DE3581498D1 - Aktive matrixschaltung fuer fluessigkristallanzeigen. - Google Patents
Aktive matrixschaltung fuer fluessigkristallanzeigen.Info
- Publication number
- DE3581498D1 DE3581498D1 DE8585308385T DE3581498T DE3581498D1 DE 3581498 D1 DE3581498 D1 DE 3581498D1 DE 8585308385 T DE8585308385 T DE 8585308385T DE 3581498 T DE3581498 T DE 3581498T DE 3581498 D1 DE3581498 D1 DE 3581498D1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystal
- active matrix
- crystal displays
- matrix circuit
- circuit
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/136—Liquid crystal cells structurally associated with a semi-conducting layer or substrate, e.g. cells forming part of an integrated circuit
- G02F1/1362—Active matrix addressed cells
- G02F1/13624—Active matrix addressed cells having more than one switching element per pixel
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3607—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals for displaying colours or for displaying grey scales with a specific pixel layout, e.g. using sub-pixels
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
- G09G3/3648—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using an active matrix
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
- G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
- G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
- G09G3/3648—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using an active matrix
- G09G3/3659—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using an active matrix the addressing of the pixel involving the control of two or more scan electrodes or two or more data electrodes, e.g. pixel voltage dependant on signal of two data electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133509—Filters, e.g. light shielding masks
- G02F1/133514—Colour filters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/136—Liquid crystal cells structurally associated with a semi-conducting layer or substrate, e.g. cells forming part of an integrated circuit
- G02F1/1362—Active matrix addressed cells
- G02F1/136259—Repairing; Defects
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
- G09G2300/0421—Structural details of the set of electrodes
- G09G2300/0426—Layout of electrodes and connections
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
- G09G2300/0439—Pixel structures
- G09G2300/0452—Details of colour pixel setup, e.g. pixel composed of a red, a blue and two green components
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
- G09G2300/08—Active matrix structure, i.e. with use of active elements, inclusive of non-linear two terminal elements, in the pixels together with light emitting or modulating elements
- G09G2300/0809—Several active elements per pixel in active matrix panels
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2330/00—Aspects of power supply; Aspects of display protection and defect management
- G09G2330/08—Fault-tolerant or redundant circuits, or circuits in which repair of defects is prepared
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP59242876A JPS61121034A (ja) | 1984-11-16 | 1984-11-16 | 薄膜トランジスタアレイ |
JP60085241A JPS61243496A (ja) | 1985-04-19 | 1985-04-19 | 表示パネル |
JP60083622A JPH0646345B2 (ja) | 1985-04-20 | 1985-04-20 | アクテイブマトリクス基板 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE3581498D1 true DE3581498D1 (de) | 1991-02-28 |
Family
ID=27304280
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE8585308385T Expired - Lifetime DE3581498D1 (de) | 1984-11-16 | 1985-11-18 | Aktive matrixschaltung fuer fluessigkristallanzeigen. |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4890097A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0182645B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE3581498D1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (53)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS61267782A (ja) * | 1985-05-23 | 1986-11-27 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 表示素子 |
NL8601373A (nl) * | 1986-05-29 | 1987-12-16 | Philips Nv | Weergeefinrichting met verbeterde aansturing. |
JPS63186216A (ja) * | 1987-01-28 | 1988-08-01 | Nec Corp | アクテイブマトリツクス液晶表示器 |
GB2206721A (en) * | 1987-07-03 | 1989-01-11 | Philips Electronic Associated | Active matrix display device |
JPS6437585A (en) * | 1987-08-04 | 1989-02-08 | Nippon Telegraph & Telephone | Active matrix type display device |
US4960719A (en) * | 1988-02-04 | 1990-10-02 | Seikosha Co., Ltd. | Method for producing amorphous silicon thin film transistor array substrate |
JPH01217421A (ja) * | 1988-02-26 | 1989-08-31 | Seikosha Co Ltd | 非晶質シリコン薄膜トランジスタアレイ基板およびその製造方法 |
GB2217891A (en) * | 1988-04-29 | 1989-11-01 | Philips Electronic Associated | Matrix display device |
JP2834756B2 (ja) * | 1989-01-18 | 1998-12-14 | シャープ株式会社 | 表示電極基板 |
US5062690A (en) * | 1989-06-30 | 1991-11-05 | General Electric Company | Liquid crystal display with redundant FETS and redundant crossovers connected by laser-fusible links |
US5046827C1 (en) * | 1989-07-20 | 2001-08-07 | Honeywell Inc | Optical reconstruction filter for color mosaic displays |
NL8902206A (nl) * | 1989-09-01 | 1991-04-02 | Philips Nv | Weergeefinrichting. |
US5088806A (en) * | 1990-01-16 | 1992-02-18 | Honeywell, Inc. | Apparatus and method for temperature compensation of liquid crystal matrix displays |
JP2630663B2 (ja) * | 1990-03-09 | 1997-07-16 | セイコー電子工業株式会社 | 電気光学装置 |
JPH0830825B2 (ja) * | 1990-04-20 | 1996-03-27 | シャープ株式会社 | アクティブマトリクス表示装置 |
FR2661538A1 (fr) * | 1990-04-27 | 1991-10-31 | Thomson Lcd | Ecran matriciel couleurs a definition amelioree. |
EP0717303B1 (de) * | 1990-05-11 | 2003-05-02 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Anzeigevorrichtung mit aktiver Matrix , Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und Verfahren zur Behandlung defekter Pixel |
JPH0421823A (ja) * | 1990-05-16 | 1992-01-24 | Hosiden Corp | 液晶表示素子の点欠陥の黒欠陥化法及び液晶表示素子 |
US5303072A (en) * | 1990-07-05 | 1994-04-12 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device |
EP0482737B1 (de) * | 1990-09-27 | 1995-08-09 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Anzeigeeinrichtung mit aktiver Matrix |
KR920006894A (ko) * | 1990-09-27 | 1992-04-28 | 쓰지 하루오 | 액티브 매트릭스 표시장치 |
US5680185A (en) * | 1990-11-26 | 1997-10-21 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) display apparatus |
KR940008180B1 (ko) * | 1990-12-27 | 1994-09-07 | 가부시끼가이샤 한도다이 에네르기 겐꾸쇼 | 액정 전기 광학 장치 및 그 구동 방법 |
JP2979655B2 (ja) * | 1991-01-14 | 1999-11-15 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | アクティブマトリクス基板の駆動方法 |
US5220443A (en) * | 1991-04-29 | 1993-06-15 | Nec Corporation | Matrix wiring substrate and active matrix display having non-linear resistance elements for electrostatic discharge protection |
JP2669954B2 (ja) * | 1991-05-08 | 1997-10-29 | シャープ株式会社 | アクティブマトリクス表示装置 |
KR970009405B1 (en) * | 1991-10-05 | 1997-06-13 | Fujitsu Ltd | Active matrix type display device |
US5257103A (en) * | 1992-02-05 | 1993-10-26 | Nview Corporation | Method and apparatus for deinterlacing video inputs |
EP0558134A3 (en) * | 1992-02-27 | 1994-08-10 | Philips Nv | Display device |
IL103566A (en) * | 1992-10-27 | 1995-06-29 | Quick Tech Ltd | Active matrix of a display panel |
US5479280A (en) * | 1992-12-30 | 1995-12-26 | Goldstar Co., Ltd. | Active matrix for liquid crystal displays having two switching means and discharging means per pixel |
FR2713813B1 (fr) * | 1993-12-13 | 1997-08-14 | Gold Star Co | Panneau d'affichage à cristaux liquides et à matrice active. |
TW280898B (en) * | 1994-12-28 | 1996-07-11 | Sharp Kk | The matrix type image display apparatus |
US5801670A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1998-09-01 | Xerox Corporation | Image generation system having a host based rendering element for generating seed pixel values and mesh address values for display having a rendering mesh for generating final pixel values |
US6259424B1 (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 2001-07-10 | Victor Company Of Japan, Ltd. | Display matrix substrate, production method of the same and display matrix circuit |
US6140983A (en) * | 1998-05-15 | 2000-10-31 | Inviso, Inc. | Display system having multiple memory elements per pixel with improved layout design |
US6339417B1 (en) * | 1998-05-15 | 2002-01-15 | Inviso, Inc. | Display system having multiple memory elements per pixel |
US7280090B2 (en) * | 2000-12-22 | 2007-10-09 | Electronics For Imaging, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for repairing inoperative pixels in a display |
TW571287B (en) * | 2001-02-20 | 2004-01-11 | Au Optronics Corp | Display with dot inversion or column inversion and having power-saving function |
JP3906090B2 (ja) * | 2002-02-05 | 2007-04-18 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
KR100853772B1 (ko) * | 2002-04-20 | 2008-08-25 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 액정표시장치의 구동방법 및 장치 |
CN1316439C (zh) * | 2003-03-25 | 2007-05-16 | 友达光电股份有限公司 | 平面显示器的驱动电路 |
KR101018755B1 (ko) * | 2004-03-31 | 2011-03-04 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 액정 표시 장치 |
US8629819B2 (en) * | 2005-07-14 | 2014-01-14 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device and driving method thereof |
FR2889615B1 (fr) * | 2005-08-02 | 2008-06-06 | Thales Sa | Matrice active pour un dispositif d'affichage a cristal liquide |
KR101261611B1 (ko) * | 2005-09-15 | 2013-05-06 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 액정표시장치 |
TWI294254B (en) * | 2006-01-02 | 2008-03-01 | Au Optronics Corp | Pixel structure organic electro-luminescence displaying unit and repairing method thereo |
KR101217166B1 (ko) * | 2006-01-19 | 2012-12-31 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 어레이 기판, 이를 갖는 표시패널 및 표시장치 |
TWI345194B (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2011-07-11 | Au Optronics Corp | Liquid crystal display capable of compensating feed-through voltage and driving method thereof |
KR101380855B1 (ko) * | 2006-10-31 | 2014-04-07 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 표시장치 |
JP4851545B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-09 | 2012-01-11 | シャープ株式会社 | アクティブマトリクス基板、液晶パネル、液晶表示ユニット、液晶表示装置、テレビジョン受像機、アクティブマトリクス基板の製造方法、液晶パネルの製造方法 |
JP5542297B2 (ja) | 2007-05-17 | 2014-07-09 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 液晶表示装置、表示モジュール及び電子機器 |
CN101646975B (zh) | 2007-06-28 | 2011-11-23 | 夏普株式会社 | 有源矩阵基板、液晶面板、液晶显示单元、液晶显示装置、电视接收机、液晶面板的制造方法 |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1598343A (en) * | 1977-04-04 | 1981-09-16 | Int Computers Ltd | Display systems |
JPS55159493A (en) * | 1979-05-30 | 1980-12-11 | Suwa Seikosha Kk | Liquid crystal face iimage display unit |
JPS6057077B2 (ja) * | 1979-05-29 | 1985-12-13 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 表示装置 |
AU544556B2 (en) * | 1979-12-04 | 1985-06-06 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Colour display panel |
US4368523A (en) * | 1979-12-20 | 1983-01-11 | Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal display device having redundant pairs of address buses |
JPS5799688A (en) * | 1980-12-11 | 1982-06-21 | Sharp Kk | Display driving circuit |
JPS5865481A (ja) * | 1981-10-15 | 1983-04-19 | 株式会社東芝 | 液晶駆動用電圧分割回路 |
JPS58144888A (ja) * | 1982-02-23 | 1983-08-29 | セイコーインスツルメンツ株式会社 | 行列形液晶表示装置 |
JPS59111196A (ja) * | 1982-12-15 | 1984-06-27 | シチズン時計株式会社 | カラ−表示装置 |
JPS59111197A (ja) * | 1982-12-17 | 1984-06-27 | シチズン時計株式会社 | マトリクス型表示装置の駆動回路 |
FR2553218B1 (fr) * | 1983-10-07 | 1987-09-25 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Ecran d'affichage a matrice active sans croisement des lignes et des colonnes d'adressage |
JPS60192369A (ja) * | 1984-03-13 | 1985-09-30 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 薄膜トランジスタ |
-
1985
- 1985-11-18 DE DE8585308385T patent/DE3581498D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1985-11-18 EP EP85308385A patent/EP0182645B1/de not_active Expired
-
1988
- 1988-01-21 US US07/144,787 patent/US4890097A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US4890097A (en) | 1989-12-26 |
EP0182645B1 (de) | 1991-01-23 |
EP0182645A1 (de) | 1986-05-28 |
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