EP0188717B1 - Mélangeur - Google Patents

Mélangeur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0188717B1
EP0188717B1 EP85115443A EP85115443A EP0188717B1 EP 0188717 B1 EP0188717 B1 EP 0188717B1 EP 85115443 A EP85115443 A EP 85115443A EP 85115443 A EP85115443 A EP 85115443A EP 0188717 B1 EP0188717 B1 EP 0188717B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
peripheral wall
mixing
mixing vessel
vessel
container
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85115443A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0188717A1 (fr
Inventor
Ute Herfeld
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Successione Legittima herfeld Ute
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0188717A1 publication Critical patent/EP0188717A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0188717B1 publication Critical patent/EP0188717B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
    • B01F27/80—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a substantially vertical axis
    • B01F27/805—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a substantially vertical axis wherein the stirrers or the receptacles are moved in order to bring them into operative position; Means for fixing the receptacle
    • B01F27/806—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a substantially vertical axis wherein the stirrers or the receptacles are moved in order to bring them into operative position; Means for fixing the receptacle with vertical displacement of the stirrer, e.g. in combination with means for pivoting the stirrer about a vertical axis in order to co-operate with different receptacles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
    • B01F35/10—Maintenance of mixers
    • B01F35/12—Maintenance of mixers using mechanical means
    • B01F35/123—Maintenance of mixers using mechanical means using scrapers for cleaning mixers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F35/00—Accessories for mixers; Auxiliary operations or auxiliary devices; Parts or details of general application
    • B01F35/45—Closures or doors specially adapted for mixing receptacles; Operating mechanisms therefor
    • B01F35/451—Closures or doors specially adapted for mixing receptacles; Operating mechanisms therefor by rotating them about an axis parallel to the plane of the opening

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a mixer according to the preamble of claims 1 and 2.
  • Mixers according to the preamble of claims 1 and 2 are known for example from US-A-4 042 221 and 4 328 710.
  • the lid of the mixing container together with the drive device, the agitator shaft and the mixing blades can be lifted off the other mixing container so that the mixing blades and the container lid can be cleaned.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a mixer of the type required in the preamble of claims 1 and 2 in such a way that the cleaning possibilities are improved even further with a simple structural design.
  • This mixer contains on a foundation 1 a drive motor 2 and a cylindrical mixing container 3 with a vertical axis 4.
  • the mixing container 3 consists essentially of a cover 5, a base 6 and a cylindrical peripheral wall 7, the cover 5 being the access opening opposite the base 6 of the mixing container. It also contains an agitator shaft 8 which carries two groups of agitator blades 9, 10 which are arranged one above the other and which is driven by the drive motor 2 via a shaft extension 11 (below or on the outside of the base 6) and a gear (not illustrated) which is accommodated in the foundation 1 becomes.
  • the bottom 6 of the mixing container 3 which is provided with a bearing (not shown) for the agitator shaft 8 is arranged in a fixed manner and is supported on the base 1 of the mixer via a base 12.
  • the lid 5 of the mixing container which is provided with a loading opening 13, is supported by compression springs 14 on a stationary abutment which, in the illustrated embodiment, is formed by a plurality of rods 15, preferably vertically arranged and connected to the foundation 1, by three evenly distributed over the circumference of the container. These rods reach through bores 5a of the container lid 5.
  • the peripheral wall 7 of the mixing container 3 is provided at its upper edge with claws 16 which have bores 16a through which the rods 15 engage with a sliding fit. In this way, the rods 15 simultaneously form guides for the lifting and lowering movement of the peripheral wall 7.
  • a lifting device engages, which consists of several lifting elements 17 evenly distributed over the container circumference (only one such lifting element 17 is shown in the drawing).
  • the lifting element 17 can consist, for example, of a hydraulically or pneumatically actuated cylinder-piston arrangement.
  • other designs of lifting devices are of course also possible, for example screw spindles actuated by an electric motor.
  • the peripheral wall 7 of the mixing container 3 can be lowered so far relative to the container base 6 that the interior of the mixing container 3 is freely accessible from the container circumference (cf. FIG. 2).
  • the peripheral wall 7 is expediently held so that it can be lowered (displaceably) in such a way that the upper edge (edge region of the access opening) 7a of the peripheral wall 7 is in the fully lowered state at the level of the container base 6 (cf. FIG. 2).
  • a sliding fit is expediently provided between the fixed container base 6 and the lowerable peripheral wall 7, so that product particles adhering to the peripheral wall 7 are stripped off at the edge of the container base 6 when the peripheral wall is moved or lowered.
  • a sliding and sealing element 18 is indicated for this purpose on the outer circumference of the container base 6.
  • the peripheral wall 7 of the mixing container is of an angular design at the lower end 7b (cf. FIG. 1), this lower end 7b of the peripheral wall 7 abutting in the raised state via a sealing element 19 on the underside of the container base 6.
  • Another sealing element can be provided between the upper edge 7a of the peripheral wall 7 and the underside of the container lid 5.
  • the peripheral wall 7 In the operating state (working position), the peripheral wall 7 bears against the container base 6 and the container lid 5 under the pressure of the lifting elements 17. the container lid 6 is slightly raised against the force of the compression springs 14. By means of the lifting elements 17, the peripheral wall 7 can be lowered from the working position (mixed position) shown in FIG. 1 into the cleaning position illustrated in FIG. 2, i.e. the container peripheral wall 7 is displaced downwards relative to the container bottom 6.
  • the peripheral wall 7 of the container is provided with an outlet opening 7c to which an outlet housing 20 can be attached, which is pivotably mounted on the lid 5 of the mixing container via a horizontal axis 21.
  • the outlet housing 20 In the mixing or working position (FIG. 1), the outlet housing 20 seals against the outlet opening 7c. If the peripheral wall 7 of the container 3 is to be lowered downward, then the outlet housing 20 is first pivoted slightly to the side (cf. the position of the outlet housing 20 in FIG. 2).
  • the peripheral wall 7 of the mixing container 3 is cleaned largely automatically when the wall is lowered by scraping off product particles at the edge of the bottom 6.
  • the internal cleaning of the container 3, in particular the cleaning of the agitator shaft 8 and the mixing blades 9 and 10, can be carried out with the peripheral wall 7 lowered perform very comfortably, as free access from all sides is guaranteed.
  • the illustrated guidance of the peripheral wall 7 by a plurality of rods 15 distributed over the circumference and the use of a plurality of, at least two lifting elements 17 evenly distributed over the container circumference ensures that even with a very small gap between the container base 6 and the peripheral wall 7 a tilting and jamming lifting and lowering of the peripheral wall 7 is ensured.
  • the guide and lifting device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 makes it possible to dispense with further manually, hydraulically or pneumatically operated devices for closing and tensioning the mixing container 3. Since in the previously described embodiment of the mixer for cleaning the container neither the feed pipes connected via the cover have to be removed, nor does it have to be moved sideways of individual parts of the machine, this mixer is particularly suitable for automatic loading.
  • the peripheral wall of the container is relatively displaceable relative to the base of the container, and the base of the container 6 with agitator shaft 8, impellers 9, 10, shaft extension 11 and drive motor 2 on the foundation 1 or base 12 as immovable , fixed unit is arranged, there is also the possibility to bring about the relative displaceability between the peripheral wall of the container and the bottom of the container in that the bottom of the container can be moved within the fixed peripheral wall of the container, as will be explained in more detail below with the aid of a further exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 3 to 5.
  • the mixer of this second exemplary embodiment contains a stand 31, in the head region of which a support pin 32 is pivotably mounted.
  • This support pin 32 carries the actual mixing container 33, which contains a vertical axis 34, an essentially cylindrical peripheral wall 35, a plane floor 36 and an access opening 37 opposite this floor 36.
  • An agitator shaft 38 which is only indicated by dashed lines, is arranged coaxially to the vessel axis 34 and carries the mixing blades 39 and 40.
  • a gear motor 41 is directly flanged onto the outside of the vessel bottom 36 and serves to drive the agitator shaft 38.
  • the mixing vanes 39 arranged in the vicinity of the container base 36 are essentially adapted to the shape of the base 36 and the peripheral wall 35, and they cover the peripheral wall 35 and the base 36 of this mixing container 33 at a small distance.
  • the outer edge 35a of the cylindrical peripheral wall 35 is formed such that the upper outer edge 42a of a transport container 42, which is only indicated by dash-dotted lines in the left half of FIG. 3, can be fastened in a sealing manner. 3, left half, can be raised by means of a lifting device (not shown in detail) and pressed against the outer edge 35a of the peripheral wall (in order to fix it), while again after the mixing process has ended can be lowered and driven away.
  • the entire arrangement ie the mixing container 33 including the mixing blade and drive motor and the transport container 42 connected to the mixing container
  • the entire arrangement ie the mixing container 33 including the mixing blade and drive motor and the transport container 42 connected to the mixing container
  • the entire arrangement ie the mixing container 33 including the mixing blade and drive motor and the transport container 42 connected to the mixing container
  • the material to be mixed then falls from the transport container 42 into the actual mixing container 33, which, for example, can be dimensioned such that it can hold the entire material to be mixed intensively with this mixing material bring about.
  • the arrangement is pivoted back again by 180 ° around the support pin 32, so that the mix falls back into the transport container 32 and the latter can be removed and removed.
  • the design and arrangement, in particular, of the mixing blades 39 can ensure that the walls of the mixing container 33 are kept largely clean. However, it happens more or less frequently with such mixers (especially when product changes take place) that the entire interior of the mixer has to be cleaned completely. While in the first exemplary embodiment (FIGS. 1 and 2) of this mixer according to the invention the peripheral wall can be moved or lowered relative to the tank bottom, in the embodiment of the mixer illustrated in FIG.
  • the container bottom 35 is fastened to a plurality of mounting rods 43, of which only one is illustrated in the left half in FIG. 3 for the sake of clarity.
  • These support rods 43 are preferably evenly distributed over the circumference of the container and arranged parallel to the container axis 34.
  • a plurality of lifting devices 44 are provided which are evenly distributed on the outside of the container peripheral wall 35 and which are connected to the support rods 43 in such a way that these support rods 43 and thus also the container base 36 carried by them can be displaced in the direction of the container axis 34.
  • the lifting devices are preferably formed by pressure-medium-actuated (hydraulic or pneumatic) cylinder-piston arrangements 44, the piston rods 44a of which run parallel to the container axis 34 and are connected to the holding rods 43 so as to be fixed against displacement.
  • the support rods 43 and piston rods 44a each create a type of support and guide linkage for the axial displacement of the container bottom 36, and the lifting devices 44 are in a simple manner directly to the outside of the peripheral wall 35 grown.
  • the container bottom 36 is in the position in the left half of FIG. 3 before the entire arrangement is pivoted about the support pin 32 or after the arrangement has been pivoted back after the mixing process, while as shown in FIG 3, the container base 36 together with the mixing blades 39, 40 and the geared motor 41 is axially shifted downward relative to the peripheral wall 35.
  • This relative displaceability of the container base 36 with respect to the peripheral wall 35 is chosen so large that, as in the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 1 and 2, the edge region (outer edge 35a) of the access opening 37 from the container peripheral wall 35 and the container base 36 are approximately at the same height are located.
  • the inner surface of the bottom 36 is flush with the outer edge 35a of the peripheral wall 35, which results in particularly good cleaning.
  • the mixing blades 39, 40 then protrude completely out of the peripheral wall 35 so that they are freely accessible from all sides.
  • the space below the mixing container 33 can be used for extending the mixing tools (mixing blades 39, 40).
  • the container bottom 36 in its working position (FIG. 3, left half) with its outer peripheral edge 36a (cf. FIG. 4) lies tightly against an annular flange 45 which projects radially inward from the container peripheral wall 35 and which is in contact with it the end 35b of the peripheral wall 35 opposite the container access opening 37 is present.
  • the container base 36 is flat at least in the region of its outer peripheral edge 36a (and correspondingly also the side of the ring flange 45 facing it), this results in a particularly good level and tight contact of the base 36 in the working position.
  • This bottom seal illustrated in FIG. 4 can also be modified in that, as is illustrated in FIG. 5, a sealing ring 46 made of a suitable, elastic sealing material (rubber) on the surface 45'a of the annular flange 45 'facing the bottom 36 or appropriate plastic) is inserted.
  • a sealing ring 46 made of a suitable, elastic sealing material (rubber) on the surface 45'a of the annular flange 45 'facing the bottom 36 or appropriate plastic
  • a sealing ring can also be provided, for example, on the outer peripheral edge of the base 36, which cooperates with the inside of the peripheral wall 35.
  • a mixer design similar to that of FIGS. 1 and 2 could have a mixing container that has a fixed, that is to say non-displaceable and non-pivotable container peripheral wall, but has a container base that is axially displaceable relative to this, in order to make the inside of the container freely accessible for cleaning purposes .
  • the mixing container with a vertically arranged axis 50 essentially consists of a base 51, a cover 52 and a cylindrical peripheral wall, which is composed of the parts 53 and 54.
  • the lower part 54 of the peripheral wall is vertically displaceable relative to the bottom 51, cover 52 and part 53. The displacement takes place by means of lifting elements 55 distributed uniformly over the circumference.
  • the displaceable lower part 54 of the peripheral wall is provided with an outlet opening 56, to which an outlet housing 57 and a lifting element 58 for a displacement member located in the outlet housing 57 are connected.
  • the outlet housing 57 and the parts carried by it are carried along with the vertical displacement of the lower part 54 of the peripheral wall.
  • the lid 52 of the mixing container is provided with a pivotable closure 59, in which a loading opening 60 is arranged.
  • the agitator shaft 61 is guided through the base 51 and carries mixing blades 62.
  • the drive 63 of the agitator shaft 61 is supported on the foundation 64.
  • the cover 52 is connected to the foundation 64 via supports 65.
  • sealing elements 66, 67 ensure a reliable seal between the part 54 of the peripheral wall and the base 51 or between the parts 53 and 54 of the peripheral wall.
  • the lower part 54 of the peripheral wall is raised by means of the lifting elements 54, so that the mixing blades 62 and the bottom 51 of the mixing container are easily accessible from the container circumference for cleaning purposes.
  • the modified exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 7 largely corresponds to the embodiment according to FIG. 6.
  • the upper part 53 of the peripheral wall is, however, conical.
  • the inside of the lower part 54 of the peripheral wall remains accessible even when pushed up, which makes cleaning easier, particularly in the area of the outlet opening 56
  • the division of the peripheral wall in the exemplary embodiments according to FIGS. 6 and 7 can be largely varied. It is essential, however, that the lower part 54 has at least a height corresponding to the diameter of the outlet opening 56, so that the outlet opening can be pushed up in one piece with the lower part 54 of the peripheral wall.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate an embodiment in which the axis 70 of the mixing container is arranged horizontally.
  • the peripheral wall of the mixing container in this embodiment consists of three telescopically telescopic parts 71, 72, 73. Together with the two fixed end walls 74, 75, they form the mixing container.
  • the parts 71, 72 and 73 of the peripheral wall are each connected to a flange 76, 77 and 78 at their right end.
  • These flanges carry lifting elements 79, 80, 81, the piston rod 79a of the lifting element 79 being fastened to a stationary abutment 82, the piston rod 80a of the lifting element 80 on the flange 76 and the piston rod 81a of the lifting element 81 on the flange 77.
  • the agitator shaft 83 which carries the agitator blades 84, is mounted in bearings 85, 86 and is driven by a drive 87.
  • the parts 71, 72, 73 of the telescopic peripheral wall are in the fully extended state.
  • the interior of the mixing container is closed to the outside, with sealing elements (not illustrated in detail) between the three parts of the peripheral wall and the two end walls ensuring the necessary sealing.
  • the part 73 of the peripheral wall is provided with an inlet opening 88 and an outlet opening 89 in the exemplary embodiment shown.
  • the flanges 76, 77, 78 are supported on the floor by rollers 90.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Accessories For Mixers (AREA)
  • Mixers Of The Rotary Stirring Type (AREA)
  • Food-Manufacturing Devices (AREA)

Claims (9)

1. Mélangeur, en particulier pour préparations de matière plastique, comprenant :
a) un bac symétrique de révolution et comportant une paroi circonférentielle (7 ; 53, 54 ; 71, 72, 73) ainsi que deux parois extrêmes (6 ; 51, 52 ; 74, 75),
b) un arbre (8 ; 61 ; 70) sur lequel sont fixés les organes de brassage, qui est coaxial à l'axe du bac, qui traverse au moins une paroi extrême et qui supporte les palettes d'agitation (9, 10 ; 62 ; 84),
c) ainsi qu'un dispositif de commande (2 ; 63 ; 87) situé à l'extérieur du bac et relié à l'arbre,
d) certaines parties du bac étant translata- bles les unes par rapport aux autres de manière qu'à une position de nettoyage, les palettes d'agitation et une paroi extrême du bac soient librement accessibles, caractérisé en ce que :
e) au moins une partie de la paroi circonférentielle du bac est translatable par rapport aux deux parois extrêmes fixes.
2. Mélangeur, en particulier pour préparations de matière plastique, comprenant :
a) un bac symétrique de révolution (33, 42) et comprenant une paroi circonférentielle et deux parois extrêmes,
b) un arbre (38) sur lequel sont fixés les organes de brassage, qui est coaxial à l'axe du bac, qui traverse au moins une paroi extrême et qui supporte les palettes d'agitation (39, 40),
c) ainsi qu'un dispositif de commande (41) disposé à l'extérieur du bac et relié audit arbre,
d) certaines parties du bac étant translatable les unes par rapport aux autres de manière qu'à une position de nettoyage, les palettes d'agitation et une paroi extrême du bac soient librement accessibles, caractérisé par les particularités suivantes :
e) le bac est formé d'une partie (33) pouvant pivoter autour d'un axe horizontal et d'une cuve de transport (42) pouvant être reliée à ladite partie du bac (33), la paroi extrême (36) de ladite partie du bac (33) supportant le dispositif de commande (41) ainsi que l'arbre (38) supportant les palettes d'agitation (39, 40),
f) la paroi extrême (36) de ladite partie du bac (33) est translatable avec le dispositif de commande (41), l'arbre (38) et les palettes d'agitation (39, 40) par rapport à la paroi circonférentielle fixe (35) à l'intérieur de ladite partie du bac (33) de manière suffisante pour que les palettes d'agitation (39, 40) ayant atteint la position de nettoyage ressortent librement de ladite partie du bac (33), la cuve de transport (42) ayant été enlevée.
3. Mélangeur selon la revendication 1, dont la paroi circonférentielle (7) du bac comporte un orifice de décharge (7c) auquel se raccorde une caisse correspondante (20), caractérisé en ce que ladite caisse de décharge (20) est relevable ou basculante sur la paroi extrême supérieure fixe formant le couvercle (5) du bac.
4. Mélangeur selon la revendication 1, dont la paroi circonférentielle (53, 54) du bac comporte un orifice de décharge (56) auquel se raccorde une caisse correspondante (57), caractérisé en ce que ladite caisse de décharge (57) est supportée par la partie translatable (54) de la paroi circonférentielle.
5. Mélangeur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la totalité de la paroi circonférentielle (7) du bac est abaissable de manière qu'elle atteigne une position dans laquelle son bord supérieur se trouve au niveau de la paroi extrême inférieure formant le fond (6) du bac.
6. Mélangeur selon la revendication 1, dont la paroi circonférentielle (53, 54) du bac comporte au bas un orifice de décharge (56) caractérisé en ce que la partie cylindrique inférieure (54) de la paroi circonférentielle qui comporte l'orifice de décharge (56) est relevable par rapport à la partie supérieure cylindrique ou conique fixe (53) de la paroi circonférentielle pour être mise à une position dans laquelle les palettes d'agitation (62) ainsi que le fond (51) du bac soient librement accessible par la circonférence de ce dernier.
7. Mélangeur selon la revendication 1, dont l'axe (70) du bac est horizontal, caractérisé en ce que la paroi circonférentielle du bac se compose de plusieurs parties (71, 72, 73) pouvant s'emboîter télescopiquement les unes dans les autres.
8. Mélangeur selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce qu'un dispositif de levage (17 ; 44 ; 55 ; 79, 80, 81) prévu pour translater la paroi circonférentielle ou les parois extrêmes comprend au moins deux éléments régulièrement répartis à la circonférence du bac.
EP85115443A 1985-01-25 1985-12-05 Mélangeur Expired EP0188717B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3502557 1985-01-25
DE3502557 1985-01-25
DE19853529185 DE3529185A1 (de) 1985-01-25 1985-08-14 Mischer
DE3529185 1985-08-14

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0188717A1 EP0188717A1 (fr) 1986-07-30
EP0188717B1 true EP0188717B1 (fr) 1988-07-27

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85115443A Expired EP0188717B1 (fr) 1985-01-25 1985-12-05 Mélangeur

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US (1) US4930897A (fr)
EP (1) EP0188717B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3529185A1 (fr)

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JP4755956B2 (ja) * 2006-08-28 2011-08-24 株式会社リコー インクジェット記録装置
CN104474940A (zh) * 2014-12-16 2015-04-01 山东晨泰环保科技有限公司 一种干粉搅拌机
CN110253778A (zh) * 2019-06-21 2019-09-20 天津市天塑滨海氟塑料制品有限公司 一种聚四氟乙烯粉末混料机
CN110327809A (zh) * 2019-07-12 2019-10-15 江苏亚一智能装备有限公司 一种带有自清洁功能的涂料混合装置
CN114800919A (zh) * 2022-05-09 2022-07-29 南京杰亚挤出装备有限公司 一种卧式双轴混炼脱挥机

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CA1153928A (fr) * 1981-02-23 1983-09-20 Knud Simonsen Agitateur sous vide, pour produits alimentaires et methode de conditionnement
DE3123362A1 (de) * 1981-06-12 1982-12-30 Herfeld, Friedrich Walter, Dr., 5982 Neuenrade Mischvorrichtung
DE3301207A1 (de) * 1983-01-15 1984-07-19 Friedrich Walter Dr. 5982 Neuenrade Herfeld Mischvorrichtung

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DE3529185A1 (de) 1986-07-31
DE3563914D1 (en) 1988-09-01
EP0188717A1 (fr) 1986-07-30
US4930897A (en) 1990-06-05

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