CN115462447A - 一种制备高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草的方法 - Google Patents
一种制备高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种制备高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草的方法。所述方法包括如下步骤:(1)将风干高粱秸秆切至2~3 cm;(2)将高粱秸秆和全株玉米按干物质基础的重量比2:1混合,加入包含乳酸菌菌剂、纤维素酶、糖蜜和硝酸钙的水溶剂以调节水分含量,充分混匀后,得混合物,将混合物装入真空密封袋中,逐层压实,抽真空后密封,于20~25℃条件下厌氧发酵45~60 d,即得高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草;所述乳酸菌菌剂、纤维素酶和糖蜜在混合物中鲜重基础的含量分别为0.01 g/kg、1.0 g/kg和5.0 g/kg,硝酸钙在混合物中干物质基础的含量为10.0 g/kg,所述混合物的水分含量为60%~65%。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业技术领域,涉及农业资源利用和降低甲烷排放的方法,具体涉及一种制备高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草的方法。
背景技术
反刍家畜养殖业对粗饲料的需求非常巨大,我国优质粗饲料资源匮乏,急需提高现有粗饲料资源的饲用价值并开发质优价廉且量大的非常规饲料以保证畜牧业快速、稳定以及可持续发展。推进秸秆资源饲料化可以有效缓解畜牧业饲料原料的紧缺状况,缓解人畜争粮,并能在一定程度上降低畜牧业碳排放,保护生态环境。高粱具有抗病、抗旱、耐盐及施肥量少等优点,是许多干旱和半干旱地区重要的粮食(饲料)作物,高粱籽实用于食用和酿酒后会生成大量的高粱秸秆,我国每年高粱秸秆产量约为500万吨,通常用作柴火或直接扔掉,造成资源浪费和环境污染。我们迫切需要利用相关技术提高高粱秸秆的饲料化程度、提高其适口性、营养价值和利用价值。
另外,秸秆纤维含量较高,易导致瘤胃发酵向着乙酸型转变,造成甲烷生成量的增多。因此饲料化利用秸秆时,应通过一定的技术手段,降低其甲烷生成量。硝酸盐为甲烷抑制剂之一,可有效并持续地降低反刍家畜甲烷生成量。许多研究通过混贮并添加微生物制剂促进了稻草、麦秸、向日葵秸秆和蔬菜废弃物等的饲料化利用,高粱秸秆与酒糟、番茄皮渣混贮发酵后均有效提高了营养价值和发酵品质。现有技术中有单独发酵秸秆的,但不易制作品质良好的发酵饲草,需要用水量大,通过与玉米秸秆进行混贮可提高发酵饲草品质。而且现有技术一般着重于提高秸秆的饲料化利用程度,但忽略了秸秆大量应用于生产时,会增大反刍动物甲烷生成量,添加硝酸盐可有效降低发酵饲草的瘤胃甲烷生成量。
发明内容
本发明旨在克服现有技术的不足,提供一种制备高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草的方法。
为了达到上述目的,本发明提供的技术方案为:
所述制备高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草的方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将风干高粱秸秆切至2~3cm;
(2)将高粱秸秆和全株玉米按干物质基础的重量比2:1混合,加入包含乳酸菌菌剂、纤维素酶、糖蜜和硝酸钙的水溶剂以调节水分含量,充分混匀后,得混合物,将混合物装入真空密封袋中,逐层压实,抽真空后密封,于20~25℃条件下厌氧发酵45~60d,即得高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草;所述乳酸菌菌剂、纤维素酶和糖蜜在混合物中鲜重基础的含量分别为0.01g/kg、1.0g/kg和5.0g/kg,硝酸钙在混合物中干物质基础的含量为10.0g/kg,所述混合物的水分含量为60%~65%。
优选地,所述乳酸菌菌剂为植物乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌以质量比4:1混合而成的菌剂。
下面对本发明作进一步说明:
本发明中,高粱秸秆和全株玉米的添加比例控制为2:1,以提供足够量的可溶性糖,弥补高粱秸秆营养物质单一的缺陷,降低水资源用量,并最大化地促进高粱秸秆的利用程度。
乳酸菌菌剂、纤维素酶及糖蜜的添加为改善秸秆全株玉米的混贮发酵品质和营养价值等提供了有利保障。乳酸菌菌剂为植物乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌的混合菌剂,可促进可溶性糖快速发酵产生乳酸,降低混贮饲草pH,达到有效提高发酵品质的目的。硝酸钙的添加量控制为10.0g/kg(干物质基础),避免了硝酸盐直接饲喂对反刍家畜带来的不利影响,并可在一定程度上降低秸秆类饲料的瘤胃甲烷生成量。
高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲具有低pH、高乳酸和低纤维等特点。本发明采用高粱秸秆与单独发酵的全株玉米混合(高粱秸秆:全株玉米青贮=2:1<质量比>,干物质基础)作为对照组,以高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草为试验组,对两者进行营养和利用价值评定。试验组有效破坏了高粱秸秆的纤维结构,其蛋白质、中性洗涤可溶物和半纤维素含量显著高于对照组,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量则显著降低。试验组的体外干物质和中性洗涤纤维降解率显著高于对照组,甲烷生成量、甲烷浓度和氢气浓度率则显著低于对照组。
另外,本发明之所以选择高粱秸秆,还有个重要原因是发明人还曾尝试过小麦和水稻秸秆,但是混贮对小麦和水稻秸秆的纤维结构未起到破坏作用,也未达到提升两者混贮营养和利用价值的目的。
总之,本发明所述方法制备的混贮饲草提质效果明显,可促进农作物秸秆资源的饲料化利用,尤其是为冬春饲草匮乏季节提供优质粗饲料;同时,本发明操作简单,原料易得,成本低廉,具有工业化生产的潜力。此外,饲喂农作物秸秆易造成反刍家畜甲烷排放量的增多,本发明中添加硝酸钙有效抑制了甲烷的生成,为反刍家畜养殖业减碳增效提供了可行的技术方案。
附图说明
图1为高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草图;
图2为对照组和试验组中的高粱秸秆纤维结构的对比图;
图3为对照组和试验组的体外甲烷产量随时间变化的效果比对图。
具体实施方式
下述实施例中所使用的试验方法如无特殊说明,均为常规方法。下述实施例中的定量试验,均设置三次重复实验,结果取平均值。
实施例1
所述制备高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草的方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将风干高粱秸秆切至2~3cm;
(2)取580g高粱秸秆,800g全株玉米,加入624g水溶剂以调节水分(水溶剂中包含乳酸菌、纤维素酶、糖蜜和硝酸钙,充分混匀,得混合物(混合物中乳酸菌菌剂、纤维素酶和糖蜜的量分别为0.02g,2.0g和10.0g;硝酸钙的量为8g<因为混合物的干物质重为0.8kg>),放入真空自封袋中,压实,抽真空并密封,置于20~25℃,厌氧发酵45~60d,并做4个重复;所述混合物的水分含量为60%~65%(即,由水溶剂进行调节的);
(3)发酵结束后,打开真空袋,即获得高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草,并对其发酵品质进行测定。
由图1可知,高粱秸秆全株玉米混合发酵后,呈黄绿色,酸香适宜,质地柔软松散。由表1可知,混贮后高粱秸秆全株玉米混合饲草的发酵品质良好,主要表现为发酵液的低pH、氨态氮和丁酸含量,及高乳酸和乙酸含量。
表1混贮后高粱秸秆全株玉米饲草的发酵指标测定
实施例2
为更好地探究混贮对高粱秸秆的影响,试验以高粱秸秆和单独发酵的全株玉米(高粱秸秆:全株玉米青贮=2:1<质量比>,干物质基础)为对照组,以高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草为试验组,比对两者的营养成分,并利用场发射扫描电子显微镜对其纤维结构进行观察。具体步骤如下:
(1)全株玉米的制作过程:取切碎后的全株玉米2kg,分别加入乳酸菌菌剂、纤维素酶和糖蜜的量分别为0.02g,2.0g和10.0g,充分混匀,放入真空自封袋中,压实,抽真空并密封,置于20~25℃,厌氧发酵45~60d,并做4个重复;所得全株玉米青贮的水分含量为60%~65%。将高粱秸秆与全株玉米青贮按质量比2:1(干物质基础)混合均匀后用作对照组,以更好地探究混贮对高粱秸秆的影响。
(2)分别取对照组和试验组的部分样品烘干、粉碎并过筛用于干物质、粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和粗灰分含量的测定。半纤维素含量=中性洗涤纤维-酸性洗涤纤维。
(3)分别挑取对照组和试验组相同部位的高粱秸秆片段于65℃烘干后,挑取表皮喷金后于场发射扫描电子显微镜下进行结构观察。
由表2可知,混贮后高粱秸秆全株玉米混合饲草的粗蛋白和中性洗涤可溶物含量显著提高,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著降低,即混贮效提高了高粱秸秆全株玉米混合饲草的营养价值。由图2可知混贮有效破坏了高粱秸秆的纤维结构:高粱秸秆未经处理前,表面光滑,纤维结构排列紧密,经混贮发酵处理后,结构破坏明显,紧密的纤维结构被打断,出现许多空隙,秸秆纤维上附着许多微生物。
表2混贮对高粱秸秆全株玉米混合饲草营养成分的影响
实施例3
体外模拟瘤胃发酵试验:以高粱秸秆和单独发酵的全株玉米(高粱秸秆:全株玉米青贮=2:1<质量比>,干物质基础)为对照组,以高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草为试验组。
试验步骤1:选择3只体况良好、体重接近并安装永久瘤胃瘘管的成年浏阳黑山羊为瘤胃液供体动物,于晨饲前采集新鲜瘤胃液于预先充满CO2的保温瓶中,4层脱脂棉纱布过滤,与提前预热并通满二氧化碳的缓冲液按1:4比例混合均匀配置人工瘤胃液,全程通入CO2以保持厌氧环境,并维持温度于39.5℃。分别称取烘干粉碎的对照组和试验组饲草1.0g于150mL厌氧发酵瓶中,每组3个平行,分别加入60mL配置的人工瘤胃液,利用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵设备进行发酵72h,重复3批次。
试验步骤2:自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵设备的排气压力设置为10.0kPa,释放的气体自动进入气相色谱仪进行CH4和H2浓度的测定,发酵过程中实时监测气体总产量。
试验步骤3:发酵结束后,抽滤发酵液用于测定营养物质降解率。
试验结果(见图3和表3):与对照组相比,试验组的体外干物质降解率提高了16.2%(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维降解率提高了19.8%(P<0.05),甲烷生成量降低了11.7%(P<0.05),甲烷和氢气的最终发酵浓度均显著降低(P<0.05)。
体外模拟瘤胃发酵试验表明混贮有效提高了高粱秸秆全株玉米混合饲草干物质和中性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率,并降低了瘤胃甲烷生成量,具备成为反刍家畜优质饲料资源的潜能。
表3混贮对高粱秸秆全株玉米混合饲草体外产气和营养物质消失率的影响
Claims (2)
1.一种制备高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括如下步骤:
(1)将风干高粱秸秆切至2~3 cm;
(2)将高粱秸秆和全株玉米按干物质基础的重量比2:1混合,加入包含乳酸菌菌剂、纤维素酶、糖蜜和硝酸钙的水溶剂以调节水分含量,充分混匀后,得混合物,将混合物装入真空密封袋中,逐层压实,抽真空后密封,于20~25 ℃条件下厌氧发酵45~60 d,即得高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草;所述乳酸菌菌剂、纤维素酶和糖蜜在混合物中鲜重基础的含量分别为0.01 g/kg、1.0 g/kg和5.0 g/kg,硝酸钙在混合物中干物质基础的含量为10.0 g/kg,所述混合物的水分含量为60%~65%。
2.如权利要求1所述的制备高粱秸秆全株玉米混贮饲草的方法,其特征在于,所述乳酸菌菌剂为植物乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌以质量比4:1混合而成的菌剂。
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