CN1269137A - Biological pesticide prepared with the extraction from Xianggu mushroom leftover and the preparation process - Google Patents
Biological pesticide prepared with the extraction from Xianggu mushroom leftover and the preparation process Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN1269137A CN1269137A CN 00105910 CN00105910A CN1269137A CN 1269137 A CN1269137 A CN 1269137A CN 00105910 CN00105910 CN 00105910 CN 00105910 A CN00105910 A CN 00105910A CN 1269137 A CN1269137 A CN 1269137A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- mushroom
- fruit
- bacterium chaff
- stems base
- bits
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
A technological process for preparing biological pesticide by using extracts of lentinus edodes chaff and stipe is characterized by that the lentinus edodes chaff and stipe are respectively soaked in hot water to obtain extracts of them, the lentinus edodes chaff extract is undergone the process of vacuum reduced pressure evaporation and concentration treatment, and the lentinus edodes stipe extract is undergone the processes of enzymolysis, inactivation and concentration, then the above-mentioned two kinds of culture liquors are mixed according to proper mixing ratio, and made into the composite preparation. It has the advantages of low cost, good product quality and high production efficiency, not only can prevent and cure single plant disease, but also can cntrol and resist fungal and bacterial diseases and physiological diseases.
Description
The present invention relates to the edible fungus fermented thing of a kind of usefulness and extract biopesticide and preparation technology.
As everyone knows, the infusion of the solid culture of edible mushroom has plant virus and to prevent and control efficiency.Its technology is that the solid culture of edible mushroom is spent left and right sides hot-water soaks 50, soaks the back parting liquid and is prepared from through the vacuum decompression evaporation and concentration.The raw material that traditional preparation technology adopted is for sending out bacterium (silk) or bacterium chaff (composts or fertilisers of cultivating behind the fruiting).Though sent out bacterium is the effective ingredient higher (polysaccharide 〉=0.6%, amino acid 〉=0.3%) of raw extract, and its cost is also high, about 3000 yuan per ton.The bacterium chaff is a raw extract, though effective ingredient lower (polysaccharide 〉=0.48%, amino acid 〉=0.18%), cost is also low, and is per ton below 100 yuan.Therefore, nearly all be to adopt the bacterium chaff to do raw material to process in the actual production.Because to contain effective ingredient low for this raw material, do not reach product standard, only in the reduction vaporization operation, do not stint the energy and labour, prolong evaporation time, improve the concentration of leachate.The bacterium chaff is that the shortcoming of raw material is that power consumption is high, the low and cost up of productivity ratio.Having sent out bacterium (silk) is feasible for raw material in theoretical and small-scale production, but can occur the contradiction that is difficult to overcome in large-scale production, promptly wants a big bacterium workshop of sending out that is complementary with output, and needs many workmans do the system bacterial classification and send out bacterium and work.Not only early investment is big, and often raw material supply falls short of demand.
One of purpose of the present invention provide a kind ofly be suitable for large-scale production, cost is low and the few biology of effective active components loss prepares the technology of agricultural chemicals;
Two of the object of the invention provides that a kind of effectively to prevent and treat plant virus, disease be main, anti-other disease of holding concurrently, and promotes the biopesticide of plant growing.
Preparation technology of the present invention after culture is pulverized, soaks in the water of packing into, it is characterized in that: culture is bacterium chaff, the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits; Bacterium chaff and the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits or the mushroom stems base of a fruit and mushroom bits mixture are soaked in respectively in the hot water, isolate immersion liquid, again with bacterium bran drench vacuum decompression evaporation and concentration; Consider the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom to be worth doing immersion liquid enzymolysis, deactivation and concentrated; Based on bacterium chaff culture fluid, be auxilliary with the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits culture fluid, suitably proportioning is mixed; Add preservative and spreader-sticker at last, make unitary agent, or the biological active synergistic agent that adds 1--2% composite trace element and 1-9% on the unitary agent basis becomes compound formulation.
Mushroom bacterium chaff of the present invention and handle base of a fruit extract prepare biopesticide, it is characterized in that: with bacterium chaff and the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits, or the mushroom stems base of a fruit and mushroom consider mixture to be worth doing and be soaked in respectively in the hot water, extracts immersion liquid, again with immersion liquid vacuum decompression evaporation and concentration.Based on bacterium chaff culture fluid, be auxilliary with the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits culture fluid, suitably proportioning is mixed and the concentrate that obtains; Also add preservative, spreader-sticker, 1-2% composite trace element and 1-9% biological active synergistic agent in this concentrate.
Aforesaid mushroom bacterium chaff and handle base of a fruit extract preparation technology, the new fresh mushroom bacterium chaff of pulverizing is put into water to be soaked, isolate immersion liquid after the immersion, again the vacuum decompression evaporation and concentration is carried out in immersion liquid, it is characterized in that: during immersion, the temperature of water is 60-90 degree, and is interrupted in 5-30 minutes at interval and stirs; Formed slag liquid is gone into separating tank, and after removing slag, turbid liquid enters centrifuge; It is to carry out at 55-60 degree that described vacuum decompression concentrates.
Aforesaid mushroom bacterium chaff and handle base of a fruit extract preparation technology, the water logging bubble is pulverized, heated to the mushroom stems base of a fruit, it is characterized in that: after the immersion when temperature is reduced to the temperature that is fit to enzymolysis, add complex enzyme and carry out enzymolysis, the deactivation of lowering the temperature after the enzymolysis, filter at last, concentrate, make concentrate after, add preservative again.
Aforesaid mushroom bacterium chaff and handle base of a fruit extract preparation technology is characterized in that: the temperature of the mushroom stems base of a fruit being pulverized, added hot water is 90 degree, and stirs, and is incubated 1 hour, treats that temperature reduces to 45 when spending, and carries out enzymolysis, and enzymolysis time is 1 hour; The deactivation temperature is 100 degree, and keeps 1 minute, waits to reduce to 45 degree and filters.
The present invention compares with the agricultural chemicals technology of traditional edible mushroom solid culture preparation control plant virus, has following effect:
1. the present invention adopts the mushroom by product---and based on the bacterium chaff, be auxilliary, utilize new technology, make concentrate respectively with the mushroom stems base of a fruit, mushroom bits, and carry out proportioning, make and meet polysaccharide 〉=0.5%, the biopesticide of amino acid 〉=0.2% standard, it is low that it manufactures cost, but good product quality, the output height.Adopting anthrone method measurement polysaccharide to contain and be decided to be 0.5-0.7%, adopt ninhydrin---it is 0.2-0.4% that the ascorbic acid method is measured amino acid content.
2. raw material soaking temperature in the change production technology increases solubility thing stripping quantity, has not only improved leaching efficiency and has reached 10-20%, and shortened soak time 2-3 hours, thereby improved the availability of steeping tank, accelerated turnaround speed, improved productivity ratio more than 20%; In steeping tank, quicken to stir simultaneously, by stirring in traditional 1 hour once, be kept to 5-30 minutes and stir once, also help to improve leaching effect.
3. the temperature of vacuum decompression evaporation in the change production technology rises to 55-60 degree by 48-50 traditional degree, facts have proved, not only can reach concentrated requirement, and improve effect more than 30%.
4. the raw material after traditional process using is soaked directly enters centrifuge, because the holding capacity of centrifuge is limited, causes immersion slag liquid to overstock in a large number, and formation is blocked, and influence is the normal operation of operation up and down.The present invention has set up one and has designed its big or small slag liquid separate tank according to actual needs between the exit and centrifuge of steeping tank, makes the slag liquid that gets off from steeping tank, at first enters separate tank, about 90% thick slag is stayed isolated on the sieve, and remove thereupon; Muddy liquid under the filter enters centrifuge.This change, the bottleneck that has solved the centrifugal workshop section that exists for a long time preferably blocks problem, can improve work efficiency more than 50%.
5. the physical property of product and safety; Stoste is the dark-brown aqua, proportion 1.02-1.05, and PH4.5-5.5 is to warm and freezing all more stable; LD50 is greater than 5000mg/kg, and micronucleus test and Salmonella reversion test are negative; Acute toxicity and salt, Xiao Su reach close, and mutagenicity test all is negative, extremely safe;
6. the present invention changes compound formulation into by original unitary agent, adds composite trace element and biological active synergistic agent, makes concentration bring up to 500--600 times of liquid by 300--400 times of liquid; Controlling object expands the plurality of plant diseases such as anti-fungal disease, bacteriosis and physiological disease of holding concurrently to by single viral diseases of plants; Its control efficiency is brought up to more than 75% by about 60%, volume increase 20--40%.
The present invention is further described as follows below in conjunction with embodiment:
Embodiment 1:
(1) bacterium chaff processing technology:
Select fresh mushroom bacterium chaff (being the useless composts or fertilisers of cultivating behind the fruiting), through pulverizing, the soaking compartment of packing into (jar) adds 60 degree emerge in worm water, and stirred once in 5 minutes.Slag liquid after soaking is gone into long 3 meters, wide 2 meters, high 0.6 a meter slag liquid separate tank, and after removing slag, turbid liquid enters centrifuge, and is centrifugal, filters.Filtrate is through hold-up tank, gravity tank and concentration tower, reduction vaporization; Its vacuum decompression evaporating temperature is 55 degree, and concentrate enters blending tank at last, adds Sodium Benzoate and carries out preservative treatment.
(2) the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits processing technology:
The mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits are pulverized, added hot-water soak, temperature is 90 degree, stirs, and be incubated 1 hour, reduces to 45 when spending when temperature, adds complex enzyme, and enzymolysis is 1 hour, heats after the enzymolysis to 100 degree deactivations 1 minute, waits to reduce to 45 and spends, and filters.The filtrate concentration, and add Sodium Benzoate and carry out anticorrosion.
By based on bacterium chaff concentrate, is auxilliary with the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits concentrate with above-mentioned (one), (two) gained concentrate, the ratio mixing for standby use that the two proportioning is about 3: 1.
Embodiment 2:
(1) bacterium chaff processing technology:
Bacterium chaff soaking temperature is 90 degree, and the mixing chamber interval is 30 minutes, and the vacuum decompression evaporating temperature is 60 degree.Other technology is with embodiment 1.
(2) the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits processing technology:
With embodiment 1.
Above-mentioned (one), (two) gained concentrate are mixed about 3: 1 of the two proportioning in proportion.Its proportioning can be adjusted according to polysaccharide, amino acid whose content requirement in the mixed liquor.
Adding preservative and spreader-sticker are made unitary agent in above-mentioned mixing extraction concentrate.Preservative can be used Sodium Benzoate, and spreader-sticker can be used Tween 80.
On the base of unitary agent went out, the biological active synergistic agent that adds 1-2% composite trace element and 1-9% became compound formulation.Compositions such as described composite trace element can zinc, manganese, molybdenum, copper, boron, but the biological active synergistic agent basic element of cell division etc.
The present invention is applicable to the control and the volume increase of diseases such as vegetables, melon, potato class, tobacco, flowers, corn and paddy rice.
Claims (5)
1. mushroom bacterium chaff and handle base of a fruit extract prepare the technology of biopesticide, after culture is pulverized, soak in the water of packing into, it is characterized in that: culture is bacterium chaff, the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits; Bacterium chaff and the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits or the mushroom stems base of a fruit and mushroom bits mixture are soaked in respectively in the hot water, extract immersion liquid, again with bacterium bran drench vacuum decompression evaporation and concentration; Consider the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom to be worth doing immersion liquid enzymolysis, deactivation and concentrated; Based on bacterium chaff extract, be auxilliary with the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits extract, suitably proportioning is mixed; Add preservative and spreader-sticker at last, make unitary agent, or the biological active synergistic agent that adds 1-2% composite trace element and 1-9% on the unitary agent basis becomes compound formulation.
2. mushroom bacterium chaff and handle base of a fruit extract prepare biopesticide, it is characterized in that: be soaked in respectively in the hot water with bacterium chaff and the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits or the mushroom stems base of a fruit and mushroom bits mixture, isolate immersion liquid, again with immersion liquid vacuum decompression evaporation and concentration; Based on bacterium chaff culture fluid, be auxilliary with the mushroom stems base of a fruit or mushroom bits culture fluid, suitably proportioning is mixed and the enriched mixture that obtains; Also comprise preservative, spreader-sticker, 1-2% composite trace element and 1-9% biological active synergistic agent in this enriched mixture.
3. a kind of mushroom bacterium chaff as claimed in claim 1 and handle base of a fruit extract prepare the technology of biopesticide, to put into water through the new fresh mushroom bacterium chaff of pulverizing soaks, isolate immersion liquid after the immersion, again the vacuum decompression evaporation and concentration is carried out in immersion liquid, it is characterized in that: during immersion, the temperature of water is 60-90 degree, and is interrupted in 5-30 minutes at interval and stirs; Formed slag liquid is gone into separating tank, and after removing slag, turbid liquid enters centrifuge; It is to carry out at 55-60 degree that described vacuum decompression concentrates.
4. a kind of mushroom bacterium chaff as claimed in claim 1 and handle base of a fruit extract prepare the technology of biopesticide, the mushroom stems base of a fruit is pulverized heating water logging bubble, it is characterized in that: after the immersion when temperature is reduced to the temperature that is fit to enzymolysis, add complex enzyme and carry out enzymolysis, the deactivation of heating after the enzymolysis, filter at last, concentrate, make concentrate after, add preservative again.
5. prepare the technology of biopesticide as claim 1 and 3 described a kind of mushroom bacterium chaffs and handle base of a fruit extract, it is characterized in that: it is 90 degree that the mushroom stems base of a fruit is pulverized the temperature that adds hot water, and stirs, be incubated 1 hour, treat that temperature reduces to 45 when spending, carry out enzymolysis, enzymolysis time is 1 hour; The deactivation temperature is 100 degree, and keeps 1 minute, waits to reduce to 45 degree and filters.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN00105910A CN1124784C (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2000-04-20 | Biological Pesticide prepared with the extraction from xianggu mushroom leftover and the preparation process |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN00105910A CN1124784C (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2000-04-20 | Biological Pesticide prepared with the extraction from xianggu mushroom leftover and the preparation process |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN1269137A true CN1269137A (en) | 2000-10-11 |
CN1124784C CN1124784C (en) | 2003-10-22 |
Family
ID=4578023
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN00105910A Expired - Fee Related CN1124784C (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2000-04-20 | Biological Pesticide prepared with the extraction from xianggu mushroom leftover and the preparation process |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN1124784C (en) |
Cited By (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101851356A (en) * | 2010-06-04 | 2010-10-06 | 北京三浦百草绿色植物制剂有限公司 | Shitake mushroom extract and application thereof |
CN101297648B (en) * | 2007-11-22 | 2010-12-29 | 北京燕化永乐农药有限公司 | Bactericide agent composition containing mushroom proteoglycan |
CN101731460B (en) * | 2008-11-05 | 2012-10-03 | 大连春天生物技术有限公司 | Edible mushroom, spent mushroom substrate and probiotics-containing nutrient solution for livestock and poultry and preparation method thereof |
CN104446676A (en) * | 2014-12-24 | 2015-03-25 | 湖南省春华生物科技有限公司 | Method for preparing amino acid water-soluble fertilizer from mushroom residue extract |
CN104521570A (en) * | 2015-01-23 | 2015-04-22 | 邬金飞 | Straw mushroom cultivation method |
CN104521568A (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2015-04-22 | 邬金飞 | Method for cultivating lucid ganoderma |
CN104737777A (en) * | 2015-03-08 | 2015-07-01 | 邬方成 | Pleurotus eryngii cultivation method |
CN104737797A (en) * | 2015-03-16 | 2015-07-01 | 邬金梅 | Tremella cultivation method |
CN104737806A (en) * | 2015-03-20 | 2015-07-01 | 邬方成 | Lentinus edodes cultivation method |
CN104737776A (en) * | 2015-03-08 | 2015-07-01 | 邬方成 | Pleurotus eryngii cultivation method |
CN104737810A (en) * | 2015-03-21 | 2015-07-01 | 邬金梅 | Pleurotus eryngii cultivation method |
CN104737813A (en) * | 2015-03-22 | 2015-07-01 | 邬金飞 | Agrocybe cylindracea cultivation method |
CN104737778A (en) * | 2015-03-08 | 2015-07-01 | 邬方成 | Pleurotus geesteranus cultivation method |
CN104829741A (en) * | 2015-05-13 | 2015-08-12 | 天津大学 | Shiitake mushroom residue polysaccharide and extraction method thereof |
CN106472572A (en) * | 2016-10-10 | 2017-03-08 | 武汉工程大学 | A kind of microbial bactericide and preparation method and application |
CN110122168A (en) * | 2019-05-28 | 2019-08-16 | 贵州省贵福菌业发展有限公司 | A kind of Pleurotus nebrodensis growth auxiliary agent and preparation method thereof |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103141513B (en) * | 2013-02-20 | 2015-02-18 | 游彩霞 | Aqueous agent containing lentinan and ammonium molybdate, and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN1027785C (en) * | 1993-03-20 | 1995-03-08 | 辽宁省出口食用菌研究所 | Agricultural chemical prepared from edible fungus for curing and preventing plant virus |
JP3017630B2 (en) * | 1993-12-17 | 2000-03-13 | 長岡 均 | HIV-type virus activity inhibitor |
-
2000
- 2000-04-20 CN CN00105910A patent/CN1124784C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN101297648B (en) * | 2007-11-22 | 2010-12-29 | 北京燕化永乐农药有限公司 | Bactericide agent composition containing mushroom proteoglycan |
CN101731460B (en) * | 2008-11-05 | 2012-10-03 | 大连春天生物技术有限公司 | Edible mushroom, spent mushroom substrate and probiotics-containing nutrient solution for livestock and poultry and preparation method thereof |
CN101851356B (en) * | 2010-06-04 | 2012-12-12 | 北京三浦百草绿色植物制剂有限公司 | Shitake mushroom extract and application thereof |
CN101851356A (en) * | 2010-06-04 | 2010-10-06 | 北京三浦百草绿色植物制剂有限公司 | Shitake mushroom extract and application thereof |
CN104446676A (en) * | 2014-12-24 | 2015-03-25 | 湖南省春华生物科技有限公司 | Method for preparing amino acid water-soluble fertilizer from mushroom residue extract |
CN104521568A (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2015-04-22 | 邬金飞 | Method for cultivating lucid ganoderma |
CN104521568B (en) * | 2015-01-12 | 2016-06-01 | 邬金飞 | A kind of ganoderma lucidum cultivation method |
CN104521570A (en) * | 2015-01-23 | 2015-04-22 | 邬金飞 | Straw mushroom cultivation method |
CN104737778A (en) * | 2015-03-08 | 2015-07-01 | 邬方成 | Pleurotus geesteranus cultivation method |
CN104737777A (en) * | 2015-03-08 | 2015-07-01 | 邬方成 | Pleurotus eryngii cultivation method |
CN104737776A (en) * | 2015-03-08 | 2015-07-01 | 邬方成 | Pleurotus eryngii cultivation method |
CN104737797A (en) * | 2015-03-16 | 2015-07-01 | 邬金梅 | Tremella cultivation method |
CN104737806A (en) * | 2015-03-20 | 2015-07-01 | 邬方成 | Lentinus edodes cultivation method |
CN104737810A (en) * | 2015-03-21 | 2015-07-01 | 邬金梅 | Pleurotus eryngii cultivation method |
CN104737813A (en) * | 2015-03-22 | 2015-07-01 | 邬金飞 | Agrocybe cylindracea cultivation method |
CN104829741A (en) * | 2015-05-13 | 2015-08-12 | 天津大学 | Shiitake mushroom residue polysaccharide and extraction method thereof |
CN106472572A (en) * | 2016-10-10 | 2017-03-08 | 武汉工程大学 | A kind of microbial bactericide and preparation method and application |
CN110122168A (en) * | 2019-05-28 | 2019-08-16 | 贵州省贵福菌业发展有限公司 | A kind of Pleurotus nebrodensis growth auxiliary agent and preparation method thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1124784C (en) | 2003-10-22 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN1124784C (en) | Biological Pesticide prepared with the extraction from xianggu mushroom leftover and the preparation process | |
CN106336253A (en) | Production process for producing organic fertilizer through concentrating biogas slurry by using multistage membrane separation technology | |
CN104829386A (en) | Seaweed water-soluble fertilizer and preparation method thereof | |
CN106008085A (en) | Water-soluble amino acid fertilizer and preparation method thereof | |
CN109251087A (en) | A kind of big, middle and trace element water-soluble fertilizer and preparation method thereof containing fulvic acid | |
CN109081758A (en) | The production method and energy fertilizer finished product of kitchen garbage production small molecule organic energy fertilizer | |
CN104355749A (en) | Production method of microbial fermented seaweed fertilizer | |
CN1765851A (en) | Salt-resistant multielement drip irrigation fertilizer and preparation method thereof | |
CN107586200A (en) | The preparation method of one plant nutrient liquor | |
CN108157126A (en) | A kind of tree peony plantation Nutrition Soil and preparation method thereof | |
CN101265130B (en) | Process for preparing kelp holdfast and oyster shell composite biological preparation by microwave technique | |
CN111217650A (en) | Method for producing water-soluble fertilizer by using shells | |
CN107557018A (en) | A kind of preparation method of soil conditioner | |
CN113210411B (en) | Heavy metal composite contaminated site soil remediation method | |
CN104844373B (en) | A kind of Water Soluble Compound fertilizer and preparation method thereof | |
CN103896660B (en) | A kind of humic acid type fluid Chemical Mixed Fertilizer composition utilizing sugar refinery, grain distillery, Gourmet Powder Factory, yeast factory waste | |
WO2021203040A1 (en) | Organic ammonium compositions and methods of their use and making | |
CN106495936A (en) | A kind of organic fertilizer | |
CN106063492A (en) | A kind of Leymus chinensis seeds germinator | |
CN109180387A (en) | A kind of granular urea preparation method containing alginic acid synergistic carrier suitable for rice top dressing | |
CN108513991A (en) | The preparation method of one plant growth regulators | |
CN105994392A (en) | Germination accelerator capable of improving salt and alkali resistance of seeds | |
CN105901041A (en) | Germination accelerating agent capable of eliminating antibiotic suppression | |
CN113024310A (en) | Novel bio-organic fertilizer and preparation method thereof | |
CN112898089A (en) | Fish protein functional biological fertilizer and preparation method thereof |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
C06 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
C17 | Cessation of patent right | ||
CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20031022 Termination date: 20120420 |