille secondaire (3), de façon appropriée pour que la surface de passage de la flamme soit suffisante pour la combustion du charbon, déchargeant ainsi la grille (3) en brique réfractaire du poids du combustible et évitant que la température de combustion sur grille atteigne le point de fusibilité des cendres.The Applicant has simultaneously solved all these problems by adding the primary grate (12) of refractory cast iron, placed substantially higher than the secondary grate (3), in an appropriate manner so that the flame passage surface is sufficient for the combustion of the coal, thereby discharging the refractory brick grate (3) from the weight of the fuel and preventing the combustion temperature on the grate from reaching the fusibility point of the ashes.

De préférence, mais non limitativement, les parois (13) de la chambre de pré-combustion (11) sont garnies également de briquetage réfractaire pour éviter un refroidissement de la chambre de pré-combustion (11).Preferably, but not limited to, the walls (13) of the pre-combustion chamber (11) are also lined with refractory brickwork to avoid cooling of the pre-combustion chamber (11).

Jusqu'à présent, on n'avait pas encore réalisé des chaudières en fonte par éléments pour combustibles solides, avec des carneaux en partie basse.Until now, we have not yet made cast iron boilers for solid fuel elements, with flues in the lower part.

Dans toute la description et les revendications, on comprendra que les termes "brique réfractaire" ont été employés pour alléger les explications, mais signifient: "tout matériau solide réfractaire du type silico-alumineux", synonymes dans le métier de "pierre réfractaire" ou "briquetage réfractaire".Throughout the description and the claims, it will be understood that the terms "refractory brick" have been used to simplify the explanations, but mean: "any solid refractory material of the silico-aluminous type", synonyms in the trade of "refractory stone" or "refractory bricklaying".

On se reportera maintenant aux figures 5 à 8, montrant les deux perfectionnements apportés aux dispositifs de circulation d'air.Reference will now be made to FIGS. 5 to 8, showing the two improvements made to the air circulation devices.

Le premier perfectionnement consiste à équiper la sortie des fumées (105) d'un moyen de dilution. Pour cela on pratique entre la sortie chaudière et l'entrée du ventilateur (106), une entrée d'air extérieur ou d'air de chaufferie (107).The first improvement consists in equipping the smoke outlet (105) with a dilution means. For this, an outside air or boiler air inlet (107) is used between the boiler outlet and the fan inlet (106).

Le ventilateur (106) envoie donc dans la cheminée un mélange (108) de fumée et d'air de chaufferie. Ceci a pour but d'abaisser le point de rosée des fumées et d'éviter ainsi la condensation sur les parois internes de la cheminée.The fan (106) therefore sends a mixture (108) of smoke and boiler air into the chimney. This is to lower the dew point of the smoke and thus avoid condensation on the internal walls of the chimney.

Selon le premier mode de réalisation de la figure 6, l'entrée d'air de chaufferie (107) est équipée d'un clapet lesté (109) pouvant être réglé manuellement, ou piloté automatiquement, par exemple en fonction de la température de la cheminée, des séquences de la chaudière, etc.According to the first embodiment of FIG. 6, the boiler air inlet (107) is equipped with a weighted valve (109) which can be adjusted manually, or controlled automatically, for example as a function of the temperature of the chimney, boiler sequences, etc.

Selon le deuxième mode de réalisation de la figure 7, l'entrée d'air de chaufferie (107) est équipée d'un obturateur circulaire (110) réglé manuellement.According to the second embodiment of Figure 7, the boiler air inlet (107) is equipped with a circular shutter (110) adjusted manually.

En outre le dispositif de circulation d'air peut être équipé d'un deuxième perfectionnement représenté en figure 8 qui consiste à équiper l'entrée d'air primaire (101) d'un modérateur de tirage, par exemple d'un clapet lesté (102). Pour empêcher la sortie éventuelle de flammes par l'ouverture du clapet (102), on prévoit de monter une boîte anti-retour de flammes (103) sur la face interne de l'entrée d'air primaire (101). Cette boîte comporte de préférence sur sa partie supérieure une grille (104) ou des ouvertures appropriées.In addition, the air circulation device can be equipped with a second improvement represented in FIG. 8 which consists in equipping the primary air inlet (101) with a draft moderator, for example with a weighted valve ( 102). To prevent the possible exit of flames through the opening of the valve (102), provision is made to mount a non-return flame box (103) on the internal face of the primary air inlet (101). This box preferably has on its upper part a grid (104) or suitable openings.

Les essais effectués en laboratoire sur des chaudières à bois équipées de ces deux perfectionnements montrent une amélioration très nette de la stabilité de la combustion, qui de ce fait, a un meilleur rendement.Tests carried out in the laboratory on wood boilers equipped with these two improvements show a very marked improvement in the stability of combustion, which therefore has better efficiency.

La variante de réalisation du canal réfractaire préfabriqué de la figure 9 est formée par assemblage d'un fond, d'une paroi arrière, de deux parois latérales, sur lequel repose par gravité une plaque supérieure, munie d'une pluralité d'ouvertures, faisant fonction de grille.The variant embodiment of the prefabricated refractory channel of FIG. 9 is formed by assembling a bottom, a rear wall, two side walls, on which rests by gravity an upper plate, provided with a plurality of openings, acting as a grid.

En outre, l'une des deux parois latérales est plus courte que l'autre pour former l'accès aux carneaux échangeurs.In addition, one of the two side walls is shorter than the other to form access to the exchanger flues.

La variante de la figure 9 se décompose en:

  • une paroi latérale (40);
  • une paroi latérale (50);
  • un fond (20);
  • une paroi arrière (30).;
The variant of Figure 9 is broken down into:
  • a side wall (40);
  • a side wall (50);
  • a bottom (20);
  • a rear wall (30) .;

Sur cet ensemble repose par gravité un ensemble de plaques (60). La paroi latérale (40) est une plaque arrondie dans sa partie inférieure, sur toute sa longueur.On this assembly rests by gravity a set of plates (60). The side wall (40) is a rounded plate in its lower part, over its entire length.

La plaque latérale (50) est avantageusement formée de deux tronçons: un tronçon (51) identique à la paroi latérale (40), pour standardiser la fabrication, et un tronçon (52), en regard de l'ouverture latérale (41) prévue pour l'accès direct aux carneaux échangeurs.The side plate (50) is advantageously formed of two sections: a section (51) identical to the side wall (40), to standardize the manufacture, and a section (52), facing the lateral opening (41) provided for direct access to the exchanger flues.

Entre les deux parois latérales, le fond (20) est avantageusement formé de trois tronçons: une plaque (22), une pièce (21) spécialement formée pour que sa partie inférieure (23) épouse la forme des éléments de la chaudière, un tronçon arrière (24) de même largeur que le tronçon latéral (52) et s'étendant jusque dans l'ouverture (41).Between the two side walls, the bottom (20) is advantageously formed of three sections: a plate (22), a part (21) specially formed so that its lower part (23) follows the shape of the elements of the boiler, a section rear (24) of the same width as the lateral section (52) and extending into the opening (41).

La paroi arrière (30) est prévue pour fermer le canal réfractaire, et comporte une rainure (31) ou des moyens d'emboîtement appropriés pour coopérer avec au moins le fond (20) et l'une des parois latérales (50).The rear wall (30) is designed to close the refractory channel, and comprises a groove (31) or fitting means suitable for cooperating with at least the bottom (20) and one of the side walls (50).

Les plaques supérieures (60) sont traversées par une pluralité d'ouvertures (61) par exemple allongées et parallèles. Les plaques (60) reposent sur les parois latérales par une pluralité de nervures transversales (64), elles bloquent transversalement, par des nervures longitudinales (63), les plaques latérales (40) (50).The upper plates (60) are traversed by a plurality of openings (61), for example elongated and parallel. The plates (60) rest on the side walls by a plurality of transverse ribs (64), they block transversely, by longitudinal ribs (63), the side plates (40) (50).

Les plaques (60) reposent à l'arrière sur la paroi arrière (30) par un plat (62), elles sont bloquées longitudinalement par une butée (65).The plates (60) rest at the rear on the rear wall (30) by a flat (62), they are blocked longitudinally by a stop (65).

Pour que la plaque supérieure puisse être réversible, l'ensemble (plat (62), butée (65)) est prévu à chaque extrémité de la plaque supérieure.So that the upper plate can be reversible, the assembly (flat (62), stop (65)) is provided at each end of the upper plate.

Enfin, l'ensemble des pièces décrites ci-dessus est obtenu par moulage de tout matériau réfractaire, approprié par exemple un matériau silico-alumineux.Finally, all of the parts described above are obtained by molding any refractory material, suitable for example a silico-aluminous material.

Claims (12)

1. Sectional cast iron boiler, for solid fuels, of the reversed combustion type with a post-combustion chamber, the boiler comprising at least:
a fuel store (1),
a combustion chamber and a post-combustion chamber,
a plurality of exchanger flues (4, 4'),
dampers for the primary air intake (5) and the secondary air intake (6),
an extraction ventilator (10),
characterised:
in that the post-combustion chamber is formed by a prefabricated fireproof channel (2) which is closed on the upper part over its entire length by a fireproof grate (3) and is located beneath the fuel store,
in that the exchanger flues (4,4') are located in a horizontal position parallel to, and in direct proximity to the fireproof channel (2) in the lower part of the boiler, one of them comprising direct access to the said fireproof channel,
in that the secondary air intake (6) opens directly into the hot region of the fireproof channel.
2. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to the preceding claim, characterised in that the prefabricated fireproof channel (2) is a U-shaped chute consisting of a single piece.
3. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that it comprises a flue (4') which is raised in relation to the fireproof channel (2) to form an inclined base (8) in the fuel store.
4. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the ash box is formed by the fireproof channel (2) and at least one exchanger flue (4).
5. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that it comprises two grates in series: a primary grate (12) and a secondary grate (3) made of fireproof brick.
6. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that it further comprises a means for the dilution of exhaust fumes from the boiler.
7. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to the preceding claim, characterised in that the means for the dilution of fumes consists of a furnace air intake supplied with a means of the (weighted flap (109), circular shutter (110)) type.
8. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the means for the dilution of fumes is located between the ventilator (106) and the outlet (105) for the fumes.
9. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the means for the dilution of the fumes is automatically pilot controlled in dependence upon one at least of the items of data (temperature of the fumes-boiler sequence).
10. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that it further comprises, at the primary air intake, a draught regulator of the weighted flap type (102) supplied with a flame- damper box (103).
11. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the prefabricated fireproof channel (2) is formed by the assembly of a base (20), a rear wall (30), two side walls (40, 50), upon which there rests by gravity an assembly of upper plates (60) provided with a plurality of apertures (61), one of the two side walls (40) being shorter than the other side wall (50), in order to form a side aperture (41).
12. Sectional cast iron boiler for solid fuels according to the preceding claim, characterised in that:
the base (20) is formed of three sections: a plate (22), a piece (21) which is specially formed so that its lower part (23) corresponds in shape to the elements of the boiler, a rear section (24) extending into the side aperture (41);
one of the side walls (50) is formed by two sections (51) (52), one (51) of the two sections being identical to the other side wall (40);
the rear wall (30) is a plate comprising fitting means (31) for co-operating at least with the base (20) and one of the side walls (50);
the upper plates (60) comprising transverse ribs (64), longitudinal ribs (63) and an assembly (flat (62), abutment (65)) at each of its ends.
EP19870440018 1986-04-02 1987-03-30 Sectional-type cast iron boiler for solid fuels comprising a fireproof afterburning channel Expired - Lifetime EP0240445B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8604823A FR2596851B1 (en) 1986-04-02 1986-04-02 REVERSE COMBUSTION TYPE SOLID FUEL BOILER AND POST-COMBUSTION REFRACTORY CHANNEL
FR8604823 1986-04-02
FR8614762A FR2605386B2 (en) 1986-04-02 1986-10-20 IMPROVEMENTS TO THE AIR CIRCULATION DEVICE IN A WOOD BOILER
FR8614762 1986-10-20
FR8703593 1987-03-11
FR8703593A FR2612284A2 (en) 1986-04-02 1987-03-11 Refractory channel for a boiler burning solid fuel

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0240445A1 EP0240445A1 (en) 1987-10-07
EP0240445B1 true EP0240445B1 (en) 1990-12-27

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EP19870440018 Expired - Lifetime EP0240445B1 (en) 1986-04-02 1987-03-30 Sectional-type cast iron boiler for solid fuels comprising a fireproof afterburning channel

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ATE408788T1 (en) * 2004-02-19 2008-10-15 Brevet 2000 Holding S A BOILER WITH FLAME REVERSAL
DE202007009295U1 (en) * 2007-07-03 2007-10-18 Robert Bosch Gmbh Solid fuel boiler

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE373780A (en) *
GB480006A (en) * 1936-09-08 1938-02-15 Recomatic S A Improvements in and relating to heating installations
CH195599A (en) * 1937-04-23 1938-02-15 Krebs Strebel Kessel & Radiato Central heating sectional boiler with burnout under grate.
DE7633758U1 (en) * 1975-11-28 1977-08-04 (Oesterreich) OVEN
US4479481A (en) * 1981-08-13 1984-10-30 Ingersoll Charles S Wood fuel heating apparatus and combustion process
FR2516209A1 (en) * 1981-11-10 1983-05-13 Hays Claude Inverted-combustion hot water generator - has grille of refractory bricks above secondary combustion chamber over which hot gases pass
IT1181346B (en) * 1984-03-16 1987-09-23 Unical Spa PERFECTED BURNER FOR STEEL SOLID FUEL BOILER
US4531464A (en) * 1984-07-20 1985-07-30 Eshland Enterprises, Inc. Particle fuel diversion structure
DE8603364U1 (en) * 1986-02-08 1986-04-03 Buderus Ag, 6330 Wetzlar Component for controlling an air damper

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