CN1294377C - 在运输工具上再气化液化天然气的方法和设备 - Google Patents
在运输工具上再气化液化天然气的方法和设备 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种将液化天然气(LNG)从某地运输到另一地的液化天然气运输器(LNG carrier),包括装载于所述液化天然气运输器上的、用于使LNG汽化至气体状态的汽化器(23),至少部分浸在海水中的一个或多个热交换器(21),循环在所述汽化器(23)和所述热交换器(21)之间的中间流体,用于循环所述中间流体的一台或多台泵(22)。本发明提供了一个使LNG在液化天然气运输器上进行再气化的方法,该方法包括在装载于该液化天然气运输器上的汽化器(23)和浸没式热交换器(21)之间循环中间流体,利用所述中间流体所携带的热能加热LNG到其汽化温度之上的一个温度,并利用完全浸没式或部分浸没式热交换器(21)所提供的热能对中间流体进行加热。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及液化天然气(LNG)的运输和再气化。
背景技术
天然气一般是通过管道从它的生产地输送到它的使用地。然而,某一地区生产大量的天然气,其生产量远远超过了需求量。如果没有将天然气输送到存在商业需求的地方的有效方法,天然气可能在其被生产的同时就被燃烧掉,这是很浪费的。
对天然气进行液化有助于天然气的存储和运输。液化天然气(“LNG”)仅占据相同量天然气在其气态状态下所占体积的约1/600。LNG是通过把天然气冷却到其沸点温度(在环境压力下,为-259)以下而生产的。LNG可存储在处于大气压或稍高于大气压下的低温容器中。通过提高LNG的温度,可使其转变回到其气体形式。
对天然气的需求增长刺激了利用特殊的油轮来运输LNG。在偏远地方所生产的天然气,例如阿尔及利亚、婆罗洲或印度尼西亚,可被液化,并采用这种方式向海外运输到欧洲、日本或美国。一般地,天然气是通过一条或多条管道被收集到陆上液化装置(land-basedliquefaction facility)中的。然后通过用泵抽抽吸LNG,使通过一个相对短的管道,将其装载到配备有低温舱的油轮上(此类油轮可被称作液化天然气运输器(LNG carrier)或“液化天然气运输船(LNGC)”)。当LNGC到达目的地港口之后,用低温泵将LNG卸载至陆上再气化装置中,在这里,LNG可以以液态储存或进行再气化。为使LNG再气化,将温度升高至超过LNG的沸点温度,从而使LNG恢复到气体状态。然后通过管道***,可将所得到的天然气配送至各个消费天然气的地方。
从安全性、生态学和/或美学上考虑,已经提出在近海处进行LNG的再气化。再气化装置可建造在位于海上的固定平台上,或者在钻井浮船(floating barge)或其它离岸停泊的船舶上。LNGC可以在靠近离岸再气化平台(offshore regasification platform)或船舶处停靠码头或被停泊,然后由传统方式卸载,进行储存或者再气化。再气化之后,天然气可以被转移至岸上管道配送***(onshore pipeline distributionsystem)。
也已经提出在LNGC上进行再气化。这种方法具有某些优点,原因在于再气化装置(regasification facility)和LNGC一块移动。这使得该方法更易于适应更具有季节性的天然气需求,或者适应地方与地方之间有所不同的天然气需求。由于再气化装置和LNGC一起行进,因此不必在每个可能交付LNG的地方,提供或者是岸上或者是离岸的单独的LNG储存和再气化装置。相反,配备有再气化装置的LNGC可离岸停泊,并通过位于离岸的浮体或平台上的连接器与管道配送***(pipeline distribution system)相连。
当再气化装置被放置在LNGC上的时候,用于气化LNG的热源可以通过使用一种经置于LNGC上的锅炉加热过的中间流体(intermediate fluid)进行传递。这种经加热的流体然后可以通过与LNG接触的热交换器。
也已经提出采用位于LNGC附近的海水作为热源。由于海水的温度高于LNG的沸点和最低管线配送温度,可用泵抽吸海水使其通过热交换器,从而使LNG升温并发生再气化。然而,当LNG升温、气化和过热之时,由于在两种流体之间发生热交换的结果而使海水冷却下来。必须注意避免使海水被冷却至其凝固点温度以下。这就要求仔细地控制被加热的LNG和被用于加热LNG的海水的流动速度。流速之间的适当平衡受到海水的环境温度以及预期的LNG气化速度的影响。海水的环境温度受到LNGC停泊的地点、交付发生在一年中所处的时段、水的深度,甚至来自加热LNG的已冷却海水的排放方式的影响。此外,已冷却海水的排放方式可能被环境考虑因素所改变,即,避免基于冷却海水释放附近处的环境水温下降所致的不希望的环境冲击。对于装载于LNGC上的再气化设备,这一点能影响加热LNG的速度,并因此影响到在给定时间段内发生气化的LNG的体积。
发明概述
一方面,本发明涉及一个具有再气化***的LNGC,包括一个或多个浸没式热交换器(submerged heat exchanger),一个用于汽化LNG的机载汽化器(on-board vaporizer),以及一个循环通过汽化器和浸没式热交换器的中间流体(intermediate fuid)。
另一方面,本发明涉及用于LNGC的一个再气化***,包括用于汽化LNG的船上汽化器和一个浸没式热交换器,它在LNGC到达卸载终点之后被连接到LNGC上。
附图简述
图1为现有技术的龙骨冷却器***(keel cooler system)的示意图。
图2为用作汽化器热源的一个浸没式热交换器的示意图。
图3为一个替换性的双热源***的示意图。
发明详述
可以对在LNGC上进行的LNG再气化方式进行各种改进。特别是,存在其它热源、传热部件和热源组合,这些可以被使用,从而在机载LNGC再气化的地点和环境冲击方面提供额外的灵活性。
在过去,通常被称为“龙骨冷却器(keel cooler)”的设备被用于为海上设备提供冷却源,例如推进发动机冷却器和空调。如图1中所示,龙骨冷却器2是一个浸没式热交换器,它一般位于船舶的船体1的底部上或底部附近,并采用海水作为需要冷却能力(cooling capacity)的船上设备(如海上空调设备3)所产生热量的“热吸收器(heat sink)”。
龙骨冷却器2是通过使用一个或多个吊舱((未示出)运行的,吊舱嵌入船体1的较低部位中或附着于船体1的外部,吊舱作为热交换器冷却中间流体(如淡水或乙二醇),该中间流体是由泵1循环通过该吊舱的。此中间流体然后被泵至船上的一个或多个地点以便吸收过剩热量。
在这样一个***的诸优点中,与引入并随后排放用作冷却流体的海水的***相比,优点之一在于减少了与海水循环至船上各个部分相关的沉没危险(sinking hazard)和腐蚀危险。只有龙骨冷却器吊舱2的外部曝露于海水、淡水或另外一种相对来说无腐蚀性的流体中,它们在所述物体的其余部分中循环,这相当于一个封闭***。无需用抗海水腐蚀的更特殊材料制造该闭合环路***(closed loop system)中的泵、管道、阀门以及其它部件。龙骨冷却器2也避免了对海水进行过滤的需要,这可能在将海水流进船内机器元件之内部的***中是必须的。
如图2中所示,在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,采用一个或多个浸没式热交换器21——不是为了提供冷却能力,而是向闭合环路循环流体提供加热能力(heating capacity),从而反过来又用于再气化LNG。
一个或多个浸没式热交换器部件21可设置在低于船体1的水位线的任何适合位置。可将它们直接装配在LNGC的船体1之内,或装配在通过合适的管道与LNGC相连接的一个或多个独立结构中。例如,浸没式热交换器***可装配在用于停泊LNGC的浮体(buoy)上。可替换地,热交换器可为部分浸没,而非全部浸没。
中间流体,例如乙二醇或淡水,由泵循环通过汽化器23和浸没式热交换器21。也可采用其它具有合适特性,如合适的热容和沸点的中间流体,且是本行业所公知的。LNG通过管道24进入汽化器23中,在此进行再气化,通过管道25排出。
如上所述,浸没式热交换器21能使热量从周围海水传导到循环的中间流体中,而无需将海水吸入或者抽吸至LNGC中。热交换器21的尺寸和表面面积可以广泛地变化,依赖于需要被气化进行交付的LNG货物的体积,以及LNGC进行天然气交付所处水域的温度范围。
例如,如果循环的中间流体在回到浸没式热交换器21时的温度大约为45,海水温度约为59,则两者之间的温度差约为14。这是一个相对普通的温度差,因此,与上述典型的、被设计为每小时排除几百万个英国热量单位(BTUs)的龙骨冷却器相比,热交换器21将需要一个更大的表面积以适应本发明的传热需要。在一个优选实施方案中,采用了一个设计为每小时吸收大约六千二百万个英国热量单位(BTUs)的浸没式热交换器21,其表面积大约450,000平方英尺。这一大小的表面积可以以各种形式设置,包括,在该优选实施方案中,多管束排列与传统龙骨冷却器中的多管束排列类似。本发明的热交换器21也可为壳管式热交换器,弯管固定管板式交换器,螺旋管式交换器,降膜式交换器,板式交换器,或本领域技术人员公知的其它热交换器,它们满足气化LNG所需的温度、体积和热吸收要求。
此外,替代被装配于船内,热交换器21可以为单独的热交换器21,在LNG船舶到达其离岸释放装置后,热交换器21下降至水中;或者,热交换器21可为设置在离岸释放装置处的永久性浸没式设备。这些替换性热交换器21结构中的任意一个可以与LNGC相连,从而使中间流体能循环通过浸没式热交换器21。
汽化器23优选为壳管式汽化器,此汽化器23被示意地描绘在图2中。此类汽化器23在本行业是公知的,类似于种类达到数打的被使用在陆上再气化装置中的水加热壳管式汽化器。在替换性的船上应用中,其中海水可能是加热介质之一或者可能与设备相接触,优选地,汽化器23中与海水相接触的潮湿表面是用专有的AL-6XN特级不锈钢(ASTM B688)制成,汽化器23的其它表面是用316L型不锈钢制成。汽化器可采用多种材料,包括但不限于钛合金及化合物。
在优选实施方案中,采用壳管式汽化器23,其每天产生约1亿标准立方英尺(mmscf/d)的分子量约为16.9的LNG。例如,当在温度约为59的海水中操作LNGC,且中间流体的温度为45时,汽化器23所要求的加热水流量约为每小时2000立方米。通过采用长约40英尺的管组成的单管束,管直径优选大约为3/4英寸,所产生的热传导可以优选达到每小时约六千二百万BTUs。在汽化器23中整合进特殊特征,以便确保LNG在管内均匀分布,从而调和管和壳之间的热收缩差异,防止热水介质的冻结,以及适应由于船上加速所增加的负荷。在最优选的实施方案中,100mmscf/d生产量的汽化器23被排列为平行设置,以达到再气化船舶的总需用输出能力。汽化器23的这些类型在美国的供应商包括Chicago Power and Process,Inc.和Manning and Lewis,Inc.。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,作用于中间流体的循环泵22是由同步转速电动机驱动的传统单级离心泵22。单级离心泵22在海上和工业应用中被频繁地用于抽吸水/流体,并且为本领域技术人员所公知。循环泵22的容量是根据安装的汽化器23的数量和所需备余度(degree ofredundancy)进行选择。
例如,为了与5亿标准立方英尺/每天(mmscf/d)的设计容量相适应,制造了一个由6个各自容量大约为1亿mmscf/d的汽化器23组成的船上装置。该***所需的总热水循环量在设计点处约为10,000立方米/小时,而在峰额定值(peak rating)约为12,000立方米/小时。考虑到船上的空间限制,采用了3台各自流量为5,000立方米/小时的泵22,而且在设计点循环要求为10,000立方米/小时下,提供了完全备用单位(fully redundant unit)。这些泵22具有约30米的总动压头(totaldynamic head),每台泵22的功率要求约为950kw(千瓦)。每台泵22的吸入和排出管道优选是直径为650mm的管道,但也可采用其它尺寸的管道。
用于泵22和相关管道的材料优选是耐受海水的腐蚀作用,有很多种材料可以被利用。在优选的实施方案中,用镍铝青铜合金制造泵壳,叶轮具有蒙乃尔合金泵轴(Monel pump shafts)。蒙乃尔合金是具有高度耐腐蚀性的镍基合金,含有约60-70%镍,22-35%铜以及少量铁、镁、硅和碳。
虽然本发明的优选实施方案涉及单级离心泵22,但是可采用满足流速要求的很多种类的泵22,这些泵可从泵供应商处购得。在替换性的实施方案中,泵22可以是平滑流和脉动流泵,速度头(velocity-head)或正排量泵,螺杆泵,回旋泵,叶轮泵,齿轮泵,径向柱塞泵,旋转斜盘泵,柱塞泵和活塞泵,或者其他满足中间流体流速要求的泵。
浸没式或部分浸没式热交换器21可用作LNG气化的唯一热源,或者,在如图3中所示的一种可替换的实施方案中,可与一个或多个辅助热源联合使用。在浸没式或部分浸式热交换器***21的能力,或本地海水温度,不足以提供再气化操作预期程度所需要的热量的情况下,本发明的这种实施方案提供了操作上的优势。
在一种优选的可替换实施方案中,中间流体由泵22驱动循环通过蒸汽加热器26、汽化器23和一个或多个浸没式或部分浸没式热交换器21。在本发明最优选的实施方案中,热交换器21是浸没式的。来自于锅炉或其它来源的蒸汽通过管道31进入蒸汽加热器26,并作为冷凝物通过管道32排出。阀门41,42和43使得蒸汽加热器26的隔离和旁路管道51的开放成为可能,这就允许,将蒸汽加热器26从循环中移除之后,运行汽化器23。可替换地,阀门44,45和46使得浸没式热交换器21的隔离和旁路管道52的开放成为可能,这就允许,将浸没式热交换器21从循环中移除之后,运行汽化器23。
优选地,蒸汽加热器26装配有排放冷却器的传统壳管式热交换器,能够加热循环水,可提供LNG再气化所要求的全部或部分热量。优选地,向蒸汽加热器26提供压力约为10bars、温度约为450的脱过热蒸汽(desuperheated steam)。在蒸汽加热器26和排水冷却器内,蒸汽进行冷凝和低温冷却(sub-cooled),之后在约160下回到船舶的蒸汽间(steam plant)。
在另一种实施方案中,蒸汽加热器26和排放冷却器中的加热水介质为海水。所有与加热水介质相接触的潮湿表面都优选采用90-10铜镍合金。与蒸汽和冷凝物相接触的壳侧部件(shell side components)优选为碳钢。
对于上述的船上装置,采用三台具有排放冷却器的蒸汽加热器26,优选地,其中的每一台提供整体所需容量的50%。每一台带有排放冷却器的蒸汽加热器26具有约为5,000立方米/小时的加热水流流量,和约为30,000公斤/小时的蒸汽流流量。合适的蒸汽热交换器26类似于许多在船上、工业上和公用事业上的应用中所使用的蒸汽表面冷凝器,并可从全世界的热交换器制造商处购得。
对于通过海水***的流体,可以增加一个海水入口61和一个海水出口62,使得海水可被用作汽化器23的一个直接热源或在与蒸汽加热器26联合使用中被用作一个附加热源,以代替浸没式热交换器21。这种情况如图3中的虚线所示。
作为一种选择,浸没式或部分浸没式热交换器***21可用作辅助热源,而另外一种热源可以作为再气化操作的主要热源。另一个此类热源的实例,包括来源于锅炉的蒸汽或流通的海水***,其中海水被从海洋(或LNGC所处的其它水体)中导入作为热源,在用于加热LNG之后或用于加热中间流体之后被排放回海洋中,其中中间流体随后被用于加热LNG。其它的热源包括浸没燃烧式汽化器或太阳能。除主要热源之外,还具有辅助或可替换性热源,不管其是否是浸没式热交换***,都被认为是有益的。
采用与至少一个可用的辅助热源相联合的主要热源,在加热LNG达到再气化目的的方式上提供了额外的灵活性。在不要求按比例增加热源以适应再气化可发生的所有环境条件的时候,可以使用主要热源。替换地,辅助热源只在要求附加热源的情况下可以使用。
与主要热源相比,基于一个完全不同的行为的辅助热源的可用性,也确保了在主要热源发生故障的情况下至少有一些热量是可用的。在主要热源失效的情况下,虽然再气化能力可能会大大降低,但是辅助热源会在修理主要热源或者换句话说在纠正障碍原因的同时提供可以使用的至少一部分的再气化能力。
在这种***的一个实施方案中,主要热源可为来自于锅炉的蒸汽,辅助热源为浸没式热交换器。替代性地,主要热源可为来源于锅炉的蒸汽,辅助热源可以使用一个开放的、流通的海水***。依据可用性、经济情况或其它考虑因素,也可以采用其它的热源组合。其它潜在的热源包括采用热水加热锅炉,中间流体热交换器,或浸没燃烧式热交换器,其中的每一个都是可通过商业途径获得的产品。
在该***的另一个实施方案中,LNGC可装配有主要热源,并由于包括有管道和其它零件而预备好增加辅助热源,这在不同情况下可能会要求对船作实质性修改以便可供使用。例如,可对LNGC进行配备以使用来自锅炉的蒸汽作为主要热源,也可以配备合适的管道和用于放置泵或其它装置的位置,以便于后续安装浸没式热交换器***或流通的海水***,而不要求对船本身作较大的结构改造。尽管这可能会增加建造LNGC的初始费用或略微减少LNGC的容量,但在经济上比在稍后日期让船经受较大的结构改造更可取。
本发明的优选方法是一个在LNG运输器上再气化LNG的改进方法。LNGC,装配有如上所述的再气化装置,可离岸停泊,并通过一个连接机构与管道配送***相连接,例如位于离岸浮体或平台上的连接机构。一旦连接上,中间流体,例如乙二醇或淡水,可以由泵22循环通过浸没式或部分浸没式热交换器21和汽化器23。也可采用其它具有合适特性的中间流体,例如具有可以接受的热容量和沸点的中间流体也可以如上所述予以使用。优选地,热交换器21是浸没式的,并能使热量从周围海水传导至循环的中间流体,原因在于两者之间的温度差。中间流体,随后循环至汽化器23,汽化器优选为壳管式汽化器。在优选实施方案中,中间流体通过平行的汽化器,以便增加LNGC的输出流量。LNG通过管道24进入汽化器23内,在此LNG被再气化,并通过管道25排出。自管道25,LNG进入附着在LNGC停泊处的平台或浮体上的管道配送***。
在本发明的另一种方法中,中间流体循环通过浸没式热交换器21,该热交换器装配在通过合适的管道与LNGC连接的一个或多个结构中。在本发明又一种可替换的方法中,浸没式热交换器21装配在系泊LNGC的浮体或其它离岸结构中,并在停靠码头之后连接到船上。
在本发明的又一优选方法中,提供一个或多个辅助热源,用于LNG的再气化。在一种实施方案中,中间流体被泵22循环通过蒸汽加热器26、汽化器23和一个或多个浸没式或部分浸没式热交换器21。来自于锅炉或其它来源的蒸汽通过管道31进入蒸汽加热器26,通过管道32以冷凝物排出。阀门41,42和43允许,在使用或者不使用蒸汽加热器26的情况下,运行汽化器23成为可能。此外,汽化器23运转可在单独使用辅助热源的情况下进行,如蒸汽加热器26。阀门44,45和46允许这些浸没式热交换器21的隔离,从而使汽化器23可以在它们不运行的情况下运转。
在本发明的再一种方法中,具有入口61和出口62的流通海水***允许采用海水作为汽化器23的直接热源,或者在与蒸汽加热器26相联合使用中的附加热源,以替代浸没式热交换器21。当然,可采用浸没式或部分浸没式热交换器21作为辅助热源,同时采用其它描述过的热源之一作为主要热源。这一情况的实施例如上所述。
以上已经展示和描述了本发明的各种示例性的实施方案。然而,本发明并不如此受到限制。相反地,应该认为本发明只受到所附的权利要求书范围的限制。
Claims (13)
1.一个用于将液化天然气LNG从一个地方运输到另一个地方的液化天然气运输器,所述液化天然气运输器包括:
(a)一个汽化器,载在液化天然气运输器上,用于汽化所述液化天然气至气体状态;
(b)至少一个热交换器,至少部分浸入水中;
(c)中间流体,在所述汽化器和所述热交换器之间循环;和
(d)至少一个泵,用于循环所述中间流体。
2.权利要求1所述的运输器,其中所述热交换器被连接到所述LNG运输器的外表面上。
3.权利要求1所述的运输器,其中所述热交换器与所述液化天然气运输器机体成为一体。
4.权利要求1所述的运输器,其中所述热交换器是完全浸没的。
5.权利要求2所述的运输器,其中所述热交换器存储在所述液化天然气运输器上,且在使用时被降至水中。
6.权利要求5所述的运输器,其中所述热交换器被可移动地固定在液化天然气运输器上,其中通过机械设备将所述热交换器降至水中而使用。
7.权利要求5所述的运输器,其中,在被降至水中之后,所述热交换器刚性地连接到所述液化天然气运输器。
8.权利要求5所述的运输器,其中,在被降至水中之后,所述热交换器柔性地连接到所述液化天然气运输器。
9.一种在液化天然气运输器上进行液化天然气再气化的方法,所述方法包括:
(a)在装于液化天然气运输器上的汽化器和浸没式热交换器之间循环一种中间流体,所述热交换器至少部分被浸没;
(b)采用由所述中间流体所携带的热能加热液化天然气到其汽化温度之上的一个温度;和
(c)用所述热交换器所供给的热能加热所述中间流体。
10.权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述热交换器连接到所述液化天然气运输器的机体上。
11.权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述热交换器与所述液化天然气运输器的机体成为一体。
12.权利要求9所述的方法,进一步包括:
(a)在所述液化天然气运输器到达目的地之后,连接所述液化天然气运输器到所述浸没式热交换器上;和
(b)在所述液化天然气运输器离开目的地之前,从所述浸没式热交换器上断开所述液化天然气运输器。
13.权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述热交换器是完全浸没的。
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- 2002-02-27 MX MXPA04008283A patent/MXPA04008283A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2002-02-27 ES ES02707906T patent/ES2331512T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-27 JP JP2003571642A patent/JP4343703B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-27 AU AU2002242275A patent/AU2002242275A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-02-27 WO PCT/US2002/005913 patent/WO2003072993A1/en active Application Filing
- 2002-02-27 CA CA002477446A patent/CA2477446C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-27 EP EP02707906A patent/EP1478875B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-27 CN CNB028283732A patent/CN1294377C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-04-08 TW TW091106997A patent/TW568863B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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2007
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR100868281B1 (ko) | 2008-11-11 |
AU2002242275A1 (en) | 2003-09-09 |
ES2331512T3 (es) | 2010-01-07 |
TW568863B (en) | 2004-01-01 |
US20080148742A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 |
EP1478875B1 (en) | 2009-07-22 |
CN1623063A (zh) | 2005-06-01 |
JP4343703B2 (ja) | 2009-10-14 |
EP1478875A1 (en) | 2004-11-24 |
US20100192597A1 (en) | 2010-08-05 |
KR20060042859A (ko) | 2006-05-15 |
US7293600B2 (en) | 2007-11-13 |
JP2005519239A (ja) | 2005-06-30 |
CA2477446C (en) | 2007-07-17 |
WO2003072993A1 (en) | 2003-09-04 |
CA2477446A1 (en) | 2003-09-04 |
US20030159800A1 (en) | 2003-08-28 |
EP1478875A4 (en) | 2006-05-03 |
US20140338371A1 (en) | 2014-11-20 |
MXPA04008283A (es) | 2005-07-26 |
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