EP0181385B1 - Installation a refroidissement actif - Google Patents

Installation a refroidissement actif Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0181385B1
EP0181385B1 EP85902510A EP85902510A EP0181385B1 EP 0181385 B1 EP0181385 B1 EP 0181385B1 EP 85902510 A EP85902510 A EP 85902510A EP 85902510 A EP85902510 A EP 85902510A EP 0181385 B1 EP0181385 B1 EP 0181385B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bodies
installation
cooling
cooling tube
heat
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP85902510A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0181385A1 (fr
Inventor
Heinz Ernst Kotzlowski
Günter KNERINGER
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Metallwerk Plansee GmbH
Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV
Original Assignee
Metallwerk Plansee GmbH
Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Metallwerk Plansee GmbH, Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV filed Critical Metallwerk Plansee GmbH
Priority to AT85902510T priority Critical patent/ATE37114T1/de
Publication of EP0181385A1 publication Critical patent/EP0181385A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0181385B1 publication Critical patent/EP0181385B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
    • F16L59/02—Shape or form of insulating materials, with or without coverings integral with the insulating materials
    • F16L59/028—Composition or method of fixing a thermally insulating material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/0041—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for only one medium being tubes having parts touching each other or tubes assembled in panel form
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/10—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically
    • F28D7/12—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically the surrounding tube being closed at one end, e.g. return type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/02—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of carbon, e.g. graphite
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
    • G21B1/11—Details
    • G21B1/13—First wall; Blanket; Divertor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an actively cooled device with bodies which consist of a material which is able to withstand a thermal load provided during operation, and which are each soldered to at least one coolant line.
  • heat shields Thermally resilient heat shields, so-called “heat shields”, are required for many purposes.
  • a typical example is the divertor and limiter of a fusion reactor. Since heat shields are a preferred field of application of the invention, it is described below using the example of heat shields.
  • the invention is not limited to this, but can also be used for other actively cooled devices, such as cooled drawing dies for the production of profile bars, cooled electrodes for the melt electrolysis and the like.
  • graphite is a good heat shield material due to its properties for plasma-physical systems, such as fusion reactors, and other vacuum systems. Low atomic weight, high sublimation temperature, good heat conduction, low atomization rate are some of these properties. On the other hand, graphite also has various disadvantages, such as porosity, low mechanical strength and low ductility.
  • the porosity of the graphite generally prohibits direct contact of the graphite with a cooling fluid for reasons of tightness.
  • the low mechanical strength and ductility make it difficult to fasten graphite parts and limit the maximum operating temperature.
  • graphite bodies serving as heat shields could therefore only be cooled by radiation or by thermal contact with a heat-dissipating fastening structure.
  • the graphite body of such a known heat shield an experimental fusion reactor, such as a tokamak, are therefore heated adiabatically during a plasma discharge lasting up to about 10 seconds and then require at least about 10 minutes for sufficient cooling. Longer plasma discharges or stationary operation is therefore not possible when using the known graphite heat shields.
  • an actively cooled heat shield arrangement for the first wall of a tokamak which contains an actively cooled, metallic support structure and graphite tiles, which are positively connected to the support structure.
  • the support structure consists of a stainless steel back plate on the strips. are hard-soldered from copper, which form dovetail grooves for holding the graphite tiles.
  • the stainless steel backing plates and the copper strips are provided with mutually opposite recesses which are semicircular in cross section and into which copper pipe coolant lines are hard-soldered.
  • the graphite tiles which primarily absorb the heat to be dissipated, are therefore not directly connected to the coolant lines but only via the dovetail connection.
  • the present invention achieves the task of achieving a very high thermal load capacity through reliable heat dissipation from the heat-resistant bodies to the coolant and, at the same time, a mechanically safe and To ensure a firm connection, so that there is a higher load capacity and / or longer service life, characterized in that the body made of a non-metallic material, such as graphite, a carbide or ceramic, or a metal-ceramic composite material and each have at least one round cross-section recess , in which a part having a corresponding cross section of a cooling tube forming the coolant line is soldered flat.
  • a non-metallic material such as graphite, a carbide or ceramic, or a metal-ceramic composite material
  • the metallic cooling tubes are thus directly and flatly brazed into a recess of the non-metallic body which has a corresponding cross section and which primarily absorbs the heat to be dissipated. This ensures effective heat transfer and, at the same time, a secure and permanent mechanical connection.
  • the geometry is preferably and advantageously chosen so that the heat transfer surface between the body and the cooling tube is approximately equal to the thermally stressed surface of the body made of the heat-resistant, non-metallic material.
  • a body can also be soldered directly to several cooling tubes.
  • An actively cooled device contains at least one, generally several, e.g. B. strip or plate-shaped body made of heat-resistant material, which are each soldered directly to at least one coolant conduit (cooling tube).
  • the cooling tube preferably has a circular cross section and is soldered to the body to be cooled on its entire outer surface or over part of the circumference of the outer surface.
  • the cooling medium can be helically guided through baffles in the cooling tube.
  • Several cooling tubes can also be soldered to a body or element.
  • Non-metallic materials and of these graphite are preferred as heat-resistant materials, so that in the following we will speak of graphite bodies. The same applies, however, to other heat-resistant materials.
  • the material When used in fusion reactors, the material should have a low atomic number Z.
  • suitable materials besides graphite are e.g. B. carbides such as SiC, TiC, B 4 C, also TiB 2 , sintered materials, ceramics, metal-ceramic composites and certain metals, such as beryllium.
  • the cooling tube made of metal preferably also serves as a mechanical support for the body to be cooled, in particular for absorbing the weight of the body to be cooled and other forces acting on the body. This has the great advantage that the holder is at the temperature of the coolant and not that of the body to be cooled.
  • the body to be cooled is mechanically fastened to the cooling tube over a large area via the soldered connection in the recess, that is to say without screws, springs or similar fastening elements.
  • the cooling tube should be thin-walled, i. H. the wall thickness should be at most about 10% of the outside diameter. The wall thickness should, however, be sufficient to avoid any significant deformation during operation.
  • a permanent and resistant braze connection of graphite with metal is only guaranteed if the metal has at least approximately the same thermal expansion coefficient as graphite. This requirement is met, for example, by high-melting metals such as molybdenum and some molybdenum alloys. Since these materials are relatively expensive and difficult to machine and weld, preferably only those parts of the coolant line soldered to a graphite body are made of the metals mentioned, while the remaining part of the coolant lines are made of more conventional materials such as austenitic stainless steel.
  • the connection between the cooling pipes made of molybdenum or molybdenum alloy and the parts of the coolant line made of other materials can be made by a conical or cylindrical solder connection.
  • This soldered connection preferably contains a shrink fit, in which the coolant tube is made of austenitic stainless steel or another suitable material that encloses the cooling tube made of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy in the shrink fit, so that the soldering is relieved of mechanical tensile stresses.
  • the heat shield can be exposed to rapidly changing magnetic fields.
  • the cooling elements can be designed finger-like, so that there are no conductor loops, by which electromagnetic forces arise which place excessive mechanical stress on the heat shield.
  • the coolant is supplied through a second coaxial tube in the actual cooling tube, the cooling capacity here also being able to be increased by helically guiding the coolant.
  • FIGS. 1a to 1c An exemplary embodiment of a heat shield element for a fusion reactor, in which the above aspects are taken into account, is shown in FIGS. 1a to 1c.
  • the heat shield element shown in Fig. 1 is a divertor plate element for an experimental fusion reactor of the type A.S.D.E.X. Upgrade. It contains a plate-like body 10, which is slightly trapezoidal in plan view and made of high-purity graphite, which has a flat upper side 12 which, when a heat source, e.g. B. facing a plasma discharge.
  • the underside has a cross-sectionally U-shaped, in the lower part semi-circular groove 14, in which sits a cooling tube 16 with a circular cross-section, which is brazed over a little more than half of its circumference to the surface of the groove 14 of the graphite body 12, such as is indicated in Fig. 1a by the reference numeral 18.
  • the front end (on the left in FIG. 1 a) of the groove 14 can be expanded in order to make room for a cap (not shown) which is hard-soldered onto the end of the cooling tube.
  • the gussets between the flat wall parts of the cross-sectionally U-shaped recess and the cooling tube are filled with solder in order to create a heat-conducting connection between the cooling tube and the graphite body that is as large as possible.
  • the cooling tube 16 was made of molybdenum and had an outer diameter of 24 mm and a wall thickness of 2 mm.
  • a 3Titanium-27Copper-70Silver alloy was used as the solder.
  • the brazing between the graphite and the cooling tube can also be carried out by means of another known braze, see e.g. B. US-A-3,673,038.
  • B. also copper-titanium alloys, pure titanium and zirconium and their alloys. Since the ductility of the solders decreases with increasing melting temperature (in the above examples max. Approx. 1 670 "C) and the connection becomes more brittle and susceptible to cracking, a solder with a low melting point (melting point about 400 K above the working temperature) is generally used. to use.
  • the cooling tube 16 is closed at one end and connected at the other end to a coolant conduit 20, which consists of austenitic stainless steel.
  • a coolant conduit 20 which consists of austenitic stainless steel.
  • the connection between the cooling pipe 16 made of molybdenum or a molybdenum alloy and the pipe 20 made of stainless steel or another conventional material is made by a brazed joint 22, the inside diameter of the pipe 20 preferably being dimensioned such that the pipe 20 is shrink fit on the cooling pipe 16 sits and the braze joint 22 is mechanically relieved.
  • the coolant is supplied by a z. B. stainless steel inner tube 24, which extends from a coolant distributor 26 coaxially into the cooling tube 16 and ends shortly before the inner surface of the cap 17, which has an annular trough for flow deflection.
  • a coolant distributor 26 coaxially into the cooling tube 16 and ends shortly before the inner surface of the cap 17, which has an annular trough for flow deflection.
  • helical baffles 28 are arranged in the space between the tubes 24 and 16 in order to impart a helical swirl to the flow of the coolant, as indicated by arrows, so that the heat transfer between the inner wall of the cooling tube 16 and the cooling medium is improved.
  • the cooling medium thus flows through the interior 30 of the inner tube 24 to the front end of the cooling tube 16 and then in the space 32 between the two tubes 16 and 24 back to a coolant collecting tube 34.
  • the strip-like or finger-like shape of the heat shield elements shown in FIG. 1 avoids large closed conductor loops in which undesired forces can be generated by alternating magnetic fields.
  • FIG. 2 shows a somewhat simplified cross section of a part of a heat shield made of the elements according to FIG. 1. Since the divertor plates are subjected to thermal unevenly in the test reactor mentioned above, the thickness of the graphite body was chosen to be approximately proportional to the thermal load in order to prevent e.g. 10 s) continuous plasma discharge to ensure uniform heating of the graphite body.
  • Fig. 3 shows a slightly different embodiment of a heat shield of the type shown in Fig. 2.
  • the elements of the heat shield according to FIG. 3 contain graphite bodies 310 with a parallelogram cross section, so that the spaces 311 between the individual graphite heat shield elements run obliquely to the surface 312 of the graphite bodies.
  • the heat shield according to FIG. 3 is optically sealed if the heat source is located in such a way that no heat radiation can pass through the spaces 311.
  • FIG. 4 shows a cross section of a heat shield that is optically dense even with regard to a spatially extended heat source.
  • the heat shield elements contain plate-shaped graphite bodies 410, the mutually facing side surfaces of which have V-shaped grooves 413 or complementary wedge-shaped projections 415 extending into them, so that the spaces 411 are angled.
  • FIG. 5a and 5b show cross-sectional views of heat shield elements with curved plate-shaped graphite bodies 510a and 510b, respectively, which have a convex surface 512a or concave surface 512b facing the heat source.
  • the graphite body 510a is brazed on the side facing away from the heat source with two cooling tubes 16 and 16a, while the graphite body 510b is brazed with a plurality of cooling tubes 16, 16a, 16b, ....
  • the graphite bodies 510a and 510b have a substantially uniform thickness.
  • FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of an element of a heat shield according to the invention, which contains a graphite body 610 which is approximately circular segment-shaped in cross section and whose surface 612 facing the heat source is convex.
  • the opposite side 617 is flat and has three grooves, in which three cooling tubes 616, 616a, 616b are soldered.
  • the middle cooling tube 616a has a larger diameter than the two outer cooling tubes 616, 616b.
  • cooling tubes for one graphite body and / or the use of cooling tubes of different diameters is not limited to the configurations of the graphite bodies shown in the drawings, for example. If the graphite bodies are each soldered to only one cooling tube, not all cooling tubes need to have the same diameter.
  • the cooling tube or the cooling tubes can of course also be completely surrounded by graphite.
  • a further graphite body can also be soldered to the cooling tubes 16 in FIGS. 2 to 4 on the free side in these figures, as is indicated by dashed lines in FIG. 3 for a heat shield element.
  • the cooling tubes can also be soldered over the entire surface in a corresponding bore in the graphite body.
  • the coolant is fed from a supply line 26a to the one lower end of the cooling tube 16 and exits into a collecting tube 34a at the upper end of the cooling tubes.
  • a supply line 26a At the inlet end 16 are helical in the cooling tube Baffles 28a are provided which impart a helical swirl to the coolant flow, as was explained with reference to the baffles 28 in connection with FIG. 1a.
  • the lines 26a and 34a also serve to mechanically hold the heat shield elements. Otherwise, the heat shield elements correspond to those of FIG. 1, so that a further explanation is unnecessary.
  • Fig. 8 is a section in a plane VIII-VIII of Fig. 7 and shows how a plurality of heat shield elements can be arranged side by side.
  • the grooves in which the cooling tubes are soldered have a U-shaped cross section and are somewhat deeper than half the outer diameter of the cooling tube soldered in each case. of course you can also use bodies with other shapes, e.g. B. as shown in Figures 3 and 4.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Plasma Technology (AREA)
  • Cooling Or The Like Of Semiconductors Or Solid State Devices (AREA)

Abstract

Une installation à refroidissement actif, comme un bouclier thermique pour un réacteur de fusion, contient des corps (10) à base de matériau résistant à la chaleur, en particulier du graphite, comportant au moins un évidement rond en coupe transversale, en particulier une gorge (14), dans lequel est soudé par brasage fort, directement et de manière plane, un tuyau de refroidissement (16) amenant un agent réfrigérant. On obtient ainsi une dissipation thermique effective à partir des corps et une liaison plus durable des corps avec le ou les tuyaux de refroidissement.

Claims (10)

1. Installation soumise à un refroidissement actif comportant des corps constitué en un matériau pouvant résister thermiquement en fonctionnement, à une charge calorifique prévue et qui sont brasés chacun thermiquement par une surface étendue à au moins une canalisation contenant un fluide réfrigérant, caractérisé en ce que les corps en question (10) sont constitués par un matériau non métallique comme le graphite, un carbure ou une matière céramique, ou encore par un cermet et ils comportent chacun au moins un évidement (14) qui a une section transversale ronde et dans lequel est insérée et brasée par une surface étendue une partie, de section transversale correspondante, d'un tube de réfrigération (16) qui constitue la canalisation de circulation du fluide réfrigérant.
2. Installation suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que l'évidement est une gorge présentant une surface cylindrique et le tube de réfrigération a une section circulaire.
3. Installation suivant la revendication 2 caractérisé en ce que la gorge a une section en U et a une profondeur supérieure à la moitié du diamètre extérieur du tube de réfrigération.
4. Installation suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que les corps comportent chacun au moins un alésage dans lequel un tube de réfrigération est fixé par brasage.
5. Installation suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que les tubes de réfrigération sont constitués par un métal qui a au moins approximativement le même coefficient de dilatation thermique que le matériau résistant à la chaleur et ils sont reliés chacun à une canalisation (20) contenant le fluide réfrigération et qui est constituée par un autre matériau.
6. Installation suivant la revendication 5 caractérisé en ce que la liaison entre le tube de réfrigération (16) et la canalisation (20) contenant le fluide réfrigérant comprend un ajustement fretté.
7. Installation suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que les corps (10) sont maintenus mécaniquement uniquement par l'intermédiaire des tubes de réfrigération (16).
8. Installation suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que l'un au moins des corps (610) est brasé à plusieurs tubes de réfrigération (616, 616a) de différents diamètres.
9. Installation suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que les corps ont la forme de bandes allongées.
10. Installation suivant la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce que les corps sont disposés les uns à côté des autres de manière à laisser des espaces intermédiaires (311, 411) qui sont placés de telle manière que le rayonnement calorifique qui provient d'une source thermique de laquelle il faut se protéger, ne puisse pas passer en ligne droite à travers les espaces intermédiaires.
EP85902510A 1984-05-07 1985-05-07 Installation a refroidissement actif Expired EP0181385B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT85902510T ATE37114T1 (de) 1984-05-07 1985-05-07 Aktiv gekuehlte einrichtung.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19843416843 DE3416843A1 (de) 1984-05-07 1984-05-07 Aktiv gekuehlter hitzeschild
DE3416843 1984-05-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0181385A1 EP0181385A1 (fr) 1986-05-21
EP0181385B1 true EP0181385B1 (fr) 1988-09-07

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EP85902510A Expired EP0181385B1 (fr) 1984-05-07 1985-05-07 Installation a refroidissement actif

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5023043A (fr)
EP (1) EP0181385B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2579749B2 (fr)
DE (2) DE3416843A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1985005214A1 (fr)

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US8064563B2 (en) 2005-03-22 2011-11-22 The European Atomic Energy Community, represented by the European Commission First-wall component for a fusion reactor

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EP0022030B1 (fr) * 1979-06-29 1983-05-11 COMMISSARIAT A L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE Etablissement de Caractère Scientifique Technique et Industriel Dispositif d'homogénéisation, dans le sens circonférentiel des températures à la surface d'une virole soumise à un gradient circonférentiel de température
JPS56119497A (en) * 1980-02-25 1981-09-19 Babcock Hitachi Kk Corrosion resistant heat transfer pipe
DE3113587C2 (de) * 1981-04-03 1985-03-28 Kraftwerk Union AG, 4330 Mülheim Leichtwasser-Kernreaktor mit einer kühlwasserführenden Kernumfassung
DE3125970A1 (de) * 1981-07-01 1983-02-10 Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., 3400 Göttingen Hitzeschild
US4535838A (en) * 1983-11-07 1985-08-20 American Standard Inc. Heat exchange coil and method of making

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1254875A2 (fr) * 2001-04-30 2002-11-06 PLANSEE Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de joindre un composite de materiau refractaire
EP1254875A3 (fr) * 2001-04-30 2004-09-08 PLANSEE Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de joindre un composite de materiau refractaire
US6907661B2 (en) 2001-04-30 2005-06-21 Plansee Aktiengesellschaft Method of joining a high-temperature material composite component
US8064563B2 (en) 2005-03-22 2011-11-22 The European Atomic Energy Community, represented by the European Commission First-wall component for a fusion reactor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS61502144A (ja) 1986-09-25
DE3416843A1 (de) 1985-11-14
WO1985005214A1 (fr) 1985-11-21
US5023043A (en) 1991-06-11
JP2579749B2 (ja) 1997-02-12
DE3564879D1 (en) 1988-10-13
EP0181385A1 (fr) 1986-05-21

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