CN116491378B - Summer corn cultivation method for light and medium saline-alkali soil - Google Patents
Summer corn cultivation method for light and medium saline-alkali soil Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
The application discloses a summer corn cultivation method for light and medium saline-alkali soil, which comprises the steps of crushing wheat straw, uniformly spreading the crushed wheat straw on a cultivated land, spreading fertilizer, deeply loosening and rotary tillage soil, fully turning the fertilizer into the soil, and ridging; the fertilizer comprises a humic acid compound fertilizer and a microbial agent; coating or dressing summer corn seeds and sorghum seeds, sowing in summer corn furrows, and sowing on sorghum ridges; after sowing, field management is carried out, and summer corns and sorghum are respectively harvested in the mature period. The cultivation method can prevent salt from returning in the root zone of crops, promote healthy development of the root system of summer corns, improve the photosynthetic rate of plants, increase the accumulation of dry matters and improve the yield of the summer corns in saline-alkali soil.
Description
Technical Field
The application relates to the technical field of summer corn planting, in particular to a method for cultivating summer corn in light and medium saline-alkali soil.
Background
The salinized soil of China is widely distributed, and the salinized area in the existing cultivated land reaches 920.9 ten thousand hm 2 Accounting for 6.62 percent of the national cultivated area. The efficient utilization of the saline-alkali soil resources has important significance for increasing the cultivated land area of China, improving the agricultural production capacity of China and guaranteeing the grain safety of China. Summer corns have a wide planting area in light and medium saline-alkali lands, when the corns are subjected to saline-alkali environments, root systems are subjected to osmotic stress, ABA is accumulated in a large quantity, and a plurality of metabolic processes such as cell expansion, cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, air pore conductivity and the like are inhibited; secondly, the balance between Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and scavenging is broken to induce oxidative stress, which together affect the normal functioning of the root system. This results in weak summer corn seedling, dysplasia of root system and poor water nutrient absorption in saline-alkali soilThereby influencing the yield of summer corns in saline-alkali soil. In the prior art, the method for improving the saline-alkali soil mainly comprises soil improvement, large washing salt and selection of saline-alkali resistant varieties, and the problems of high investment cost, low improvement speed, effectiveness after 3-5 years, difficulty in comprehensive popularization and the like exist in the method for improving the saline-alkali soil. The improved planting mode is simple and easy to popularize, so that the development of the efficient low-cost planting mode is particularly important for relieving the saline-alkali stress of the summer corn aiming at the characteristic of the saline-alkali soil root zone, and has great industrial practical value for the summer corn industry.
Therefore, a cultivation method for promoting root system development, preventing salt return in root areas and improving yield of summer corns in light and medium saline-alkali soil is urgently needed, and the cultivation method has important significance for improving planting area and yield of summer corns in saline-alkali soil.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the prior art, the application aims to overcome the defects of summer corn root system dysplasia, plant photosynthesis performance reduction, biomass reduction and yield loss caused by the salt stress of the current saline-alkali soil, and provides a method for cultivating summer corn in light and medium saline-alkali soil.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the application adopts the following technical scheme:
the summer corn cultivation method for the light and medium saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Pulverizing wheat straw, uniformly spreading the wheat straw on a farmland, spreading fertilizer, deeply loosening and rotary tillage soil, fully turning the fertilizer into the soil, and ridging; the fertilizer comprises a humic acid compound fertilizer and a microbial agent;
(2) Coating or dressing summer corn seeds and sorghum seeds, sowing in summer corn furrows, and sowing on sorghum ridges;
(3) After sowing, field management is carried out, and summer corns and sorghum are respectively harvested in the mature period.
Preferably, in the step (1), the straw chopping qualification rate is more than or equal to 90%, the throwing non-uniformity rate is less than or equal to 10cm, and the length of the crushed straw is less than or equal to 10cm.
Preferably, in the step (1), the dosage of the humic acid compound fertilizer is 750kghm -2 Wherein N is P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=26:10:12; the dosage of the microbial agent is 150Lhm -2 。
Preferably, in the step (1), the effective viable count of the microbial agent is more than or equal to 30 hundred million/ml, the fulvic acid is more than or equal to 60g/L, the organic matter is more than or equal to 100g/L, the N is more than or equal to 30g/L and the P is 2 O 5 ≥20g/L，K 2 O≥10g/L，B≥2g/L。
Preferably, in the step (1), the ridging specification is that the ridge height is 15cm, the ridge width is 40cm, and the ditch width is 20cm.
Preferably, in the step (1), the subsoiling depth is 30 cm-35 cm, the rotary tillage depth is more than or equal to 10cm, the subsoiling quality is required to meet the regulations of DB37/T3562 and DB37/T3563, the soil particle size after rotary tillage is more than or equal to 4cm, the soil mass is less than or equal to 0.5%, if the rotary tillage effect does not meet the technical requirement, and the rotary tillage can be repeated until the sowing requirement is met.
Preferably, in the step (2), the summer corn seeds are summer corn seeds with germination rate not less than 85% when the salt content of the soil is 0.3%.
Preferably, in the step (2), the sorghum seeds are selected from dwarf and varieties with a growth period similar to that of the summer corn seeds.
Preferably, in the step (2), when the soil moisture content is insufficient, the supplementary irrigation amount is 30mm.
Preferably, in the step (2), when the summer corn variety is compact, the planting density is 60000 hm -2 75000 strain hm -2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the When the summer corn variety is semi-compact, the planting density is 52500 hm -2 60000 hm strain -2 。
Preferably, in the step (2), the coating technical requirements should meet the specification of GB/T15671, and the seed dressing agent should be used according to the specification of NY/T1276.
Preferably, in the step (3), herbicide is sprayed to close weeding after sowing and before emergence of seedlings.
Preferably, in the step (3), the pesticide is sprayed in a large bell mouth period to prevent and treat diseases and insect pests.
Preferably, in step (3), the herbicide should be applied in accordance with NY/T1997, preferably by a safe and efficient power spraying machine.
Preferably, in the step (3), the pesticide is 1000 times liquid and 200gL of 10% difenoconazole water dispersible granule -1 The chlorantraniliprole suspending agent 3000 times liquid is mixed.
The application has the beneficial effects that:
1. by utilizing the characteristics of salt accumulation on the soil surface and the water salt migration rule of salt climbing to the high position, the salt in the ditch is gathered to the ridge, so that the content of the soil salt in the planting area is reduced, more rainwater can be received, the salt leaching is enhanced, the root system development is promoted, the yield is improved, and meanwhile, the salt is transferred out of the field by planting sorghum salt absorption on the ridge.
2. The cultivation method is convenient to operate, can be mechanically operated, has low cost, stable yield and synergy, and has important significance for development of the summer corn industry in saline-alkali soil.
3. The cultivation method can prevent salt returning in the root zone of crops, promote healthy development of the root system of summer corns, improve the photosynthetic rate of plants, increase the accumulation of dry matters, improve the yield of the summer corns in saline-alkali soil, has the advantages of cost saving and efficiency improvement, ecology, environmental protection, simplicity, convenience, practicability, stable yield, efficiency improvement and the like, and has important significance for development of the summer corn industry in China.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a field planting pattern;
FIG. 2 shows the effect of planting pattern on water content of soil between rows (A) and (B) during the laying period of summer maize;
FIG. 3 shows a planting pattern of Na for the silking period of summer maize + Influence of vertical distribution characteristics;
FIG. 4 shows the planting method for HCO in the summer maize laying period 3 - Influence of vertical distribution characteristics;
FIG. 5 is the effect of planting pattern on the vertical distribution characteristics of root length density of summer corn;
FIG. 6 is the effect of planting pattern on summer corn biomass.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the following detailed description is illustrative and is intended to provide further explanation of the application. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
In order to enable those skilled in the art to more clearly understand the technical scheme of the present application, the technical scheme of the present application will be described in detail with reference to specific embodiments.
The test materials used in the examples of the present application are all conventional in the art and are commercially available.
The humic acid compound fertilizer used in the application is purchased from Shandong agricultural large fertilizer industry science and technology Co., ltd, and is a controlled release blended fertilizer, wherein N is P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=26:10:12, humic acid is more than or equal to 3%, silicon is more than or equal to 2%, zinc is more than or equal to 0.02%, and chlorine is low.
The common compound fertilizer used in the application is compounded by urea, superphosphate and potassium sulfate, so that N: P 2 O 5 :K 2 O＝26:10:12。
The microbial agent used in the application is purchased from Shandong agricultural large fertilizer industry science and technology Co., ltd, and the commodity name is root-returning to-ground drip irrigation type composite microbial agent, wherein the effective viable count is more than or equal to 30 hundred million/ml, the fulvic acid is more than or equal to 60g/L, the organic matter is more than or equal to 100g/L, the N is more than or equal to 30g/L and the P is more than or equal to 2 O 5 ≥20g/L，K 2 O≥10g/L，B≥2g/L。
The 40% acetochlor suspending agent used in the present application is purchased from Xiang farmer chemical Co., in coast under the trade name Yu Gao.
Examples and comparative examples were both planted: no chier county (38°06'n,117°61' e) in the coast state of shandong province.
Planting time: sowing at 2021 at 6 months and 18 days, and harvesting at 10 months and 9 days.
The varieties of summer corns are as follows: JNY658
The sorghum varieties are as follows: jinza No. 37
The planting density of summer corn is 67500 hm -2 The row spacing is 60cm, the plant spacing is 24.7cm, and the sorghum planting density is 70000 hm -2 Row spacing 60cm, plant spacing 23.8cm.
Each example or comparative example was planted with one cell, each cell having an area of 150m 2 Each example or comparative example was set up with 3 replicates, with 1m buffer zone between each cell. The soil characteristics of the area are basically consistent, and the nutrient content of the soil of the cultivated layer 0cm to 20cm before sowing is as follows: 7.83 kg of organic matters -1 0.90g of total nitrogen -1 12.4mgkg of quick-acting phosphorus -1 169.69mgkg of quick-acting potassium -1 . The total salt content of the plough layer soil is 0.25%. The composition of the soil ion components of the test fields is shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 composition of soil ion components of test fields
Example 1
A summer corn cultivation method for light and medium saline-alkali soil comprises the following steps:
(1) Returning the straws to the field: uniformly spreading crushed wheat straw on a farmland, wherein the straw chopping qualification rate is more than or equal to 90%, the throwing non-uniformity rate is less than or equal to 10cm, and the length of crushed straw is less than or equal to 10cm;
(2) And (3) fertilization: 750kghm of humic acid compound fertilizer applied to ground surface -2 Is a base fertilizer, wherein N is P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=26:10:12; microbial agent 150Lhm -2 Wherein the carrier is water-soluble organic micromolecular amino acid and polysaccharide solution, the effective viable count is more than or equal to 30 hundred million/ml, the fulvic acid is more than or equal to 60g/L, the organic matter is more than or equal to 100g/L, N is more than or equal to 30g/L, and P is more than or equal to 2 O 5 ≥20g/L，K 2 O is more than or equal to 10g/L, B is more than or equal to 2g/L; soil cultivation is carried out by adopting a subsoiling and soil preparation combined machine, the subsoiling depth is 30 cm-35 cm, the rotary cultivation depth is more than or equal to 10cm, the humic acid compound fertilizer and the microbial inoculum are all turned into the soil, and no residue exists on the surface of the earth;
(3) Ridging: ridging with a ridger, wherein the ridge height is 15cm, the ridge width is 40cm, and the ditch width is 20cm;
(4) Sowing: coating summer corn seeds and sorghum seeds by using seed coating agents containing difenoconazole, thiamethoxam, tebuconazole and the like, sowing in summer corn furrows and sowing on sorghum ridges; irrigation is carried out in time after sowing, and the irrigation quantity is 30mm.
(5) Spraying 200-250 g/mu of 40% ethyl herbicide suspending agent to perform closed weeding by using a plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle after sowing and before emergence of seedlings;
(6) And (3) preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests: 1000 times liquid and 200gL of 10% difenoconazole water dispersible granule for large bell mouth period -1 The chlorantraniliprole suspending agent 3000 times liquid is mixed and sprayed to prevent and treat diseases and insect pests which are easy to occur in the later period of summer corn;
(7) Summer corn and sorghum are harvested separately at maturity.
Comparative example 1
The difference from example 1 is that: no ridging, conventional flat-crop summer corn, no microbial inoculant and humic acid compound fertilizer are applied, and 750kghm is applied -2 The common compound fertilizer is a base fertilizer.
Comparative example 2
The difference from example 1 is that: no microbial agent is spread.
Comparative example 3
The difference from example 1 is that: the humic acid compound fertilizer is not broadcasted, and 750kghm is broadcasted -2 The common compound fertilizer is a base fertilizer.
Test example 1
1. Test method
1.1 sampling: sampling root system and soil in the spinning period (R1), selecting plant with consistent growth size, sampling with three-dimensional root soil, and taking plant as center and volume of 10X10X10 cm 3 The soil blocks with the size are taken as units, each 10cm is a soil layer, the depth is taken to 60cm, and the width is taken to 120cm. And then filling the root soil mixture into a small mesh bag with 40 meshes, repeatedly flushing under low water pressure until the root system is completely flushed, picking out all root systems in the root system, and finally placing the root system into a self-sealing bag and preserving the root system at a low temperature in a refrigerator with the temperature of minus 20 ℃. Soil water salt samples were taken, each 10cm being a layer of soil, to a depth of 60 cm. The parallel working mode samples at the center (row-to-row) of the planting row and the district, and the ditch working mode respectively takes soil samples with different depths at two positions of the ditch bottom (planting row) and the ridge (row-to-row).
1.2 measurement items and indices:
1.2.1 soil moisture content
Soil was removed during the laying period (R1), and each treatment was repeated 3 times. The fresh weight of the soil sample was weighed immediately after collection and then dried to constant weight at 75 ℃. The calculation formula of the soil moisture content is as follows:
soil moisture (%) = (fresh weight-dry weight)/dry weight×100%
1.2.2 soil pH
Deionized water was added to a 150ml Erlenmeyer flask using a pipette at a water to soil ratio of 5:1. The conical flask was then placed on a shaker and the shaking time was set to 10min. The soil leaching solution was measured with a pH meter.
1.2.3 soil ion content
K + And Na (Na) + Measured by flame photometry (K) + The concentration of Na in water is low, so Na is used + Calculating; HCO (hydrogen chloride) 3 - Neutralization titration with bromophenol blue as indicator (Bao Shidan, 2000).
1.2.4 root morphology
6 plants with uniform growth vigor are selected to repeatedly wash the root system, an EpsonPerfectionTMV700Photo color image scanner (600 dpi) is used for scanning images, and a WinRhizoPro (R genetInstants, qu bec, canada) root system analysis system is used for obtaining the total root length, the total root surface area and the total root volume. And drying the root system after scanning at 80 ℃ to constant weight, and weighing the dry matter weight.
1.2.5 leaf area index
In the large bell mouth period (V12), the spinning period (R1), the milk ripening period (R3), the wax ripening period (R5) and the finish ripening period (R6), 6 representative plants are selected for each treatment, the length and the width of the leaf are measured, and the leaf area of the single plant is calculated.
Individual leaf area = leaf length x leaf width x 0.75
Leaf area index= (leaf area of individual plant x number of cell plants)/cell area
1.2.6 net photosynthetic Rate of ear position leaves
The photosynthetic rate of the leaves at the ear position was measured in the R1 phase using CIRAS-III type portable photosynthetic apparatus (PPSystems, hitchin, UK).
1.2.7 biomass
6 plants are sampled from V12, R1, R3 and R6, the plants are divided into stems, leaves, female ears, male ears and bracts in the R1 stage, the plants are divided into stems, leaves, cobs, male ears, bracts and seeds in the R6 stage, the green is removed at 105 ℃ for 30min, and then the green is dried at 80 ℃ to constant weight.
1.2.8 seed yield and yield Forming factors
R6 phase selects 9m per cell 2 The corn strips were harvested in full, sun-dried for seed measurement, and the yield and yield components were determined, with 3 replicates per treatment.
2. Test results
2.1 influence of planting method on soil moisture and pH distribution characteristics of saline-alkali soil summer corn field
As the depth of the soil layer increases, the water content of the soil gradually increases. The planting row is 0-60cm soil layer, and the ditch soil moisture content is higher than that of the flat planting (figure 2). The pH value of the soil is an important index for representing the degree of acid alkalization of the soil. As the depth of the soil increases, the pH of the soil gradually increases. The pH values between different soil layers in the planting rows in the soil layers of 0-40cm in the R1 and R6 periods are all low in example 1, and the planting rows are lower than the pH values between the rows, which shows that the soil salinity is transferred from the bottom of the ditch to the top of the ridge (Table 2).
TABLE 2 summer maize planting rows during laying and finishing period and pH variation between 0-40cm soil layers
2.2 planting method for Na of saline-alkali soil and summer corn field soil + And HCO 3 - Influence of distribution characteristics
From Na in soil + Is characterized by the vertical distribution of Na + The content gradually increases with the depth of the soil layer. Na between planting modes + The difference of the content is mainly distributed in the soil layer of 0-40 cm. From the horizontal direction, the furrows are taken as Na at a distance of-10 cm to 10cm from the plants (the main distribution area of the root system) + The content distribution is obviously reduced, and the ridge Na + The content is higher (figure 3). From HCO in soil 3 - As can be seen from the vertical distribution characteristics of (a), HCO as the soil layer depth increases 3 - The content gradually increases. Seen in the horizontal direction, is called HCO 3 - The distribution is relatively uniform, and the ditch is used as HCO of the main distribution area of the root system 3 - Low content, ridge HCO 3 - The content was higher (fig. 4).
2.3 influence of planting method on saline-alkali soil summer corn root system morphology and distribution thereof
As can be seen from FIG. 5, the root system is mainly distributed in the soil layer of 0-40 cm. The root length density of the soil layer ditch with the distance of-10 cm to 10cm from the plant (the main space of root system distribution) of 0cm to 40cm is higher than that of the soil layer ditch with the distance of flat planting. Compared with comparative example 1, the dry weight of root systems of the examples 1, 2 and 3 are respectively increased by 16.51%, 2.79% and 2.04%, and the length of root systems is respectively increased by 16.29%, 5.02% and 1.45%; the surface area of the root system is respectively increased by 22.61%, 3.92% and 3.39%; the root volume increased 59.62%, 15.01%, 11.64% (table 3).
Table 3 influence of the planting method on individual root length, root surface area and root volume in the silking period of summer corn in saline-alkali soil
2.4 influence of planting method on summer corn leaf area index and photosynthesis property of saline-alkali soil
Changing the planting pattern significantly increases the leaf area index. The leaf area index increases by 11.14%, 4.35%, 2.99% for the spinning period for example 1, comparative example 2 and comparative example 3, respectively, and 18.88%, 12.72% and 5.58% for the net photosynthetic rate, respectively (Table 4).
TABLE 4 Effect of planting patterns on saline-alkali soil summer maize leaf area index and net photosynthetic rate
2.5 influence of planting method on accumulation of dry matter, seed yield and sorghum yield of summer corn in saline-alkali soil
The biomass of the plants in the finishing period and after spinning can be obviously increased by optimizing the planting mode. The total biomass of example 1 (T4), comparative example 2 (T2), comparative example 3 (T3) was increased by 40.80%, 29.04%, 17.14% compared to comparative example 1 (T1) (fig. 6). The corn yields of example 1, comparative example 2 and comparative example 3 were significantly increased by 43.58%, 19.25% and 14.63%, the ear grain numbers were increased by 6.90%, 1.14% and 0.71%, respectively, and the thousand grain weights were increased by 25.06%, 13.63% and 10.84%, respectively, as compared with comparative example 1 (table 5).
TABLE 5 influence of planting patterns on summer corn and sorghum yields and yield formations in saline-alkali soil
The above description is only of the preferred embodiments of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application, but various modifications and variations can be made to the present application by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application should be included in the protection scope of the present application.
Claims (5)
1. The summer corn cultivation method for the light and medium saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
(1) Pulverizing wheat straw, uniformly spreading the wheat straw on a farmland, spreading fertilizer, deeply loosening and rotary tillage soil, fully turning the fertilizer into the soil, and ridging; the fertilizer comprises a humic acid compound fertilizer and a microbial agent;
(2) Coating or dressing summer corn seeds and sorghum seeds, sowing in summer corn furrows, and sowing on sorghum ridges;
(3) Performing field management after sowing, and harvesting summer corns and sorghum in a mature period respectively;
in the step (1), the ridging specification is 15cm in ridge height, 40cm in ridge width and 20cm in ditch width;
in the step (1), the dosage of the humic acid compound fertilizer is 750kg hm -2 Wherein N is P 2 O 5 :K 2 O=26:10:12; the dosage of the microbial agent is 150L hm -2 ；
Step (a)(1) Wherein the effective viable count of the microbial agent is more than or equal to 30 hundred million/ml, the fulvic acid is more than or equal to 60g/L, the organic matter is more than or equal to 100g/L, the N is more than or equal to 30g/L and the P is more than or equal to 2 O 5 ≥20g/L，K 2 O≥10g/L，B≥2g/L；
In the step (2), when the summer corn variety is compact, the planting density is 60000 hm -2 About 75000 hm strain -2 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the When the summer corn variety is semi-compact, the planting density is 52500 hm -2 About 60,000 hm strains -2 。
2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the summer corn seeds are summer corn seeds with a germination rate of not less than 85% when the salt content of the soil is 0.3%; the sorghum seeds are selected from dwarf and varieties with the growth period similar to that of the summer corn seeds.
3. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), herbicide is sprayed after sowing and before emergence to close weeding.
4. A cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in step (3), the plant diseases and insect pests are controlled by spraying the pesticide in a large bell mouth period.
5. The cultivation method according to claim 4, wherein in the step (3), the pesticide is a water dispersible granule of 10% difenoconazole 1000-fold liquid and 200g L -1 The chlorantraniliprole suspending agent 3000 times liquid is mixed.
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