CN115316525A - Beef cattle feed and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Beef cattle feed and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
- A23K50/15—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants containing substances which are metabolically converted to proteins, e.g. ammonium salts or urea
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Abstract
The invention discloses a beef cattle feed and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of beef cattle breeding; the beef cattle feed comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8-12 parts of mulberry twig and Woofer fruit residue leavening, 4-8 parts of ammoniated rice straw, 8-12 parts of micro-storage corn stalk feed, 45-55 parts of steam-pressed corn, 12-18 parts of fermented soybean meal, 3-7 parts of corn alcohol lees, 0.5-0.8 part of vitamin premix, 0.8-1.2 parts of salt and 2-2.5 parts of mineral substances; the beef cattle feed is also added with urease inhibitor, and the addition amount of the urease inhibitor is 0.1-0.3 wt% of the beef cattle feed; compared with the traditional feed, the beef cattle feed provided by the invention can obviously improve the daily gain of beef cattle, reduce the feeding cost of beef cattle and improve the comprehensive economic benefit of beef cattle breeding.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of beef cattle breeding, and particularly relates to beef cattle feed and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Subtropical zones in Guangxi, the photo-thermal is sufficient, the rainwater is abundant, the varieties of crops are many, and the crop straws and the crop processing byproducts are very rich. For example: mulberry twigs, wogonin fallen fruits, wogonin pomace, rice straws, corn stalks, sugarcane tail tips, bagasse, beer residues, cassava residues and the like, but the utilization rate of the agricultural and sideline products is still low, and the waste of straw resources is serious. At present, the main method for treating the straws is in-situ landfill or incineration, the utilization rate of the straws is low, and the reduction of emission and carbon is not facilitated, so that the comprehensive utilization rate of the straws is improved, the comprehensive utilization level of the crop straws in the whole area is promoted to be comprehensively improved, the crop straws such as rice, corn, sugarcane, silkworm and the like are promoted to be used away from the field, the reduction of emission and carbon is facilitated, the development of a plurality of industries for straw utilization is promoted, and the development of market, industrialization and commercialization of comprehensive utilization of straw resources is significant.
In addition, the influence of the development degree of the feed in Guangxi province, the level of the breeding technology and other reasons causes that the feed is single, the daily ration combination is unreasonable, the nutrition is unbalanced and the like in the breeding of ruminants, particularly cattle. Agricultural and sideline products are rich and lack of cattle and sheep feed form a clear contradictory phenomenon, and how agricultural and sideline products are used in feed is a problem to be solved in the cattle and sheep industry in Guangxi province.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects, the invention aims to provide a beef cattle feed and a preparation method thereof, so as to develop feed resources of agricultural and sideline products, research effective feed utilization technology of the agricultural and sideline products, reduce waste of the agricultural and sideline products, enrich the beef cattle feed variety and improve the daily ration nutrition level of the beef cattle. According to the invention, the quality level of the beef cattle feed is improved by a coarse feed treatment technology, an energy feed synergistic processing technology and a protein feed quality-improving processing technology, the processed feed is used as a raw material to prepare the daily ration of beef cattle, a nutrition regulation and control technology is adopted to improve the digestion utilization rate of the nutrition of the daily ration, a comprehensive feed utilization technology and a breeding method suitable for beef cattle breeding are constructed, and the high-quality development of beef cattle breeding is promoted.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention comprises the following two aspects:
the first is the feed processing technology of single material. Developing and utilizing agricultural and sideline product resources and innovating feed processing technology, such as: fermented mulberry branches, ammoniated straws, micro-storage corn straws, steam-pressed corn, bacterial enzyme synergistic fermentation soybean meal and the like. In the process of manufacturing, the reduction of the content of anti-nutritional factors in the feed is fully considered, the palatability of the feed is improved, the nutritive value is enriched, the feed quality is improved, and the like, so that an effective beef cattle breeding feed resource comprehensive utilization technology is formed, the combined effect of Guangxi local feed resources is exerted, and the purposes of reducing the feed cost, improving the breeding level, improving the breeding environment and improving the economic benefit of beef cattle breeding are achieved.
Secondly, a feed raw material combination technology. Feed resources are integrated by adopting a modern daily ration preparation technology for the beef cattle, and the digestion and absorption of the beef cattle on nutrition are improved by adopting a nutrition regulation and control technology, so that the nutrition is balanced and efficiently utilized.
Specifically, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a beef cattle feed which comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8-12 parts of mulberry twig and Woofer fruit residue leavening, 4-8 parts of ammoniated rice straw, 8-12 parts of micro-storage corn stalk feed, 45-55 parts of steam-pressed corn, 12-18 parts of fermented soybean meal, 3-7 parts of corn alcohol lees, 0.5-0.8 part of vitamin premix, 0.8-1.2 parts of salt and 2-2.5 parts of mineral substances; the beef cattle feed is also added with urease inhibitor, and the addition amount of the urease inhibitor is 0.1-0.3 wt% of the beef cattle feed.
Further, the raw materials comprise the following components in parts by weight: 10 parts of mulberry twig and Woofer fruit residue leavening, 6 parts of ammoniated straw, 10 parts of micro-storage corn stalk feed, 50 parts of steam-pressed corn, 15 parts of fermented soybean meal, 5 parts of corn alcohol lees, 0.7 part of vitamin premix, 1 part of salt and 1.3 parts of mineral substances; the beef cattle feed is also added with a urease inhibitor, and the addition amount of the urease inhibitor is 0.2wt% of the beef cattle feed.
Furthermore, in each kilogram of the vitamin premix, vitA is more than or equal to 6000000IU, vitD is more than or equal to 1500000IU, vitE is more than or equal to 3500mg, vitK 3 ≥2000mg，VitB 1 ≥1000mg、VitB 2 ≥5000mg、VitB 6 ≥1500mg、VitB 12 Not less than 2000ug, not less than 20000mg of VitC, not less than 5000mg of nicotinamide, not less than 100mg of folic acid, and not less than 300mg of biotin; the mineral comprises calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate with the mass ratio of 1: 1-1.5; the urease inhibitor includes urea phosphate.
A certain amount of urease inhibitor (urea phosphate) is added into the daily ration, so that the release of ammonia nitrogen in rumen can be relieved, and the utilization rate of the ammonia nitrogen is improved.
Urea phosphate, also called urea phosphate, is a complex or double salt with amino structure prepared from phosphoric acid and urea in equal molar ratio under certain conditions. It contains 17.7% of nitrogen and 19.6% of phosphorus, and after it is dissolved in water, it can be decomposed into urea and phosphoric acid, at the same time, it has small quantity of ammonia gas and N. The urea phosphate can inhibit the activity of rumen microorganism urease, slow down the decomposition speed of urea, stabilize ammonia within a certain concentration range for a long time, reduce the risk of ammonia poisoning of a cattle body, improve the utilization efficiency of ammonia, improve the production performance of animals, and simultaneously has positive promotion effect on the digestion of coarse feed. Can increase daily gain of beef cattle, improve rumen environment, increase digestibility of coarse fodder, and enhance calcium absorption of organism.
The urea phosphate is added into the daily ration, so that nitrogen and phosphorus in the daily ration can be supplemented, the release speed of ammonia nitrogen in rumen can be relieved, and the health and the nutritional level of organisms are guaranteed.
Further, the preparation method of the ramulus mori and citrus reiculata slag fermentation product comprises the following steps: mixing ramulus mori and Wo citrus fruit residues to obtain a mixture, then adding a composite zymocyte liquid consisting of bacillus subtilis and candida utilis, adding propionic acid into the obtained mixture to obtain a fermentation material, and then performing anaerobic fermentation to obtain the ramulus mori and Wo citrus fruit residue fermentation product.
Further, the mulberry twigs are cut into 2-3cm before use, and the Or fruit residues are dried and crushed before use; the mass ratio of the mulberry twigs to the citrus grandis pomace is 7: 2-4, and the preferable ratio is 7: 3; the addition amount of the bacillus subtilis and the candida utilis is 0.2-0.3 wt% of the mixture, and preferably, the addition amount of the bacillus subtilis and the candida utilis is 0.25 wt% and 0.28 wt% of the mixture respectively; the addition amount of the propionic acid is 0.4-0.6 wt% of the mixture; the water content of the fermentation material is 65-75 wt%; the anaerobic fermentation temperature is 25-28 ℃, and the time is 18-22 days.
The water content of fresh mulberry twigs is 75-85%, the fresh mulberry twigs are not suitable for direct silage, tannin and phytohemagglutinin in the mulberry twigs resist nutritional factors and have poor palatability, digestion and utilization of cattle are influenced, and excellent coarse beef cattle feed with storage resistance, good palatability and high utilization rate can be obtained by adopting microbial fermentation processing.
The mulberry twig and the Or fruit residue are mixed and complemented to obtain favorable fermentation conditions, the soluble sugar content of the mulberry twig feed is lower, the growth of lactic acid bacteria is lack of sufficient substrates during ensiling of a single raw material, the formation of lactic acid is not facilitated, the Or fruit residue contains rich soluble sugar, the two raw materials are mixed and stored, sufficient energy and fermentation substrates are provided for microbial propagation and fermentation, and high-quality silage is easily formed.
The propionic acid can play a role in controlling the fermentation speed and the fermentation state in ensiling or micro-ensiling, and can also effectively reduce the phenomena of mildew, caking and the like caused by air infiltration in the ensiling process.
Further, the preparation method of the ammoniated straw comprises the following steps: mixing the straw and the bagasse to obtain a mixture, adding a urea solution, and sealing and ammoniating.
Further, the straws are cut into 2-4 cm before use, the mass ratio of the straws to bagasse is 80: 15-25, the concentration of the urea solution is 8-12 wt%, and preferably 10wt%; the addition amount of the urea is 3-4% of the mass of the mixture, and the ammoniation time is 28-32 days in summer, 38-42 days in spring and autumn, and 58-62 days in winter; preferably 30 days in summer, 40 days in spring and autumn and 60 days in winter.
The straw and bagasse are mixed and aminated, compared with the single straw, the material is softer, the bagasse contains certain soluble sugar, the palatability is enhanced, the aminated quality is good, the smell is better, the feed intake of beef cattle can be improved, the crude fiber is easier to absorb, the dry matter digestion rate and the average daily gain can also be obviously improved, and the feed conversion rate is greatly improved.
Further, the preparation method of the micro-storage corn stalk feed comprises the following steps: spraying bran and corn flour on each layer of corn straw, then spraying formic acid solution, spraying bacterial liquid, spraying salt on the uppermost layer, sealing, covering with clay, and fermenting to obtain the micro-storage corn straw feed.
Further, the corn stalks are used in the fieldCutting the corn stalks to 3-5cm before use, wherein the thickness of each layer of corn stalks is 20-30 cm, the using amount of the bran is 2-4 percent of the mass of the corn stalks, the using amount of the corn flour is 9-11 percent of the mass of the corn stalks, the concentration of the formic acid solution is 35-45 g/100mL, preferably 40g/100mL, the using amount of the formic acid solution is 0.2-0.3 percent of the mass of the corn stalks, and the using amount of the salt is 240-260 g/m 2 The fermentation time is 48 to 52 days; the bacterial liquid is a compound bacterial liquid consisting of lactic acid bacteria and yeast according to the quantitative ratio of 1 to (0.8-1.2), and preferably the bacterial liquid is prepared from the following components in a quantitative ratio of 1:1, the total number of viable bacteria is more than or equal to 1 multiplied by 10 10 CFU·g –1 The total amount of lactic acid bacteria and yeast in each ton of corn straw is 2.5-3.5 g.
The palatability, the ensiling quality and the diversity of nutrient components of the corn straws are effectively improved by utilizing the synergistic effect of the composite strains. Formic acid is a good fermentation inhibitor, and the corn straws are fermented by adopting the formic acid, lactic acid and other compound bacteria in a synergistic manner, so that the fermentation speed and process can be effectively controlled, the contents of lactic acid and acetic acid in silage are reduced, the protein decomposition is reduced, the plant cell respiration is inhibited, soluble carbohydrates are increased, more favorable conditions are provided for fermentation, and the true protein content can also be increased. The spreading of salt on the uppermost layer can also effectively inhibit the propagation and growth of harmful microorganisms.
Further, the preparation method of the steam-flaked corn comprises the following steps: mixing the corn and the wheat bran, adding water for soaking, then heating by steam, and then tabletting to obtain the steam-tabletted corn.
Further, the mass ratio of the corn to the wheat bran is 85: 12-18, the water content of the corn and the wheat bran obtained by soaking is 17-20 wt%, the steam heating temperature is 100 ℃, the time is 60-70 min, the pressure during tabletting is 0.2-0.4 MPa, and the steps of drying until the water content is 12-16 wt% and cooling are further included after tabletting.
Corn and wheat bran are the main energy sources of daily ration for ruminants, and steam tabletting is a processing technology for wet-heat processing of feed raw materials. Under certain temperature, humidity, time and moisture conditions, hydrogen bonds among starch granules of feeds such as corn are cut, grains are gelatinized, a prolamin-starch structure in the corn is destroyed, the starch granules are released, enzymatic reaction of amylase and the starch granules is accelerated, and accordingly starch digestibility is improved. The pressed corn uses three indexes of volume weight less than or equal to 400g/L, thickness of 1.2-1.5mm and gelatinization degree of 60% -70% as quality reference requirements. With steam treated corn, the beef cattle feed digestion energy can be significantly improved.
The corn has good palatability and high energy, but is easy to cause food retention and tympanites when being used in a large amount, the wheat bran has loose physical structure and lower energy, contains a proper amount of crude fiber and sulfate, has the laxative effect, and can prevent food retention and constipation. The two are reasonably matched, so that the beef cattle digestion is facilitated, the nutrient utilization rate is improved, and adverse conditions are caused.
Further, the preparation method of the fermented soybean meal comprises the following steps: mixing the soybean meal and the wheat bran, adding water into the obtained mixture, and then carrying out enzymolysis by adopting beta-glucanase and cellulase; and adding a compound bacterial liquid consisting of bacillus subtilis, saccharomycetes and lactic acid bacteria into the obtained zymolyte, and fermenting to obtain the fermented soybean meal.
Furthermore, the mass ratio of the soybean meal to the wheat bran is 95: 3-8, the mass ratio of the water addition amount to the mixture is 0.8-1.2: 1, the addition amount of the beta-glucanase is 0.2-0.4% of the mass of the soybean meal, and the addition amount of the cellulase is 0.1-0.3% of the mass of the soybean meal; the enzymolysis time is 3.5-4.5 h; the number ratio of the bacillus subtilis, the microzyme and the lactic acid bacteria in the compound bacterial liquid is (2.5-3.5) to 1:1, and the number of the viable bacteria in the compound bacterial liquid is more than or equal to 1.0 multiplied by 10 7 cfu/mL, wherein the adding amount of the compound bacterial liquid is 1.2-1.7% of the mass of the bean pulp; the fermentation time is 5-7 days.
The bean pulp and the wheat bran are mixed according to a certain proportion, so that the balance of energy and protein is ensured, and the wheat bran provides sufficient energy for the fermentation process of the bean pulp. The beta-glucanase and the cellulase which belong to non-starch polysaccharidase are added at the front section, the composite enzyme treatment effect can degrade macromolecular proteins in the bean pulp into active micromolecular peptides, organic acids and other micromolecular substances, the cellulase can effectively degrade crude fibers, and the acid soluble protein content in the bean pulp can be obviously improved. The rear section is treated by bacillus subtilis, saccharomycetes and lactobacillus composite microbial agents, and fermentation is more perfect due to the appropriate strain proportion. The invention adopts the bacterial enzyme to process the bean pulp cooperatively, which can not only passivate the activity of antinutritional factors in the bean pulp, improve the protein quality and generate various bioactive substances, but also can generate various metabolic products such as enzymes, mycoprotein and the like in the fermentation process, enrich the diversity of the metabolic products, improve the rumen motility and promote the digestion and absorption of nutrient substances in beef cattle. Compared with single strain fermentation or single enzyme treatment, the bacterium and enzyme synergistic effect is better, and the nutritional value of the fermented soybean meal is richer.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the beef cattle feed, which comprises the following steps: and mixing and stirring the raw materials to obtain the beef cattle feed.
Further, the mixing method comprises the following steps: taking the raw materials according to a certain proportion, stirring and mixing the mineral substances, the vitamin premix, the salt and the urease inhibitor to obtain a mixture A;
mixing fermented soybean meal, corn distillers' grains and steam-flaked corn, stirring for more than 1 minute, adding the mixture A, and stirring for 3 minutes to obtain a mixture B;
and sequentially adding the mulberry twig and Wo citrus fruit residue fermentation product, the micro-storage corn stalk feed and the ammoniated rice straw into the mixture B, stirring for 1 minute after adding one feed, and finally stirring for 3 minutes and uniformly mixing to obtain the beef cattle feed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention changes the traditional beef cattle breeding method, develops local feed resources in Guangxi according to the nutritional requirements and the digestion characteristics of beef cattle on the feed, improves the feed quality of agricultural and sideline products by utilizing the modern feed processing technology, improves the nutritional value and the digestion rate of the feed, integrates the feed resources, and constructs a daily ration structure suitable for the culture of the Guangxi beef cattle.
The method can greatly improve the utilization rate of feed such as ramulus mori, citrus aurantium pomace, straw, corn stalks and the like which are byproducts of Guangxi crops, improve the single current situation of the feed for culturing the Guangxi beef cattle, improve the quality and feeding level of the feed for the beef cattle, promote the healthy and efficient culture of the beef cattle, greatly reduce the problem of environmental pollution caused by locally burning and returning the crop stalks to the field, improve the growth efficiency and culture economic benefit of the beef cattle due to the development and comprehensive utilization of feed resources, and promote the high-quality development of the Guangxi beef cattle culture.
In the invention, the biological technology of the bacterial enzyme enhances the palatability of the straw feed, is easy to store, has richer nutritional value, effectively degrades crude fiber, improves the digestibility, has diversity of fermentation metabolites and richer nutrition, and eliminates some anti-nutritional factors such as tannin, phytohemagglutinin and the like in the original feed. The ammoniation technology can better provide a nitrogen source, soften the straws and enhance the palatability and the digestibility of organic substances. After the soybean meal is fermented, part of macromolecular protein is converted into substances such as micromolecular polypeptide, amino acid and the like, so that the protein feed is higher in quality, richer in nutrition and more beneficial to digestion and absorption of cattle. After the corn is subjected to steam tabletting, hydrogen bonds among starch granules can be cut, the corn is gelatinized, the alcohol soluble protein-starch structure in the corn is destroyed, the starch granules are released, and the enzymatic reaction of amylase and the starch granules is accelerated, so that the starch digestibility is improved, and the effective energy value of the feed is improved. According to the invention, a rumen regulation technology is adopted for preparing the daily ration, urea phosphate is added into the daily ration to relieve the release speed of ammonia nitrogen, effectively control the concentration of the ammonia nitrogen in the rumen, strengthen the absorption of organisms to calcium, and improve the health level of beef cattle.
Compared with the traditional feed, the beef cattle feed provided by the invention can obviously improve the daily gain of beef cattle, reduce the feeding cost of beef cattle and improve the comprehensive economic benefit of beef cattle breeding.
Detailed Description
Reference will now be made in detail to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the detailed description should not be construed as limiting the invention but as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the invention. It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.
Further, for numerical ranges in this disclosure, it is understood that each intervening value, between the upper and lower limit of that range, is also specifically disclosed. Every smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in a stated range is encompassed within the invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although only preferred methods and materials are described herein, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose of disclosing and describing the methods and/or materials associated with the documents. In case of conflict with any incorporated document, the present specification will control.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the specific embodiments of the present disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification. The description and examples are intended to be illustrative only.
All materials including microorganisms in the following examples of the present invention were obtained by purchase.
Example 1
The preparation method of the beef cattle feed comprises the following steps:
(1) Utilizing bacillus subtilis and candida utilis to perform anaerobic fermentation on mulberry twigs and citrus reiliana fruit residues to prepare mulberry twigs and citrus reiliana fruit residue fermentation products:
taking fresh mulberry twigs as raw materials, wherein a small amount of green leaves are arranged on the twigs, harvesting, airing to be semi-dry, cutting into 2-3cm, drying Citrus reiliana fruit residues (65 ℃, 48 h), and crushing, wherein the mass ratio of the two is 7:3 mixing to obtain a mixture, adding 250g of bacillus subtilis and 280g of candida utilis per ton of the mixture, and adding propionic acid according to 0.5 percent of the mass of the mixture. The microbial inoculum is firstly reactivated by strains and prepared by the bacterial solution (shown in the specification) before use, the bacterial solution and propionic acid are uniformly mixed with the mixture, the water content is controlled to be 70wt%, the mixture is bundled by hydraulic pressure, the mixture is packaged in a sealing way, each bag is 60kg, the mixture is stored in shade and cool at the temperature of 25-28 ℃, and the mixture is taken out after 20 days of anaerobic fermentation and used for preparing the beef cattle feed.
Revival of strains: 250g of bacillus subtilis, 280g of candida utilis and 20 g of white sugar are added into 2kg of water, the mixture is uniformly stirred and stands for 2 hours at normal temperature to be revived to be used as mother liquor, and the revived bacteria are used up in the day.
Preparing a bacterial liquid: adding 50 kg of clear water into the revived mother liquor to obtain a bacterium liquid. The thus prepared bacterial solution was sprayed on 1 ton of mixed feed.
The nutritional ingredients and the sanitation indexes of the mulberry twig and Or citrus fruit residue fermentation products obtained by the method meet the requirements shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
| Item | Index (I) |
| Water content% | 65-75 |
| Crude protein% | ≥12 |
| Crude fat% | ≥2.3 |
| Neutral detergent fiber% | ≤55 |
| Coarse ash content% | ≤12.0 |
| Calcium content% | ≤4.5 |
| Total phosphorus% | ≤0.3 |
| Mould cfu/g | ≤50000 |
| Aflatoxin B 1 ug/kg | ≤50 |
| Salmonella | Cannot be detected |
| Nitrite (in NaNO) 2 Calculated)/% | ≤25 |
(2) Preparing ammoniated straw by using straw, bagasse and urea:
the straw is cut into 3cm in length and is mixed with bagasse according to the mass ratio of 80: 20 to obtain a mixture, and the addition amount of urea is 3.5% of the mass of the mixture. Dissolving urea with a proper amount of water, diluting the solution into 10wt% solution, and uniformly spraying the solution on the mixture, wherein the specific operation is as follows: and (3) spreading and filling a layer of mixture in the ammoniation tank, immediately spraying a layer of urea solution, wherein the thickness of each layer of mixture is 5cm, and spraying the urea solution layer by layer to ensure uniform spraying. After filling, the mixture is compacted and sealed without air leakage. Ammoniation under shade condition. The ammoniation time is 30 days in summer, 40 days in spring and autumn and 60 days in winter, and the ammonia is dried for 2 days after being unsealed so as to volatilize the residual ammonia for use.
(3) Preparing the micro-storage corn straw feed by using lactic acid bacteria, saccharomycetes, formic acid, fermentation substrate and salt:
cutting the corn stalks into 3-5cm, uniformly spraying bran according to 3% of the mass of the corn stalks when the corn stalks with the thickness of 25 cm are paved, uniformly spraying corn flour according to 10% of the mass of the corn stalks, uniformly spraying a formic acid solution with the concentration of 0.4g/mL according to 0.25% of the mass of the corn stalks, and finally spraying a bacterium solution. Compacting layer by layer, and the manufacturing method of each layer is the same. After the cellar is fully stored, the height of the cellar is about 40 cm higher than the cellar opening, ensiling and compacting are carried out, salt is sprinkled on the uppermost layer, 250g of salt is sprinkled per square meter, then plastic cloth is used for sealing, a layer of clay is overlaid on the salt, and the mixture is taken out for use after sealed fermentation for 50 days.
The preparation method of the bacterial liquid comprises the following steps: the adding amount of the bacterial liquid is determined according to the number of live bacteria in the bacterial agent, 3g of composite bacterial agent is added to each ton of corn straws, the composite bacteria are lactic acid bacteria and yeast strains, and the quantity ratio of the lactic acid bacteria to the yeast strains is 1:1, the total number of live bacteria in the composite bacteria is more than or equal to 1 multiplied by 10 10 CFU·g –1 . Firstly, reviving the strains: 3g of the strain is put into 2kg of pure water, 20 g of white sugar is added, and the strain is reactivated after standing for 2 hours. And adding water into the revived strain to prepare an appropriate bacterial liquid, so that 3g of strain is used per ton of corn straw.
(4) The corn and the wheat bran are treated by steam tabletting to prepare the steam-tabletted corn, so that the effective energy value of the energy feed is improved:
mixing corn and wheat bran at a mass ratio of 85: 15, removing impurities (removing visible impurities such as metal fragments, iron nails, plastics, films and the like by adopting a manual method), soaking in water for 24 hours to ensure that the water content in the soaked corn and wheat bran is 18wt%, heating by steam at 100 ℃ for 65 minutes under the pressure of 0.3PMa during tabletting, drying, cooling and packaging to obtain a finished product. The thickness of the final pressed corn bran is 1.2-1.5mm, and the water content is 14wt%. Corn is the main energy source of daily ration for ruminants, and steam tabletting is a processing technology for carrying out damp-heat processing on corn.
(5) Enzyme and microorganism are adopted for processing and manufacturing the fermented soybean meal in two time periods to manufacture high-quality protein feed:
front section: at normal temperature, mixing the soybean meal and the wheat bran according to the mass ratio of 95: 5 to obtain a mixture, adding water into the mixture according to the mass ratio of 1:1, uniformly mixing, treating the mixture in the front section by an enzymolysis method, wherein the addition amount of beta-glucanase (1000 u/g) is 0.3% of the mass of the soybean meal, the addition amount of cellulase is 0.2% of the mass of the soybean meal, and performing enzymolysis for 4 hours;
a rear section: miningAnd (3) fermenting the zymolyte obtained by the previous stage treatment by using bacillus subtilis, saccharomycetes and lactobacillus composite strains. Culturing strain before fermentation, culturing Bacillus subtilis with LB culture medium, culturing yeast with potato glucose agar, culturing lactobacillus with MRS culture medium, and culturing bacterial liquid with viable bacteria amount of 1.2 × 10 7 cfu/mL, mixing the three bacterial liquids according to the volume ratio of 3: 1 to obtain a composite bacterial liquid, wherein the adding amount of the composite bacterial liquid is 1.5% of the mass of the soybean meal, and the fermentation time is 6 days. The fermented soybean meal is light brown in appearance, uniform in color, free of agglomeration and light in pure fragrance. The technical indexes of the product are as follows: the water content is less than or equal to 12 percent, the crude protein is more than or equal to 45 percent, the crude fiber is less than or equal to 5 percent, the crude ash content is less than or equal to 7.0 percent, the urease activity is less than or equal to 0.1u/g, the acid soluble protein accounts for more than or equal to 8.0 percent of the crude protein, the lysine is more than or equal to 2.5 percent, the stachyose is less than or equal to 1.0 percent, the aflatoxin B1 is less than or equal to 10.0ug/kg, and the escherichia coli is less than or equal to 0.3MPN/g.
(6) The prepared mulberry twig and Or fruit residue fermentation product, ammoniated rice straw, micro-storage corn straw feed, steam-pressed corn, fermented soybean meal and the like are adopted to prepare beef cattle feed, and a proper amount of urease inhibitor-urea phosphate is added to supplement nitrogen and phosphorus, so that the release speed of rumen ammonia nitrogen of beef cattle is controlled, and the utilization efficiency of the ammonia nitrogen is improved. The feed is added with appropriate amount of minerals (calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate) and vitamin premix (compound premix feed for livestock and fowl produced by Aolong pharmaceutical Co., ltd. Of south sea of Foshan City, with trade name of Aolong nutrition), wherein in per kg of vitamin premix, vitA is not less than 6000000IU, vitD is not less than 1500000IU, vitE is not less than 3500mg, vitK is not less than 3 ≥2000mg， VitB 1 ≥1000mg、VitB 2 ≥5000mg、VitB 6 ≥1500mg、VitB 12 Not less than 2000ug, vitC not less than 20000mg, nicotinamide not less than 5000mg, folic acid not less than 100mg, and biotin not less than 300mg. Before preparation, firstly measuring the nutrient component analysis value of the raw materials, preparing beef cattle feed by referring to beef cattle breeding standard (agricultural industry standard of the people's republic of China (NY/T815-2004)), adopting full mixing technology to prepare, adding the raw materials in the formula into a full-mixing ration stirrer according to the sequence of coarse fodder and fine fodder, uniformly mixing a small amount of additive and premix by using a proper amount of powder, then adding the mixture into the stirrer to be uniformly stirred, and stirring onceThe time is not more than 5 minutes, and the feed grading is prevented. The specific beef cattle feed comprises the following raw materials in percentage by mass: 10% of mulberry twig and Or citrus fruit residue fermentation product, 6% of ammoniated straw, 10% of micro-storage corn stalk feed, 50% of steam-pressed corn, 15% of fermented soybean meal, 5% of DDGS (corn distillers dried grains with solubles), 0.7% of vitamin premix, 1% of salt, 1% of calcium carbonate and 1.3% of sodium bicarbonate, and 0.2% of urea phosphate in the total weight of the raw materials is added into the beef cattle feed. The specific mixing method comprises the following steps: taking the raw materials according to the proportion, and manually stirring and uniformly mixing the mineral substances, the vitamin premix, the salt and the urease inhibitor to obtain a mixture A; mixing the fermented soybean meal, the corn distillers' grains and the steam-flaked corn in a full-mixing stirrer, stirring for 2 minutes, adding the mixture A, and stirring for 3 minutes to obtain a mixture B; and sequentially adding the mulberry twig and the fermented product of the Wo citrus fruit residues, the micro-storage corn stalk feed and the ammoniated rice straw into the mixture B, stirring for 1 minute after adding each feed, and finally stirring for 3 minutes and uniformly mixing to obtain the beef cattle feed. The content of the nutrient components of the obtained feed is (wt%): 77.8% of dry matter, 12.4% of crude protein, 16.6% of crude fiber, 3.5% of crude fat, 19.4% of crude ash, 28.5% of nitrogen-free extract, 0.72% of calcium, 0.38% of total phosphorus, 25.09% of acid detergent fiber, 38.17% of neutral detergent fiber and 4.45MJ/kg of comprehensive net energy value.
Comparative example 1
The difference from example 1 is that urea phosphate is not added in the preparation of beef cattle feed in step (6).
Comparative example 2
The difference from example 1 is that, in step (3), formic acid solution is not sprayed when preparing the micro-storage corn stalk feed.
Comparative example 3
The difference from example 1 is that, in step (2), bagasse was not added in the preparation of ammoniated straw.
Comparative example 4
The difference from example 1 is that in step (4), the corn and wheat bran are not subjected to steam heating treatment, i.e., the soaked corn and wheat bran are directly subjected to tabletting.
Comparative example 5
The same as example 1 except that in step (5), bacillus subtilis was replaced with Bacillus licheniformis in equal amount.
Effect verification
The ammoniated rice straw prepared in the step (2) of example 1 and the ammoniated rice straw prepared in the step (2) of comparative example 3 were measured for their crude protein contents by the kjeldahl method, and as a result, they were 5.2wt% and 4.6wt%, respectively, and it can be seen that the ammoniated rice straw prepared by mixing and aminating rice straw and bagasse was capable of increasing the crude protein content of the obtained ammoniated rice straw, as compared with the case where the rice straw was aminated alone.
350 beef cattle with the weight of 150-170 kg and the growth states of 6 months old are selected and randomly and evenly divided into groups A-G7, wherein the groups A-F are respectively fed with the beef cattle feed prepared in example 1 and comparative examples 1-5, the group G is fed with traditional feed (the formula is shown in table 2), the total feeding amount of each beef cattle per day is shown in table 3, the beef cattle are fed twice per day, and the time is 9 a.m.: 00 and 4 in the afternoon: 00, in each group, the feed feeding amount of each beef cattle per day is the same, and the constant quality, the constant quantity and the constant feeding are ensured.
Table 2: traditional feed formula
Wherein the mineral substance comprises 1wt% of calcium carbonate and 1wt% of sodium bicarbonate.
TABLE 3
And respectively counting the average daily gain of each group of beef cattle when the beef cattle are full of 10 months and 20 months, and calculating the feed conversion rate, the feeding cost and the comprehensive economic benefit of each group of beef cattle when the beef cattle are full of 20 months, wherein the feed conversion rate refers to the weight increased by eating 1 kg of feed dry matter by the beef cattle, namely the feed-weight ratio. The feed cost refers to the investment cost of all feed, labor, water and electricity and the like for the beef cattle from birth to slaughter at 20 months, and the comprehensive economic benefit refers to the part of the selling income of the beef cattle at slaughter at 20 months minus the feeding cost of the beef cattle.
Namely, the feed conversion rate = the weight increase and the dry matter intake of the feed;
feeding cost = (feed cost + water and electricity cost + labor cost)
Beef cattle sales income = market live meat sales price (yuan/kg) × marketing weight (kg)
Overall economic benefit = beef cattle sale income-breeding cost
The method for calculating the feeding cost, the selling income and the comprehensive economic benefit of the cattle in the embodiment 1 comprises the following steps:
cost of 0-6 months, (7.5 yuan feed fee +2 yuan water and electricity labor fee)/day x 180 day =1710 yuan; the feed is not prepared in the invention at this stage, but the feeding cost is calculated, the slaughtering value of the beef cattle is calculated according to the weight of the beef when slaughtering, the feeding cost of the beef cattle at the whole stage including the feeding cost at the stage of 0-6 months of age is calculated, and finally the economic benefit is calculated. Therefore, the economic benefit is comprehensive economic benefit, and the feed cost in the 0-6 month period is different from the feed cost of the invention.
Cost of 6-12 months (16 yuan feed fee +4 yuan water, electricity and labor fee)/day x 180 day =3600;
cost of 12-20 months (22 yuan feed fee +4 yuan water, electricity and labor fee)/day x 240 day =6240;
the feed cost is total of 1710, 3600, 6240 and 11550 yuan;
the 20-month-old beef cattle is sold with income =545kg × 36 yuan/kg =19620 yuan;
comprehensive economic benefit = beef cattle sale income-raising cost =19620-11550=8070 yuan.
The results are shown in Table 4:
TABLE 4
As can be seen from table 4, the average daily gain of 890 g of beef cattle fed with the feed provided by the invention at 6-20 months of age is 21.4% higher than that of 733 g fed with the traditional feed group. The weight of the feed is improved by 8.1% at the age of 10 months, the weight of the feed is improved by 14.6% at the age of 20 months, the feed conversion rate is improved by 25.5% compared with the traditional culture, and the comprehensive economic benefit is improved by 28%.
The dry matter digestibility in the feeding process of beef cattle of the group A and the group C at the age of 10-20 months is calculated, the dry matter digestibility is = { feed intake dry matter (kg) -defecation dry matter (kg) } feed intake dry matter (kg) × 100%, and the obtained results are 74% and 68% respectively, so that the dry matter digestibility of the feed can be improved by mixing and ammoniating the straw and the bagasse compared with ammoniating the single straw.
The feed digestion energy of 10-20 months old beef cattle of the group A and the group D is detected as follows: the digestion energy of the beef cattle feed is measured by adopting a digestion test, the difference value of the energy contained in the feed taken by the beef cattle every day and the value of the energy contained in the excrement discharged every day is the digestion energy of the feed taken by the beef cattle every day, and a heat measuring instrument is required for measuring the energy value.
Feed digestion energy (kJ/kg, on a dry matter basis) = { total energy feed (kJ) -energy fecal output (kJ) } ÷ feed dry matter feed intake (kg).
The detection shows that the digestion energy of the feed for 10-20 months old beef cattle in the group A and the group D is 3.54MCal/kg and 3.38MCal/kg respectively, and therefore, the digestion energy of the feed is obviously improved through steam tabletting treatment.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be able to cover the technical scope of the present invention, the technical solution and the inventive concept of the present invention equivalent or change within the technical scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The beef cattle feed is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8-12 parts of mulberry twig and Woofer fruit residue leavening, 4-8 parts of ammoniated rice straw, 8-12 parts of micro-storage corn stalk feed, 45-55 parts of steam-pressed corn, 12-18 parts of fermented soybean meal, 3-7 parts of corn alcohol lees, 0.5-0.8 part of vitamin premix, 0.8-1.2 parts of salt and 2-2.5 parts of mineral substances; the beef cattle feed is also added with urease inhibitor, and the addition amount of the urease inhibitor is 0.1-0.3 wt% of the beef cattle feed.
2. The beef cattle feed of claim 1, wherein the vitamin premix contains VitA ≥ 6000000IU, vitD ≥ 1500000IU, vitE ≥ 3500mg, vitK 3 ≥2000mg，VitB 1 ≥1000mg、VitB 2 ≥5000mg、VitB 6 ≥1500mg、VitB 12 Not less than 2000ug, not less than 20000mg of VitC, not less than 5000mg of nicotinamide, not less than 100mg of folic acid, and not less than 300mg of biotin; the mineral comprises calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate with the mass ratio of 1: 1-1.5; the urease inhibitor comprises urea phosphate.
3. The beef cattle feed of claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the ramulus mori and citrus reiliana pomace ferment comprises the following steps: mixing mulberry twigs and Wo citrus pomace to obtain a mixture, adding a composite zymophyte liquid consisting of bacillus subtilis and candida utilis, adding propionic acid into the obtained mixture to obtain a fermented material, and then performing anaerobic fermentation to obtain the mulberry twigs and Wo citrus pomace leavening.
4. The beef cattle feed of claim 3, wherein the mulberry twigs are chopped to 2-3cm before use, and the Or pomace is dried and ground before use; the mass ratio of the mulberry twigs to the Wo citrus pomace is 7: 2-4; the addition amount of the bacillus subtilis and the candida utilis is 0.2 to 0.3 weight per mill of the mixture; the addition amount of the propionic acid is 0.4-0.6 wt% of the mixture; the water content of the fermentation material is 65-75 wt%; the anaerobic fermentation temperature is 25-28 ℃, and the time is 18-22 days.
5. The beef cattle feed of claim 1, wherein the method of making the ammoniated straw comprises the steps of: mixing the straw and the bagasse to obtain a mixture, adding a urea solution, and sealing and ammoniating.
6. The beef cattle feed of claim 1, wherein the method for preparing the micro-silage corn stalk feed comprises the following steps: spraying bran and corn flour on each layer of corn straw, then spraying formic acid solution, spraying bacterial liquid, spraying salt on the uppermost layer, sealing, covering with clay, and fermenting to obtain the micro-storage corn straw feed.
7. The beef cattle feed as claimed in claim 6, wherein the corn stalks are cut to 3-5cm before use, the thickness of each layer of corn stalks is 20-30 cm, the amount of the bran is 2-4% of the mass of the corn stalks, the amount of the corn flour is 9-11% of the mass of the corn stalks, the concentration of the formic acid solution is 35-45 g/100mL, the amount of the formic acid solution is 0.2-0.3% of the mass of the corn stalks, and the amount of the salt is 240-260 g/m 2 The fermentation time is 48 to 52 days; the bacterial liquid is prepared from lactic acid bacteria and yeast according to the quantitative ratio of 1: (0.8-1.2), the total number of viable bacteria is more than or equal to 1 multiplied by 10 10 CFU·g –1 The total amount of lactobacillus and yeast in each ton of corn straw is 2.5-3.5 g.
8. The beef cattle feed of claim 1, wherein the steam flaked corn is prepared by: mixing the corn and the wheat bran, adding water for soaking, then heating by steam, and then tabletting to obtain the steam-tabletted corn.
9. The beef cattle feed according to claim 1, wherein the preparation method of the fermented soybean meal comprises the following steps: mixing the soybean meal and the wheat bran, adding water into the mixture, and then carrying out enzymolysis by adopting beta-glucanase and cellulase; adding a compound bacterial liquid consisting of bacillus subtilis, saccharomycetes and lactic acid bacteria into the obtained zymolyte, and fermenting to obtain the fermented soybean meal.
10. A method of preparing a beef cattle feed as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising the steps of: and mixing and stirring the raw materials to obtain the beef cattle feed.
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