CN112913601A - Commercial mode capable of enabling corn to be large-area per ton of grain field - Google Patents
Commercial mode capable of enabling corn to be large-area per ton of grain field Download PDFInfo
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- CN112913601A CN112913601A CN202110222860.XA CN202110222860A CN112913601A CN 112913601 A CN112913601 A CN 112913601A CN 202110222860 A CN202110222860 A CN 202110222860A CN 112913601 A CN112913601 A CN 112913601A
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- G06Q10/067—Enterprise or organisation modelling
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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Abstract
The invention discloses a business model which can lead corn to be used in large-area grain fields of one ton, solves the problem of soil improvement by deep ploughing and returning straws to the field, breaks through plough layers, increases the granular structure proportion of soil year by year, loosens the soil, improves the utilization rate of soil nutrients, scientifically mixes fertilizers by soil testing and fertilizer mixing according to the nutrient content of the soil and planted crops, ensures the nutrients needed by the crops in the growth period, saves the resource cost and protects the environment; the demand design of different growth periods is carried out according to the fertilizer requirement characteristics, soil environment and nutrient content conditions and fertilizer requirement rule conditions of the corn by a water and fertilizer integration technology, and the water and the nutrients are quantified at regular time and are directly provided for crops in proportion; by increasing the planting density, selecting density-resistant varieties and combining cultivation measures, the unit yield of corn is improved, large-area per mu yield per ton of grain fields is realized, and the economic benefit is finally improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of crop yield and value increasing modes, in particular to a business mode capable of enabling corn to be planted in large-area grain fields of tons.
Background
Corn is an important grain crop, feed crop and economic crop, and plays an important role in agricultural production and national economy in China, the corn planting area is more than 6 hundred million mu, the average acre yield in China is about 421 kg, the corn yield per unit can reach 750 kg/mu in northwest China due to most of irrigation agriculture, and the corn has low yield per unit and high planting cost, so the corn in China has no market competitiveness.
Shallow ploughing and rotary tillage are carried out on more than 80% of farmlands in China, the farmlands have obvious problems of shallow ploughing, solid ploughing and few ploughing, the plough layer becomes shallow obviously, the national average ploughing depth is 16.5cm, the soil is hardened seriously, and the plough bottom layer is deep. The fertilizer is applied blindly, the more the fertilizer is applied, the better the fertilizer is applied, the waste is caused, the environment is polluted, the fertilizing time is random, and the fertilizer is not applied in the key fertilizer requiring period of the corn. The large water flood irrigation causes influence on the growth and development of the corn because the irrigation quantity is not controlled well. Extensive field management, non-standard use of herbicide, over-dosage use and unobvious single weeding effect.
In addition, the planting density is low, the yield per unit of corn is not obviously improved, and the yield of grains is difficult to increase.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a business model for large-area corn-tonnage fields; the corn yield is improved in a proper mode through reasonable utilization and transformation of the land, the large-area per mu yield per ton grain field is realized, and the economic benefit is further improved.
In a first aspect, embodiments of the present invention provide a business model for enabling large-area corn-tonnage corn fields, comprising the following means;
the first is soil remediation, deep-ploughing straw returning soil fertility promotion, specifically as follows
Crushing and decomposing the straws and returning the straws to the field; and returning the straws to the field by mechanical secondary crushing, starting from the harvest of autumn corns, secondarily crushing the harvested corn straws, and then turning the soil by 180 degrees by using a turning plow to deeply bury the straws in the ground. Mechanically turning deeply to return the field by a tractor with the crushing length of not more than 4cm and the power of more than 140 horsepower in autumn to the depth of 35-40 cm, applying 5-8kg of urea and 4kg of a decomposition agent to each mu, harrowing and preparing the soil, irrigating in winter, mechanically preparing the soil and sowing in spring, and pressing heavily, wherein the subsequent field management links are completely the same as the conventional corn planting links;
for the deep land plot where the straws cannot be returned to the field, applying 500 kg/mu of organic fertilizer or 3000 kg/mu of decomposed farmyard manure to improve the soil during deep ploughing, returning the straws to the field or increasing the soil improved by the organic fertilizer and the farmyard manure, breaking the plough bottom layer, improving the soil organic matter, fertilizing the soil fertility, improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil, reducing the using amount of the chemical fertilizer, and respectively reducing the weight proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium: 36.58%, 61.96%, 14.29%;
second, soil testing and formulated fertilization
Measuring soil and formulating fertilizer, taking soil from farmer land, establishing a fertilizer preparation station, and providing the farmer with the fertilizer supply rule and the fertilizer application technology guidance by the fertilizer preparation station; informing the soil testing result to a farmer, and preparing a targeted fertilizer according to the soil testing result list at a fertilizer preparation station; according to the fertilizer requirement characteristics of the corn, the amount of what is supplemented by what is deficient can better exert the fertilizer utilization efficiency.
The advantages of reducing the using amount of the chemical fertilizer and increasing the use of the organic fertilizer are publicized or popularized for farmers, so that the aim of continuously improving the soil is fulfilled, the fertility of the soil is supplied for the growth of crops, and the use of the chemical fertilizer is reduced;
thirdly, the integration of water and fertilizer, which is as follows
Establishing a perfect irrigation network, a sprinkling irrigation facility and a dropper facility, blending soluble solid or liquid fertilizer into fertilizer liquid and irrigation water together by means of a pressure system or a natural topographic fall according to the soil nutrient content and the fertilizer requirement rule and characteristics of crop species, supplying water and fertilizer by a controllable pipeline system, forming sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation by a pipeline, a spray gun or a spray head after the water and fertilizer are fused, uniformly, regularly and quantitatively spraying the fertilizer on a crop development and growth area to ensure that the soil in a main development and growth area always keeps loose and proper water content, simultaneously carrying out demand design on different growth periods according to the fertilizer requirement conditions of different periods, soil environment and nutrient content conditions and fertilizer requirement rule conditions of corn, regularly and quantitatively supplying water and nutrient to crops directly according to a proportion;
fertilizer-requiring period and quantity of corn
Establishing a fertilizer preparation station, and providing the guidance of fertilizer supply rules and fertilizer application technologies for the farmers by the fertilizer preparation station;
fourthly, close planting and high-yield planting are carried out, which comprises the following steps
Selecting varieties, preferably selecting corn varieties which are resistant to close planting, easy to harvest, quick to dehydrate and good in quality;
density is determined, different densities are set according to land conditions, the planting distance of the land with good land fertility (1 and 2 levels) is 18cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, the number of seedlings per mu is 6734, the planting distance of the land with medium land fertility (3 and 4 levels) is 20cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, and the number of seedlings per mu is 6060; the row spacing of plots with poor soil difference (5 and 6 grades) is 20cm, the average row spacing is 60cm, and the seedling number per mu is 5550;
soil fertility grading standard
Fifthly, field management pest control is carried out as follows
Topdressing stalk fertilizer before and after the corn jointing stage is favorable for promoting roots, strengthening seedlings and promoting leaves and stalks to lay a good material foundation for ear differentiation, wherein the stalk-dressing fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total topdressing amount, and nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers are applied in a matched manner; re-applying spike-tapping fertilizer, namely applying spike-tapping fertilizer to the corn in a large flare opening stage, wherein the spike-tapping fertilizer has an important effect on more spikes and large grains and accounts for 60-70% of the total topdressing amount; after the corn is castrated, topdressing grain fertilizer can increase the maturity of the corn and increase the grain weight, and high yield is obtained, wherein the fertilizer consumption accounts for about 10% of the total topdressing amount; sufficient water is poured in the jointing stage, the flowering stage and the grouting stage, and other watering stages are determined according to rainfall conditions, and in general, 1, sowing to seedling emergence stage, the appropriate water content of soil is 65-70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field. 2. Seedling emergence stage-jointing stage: the proper water content of the soil is 65-70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field. 3. Joint extraction-male taking period: the proper water content of the soil is 70% -80%. 4 of the maximum water capacity of the field, and the soil is in the stamina stage-spinning stage: the proper water content of the soil is 80-85% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field. 5. Grain filling stage: the proper water content of the soil is 80% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field. The appropriate water content of the soil in the middle and later grain filling stages is about 75% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field.
The method comprises the following steps of (1) irrigating a land block with good soil moisture and fine soil preparation, and after sowing, performing soil closed weeding before seedling emergence; selecting herbicides such as acetochlor, 2, 4-D butyl ester, atrazine, pendimethalin and the like to carry out surface soil spraying; before closed weeding before seedlings or before seedlings with poor weeding effect, before visible leaves of the corn are 2-5 leaves, the postemergence weeding is carried out by selecting the nicosulfuron, the mesotrione, the atrazine and other medicaments; mechanically and shallowly intertilling for 1 time in the jointing stage;
when the cutworms in the seedling stage are heavier, 5 ml/mu of 20% KANGBAN (chlorantraniliprole) and 30-50 ml/mu of 2.5% ERNING (high-efficiency cyhalothrin microemulsion) are directly sprayed on the rootstock parts of the corn seedlings in the 4-7 leaf stage after seedling emergence, and the liquid medicine is preferably infiltrated into the soil, so that the cutworms, armyworms and other underground and overground pests in the seedling stage can be treated;
in the plot with more head smut bacteria residues, 20g of 10% diniconazole missible oil can be adopted to wet mix 100kg of corn seeds, and the mixture is tightly piled for 24h to prevent and control the head smut of the corn; the ear stage is a full-blown stage of various diseases, and 500-fold liquid of wettable powder such as 50 percent chlorothalonil and 50 percent carbendazim or 800-fold liquid of 70 percent thiophanate-methyl is sprayed in the early stage of disease to prevent and control leaf spot diseases such as northern leaf blight and the like; releasing trichogramma parasitizing ostrinia nubilalis eggs at the early egg laying stage and the full egg stage of the ostrinia nubilalis to prevent and control the ostrinia nubilalis
Sixthly, directly harvesting the seeds, reducing cost and improving efficiency as follows
By adopting a field grain direct harvesting mode, the corn is directly harvested in the field, is conveyed to a drying plant for drying in one step, has few links, can also enjoy the characteristics of higher grain price in autumn, time saving, labor saving, cost saving and efficiency improvement.
The invention has the following beneficial effects: according to the solution of the corn large-area ton grain field, the soil improvement problem is solved by deep ploughing and straw returning, the plough layer is broken, the granular structure proportion of the soil is increased year by year, the soil is loosened, the utilization rate of soil nutrients is improved, and scientific fertilizer preparation is carried out according to the nutrient content of the soil and planted crops through soil testing and fertilizer preparation. Not only ensures the nutrients needed by the crops in the growth period, but also saves the resource cost and protects the environment. The water and fertilizer integration technology is used for designing the requirements of different growth periods according to the characteristics of fertilizer requirement of corn, the soil environment, the nutrient content and the fertilizer requirement rule condition, and the water and the nutrient are quantified at regular time and are directly provided for crops in proportion. By increasing the planting density, selecting density-resistant varieties and combining cultivation measures, the yield per unit area of corn is increased by about 250kg per mu, the yield per mu reaches 1000kg, and large-area per mu yield per ton of grain fields is realized.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the table, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
At present, only the soil is improved through a technology, the crop yield is improved, the economic benefit is further improved through a related method, but actually the factor influencing the crop yield is not only the factor influencing the soil quality, but also the effect of improving the economic benefit can be improved through increasing the yield, and therefore, the embodiment of the application provides a business mode capable of enabling corn to be planted in large-area per-ton grain fields; the mode mainly realizes yield increase and synergy from the following aspects:
the first step is to repair the soil which is seriously hardened at present, specifically, a technology of secondary crushing and returning to the field by a deep-turning straw adding machine is adopted, the harvested corn straws are secondarily crushed from the beginning after the autumn corn is harvested, and a special straw returning and turning plow which turns the soil 180 degrees is used for deep-turning; mechanically turning deeply to return the field by a tractor with the crushing length of not more than 4cm and the power of more than 140 horsepower in autumn to the depth of 35-40 cm, applying 5-8kg of urea to each mu, applying (4 kg) of a decomposing agent in conditions, harrowing and preparing the soil, irrigating in winter, mechanically preparing the soil and sowing in spring, and pressing heavily, wherein the subsequent field management links are completely the same as the conventional corn planting links;
the method is characterized in that the land which can not be returned to the field by straws is deep, when the land is deeply ploughed, 500 kg/mu of organic fertilizer or 3000 kg/mu of decomposed farmyard manure is applied to improve the soil, the straw is returned to the field or the soil improved by the organic fertilizer and the farmyard manure is increased, the plough bottom layer is broken, the organic matter of the soil is improved, the soil is fertilized by soil fertility, the physical and chemical properties of the soil are improved, the using amount of the fertilizer is reduced, and the weight losing ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are respectively: 36.58%, 61.96%, 14.29%;
by applying the technology, the black land can be changed from the yellow land, and the soil strength is effectively improved under the condition of lowest investment; the former habit of farmers and herdsmen is to burn the corn straws, which not only wastes resources but also causes environmental pollution, and in recent years, the nation forbids the burning of the straws and also invests a large amount of funds to conduct deep processing guidance of the straws. In fact, straw is a good fertilizer and also an important substrate for soil improvement; the straws are crushed, decomposed and returned to the field, 35% of nitrogen, 20% of phosphorus and 80% of potassium in the total amount absorbed by the corn nutrients are in the straws, and the returning of the straws to the field is of great significance for returning the nutrients, improving the soil quality, partially replacing chemical fertilizers and the like.
In addition, an organic fertilizer (farmyard manure) is applied, and the using amount of the chemical fertilizer is reduced after the organic fertilizer is applied, so that the farmyard manure can improve the soil, increase the organic matter content of the soil and loosen the soil quality on one hand, and the using amount of the chemical fertilizer is reduced, so that the soil hardening is relieved, and the environment is protected;
the second step is soil testing and formulated fertilization
Measuring soil and formulating fertilizer, taking soil from farmer land, establishing a fertilizer preparation station, and providing the farmer with the fertilizer supply rule and the fertilizer application technology guidance by the fertilizer preparation station; informing the soil testing result to a farmer, and preparing a targeted fertilizer according to the soil testing result list at a fertilizer preparation station; according to the fertilizer requirement characteristics of the corn, the amount of what is supplemented by what is deficient can better exert the fertilizer utilization efficiency.
Meanwhile, the advantages of reducing the using amount of the chemical fertilizer and increasing the use of the organic fertilizer are publicized or popularized for farmers, so that the aim of continuously improving the soil is fulfilled, the fertility of the soil is supplied for the growth of crops, and the use of the chemical fertilizer is reduced.
Thirdly, carrying out water and fertilizer integrated irrigation on the planted corns, and specifically establishing a perfect irrigation network, a spray irrigation facility and a dropper facility (on the basis that each land can be irrigated); by means of a pressure system (or natural fall of the terrain), soluble solid or liquid fertilizer is blended into fertilizer liquid according to the soil nutrient content and the fertilizer requirement rule and characteristics of crop species, the fertilizer liquid and irrigation water are supplied together, water and fertilizer are supplied through a controllable pipeline system, and after the water and the fertilizer are fused, sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation are carried out through a pipeline, a spray gun or a spray head; the fertilizer is uniformly, regularly and quantitatively sprayed on a crop development and growth area, so that soil in a main development and growth area is always kept loose and appropriate in water content, meanwhile, the demand design of different growth periods is carried out according to the fertilizer requirement characteristics, soil environment and nutrient content conditions and fertilizer requirement rule conditions of the corns at different periods, water and nutrients are regularly and quantitatively provided for the crops directly according to the proportion, the use amount of the fertilizer is saved, and the yield is also improved; the specific parameters of the corn fertilizer requiring period are as follows:
TABLE 1 maize fertilizer requirement periods and quantities
The fourth step is close planting high-yield planting, specifically selecting varieties, preferably selecting corn varieties with close planting resistance, easy harvesting, quick dehydration and good quality; density is determined, different densities are set according to land conditions, the planting distance of the land with good land fertility (1 and 2 levels) is 18cm, the average row spacing is 50cm, the number of seedlings per mu is 6734, the planting distance of the land with medium land fertility (3 and 4 levels) is 20cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, and the number of seedlings per mu is 6060; the row spacing of plots with poor soil difference (5 and 6 grades) is 20cm, the average row spacing is 60cm, and the seedling number per mu is 5550; see table 2 for soil fertility grading standard.
TABLE 2 soil fertility grading Standard
The fifth step is field management pest control, which comprises the following steps
Topdressing stalk fertilizer before and after the corn jointing stage is favorable for promoting roots, strengthening seedlings and promoting leaves and stalks to lay a good material foundation for ear differentiation, wherein the stalk-dressing fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total topdressing amount, and nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers are applied in a matched manner; re-applying the spike-tapping fertilizer, and applying the spike-tapping fertilizer to the corn in a large flare opening stage, wherein the spike-tapping fertilizer has an important effect on more spikes and large grains and accounts for 60-70% of the total additional fertilizer amount. After the corn is castrated, the corn is topdressed with grain fertilizer, the corn maturity can be increased, the grain weight can be increased, the high yield can be obtained, and the fertilizer application amount accounts for about 10% of the total topdressing amount. Enough water is required to be poured in the jointing stage, the flowering stage and the grouting stage, and other watering periods are determined according to the rainfall condition; generally, the following five periods are divided;
1. in the sowing-emergence stage, the proper water content of the soil accounts for 65-70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field;
2. seedling emergence stage-jointing stage: the proper water content of the soil is 65-70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field;
3. joint extraction-male taking period: the proper water content of the soil is 70% -80% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field;
4. the extraction period to the spinning period: the proper water content of the soil is 80% -85% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field;
5. grain filling stage: the proper water content of the soil is 80% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field. The appropriate water content of the soil in the middle and later grain filling stages is about 75% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field.
The method has the advantages that the use amount of chemical fertilizers is reduced for farmers in propaganda, the use amount of organic fertilizers is increased, the soil is continuously improved, and the fertility of the soil is supplied for crops to grow;
excessive and blind use of the chemical fertilizer not only wastes foundation soil and increases cost, but also endangers food safety and causes pollution, thereby forming the current situation of ' fatness ' that the more the fertilizer is used, the more the fertilizer is eaten, the more the food is eaten, and the like '; the soil testing formula fertilizer is prepared according to the nutrient content of soil and the science of planted crops; not only ensures the nutrients needed by the crops in the growth period, but also saves the resource cost and protects the environment;
the method comprises the following steps of (1) irrigating a land block with good soil moisture and fine soil preparation, and after sowing, performing soil closed weeding before seedling emergence; selecting acetochlor, 2, 4-D butyl ester, atrazine and pendimethalin herbicide to carry out surface soil spraying; before closed weeding before seedlings or before seedlings with poor weeding effect, before visible leaves of the corn are 2-5 leaves, nicosulfuron, mesotrione and atrazine are selected for weeding after seedlings; mechanically and shallowly intertilling for 1 time in the jointing stage;
when the cutworms in the seedling stage are heavier, 5 ml/mu of 20% KANGBAN (chlorantraniliprole) and 30-50 ml/mu of 2.5% ERNING (high-efficiency cyhalothrin microemulsion) are directly sprayed on the rootstock parts of the corn seedlings in the 4-7 leaf stage after seedling emergence, and the liquid medicine is preferably infiltrated into the soil, so that the cutworms, the underground and overground pests in the seedling stage of armyworm can be treated; the cutworm comes out of the soil for foraging at evening, can effectively kill the cutworm, and is safe in insecticide application at low evening temperature and not easy to evaporate.
In the plot with more head smut bacteria residues, 20g of 10% diniconazole missible oil can be adopted to wet mix 100kg of corn seeds, and the mixture is tightly piled for 24h to prevent and control the head smut of the corn; the ear stage is a full-blown stage of various diseases, and 50 percent chlorothalonil, 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder 500-fold liquid or 70 percent thiophanate methyl wettable powder is sprayed in the early stage of disease to prevent and control the leaf spot diseases of the northern leaf spots; the trichogramma parasitizing ostrinia nubilalis eggs are released at the early egg laying stage and the full egg stage of the ostrinia nubilalis to prevent and control the ostrinia nubilalis.
The sixth step is to adopt the direct harvesting mode of the seeds in the field, not only harvest the corn directly in the field, transport to the drying plant and dry in place by one step, link is few, can also enjoy the higher grain price in autumn, save time, save effort, save cost, characteristics of increasing efficiency; the traditional corn harvesting mode is fruit cluster harvesting, the corn is transported to a sunning ground for airing after the fruit cluster harvesting, and the corn is threshed and sold after long waiting. The process has many links, and the ears are at the risk of mildewing;
by the commercial mode operation of the invention, the plough bottom layer is broken, the soil fertility is improved, the physical and chemical properties of the soil are improved, and the content of organic matters is increased; measuring soil formula fertilization, and reducing fertilizer input by what is lacking and how much is lacking; the water and fertilizer are integrated, the water and the nutrients are fixed and oriented at regular time and quantity and are directly supplied to the fertilizer according to different periods and different proportions; a close planting resistant corn variety is selected, the seedling number per mu is increased, the field is managed finely, the unit yield of the corn is improved, the yield per mu is increased by about 250kg, the yield per mu reaches 1000kg, and a large-area ton grain field is realized; greatly improves the economic benefit while improving the soil.
After the above business model was adopted, on-site mechanical grain harvest was performed on a full-scale mechanized hundred-acre demonstration field of corn located in dalatel white mudwell town hou home village in berds, 2018 for 16 days 10. The variety selected in the demonstration field is the density-resistant machine-receivable variety Zhen jin 308 selected by the Nemontage Zhenjin variety science and technology Limited company according to the national science and technology support plan 'the main crop commercial breeding technology research and mode demonstration (2014 BAD01BO 0)' project, and the demonstration field area is 110 mu in total.
According to the technical regulation for mechanical grain harvesting and yield measurement of corn and the program set by the national corn cultivation group and the corn expert group of Ministry of agriculture, the harvesting machine is a CASE-AF4088 type grain combine harvester, and is matched with a corn cutting table, and the yield measurement result is as follows:
1. through the measurement of mechanical particle collection and yield sample prescription, the sample prescription is 158.8m, the width is 34.1m, and the sample prescription area is 5409.7m 2; 2. weighing the corn kernels collected in the sample prescription, and removing the weight of the weighing bag, wherein the weight of the kernels is 9523.5 kg;
3. and randomly extracting 500 kernel samples from the harvested corn kernels, and detecting the kernel cleanliness. Through detection, the impurity content in the sample grains is 6.7kg, the machine grain collecting purity is 99.93%, and the machine grain collecting net weight is 9536.8kg in the sample method;
4. in the harvested sample prescription, 5 sample points (the sample point area is 6.6m 2) with the width of 2m are surveyed and harvested, the falling grain seed amount is 17.59g and is converted into 14.42kg of falling grain amount in the sample prescription, and the weight of the falling ear seed grains detected in the sample prescription is 68.23kg, namely the conversion loss rate is 1.04%;
5. randomly extracting at least 1kg of representative kernel samples from the harvested kernels, measuring the moisture and the breakage rate of the kernels, and continuously measuring for 5 times by using a calibrated PM-8188 type 'grain moisture measuring instrument', wherein the average moisture content of the corn kernels in the sample is 23.8%, and the average breakage rate of the kernels is 7.53%.
According to the results of mechanical grain collection and yield measurement, the yield per unit is 1173.8kg/667 m2 of fresh grains, and the average yield of 110 mu of field blocks is 1040.0kg667 m3 converted according to the standard moisture content of corn (14%).
And (4) conclusion: the field block is comprehensively matched with light and simple technologies such as high-density-resistant and machine-harvested varieties, precision sowing and high-density cultivation, under-film drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration, mechanical fertilization and pesticide spraying and the like, so that high yield breakthrough of a whole mechanical hundred-mu demonstration field and direct harvest of high-quality grains are realized, typical varieties and technical templates are provided for large-scale high-yield cost-saving and efficiency-increasing production of corns in the area, and the demonstration and popularization strength of the varieties and the matched technologies is increased. Meanwhile, a field grain direct harvesting mode is adopted, so that the corn is directly harvested in the field and conveyed to a drying plant for drying in one step, the links are few, and the characteristics of time saving, labor saving, cost saving and efficiency improvement can be enjoyed as well as higher grain price in autumn; the traditional corn harvesting mode is fruit cluster harvesting, the corn is transported to a sunning ground for airing after the fruit cluster harvesting, and the corn is threshed and sold after long waiting. The process is multiple, and the ears are at the risk of mildewing.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above-mentioned embodiments are only specific embodiments of the present invention, which are used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention and not for limiting the same, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that: any person skilled in the art can modify or easily conceive the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or equivalent substitutes for some technical features within the technical scope of the present disclosure; such modifications, changes or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the embodiments of the present invention, and they should be construed as being included therein. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (1)
1. A business model for enabling corn to be used in large-area ton-corn fields, comprising the following means:
the first is soil remediation, deep-ploughing straw returning soil fertility promotion, specifically as follows
The straws are crushed for the second time and returned to the field; returning the corn stalks to the field by mechanical secondary crushing, starting from the harvest of autumn corn, secondarily crushing the harvested corn stalks, and then turning the soil by 180 degrees by using a turning plow to deeply bury the stalks in the ground; mechanically turning deeply to return the field by a tractor with the crushing length of not more than 4cm and the power of more than 140 horsepower in autumn to the depth of 35-40 cm, applying 5-8kg of urea and 4kg of decomposition agent to each mu, harrowing and preparing the soil, irrigating in winter, mechanically sowing the soil in spring, and pressing heavily, wherein the subsequent field management links are completely the same as the conventional corn planting;
for the deep land plot where the straws cannot be returned to the field, applying 500 kg/mu of organic fertilizer or 3000 kg/mu of decomposed farmyard manure to improve the soil during deep ploughing, returning the straws to the field or increasing the soil improved by the organic fertilizer and the farmyard manure, breaking the plough bottom layer, improving the soil organic matter, fertilizing the soil fertility, improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil, reducing the using amount of the chemical fertilizer, and respectively reducing the weight proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium: 36.58%, 61.96%, 14.29%;
second, soil testing and formulated fertilization
Measuring soil and formulating fertilizer, taking soil from farmer land, establishing a fertilizer preparation station, and providing the farmer with the fertilizer supply rule and the fertilizer application technology guidance by the fertilizer preparation station; informing the soil testing result to a farmer, and preparing a targeted fertilizer according to the soil testing result list at a fertilizer preparation station; according to the fertilizer requirement characteristics of the corn, performing corresponding fertilizer supplement;
the advantages of reducing the using amount of the fertilizer and increasing the use of the organic fertilizer are publicized or popularized for farmers;
thirdly, the integration of water and fertilizer, which is as follows
Establishing an irrigation network, a sprinkling irrigation facility and a dropper facility, blending soluble solid or liquid fertilizer into fertilizer liquid and irrigation water together by means of a pressure system or a natural topographic fall according to the soil nutrient content and the fertilizer requirement rule and characteristics of crop species, supplying water and fertilizer by a controllable pipeline system, forming sprinkling irrigation and drip irrigation by a pipeline, a spray gun or a spray head after the water and fertilizer are fused, uniformly, regularly and quantitatively spraying the fertilizer on a crop development and growth area, so that the soil in a main development and growth area always keeps loose and proper water content, simultaneously carrying out demand design on different growth periods according to the fertilizer requirement conditions of different periods of corn, soil environment, nutrient content conditions and fertilizer requirement rule conditions, regularly and quantitatively providing water and nutrient to crops directly according to a proportion;
fertilizer-requiring period and quantity of corn
Fourthly, close planting and high-yield planting are carried out, which comprises the following steps
Selecting varieties, namely selecting corn varieties which are resistant to close planting, easy to harvest, quick to dehydrate and good in quality;
density is determined, different densities are set according to land conditions, the planting distance of the land with good land fertility (1 and 2 levels) is 18cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, the number of seedlings per mu is 6734, the planting distance of the land with medium land fertility (3 and 4 levels) is 20cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, and the number of seedlings per mu is 6060; the row spacing of plots with poor soil difference (5 and 6 grades) is 20cm, the average row spacing is 60cm, and the seedling number per mu is 5550;
soil fertility grading standard
Fifthly, field management pest control is carried out as follows
Topdressing stalk-tapping fertilizer before and after the corn jointing stage, wherein the stalk-tapping fertilizer accounts for 10-20% of the total topdressing amount, and nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are applied in a matched manner; re-applying spike-tapping fertilizer, and topdressing spike-tapping fertilizer for corn in a large-horn-mouth period, wherein the spike-tapping fertilizer accounts for 60-70% of the total topdressing amount; after the corn is castrated, topdressing grain fertilizer, wherein the fertilizer application amount accounts for about 10% of the total topdressing amount; sufficient water is poured in the jointing stage, the flowering stage and the grouting stage, and other watering stages are determined according to rainfall conditions, and seeding-seedling emergence stage is generally carried out under the condition that the appropriate water content of soil accounts for 65% -70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field; seedling emergence stage-jointing stage: the proper water content of the soil is 65-70% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field; joint extraction-male taking period: the proper water content of the soil is 70% -80% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field; the extraction period to the spinning period: the proper water content of the soil is 80% -85% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field; grain filling stage: the proper water content of the soil is 80% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field; the proper water content of the soil in the middle and later grain filling stages is 70-78% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field;
the method comprises the following steps of (1) irrigating a land block with good soil moisture and fine soil preparation, and after sowing, performing soil closed weeding before seedling emergence; selecting acetochlor, 2, 4-D butyl ester, atrazine and pendimethalin herbicide to carry out surface soil spraying; before closed weeding before seedlings or before seedlings with poor weeding effect, before visible leaves of the corn are 2-5 leaves, nicosulfuron, mesotrione and atrazine are selected for weeding after seedlings; mechanically and shallowly intertilling for 1 time in the jointing stage;
when the cutworms in the seedling stage occur, 20 percent of kangfa 5 ml/mu and 2.5 percent of Jianning 30-50 ml/mu are directly sprayed on the rootstock parts of the corn seedlings in the 4-7 leaf stage after seedling emergence, and the liquid medicine is preferably infiltrated into the soil, so that the cutworms and the underground and overground pests in the seedling stage of the armyworm can be treated;
in the plot with more head smut bacteria residues, 20g of 10% diniconazole missible oil can be adopted to wet mix 100kg of corn seeds, and the mixture is tightly piled for 24h to prevent and control the head smut of the corn; the ear stage is a full-blown stage of various diseases, and 50 percent chlorothalonil, 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder 500-fold liquid or 70 percent thiophanate methyl wettable powder is sprayed in the early stage of disease to prevent and control the leaf spot diseases of the northern leaf spots; releasing trichogramma parasitizing ostrinia nubilalis eggs at the early egg laying stage and the full egg stage of the ostrinia nubilalis to prevent and control the ostrinia nubilalis;
sixthly, directly harvesting the seeds, reducing cost and improving efficiency as follows
The method adopts a field kernel direct harvesting mode, directly harvests the corns in the field, and conveys the corns to a drying plant for drying in one step.
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| NL2031112A NL2031112A (en) | 2021-03-01 | 2022-03-01 | Crop production method capable of producing large area of corns in one ton per mu field per year |
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| CN114557246A (en) * | 2022-04-07 | 2022-05-31 | 青岛农业大学 | Efficient cultivation method for drip irrigation of water and fertilizer for corns in sandy moisture soil area and drip irrigation system |
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| CN114557246A (en) * | 2022-04-07 | 2022-05-31 | 青岛农业大学 | Efficient cultivation method for drip irrigation of water and fertilizer for corns in sandy moisture soil area and drip irrigation system |
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