CN115804313A

CN115804313A - Oil tea rotation ecological suitable computerized cultivation method

Info

Publication number: CN115804313A
Application number: CN202211193051.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 夏剑萍; 徐春永; 徐红梅; 黄发新; 查玉平; 程军勇; 李光荣; 张玲; 蔡三山; 张子一; 徐小文; 洪承昊
Original assignee: HUBEI ACADEMY OF FORESTRY
Current assignee: HUBEI ACADEMY OF FORESTRY
Priority date: 2022-09-28
Filing date: 2022-09-28
Publication date: 2023-03-17

Abstract

An oil tea tree rotation production-promoting ecological yiji cultivation method comprises wide-row yiji soil preparation, bud seedling stock grafting seedling raising, single-ridge close planting, forest management, standardized pruning, oil tea tree rotation management and non-cultivation area ecological friendly management. Compared with the traditional cultivation mode, the cultivation mode can obviously improve the crop yield, reduce the production labor, and improve the commercial benefit and the ecological benefit of the tea-oil tree forest.

Description

Oil tea rotation ecological suitable computerized cultivation method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of camellia oleifera cultivation, in particular to camellia oleifera suitable organic cultivation.

Background

The camellia oleifera is a woody oil crop in low hilly areas, and is usually full of trees and a small amount of fruits are simultaneously on the trees, so that the trees have more blooms, low fruit set rate and low mechanization degree. In the same period of the flowers and fruits, a large amount of flowers are bloomed in winter, and insufficient pollination is caused, so that excessive nutrient components are consumed, the low yield and low efficiency are caused, and meanwhile, the technical requirements on fertilization, pruning, pollination, fruit picking and the like are high.

In the cultivation and industrial development of the camellia oleifera forest, the shortage of labor force and the mechanization of camellia oleifera are needed, most scientific research personnel and forest farmers design machines for the existing cultivation technology at present, so that the mechanical design difficulty is large, the cost is high, the operability is poor, and the popularization difficulty is large.

Most of waste branches and shells generated by pruning of the camellia oleifera forest are burnt, and no resource is generated.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention discloses an oil tea tree fruit-rotation-promoting ecological and mechanized cultivation method which comprises wide-row soil preparation, bud stock grafting and seedling raising, single-ridge close planting, forest management, standardized pruning, oil tea tree fruit-rotation management and ecological and friendly management in non-cultivation areas.

The tea-oil tree rotation production-promoting ecological suitable organic cultivation method comprises the following steps: the machine is suitable for wide-row land preparation, the row width of the oil tea soil preparation is not less than the width of a small machine plus 2m, and a mechanical channel with rails or railless is arranged between rows; for proper machine wide-row land preparation, a slope land with good drainage, a slope gradient smaller than 15 degrees, a sunny side and a pH value of 5.5-6.5 and a gentle slope land are selected as planting bases, deep ploughing is carried out in winter, land preparation is carried out according to the row spacing of 3.5-5.5 m and the terrace height of 0-70 cm, trenches with the width of 20-30cm and the depth of 20-30cm are dug at the positions with the row width of 3.0-4.5 m, 0.5-1.5kg of organic fertilizer per meter is used as a base fertilizer, the organic fertilizer is fully and uniformly mixed with backfilled surface soil, and then the soil is filled for planting after slight settlement. Furthermore, the single-ridge close planting refers to planting between plants at 50-110 cm; in addition, for single-ridge close planting, I-grade seedlings are selected between 12 months and 3 months and 10 months, 4-8 varieties with strong affinity are planted in an equal ratio or an equal difference ratio, and trenching planting is carried out at the row width of 3.0-4.5 m according to the planting distance of 0.5-1.1 m. Standardized pruning is preferably carried out, the height of each camellia oleifera plant is the same after pruning, and the crown width in the direction vertical to the rows is the same;

the rotation is that the whole cultivation area of the camellia oleifera forest is divided into a plurality of small cultivation areas according to the area or the plant number, and each small cultivation area is divided into 2 parts according to the terrain or the production convenience; the method is characterized by comprising a management mode of flowering part 1 in the first year, fructification part 2 in the second year, fructification part 1 in the second year, flowering part 2 in the second year, starting from the 3 rd year in the same year as the 1 st year in odd number years, and starting from the 3 rd year in the same year as the 2 nd year in even number years. The effect of the wheel is as follows: by utilizing the phenomenon of natural spring and young spring of the oil tea, the phenomena that the oil tea blooms and fruits all the year round at the same time, a large amount of nutrition is consumed, and the trees cannot rest are avoided. Therefore, the same tree can blossom or bear fruit to balance nutrition through pruning, the annual output can be reduced, the annual output can be improved, the annual output can be balanced, the annual average yield can be improved, and the phenomena of low yield and shortage of raw materials of the annual processing enterprises can be avoided.

The non-farming area eco-friendly management comprises a wild pollination insect conservation area, a beneficial insect conservation area, a camellia oleifera waste treatment area and a fruit collection area in a forest; the cultivation method is suitable for sloping fields, gentle sloping fields and flat lands with the gradient not greater than 20 degrees.

The wide-row soil preparation and single-ridge close planting method aims at reserving a channel for mechanical equipment; the standardized pruning adopts Y-shaped pruning, which is mainly designed for mechanical pruning, and the height and the width of the camellia oleifera are pruned to be consistent by using an electric saw. The 'auxiliary main branch is divided into a high layer and a low layer' so as to adapt to the design of a sloping surface. The tea-oil camellia is planted by the edge of the terrace, the projection of the Y-shaped branches is perpendicular to the edge of the terrace, the projection direction up to the slope is a high branch layer, and the projection direction down to the slope is a lower branch layer, so that when machinery walks in a terrace channel, the tea-oil camellia in the upper terrace can be operated, including picking, pruning and the like. On the other hand, the light source can be better utilized. The purpose of the Y-shaped pruning is as follows: is suitable for mechanized cultivation mode. The camellia oleifera crown is round or nearly round in natural environment and the existing cultivation mode. The mechanical operation for the tree shape needs larger development cost, so that the mechanical development cost is reduced, and the field adaptability is enhanced. The training is in a Y shape, the training is adjusted to 2 operation directions from the previous 4 operation directions, the operation track of the machine is reduced to 1 direction from the original two directions, and the flexibility of the machine can be properly reduced; the shaping mode reduces branches in 2 directions, and provides possibility for close planting. The crown of the camellia oleifera is reduced, the nutrition obtained on each branch is increased, and the tree body is stronger.

Regarding eco-friendly management of non-cultivation areas, specifically, the non-cultivation areas are in or at forest borders of the camellia oleifera cultivation area, including a wild pollination insect conservation area, a beneficial insect conservation area, a camellia oleifera waste treatment area, a fruit collection area, and the like.

For example, the different areas of the above-described non-cultivated area management method are specifically as follows:

(1) Wild pollination insect nursery

The area management method comprises the following steps: digging and cultivating are forbidden; the tread is forbidden in the flowering phase of the camellia oleifera; in the pest control period, pesticide application is prohibited, and a film is required to cover the pest control period; no fertilizer is applied. Every 10-15 mu of oil tea forest is provided with a pollinating insect conservation area 1 in a leeward sunny area, and the area is 20-30m ² The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, no grass or only a few weeds are on the ground surface, and wild soil inhabiting pollinating insects such as oil tea wasps or large tongue separating wasps and the like are introduced.

At present, most of camellia oleifera cultivation technical systems are still in the aspects of researching pruning, fertilizing and the like, and pollination technical research is still blank; the research on wild pollinating insects such as camellia oleifera geotrichum and the like is mostly biological characteristics, nesting biological characteristics and introduction and release technologies, and the application of the wild pollinating insects in production for improving the yield of camellia oleifera is less;

1. selection of wild pollinating insects: selecting oil tea wasps in deeper soil regions and selecting large-tongue wasps in sandy loam.

2. Investigating original wild bee nesting areas in the camellia oleifera forest: selecting month 9-12, investigating the distribution of soil surface pollination insect nests in the camellia forest and in the forest edge within 200 m, recording the quantity and the positions of wild honeycombs, and marking the range of the nests by using bamboo sticks and red ropes. The marked area is permanently marked with a fixed billboard to provide a protected area. The cards are marked with: pollination insect breeding area, wild pollination insect species, biological characteristics and protection method.

3. Planning and supplementing according to the distribution and the number of the original nests, configuring according to the principle of not transferring the original nests, and transferring if the nests influence the production activities and must be removed.

4. A newly-built wild pollination insect conservation area construction method 1: in the 7-8 months, soil layers with the thickness of more than 45cm are selected in the camellia oleifera forest, and the positions which are leeward and exposed to the sun are dug to loosen the soil, tamped and watered thoroughly.

5. A construction method of a newly-built wild pollination insect nursery area comprises the following steps: in 7-8 months, the beekeeping ditches with the width of 30cm and the depth of 30cm are dug, the length depends on the terrain, and the original water-retaining ditches of the camellia forest land can be dug in parallel at intervals of 2-3 m. The grooves are kept free of loose soil and moist, so that oil-tea wasps are attracted or led to live in a fixed position to nest, and bee colonies are enlarged.

6. The source of the camellia oleifera and wasp: selecting 10-12 months, sunny day, 9:00-16:00 the female bees which come out from the nest and take the pollen to nest are caught by a pipe type queen bee catcher at the nest opening in the old camellia oleifera forest, the catcher is vertical, the female bees climb into a centrifuge tube with air holes, and 1 bee is in each tube. Every 10 tubes of the centrifuge tube are bound by rubber bands, and the centrifuge tube is put into a box with wet absorbent cotton for moisture preservation, heat preservation and light protection or a vehicle-mounted refrigerator for preservation, so that bees can be stood still but not frozen, and the waste of physical strength is avoided.

7. The source of the large tongue bees is as follows: selecting month 9, digging honeycomb distribution area marked in the last year, and storing and transporting the pupae according to the same method as 6.

8. Releasing bees from the oil-tea camellia wasps: introducing bees collected on the same day at the evening, drilling holes with the diameter less than 0.5cm in the bee introducing area, reversely buckling a centrifugal tube in each hole, ejecting the bees into the holes, removing the centrifugal tubes, sealing the holes with soil, and buckling all the holes in the mosquito net by using foldable mosquito nets. Wherein the bottom of the mosquito net is completely or partially cut off to ensure that the opening for leading bees is not shielded, the periphery of the mosquito net is sealed by fine soil to ensure that bees do not fly out from the outer edge. Putting 5% honey water in the mosquito net by a shallow dish, and putting a layer of window screen for feeding, or brushing the honey water on the mosquito net. The mosquito net and the shallow dish are taken away in the evening of the next day, and the bees can freely collect the honey.

9. Releasing bees for large tongue bees: digging 20 × 40cm holes in or around the tea-oil tree forest, using stone to pay out space, placing 20-50 pupas in each hole, filling with soil and marking.

(2) Beneficial insect nursery

The area management method comprises the following steps: digging and cultivating are forbidden; forbidding pesticide application; 1 part of the oil-tea camellia forest conservation area with the area of 100-500m per 10-15 mu ² The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, punctiform or flaky, 5-10 wild 1,2-year or perennial grass flowers are planted in the honey source; because the flowering period of the camellia oleifera is in autumn and winter, the region is set to provide habitat and food for beneficial insects in other seasons.

In the past, most students and researchers begin research from the single perspective of insects or oil tea, but the oil tea is not used as an ecological system, the yield and the quality are improved by utilizing the biological diversity of the system, and the capability of the oil tea forest for resisting plant diseases and insect pests and adverse environments is improved.

By the technology, food and habitat can be provided for pollinating insects and natural enemy insects, and the biological diversity of the camellia oleifera forest is increased; and the contradiction between protection and production can be reduced by arranging a protection area (non-ploughing area), the ecological stability of the camellia oleifera forest is improved, and the yield and the quality are improved.

1. And (3) planting 10-15 wild honey grass flowers which are grown for 1 year or more in a mixed manner in the beneficial insect nursing area.

2. The flower comprises the following flower seeds in percentage by mass:

one year and two years: 6 percent of Chinese violet; 10% of motherwort; 5% of zinnia; reddish 6% in all aspects; 5% of globe amaranth; 8% of ageratum thistle; 6 percent of wild buckwheat;

for many years: 5% of pink; safflower sage 8%; 5 percent of kalimeris indica; blackberrykiky rhizome 6%, astragalus sinicus 10%; 7 percent of schizonepeta; 7% of all-edge Chrysanthemum morifolium; 6 percent of common fennel.

3. Fertilizing and turning over, namely turning over the field of the nursery area once in spring before planting until the turning depth reaches at least 25cm, cleaning up the turned-over tree roots, branches, stones, construction waste and other sundries, and then raking up the field of planting. The fertilizing amount is 3-4 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per square meter or 20 grams of compound fertilizer.

4. Watering: the next day before sowing, the planting protection area is prepared on the next day, and the soil is wet without water in the next day of planting.

5. Sowing: mixing the mixed seeds with 3 times of sand or plant ash; digging 5-10cm shallow trench in the protection area at a distance of 10-20cm for drilling, and covering with soil after seeding.

6. And (3) complementing seeds: according to the growth condition of the honey plants every 1-3 years, replanting is carried out in the area where the plants are lacked, and the replanting is carried out by herbaceous plants so as to ensure that the flowering period of the plants in the protection area is mainly continued except in winter. The replanting mainly comprises sowing seeds, and digging and cultivating the protected area is not carried out.

(3) Tea-oil camellia discarded object processing district

The camellia oleifera waste treatment area is arranged beside a trunk road, and 1 camellia oleifera waste treatment area is arranged in each 50-500 mu of a camellia oleifera forest downhill or a water source rich area. The method comprises the following steps: 1 in the fermentation district, 1 in earthworm cultivation district, including the water source access 1, power entry 1.

The oil tea waste is an important carbon source, and other materials are burnt out by the conventional method, so that the waste of resources is caused. The reasonable utilization can realize fertilizer return to the field and realize the cyclic production of the camellia oleifera forest.

Abandoned branches of the camellia oleifera and the like are overwintering places with important plant diseases and insect pests such as camellia anthracnose and the like, and reasonable utilization is also an important method and means for preventing and controlling the plant diseases and insect pests.

At present, no report is found on resource utilization of the camellia waste after treatment in forests.

1. A fermentation area: the area or area is not fixed, the area can be changed in a forest or in an open area at forest margin, the plastic film can be used as an electrifying area, and fermentation materials are piled on the plastic film.

2. Fermentation raw materials: crushing the collected oil tea waste (or other carbon sources).

3. Fermentation: adding nitrogen sources such as cow dung, pig manure or urea, waste bacteria rods and the like into the fermentation raw materials to ensure that the carbon-nitrogen ratio reaches 25-30:1, fully and uniformly stirring, adding water to make the humidity reach 55-65%, adding a microbial agent containing wood rot fungi, and covering with a film. Blowing air by a blower for 7-14 days to complete fermentation.

4. The application method of the fermentation material 1: and (4) preparing the biological fertilizer.

5. Application method of the fermentation material 2: and (5) feeding earthworms. The fermented material is uniformly transferred into earthworms with the thickness of 20-25 cm and the humidity of 65 percent.

6. Earthworm breeding area: a 10-20 x 20cm cement pond, and an arch greenhouse similar to agricultural production. The height of the shed is 1.5-2 meters.

(4) Fruit collecting area

In the intersection area of the main trunk road and the secondary trunk road of the oil tea cultivation area, the area can be shared by the fermentation area. A stacking area is arranged every 10-50 mu, the ground is flat, and loose or bagged tea-oil trees can be stacked to facilitate mechanical collection. The slideway can be arranged along the main road, so that the bagged oil tea can move down along the slideway, the transportation efficiency is improved, and the labor cost is reduced.

In addition, the cultivation method can also comprise conventional management such as bud stock grafting seedling raising, forest management, pest control and the like.

Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme of the invention can at least obtain the following beneficial technical effects:

1. the problems that the cost for picking fruits is high and the normal growth of flowers is damaged by mechanical fruit picking in the same period of the oil-tea camellia flowers and fruits are solved;

2. the problem that the tea-oil trees are not suitable for the machine is solved; the mechanized and light operations such as oil tea fertilization, pruning, fruit harvesting and the like are realized, the labor intensity is obviously reduced, and the labor efficiency and the production quality are improved;

3. the problems of single species and unstable ecological system of the camellia oleifera forest are solved, and the problems comprise a beneficial insect conservation area;

4. the problem of small number of species of pollinating insects is solved, and the problem comprises a pollinating insect conservation area;

5. solves the problem that the waste resource utilization and cultivation links such as camellia oleifera pruning and the like can not be closed-loop. The application of an oil-tea camellia waste treatment area and the like realizes the ecological cycle cultivation of an oil-tea camellia forest;

in a word, compared with the traditional cultivation mode, the cultivation mode can obviously improve the crop yield, reduce the production labor, and improve the commercial benefit and the ecological benefit of the camellia oleifera forest.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required in the embodiments will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments described in the present invention, and other drawings can be obtained by those skilled in the art according to these drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the "Y" pruning of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the wheel bearing assembly of the present invention;

fig. 3 is a schematic view of the non-cultivated area according to the invention.

Detailed Description

In order to facilitate an understanding of the invention, various exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail, which should not be construed as a specific limitation of the invention, but rather as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention.

Examples

A camellia oleifera cultivation method for promoting production of an ecological niche machine comprises the following steps:

1. organizing and wide-row land preparation:

selecting a sloping field with good drainage, a slope gradient smaller than 15 degrees, sunny exposure and pH of 5.5-6.5 and a gentle slope field as a planting base, deeply ploughing in winter, preparing soil according to a row spacing of 3.5-5.5 m and a terrace height of 0-70 cm, digging a ditch with a width of 20-30cm and a depth of 20-30cm at a position with a row width of 3.0-4.5 m, applying 0.5-1.5kg of organic fertilizer per meter as a base fertilizer, fully and uniformly mixing with backfilled surface soil, then filling soil and slightly settling and planting, and ensuring that the root does not contact with the fertilizer during planting.

2. Grafting and seedling raising of bud stocks:

selecting fully mature healthy oil tea seeds in the local area, cultivating bud stocks, selecting good seed buds with branch angles larger than 30 degrees as scions, grafting 1 year and 5 months before planting, grafting and cultivating oil tea seedlings according to the bud stocks in different varieties, and obtaining high-quality oil tea seedlings after outplanting.

3. Single-ridge close planting:

selecting I-grade seedlings 10 days before 12-3, planting 4-8 varieties with strong affinity in a mixed system in an equal ratio or an equal difference ratio, and ditching at the row width of 3.0-4.5 m according to the planting distance of 0.5-1.1 m. And (4) topdressing compound fertilizer 50-100 g/m in 7-8 months.

4. Forest management:

the distance between the tea-oil trees planted in the 1 st to 3 rd year is 50 cm from the bag. Planting crops such as peanuts, peas and the like, and composting and returning stems to mountains after harvesting. And after the 4 th year, nitrogen-fixing plants such as soft-haired wild pea and clover are planted in the row, and the green is pressed in the full-bloom stage. In 3-4 months, applying 50-100 g/m of compound fertilizer before the young sprout and half a month, and performing topdressing 1 time in autumn and winter, wherein the ratio of N: p ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O = (1.5-2.

5. Standardized pruning:

after each camellia oleifera is pruned, the height of the plant is the same, and the crown width in the direction vertical to the rows is the same; carrying out standardized pruning in a Y-shaped mode, and utilizing an electric saw to prune the tea-oil trees to be consistent in height and width; the tea-oil trees are planted close to the edge of the terrace, the projection of the Y-shaped branches is perpendicular to the edge of the terrace, the direction of the projection towards the upward slope is a high branch layer, and the direction of the projection towards the downward slope is a lower branch layer.

For example, the Y-shaped branches may be specifically as follows:

(1) In the 1 st year after planting, removing all branch tips and flower buds; and (3) pruning the branch tips of the plants, which form an included angle of less than 60 degrees and more than 120 degrees with the ground.

(2) In winter 2-3 years after planting, the trunk is fixed and shaped, the trunk is 30-40 cm, the projection included angle of the plant and the row direction are 80-100 degrees, one branch is respectively arranged between the main branches growing at-80-100 degrees, and the included angle of the upward extension direction between the two main branches is 90-160 degrees; each main branch keeps 1-2 branches of the strong branches with projection included angles of 0-45 degrees, 135-180 degrees, 0-45 degrees and 135-180 degrees from the row direction, and is an auxiliary main branch, and the upward included angle between the two auxiliary main branches is 90-160 degrees; the growth directions of the main branches and the auxiliary main branches are upward or obliquely upward. If the branches which meet the conditions do not exist, the existing branches can be adjusted to the required angle through a manual intervention means of stretching; pruning the plant height to 1-1.5 m and the plant width to 1-1.5 m by using pruning devices such as an electric saw and the like. The oil tea is in a Y shape.

6. Managing the tea-oil trees in a rotation mode:

the rotation is that the whole cultivation area of the camellia oleifera forest is divided into a plurality of small cultivation areas according to the area or the plant number, and each small cultivation area is divided into 2 parts according to the terrain or the production convenience; the management mode comprises that the flower is bloomed in part 1, the fruit is burdened in part 2 in the first year, the fruit is burdened in part 1 and the flower is bloomed in part 2 in the second year, the odd number of years is the same as the 1 st year, and the even number of years is the same as the 2 nd year in the 3 rd year. For example:

(1) In 4-6 years after planting, the height of the plants is reduced to 1-1.5 meters and the width of the plants is 1-1.5 meters by using an electric saw and the like in the summer and autumn in half (A area) area of the camellia oleifera forest. Half (area B) area is combined for picking fruits, and the height of the plant is trimmed to 1-1.5 m and the width of the plant is 1-1.5 m by using an electric saw and the like.

(2) And after planting, the plants grow to 7 years in the 6 th to 7 th year, the area A is a fruit picking area, and the height of the plants is trimmed to 1 to 1.5 meters and the width of the plants is 1 to 1.5 meters by using pruning devices such as electric saws and the like during fruit picking. The area B is a flowering area and is not trimmed.

(3) In the 7 th year after planting, 1 external topdressing is carried out in autumn and winter, and the fertilizer is prepared by the following steps: p is ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O = (1.5-2. The fruit picking area A is a flowering area in the previous year, and the flowering area B is a fruit picking area. In a flowering area, the content of N: p is ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O = (1.5-2. A fruiting area, wherein the ratio of N: p ₂ O ₅ ：K ₂ O＝(1.0-1.5.

(4) And (3) performing management in turn according to the methods (2) and (3) every year.

For example, FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a "Y" type pruning according to the present invention; the scale in the figure is the tree width and the tree height of the shaped Y-shaped camellia oleifera; because of close planting, the oil tea is trimmed into the shape by an electric saw and the like in the trimming process; FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the wheel bearing assembly of the present invention; the figure is an effect figure of camellia oleifera bearing fruits after Y-shaped pruning, and trees are pruned into the pattern shown in figure 1 after fruits in the current year are harvested.

7. Ecological friendly management of non-farming areas:

the non-farming area is in the forest or at the forest margin of the camellia oleifera cultivation area and comprises a wild pollination insect conservation area, a beneficial insect conservation area, a camellia oleifera waste treatment area and the like. The different areas of the non-farming area management method are as follows:

(1) Wild pollination insect nursery

The area management method comprises the following steps: digging and cultivating are forbidden; the oil tea flowering phase is forbidden to tread; in the pest control period, pesticide application is prohibited, and a film is required to cover the pest control period; no fertilizer is applied. Every 10-15 mu of camellia oleifera forest is provided with 1 pollinating insect conservation area in the leeward sunny region, and the area is 20-30m ² The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, no grass or only a few weeds are on the ground surface, and wild soil inhabiting pollinating insects such as oil tea wasps or large tongue separating wasps and the like are introduced.

At present, most of camellia oleifera cultivation technical systems are still in the aspects of researching pruning, fertilizing and the like, and pollination technical research is still blank; the research on wild pollinating insects such as oil-tea camellia wasps and the like is mostly biological characteristics, nesting biological characteristics and introduction and release technologies, and the application of the wild pollinating insects to the production of the oil-tea camellia is less;

1. wild pollination insect selection: selecting oil tea tree wasps and sandy loam in deeper soil regions to select large tongue-separating wasps.

2. Investigating original wild bee nesting areas in the camellia oleifera forest: selecting months from 9 months to 12 months, investigating the distribution of soil surface pollination insects in the camellia oleifera forest and forest edge within the range of 200 m, recording the quantity and positions of wild honeycombs, and marking the range of the honeycombs by using bamboo sticks and red ropes. The marked area is permanently marked with a fixed billboard to provide a protected area. The cards are marked with: pollination insect breeding area, wild pollination insect species, biological characteristics and protection method.

3. Planning and supplementing according to the distribution and the number of the original nests, configuring according to the principle of not transferring the original nests, and transferring if the nests influence the production activities and are removed.

4. A method for constructing a wild pollination insect nursery area comprises the following steps: in the 7-8 months, soil layers with the thickness of more than 45cm are selected in the camellia oleifera forest, and the positions which are leeward and exposed to the sun are dug to loosen the soil, tamped and watered thoroughly.

5. A newly-built wild pollination insect conservation area construction method 2 comprises the following steps: in 7-8 months, the beekeeping ditches with the width of 30cm and the depth of 30cm are dug, the length depends on the terrain, and the original water-retaining ditches of the camellia forest land can be dug in parallel at intervals of 2-3 m. The grooves are kept free of loose soil and moist, so that oil-tea wasps are attracted or led to live in a fixed position to nest, and bee colonies are enlarged.

7. The source of the large tongue bees is as follows: selecting month 9, digging honeycomb distribution area marked in last year, and storing and transporting according to the same method as 6.

8. Releasing bees from the oil-tea camellia wasps: introducing bees collected on the same day at the evening, drilling holes with the diameter less than 0.5cm in the bee introducing area, reversely buckling a centrifugal tube at the hole in each hole, ejecting the bees into the holes, sealing the holes by soil after removing the centrifugal tubes, and buckling all the holes in the mosquito net by foldable mosquito nets. Wherein the bottom of the mosquito net is completely or partially cut off to ensure that the opening for leading bees is not shielded, the periphery of the mosquito net is sealed by fine soil to ensure that bees do not fly out from the outer edge. Putting 5% honey water in the mosquito net by a shallow dish, and putting a layer of window screen for feeding, or brushing the honey water on the mosquito net. The mosquito net and the shallow dish are taken away in the evening of the next day, and the bees can freely collect the honey.

9. Releasing bees for large tongue bees: digging 20-40cm holes in or around the camellia oleifera forest, using stones to pay space, placing 20-50 pupas in each hole, filling with soil and marking.

(2) Beneficial insect nursery

The area management method comprises the following steps: digging and cultivating are forbidden; prohibiting pesticide application; 1 part of the oil-tea camellia forest conservation area of 10-15 mu per area, and the area is 100-500m ² The shape of the area can be regular or irregular, punctiform or flaky, 5-10 wild 1,2-year or perennial grass flowers are planted in the honey source; because the flowering period of the camellia oleifera is in autumn and winter, the region is set to provide habitat and food for beneficial insects in other seasons.

1. The beneficial insect breeding area is mixed with 10-15 wild honey grass flowers which grow for 1 year or more.

2. The flower comprises the following flower seeds in percentage by mass:

one year and two years: 6 percent of Chinese violet; 10% of motherwort; 5% of zinnia; reddish 6% in one point; 5% of globe amaranth; 8% of ageratum thistle; 6% of wild buckwheat;

for many years: 5% of pink; safflower sage 8%; 5% of kalimeris indica; blackberrykiky rhizome 6%, astragalus sinicus 10%; 7 percent of schizonepeta; 7% of all-edge golden chrysanthemum; 6 percent of pipewort.

3. And (3) fertilizing and turning over, namely turning over the field of the nursery area once in spring before planting until the turning depth reaches at least 25cm, cleaning up the turned-over tree roots, branches, stones, construction waste and other impurities, and harrowing the field. The fertilizing amount is 3-4 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer per square meter or 20 grams of compound fertilizer.

5. Sowing: mixing the mixed seeds with 3 times of sand or plant ash; digging 5-10cm shallow trenches in the protection area at a distance of 10-20cm for drilling, and covering with soil after seeding.

6. And (3) complementing seeds: according to the growth condition of the honey source plants every 1-3 years, replanting is carried out in the area where the plants are lacked, and the replanting is based on the types of herbaceous plants so as to ensure that the flowering duration of the plants in the protected area is mainly the same except for winter. The replanting mainly comprises sowing seeds without digging and cultivating the protected area.

(3) Tea-oil tree waste disposal area

The camellia oleifera waste treatment area is arranged beside the trunk road, and 1 camellia oleifera waste treatment area is arranged in each 50-500 mu of a camellia oleifera forest downhill or a water source rich area. The method comprises the following steps: 1 in fermentation zone, 1 in earthworm cultivation district, including water source access mouth 1, power entry 1.

The waste of the oil tea is an important carbon source, and other materials are burnt out by the current common method, which wastes resources. Reasonable utilization can realize fertilizer return to the field and realize the circular production of the camellia oleifera forest.

The abandoned branches of the oil tea and the like are overwintering places with important plant diseases and insect pests such as anthracnose of the oil tea, and the reasonable utilization is also an important method and means for preventing and controlling the diseases and the insect pests.

3. And (3) fermentation: adding cow dung, pig manure or urea, waste bacteria rods and other nitrogen sources into the fermentation raw materials to ensure that the carbon-nitrogen ratio reaches 25-30:1, fully and uniformly stirring, adding water to make the humidity reach 55-65%, adding a microbial agent containing wood rot fungi, and covering with a film. Blowing air by a blower for 7-14 days to complete fermentation.

4. Application method of the fermentation material 1: and (4) preparing the biological fertilizer.

5. Application method of the fermentation material 2: and (5) feeding earthworms. The fermented material is uniformly transferred into the earthworms with the average thickness of 20-25 cm and the humidity of 65 percent.

6. An earthworm breeding area: 10-20 x 20cm cement pond, and the upper part is an arched greenhouse similar to agricultural production. The height of the shed is 1.5-2 m.

(4) Fruit collecting area

In the intersection area of the main trunk road and the secondary trunk road of the oil tea cultivation area, the area can be shared by the fermentation area. A stacking area is arranged every 10-50 mu, the ground is flat, and loose or bagged tea-oil trees can be stacked to facilitate mechanical collection. The slideway can be arranged along the main road, so that the bagged oil tea moves down along the slideway, the transportation efficiency is improved, and the labor cost is reduced.

8. And (3) pest control:

(1) Collecting the pruned branches and the fallen flowers and fruits to a waste treatment area for treatment.

(2) After the camellia oleifera is planted for 4-5 years, interplanting of high-stalk crops such as corn, sorghum and the like is forbidden, and common diseases and insect pests are prevented.

(3) Preventing and treating the camellia oleifera weevil: honeysuckle is planted at forest edge for attraction, and 8% cypermethrin microcapsule 200-300 times of liquid is sprayed on the honeysuckle for 2-3 times in 4-6 months. In spring, mixing beauveria bassiana powder with fine soil or fine sand for spreading according to the proportion of 1-15 in the oil tea forest soil, and spreading the soil with bacteria under the oil tea forest by using 4-5 kg of the soil with bacteria per mu.

(4) And (3) controlling anthracnose of camellia oleifera: spraying 1% Bordeaux mixture in the middle and upper ten days of 11 months.

It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications derived therefrom are intended to be within the scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A tea-oil tree rotation production-promoting ecological suitable organic cultivation method is characterized in that: the cultivation method comprises the steps of organizing-suitable wide-row land preparation, bud stock grafting and seedling raising, single-ridge close planting, forest management, standardized pruning, tea-oil tree forest rotation management and non-cultivation area eco-friendly management.

2. The method for the ecological cultivation of the oil tea camellia in the rotation for promoting the production of the oil tea, according to claim 1, wherein the cultivation of the oil tea camellia in the wide rows is suitable for cultivation, the width of the rows of the oil tea cultivation is not less than the width of a small machine plus 2m, and a mechanical channel with rails or no rails is arranged between the rows.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein for the soil preparation of suitable organic wide rows, the slope with slope less than 15 degrees, sunny, pH 5.5-6.5 and gentle slope are selected as planting bases, deep ploughing in winter is carried out, soil preparation is carried out according to row spacing of 3.5-5.5 m and terrace height of 0-70 cm, trenches with width of 20-30cm and depth of 20-30cm are dug at the positions with row width of 3.0-4.5 m, organic fertilizer of 0.5-1.5kg per meter is used as base fertilizer, the base fertilizer is mixed with backfilled surface soil, and then the mixture is planted after filling soil and slightly settling.

4. The method for the ecological and mechanized cultivation of the camellia oleifera abel in the rotation-promoted state according to claim 1, wherein the close planting in the single ridge means the planting with the plant spacing of 50-110 cm.

5. The method for the ecological and mechanized cultivation of camellia oleifera abel in turn to promote the production according to claim 1, wherein for the single-ridge close planting, class i seedlings are selected between 12 months and 3 months and 10 days, 4 to 8 varieties with strong affinity are planted in an equal ratio or an equal difference ratio, and are planted in ditches at the positions with the row width of 3.0 to 4.0cm and the plant spacing of 0.5 to 1.1 m.

6. The camellia oleifera rotational production-promoting ecological yiji cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein for the yiji standardized pruning, the height of each camellia oleifera plant after pruning is the same, and the crown width in the direction perpendicular to the row is the same; carrying out standardized pruning in a Y-shaped mode, and utilizing an electric saw to prune the tea-oil trees to be consistent in height and width; the tea-oil trees are planted close to the edge of the terrace, the projection of the Y-shaped branches is perpendicular to the edge of the terrace, the direction of the projection towards the upward slope is a high branch layer, and the direction of the projection towards the downward slope is a lower branch layer.

7. The camellia oleifera plantation ecological niche computerized cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, further, said camellia oleifera plantation cultivation management is dividing the whole cultivation area into several small cultivation areas according to area or number of plants, each small cultivation area is divided into 2 parts according to terrain or production; the management mode comprises that the flower is bloomed in part 1, the fruit is burdened in part 2 in the first year, the fruit is burdened in part 1 and the flower is bloomed in part 2 in the second year, the odd number of years is the same as the 1 st year, and the even number of years is the same as the 2 nd year in the 3 rd year.

8. The camellia oleifera abel rotation production-promoting ecological niche organic cultivation method according to claim 1, further, the non-cultivation area of the non-cultivation area for eco-friendly management is in or at the forest margin of the camellia oleifera abel cultivation area, and comprises a wild pollination insect conservation area, a beneficial insect conservation area, a camellia oleifera abel waste treatment area and a fruit collection area.

9. The application of the camellia oleifera wheel production-promoting ecological niche organic cultivation method as claimed in claims 1-8 in sloping fields, gentle sloping fields and flat fields with slopes not greater than 20 degrees.