DE10195883T1 - Wechselstromgeneratorsystem - Google Patents
WechselstromgeneratorsystemInfo
- Publication number
- DE10195883T1 DE10195883T1 DE10195883T DE10195883T DE10195883T1 DE 10195883 T1 DE10195883 T1 DE 10195883T1 DE 10195883 T DE10195883 T DE 10195883T DE 10195883 T DE10195883 T DE 10195883T DE 10195883 T1 DE10195883 T1 DE 10195883T1
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- alternator system
- alternator
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
- G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
- G05F1/46—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc
- G05F1/613—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is dc using semiconductor devices in parallel with the load as final control devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
- H02J7/1423—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle with multiple batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/14—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle
- H02J7/1469—Regulation of the charging current or voltage otherwise than by variation of field
- H02J7/1492—Regulation of the charging current or voltage otherwise than by variation of field by means of controlling devices between the generator output and the battery
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/1563—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators without using an external clock
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/337—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in push-pull configuration
- H02M3/3376—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in push-pull configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/06—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/14—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field
- H02P9/26—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
- H02P9/30—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices
- H02P9/305—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices controlling voltage
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
- H02P9/14—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field
- H02P9/26—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices
- H02P9/30—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices
- H02P9/305—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices controlling voltage
- H02P9/307—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output by variation of field using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices using semiconductor devices controlling voltage more than one voltage output
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
- H02M1/0032—Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
- H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0083—Converters characterised by their input or output configuration
- H02M1/009—Converters characterised by their input or output configuration having two or more independently controlled outputs
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
- Y02T10/92—Energy efficient charging or discharging systems for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors specially adapted for vehicles
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
- Rectifiers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US18797100P | 2000-03-09 | 2000-03-09 | |
PCT/US2001/007450 WO2001067589A1 (en) | 2000-03-09 | 2001-03-08 | Alternator system |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE10195883T1 true DE10195883T1 (de) | 2003-05-08 |
Family
ID=22691251
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE10195883T Withdrawn DE10195883T1 (de) | 2000-03-09 | 2001-03-08 | Wechselstromgeneratorsystem |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6545884B2 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2003527055A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1416612A (de) |
DE (1) | DE10195883T1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2001067589A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6628104B2 (en) * | 2001-02-08 | 2003-09-30 | Honeywell International Inc. | Load-off transient acceleration generator control apparatus/method |
AU2003216699A1 (en) * | 2002-03-27 | 2003-10-08 | Commergy Technologies Limited | "a power converter" |
JP2005287275A (ja) * | 2004-03-31 | 2005-10-13 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 電源装置 |
US7276804B2 (en) * | 2005-06-22 | 2007-10-02 | C.E. Niehoff & Co. | Voltage regulator with improved protection and warning system |
WO2007011734A2 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2007-01-25 | Schumacher Electric Corporation | Battery charger and method utilizing alternating dc charging current |
US7271570B2 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-09-18 | Temic Automotive Of North America, Inc. | Active rectification of alternator output without using a position sensor |
WO2007094106A1 (ja) * | 2006-02-17 | 2007-08-23 | Mitsubishi Electric Corporation | 車両用機器およびこの機器に使用する通信インタフェース回路 |
ITMI20080634A1 (it) * | 2008-04-10 | 2009-10-11 | Ducati Energia Spa | Metodo e sistema di controllo per l'alimentazione selettiva di un carico elettrico mediante un magnetogeneratore |
JP5281330B2 (ja) * | 2008-07-25 | 2013-09-04 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | インバータ発電機 |
FR2953662B1 (fr) * | 2009-12-03 | 2011-11-18 | Schneider Toshiba Inverter | Convertisseur de puissance a source de courant utilisant des transistors a effet de champ normalement fermes |
KR101636080B1 (ko) * | 2009-12-24 | 2016-07-04 | 두산인프라코어 주식회사 | 선회 전동기 구동용 인버터 제어 방법 |
CN102486517B (zh) * | 2010-12-01 | 2015-11-25 | 中国电力科学研究院 | 冲击电压复合的高压直流输电换流阀故障电流试验方法 |
CN102097994B (zh) * | 2011-01-26 | 2012-11-14 | 清华大学 | 一种发电机励磁智能开关 |
JP5459304B2 (ja) * | 2011-02-28 | 2014-04-02 | 株式会社安川電機 | 電流形電力変換装置 |
DE102011076681A1 (de) | 2011-05-30 | 2012-12-06 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Generators in einem elektrischen Netz sowie elektrisches Netz mit einem derartigen Generator |
US9562715B2 (en) * | 2012-03-21 | 2017-02-07 | Thermo King Corporation | Power regulation system for a mobile environment-controlled unit and method of controlling the same |
JP5712987B2 (ja) * | 2012-09-27 | 2015-05-07 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 電力変換装置の制御方法 |
CN103268132B (zh) * | 2013-06-06 | 2015-11-11 | 重庆三信电子股份有限公司 | 摩托车mos调压器专用集成电路 |
US9276471B1 (en) * | 2013-09-18 | 2016-03-01 | Volterra Semiconductor LLC | DC-to-DC converter controllers including clamping or boosting subsystems, and associated methods |
JP6123627B2 (ja) * | 2013-10-16 | 2017-05-10 | 株式会社デンソー | 車両用回転電機 |
US9475397B2 (en) * | 2014-01-28 | 2016-10-25 | Visedo Oy | Electronic power converter for a mobile working machine |
CN103825471B (zh) * | 2014-03-12 | 2016-10-12 | 河北工业大学 | 用于驱动中小型磁致伸缩换能器的变频电源 |
US20160072420A1 (en) * | 2014-09-10 | 2016-03-10 | Briggs & Stratton Corporation | Generator with power output during engine idle |
AT517434A1 (de) * | 2015-06-29 | 2017-01-15 | Lunatone Ind Elektronik Gmbh | Netzteil zur energieversorgung eines digitalen drahtgebundenen informationsbussystems |
GB2545023B (en) * | 2015-12-04 | 2018-06-06 | General Electric Technology Gmbh | Improvements in or relating to converters |
IT201600112523A1 (it) * | 2016-11-08 | 2018-05-08 | Magneti Marelli Spa | "Apparato di gestione dell'energia fornita a un sistema di bassa tensione di un autoveicolo comprendente uno stadio di recupero dell'energia e relativo procedimento" |
KR20180093451A (ko) * | 2017-02-13 | 2018-08-22 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 전력 소모를 감소한 역전압 모니터링 회로 및 이를 포함하는 반도체 장치 |
CN107181423A (zh) * | 2017-05-24 | 2017-09-19 | 重庆大学 | 一种集成的摩擦电纳米发电机能量采集方法 |
KR102485380B1 (ko) * | 2017-11-30 | 2023-01-05 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 차량용 알터네이터 제어 장치 및 그 방법 |
US10438648B2 (en) * | 2018-01-11 | 2019-10-08 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Apparatuses and methods for maintaining a duty cycle error counter |
Family Cites Families (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3895213A (en) | 1973-01-22 | 1975-07-15 | Sierracin Corp | Electrical defrosting circuit for vehicle glass |
JPS5223308U (de) | 1975-08-09 | 1977-02-18 | ||
US4015189A (en) | 1976-03-15 | 1977-03-29 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Supplemental field excitation for permanent magnet rotor of pilot exciter |
US4267433A (en) | 1979-10-09 | 1981-05-12 | General Electric Company | Electrically heatable windshield heater control circuit |
US4286205A (en) | 1979-12-03 | 1981-08-25 | General Electric Company | Interface circuit for standard voltage regulators |
US4277672A (en) | 1979-12-03 | 1981-07-07 | General Electric Company | Control circuit for controlling quantity of heat to electrically heatable windshield |
US4673797A (en) | 1985-10-28 | 1987-06-16 | Donnelly Corporation | Power control for heated windshields |
US4692684A (en) | 1986-09-17 | 1987-09-08 | General Motors Corporation | High/low DC voltage motor vehicle electrical system |
US5166538A (en) | 1986-12-15 | 1992-11-24 | Peter Norton | Dual or single voltage vehicular power supply with improved switch driver and load dump |
US4992672A (en) | 1988-06-09 | 1991-02-12 | Peter Norton | Dual or single voltage vehicular power supply with improved switch driver and load pump |
JPH081988Y2 (ja) | 1988-03-28 | 1996-01-24 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 車両用ウィンドウの加熱装置 |
US4950972A (en) | 1988-12-14 | 1990-08-21 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Alternator system for automotive vehicles |
FR2645390B1 (fr) | 1989-03-31 | 1991-07-12 | Equip Electr Moteur | Systeme de commande de degivrage en surtension d'un pare-brise electrique de vehicule automobile |
US5072098A (en) | 1990-06-11 | 1991-12-10 | Chrysler Corporation | Electrically heated windshield controller |
US5239255A (en) | 1991-02-20 | 1993-08-24 | Bayview Technology Group | Phase-controlled power modulation system |
US5793625A (en) * | 1997-01-24 | 1998-08-11 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Boost converter regulated alternator |
US6031739A (en) * | 1998-08-12 | 2000-02-29 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Two-stage, three-phase split boost converter with reduced total harmonic distortion |
US6075716A (en) * | 1999-04-06 | 2000-06-13 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Two-stage, three phase boost converter with reduced total harmonic distortion |
-
2001
- 2001-03-08 JP JP2001566251A patent/JP2003527055A/ja active Pending
- 2001-03-08 CN CN01806283A patent/CN1416612A/zh active Pending
- 2001-03-08 WO PCT/US2001/007450 patent/WO2001067589A1/en active Application Filing
- 2001-03-08 DE DE10195883T patent/DE10195883T1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-03-08 US US10/220,534 patent/US6545884B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1416612A (zh) | 2003-05-07 |
WO2001067589A1 (en) | 2001-09-13 |
US6545884B2 (en) | 2003-04-08 |
JP2003527055A (ja) | 2003-09-09 |
US20030039130A1 (en) | 2003-02-27 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
8110 | Request for examination paragraph 44 | ||
8139 | Disposal/non-payment of the annual fee |