CN115096710A - Near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water inrush catastrophe experiment system - Google Patents
Near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water inrush catastrophe experiment system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of underground engineering disaster model experiments, in particular to a surrounding rock fracture evolution and water inrush catastrophe experiment system for near-hidden karst tunnel excavation; the device comprises a base, an upper cross beam, a stand column, an experiment cabin, a guide rail, a tunnel excavation device and an experiment control system; the tunnel excavation device is arranged to replace a traditional manual excavation experiment system, so that the step-by-step excavation of the tunnel is realized; printing out a hidden cave mould through 3D, injecting water into the hidden cave mould, condensing water in the hidden cave mould into ice through low-temperature treatment, embedding the ice in a physical model to effectively support rock masses around the hidden cave mould, melting ice blocks in the hidden cave through temperature rise, and finally forming the hidden cave with the same actual shape and certain pressure water; the method comprises the following steps of (1) realizing real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process through a camera inside a tunnel mold; the front side plate is integrally separated from the experiment chamber, so that the deformation and the damage of the front side surface of the physical model can be directly observed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of underground engineering disaster model experiments, in particular to a near-hidden karst cave tunnel surrounding rock crack evolution and water inrush catastrophe excavation experiment system.
Background
In China, almost all provinces have limestone distribution with different areas, the total area of exposed ground surface is about 130 ten thousand square kilometers, which accounts for about 13.5% of the total area of the whole country, and the limestone distribution is more extensive when buried underground, so that the limestone distribution is a common hydrogeological environment in the tunnel construction process. The karst is used as a product of the erosion action and the erosion action, the development is variable, the size is variable, the forms are different, the tunnel excavation disturbance breaks through the original mechanical balance state of the surrounding rock, the new crack is initiated and the original crack is expanded under the superposition effect of stress and water pressure of the waterproof rock body, and confined water in the karst rapidly enters the tunnel along the crack channel to cause water inrush disasters. If the position, scale and form of the karst can be accurately judged before the karst is exposed, the stability of the karst in the tunnel construction process is analyzed, and then scientific and reasonable treatment measures are selected, so that water inrush disasters can be avoided. Therefore, the research on the evolution characteristics of the near-blind karst tunnel excavation surrounding rock cracks is of great significance for revealing the water inrush disaster mechanism of the karst cave.
The existing effective near-blind cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water inrush research means mainly comprise theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, field experiment, physical model experiment and the like; due to the complexity of geological conditions, the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation method has certain limitations and is also deficient for guiding specific engineering excavation; the field experiment environment is severe, the period is long and the cost is high.
In the prior art, the excavation of the physical model is carried out in a manual excavation mode, the step-by-step excavation of the tunnel is difficult to realize, and in the tunnel excavation process, the fallen broken rock blocks possibly block the smooth excavation of the tunnel; the physical model real-time camera system is arranged outside the tunnel, so that the capability of capturing effective information is limited; the karst cave shape in the physical model experiment has larger difference from the actual shape, and the shape is often simplified; the physical model experiment chamber has the problem of inconvenient laying and disassembly; it is difficult to realize that the real-time image acquisition is carried out in the whole course of tunnel excavation inside the tunnel.
Therefore, the invention provides a near-blind karst tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water inrush catastrophe experiment system for solving the problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a near-blind karst tunnel surrounding rock crack evolution and water inrush catastrophe excavation experiment system to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: the experimental system for the evolution of the near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock cracks and the water inrush catastrophe comprises a base, an upper beam, a stand column, an experimental cabin, a guide rail, a tunnel excavation device and an experimental control system;
the base is symmetrically provided with upright columns, one ends of the upright columns are inserted into the base, and the other ends of the upright columns penetrate through the upper cross beam to form a counter-force frame.
Preferably, the experiment chamber consists of a bottom plate, a front side plate, a rear side plate, a left side plate, a right side plate and a top plate; the experimental cabin bottom plate is directly placed on the base, the front side plate and the rear side plate are symmetrically arranged on one symmetrical side of the base, and the left side plate and the right side plate are symmetrically arranged on the other symmetrical side of the base; tunnel excavation openings are symmetrically formed in the middle of the front side plate and the rear side plate, and the shapes of the tunnel excavation openings can be set according to the actual shape of the tunnel; the left side plate and the right side plate are symmetrically provided with equidistant mounting grooves for mounting a lateral loading oil cylinder, a lateral loading pressure head is mounted on the loading oil cylinder, and the lateral loading pressure head directly provides lateral load for a physical model in the experiment cabin; the top plate is formed by vertical loading pressure heads which are arranged in the middle, symmetrically and equidistantly and connected with vertical loading oil cylinders, and the vertical loading pressure heads directly provide vertical loads for the physical model in the experiment cabin; the vertical loading oil cylinder is arranged on the upper cross beam; carry out side direction and vertical loading in-process simultaneously to physical model, in order to avoid side direction loading pressure head and vertical loading pressure head to extrude each other, the left right direction size of vertical loading pressure head will be less than the experiment chamber left right direction size, but in order to promote the whole leakproofness of experiment chamber, installs the closed baffle additional above controlling the inboard of curb plate, through the bolt fastening on controlling the curb plate.
Preferably, the guide rails comprise an inner group and an outer group, the inner guide rail is used for the integral movement of the experiment chamber, and the outer guide rail is used for the independent movement of the front side plate of the experiment chamber; the two groups of guide rails are symmetrically and fixedly arranged on two sides of the base, wherein the inner guide rail is provided with movable lifting wheels, the movable lifting wheels are symmetrically fixed on a bottom plate of the experiment chamber, when the experiment chamber needs to be integrally moved, a lifting hydraulic oil cylinder above the movable lifting wheels is started, the experiment chamber is integrally lifted from the base by 1 to five millimeters, at the moment, the experiment chamber is completely supported by the movable lifting wheels, the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder is started, and the integral horizontal movement of the experiment chamber can be realized by depending on the extension and contraction of the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder; after the physical model experiment is finished, the front side plate can be driven to be separated from the experiment chamber by moving the common moving wheels under the condition of not damaging the physical model, so that the direct observation of the front side surface of the physical model is realized; in order to avoid the problem of misalignment of the indenter during vertical loading, which may occur due to the movement of the test chamber back and forth, it is preferred to provide a stop on the base for positioning the test chamber.
Preferably, the tunnel excavation device comprises a movable base, a hydraulic telescopic cylinder and a tunnel mold; universal wheels are symmetrically arranged at the bottom of the movable base, so that the position of the tunnel excavation device can be freely adjusted; the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder is horizontally fixed above the movable base and is connected with the tunnel mold through a connecting piece, the tunnel mold is consistent with the tunnel excavation opening in shape but slightly smaller than the tunnel excavation opening in size, and the tunnel mold can freely enter and exit under the traction of the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder; the tunnel mold is hollow inside, and the camera can stretch into tunnel excavation space from the experiment cabin outside inside, carries out real-time image collection to tunnel excavation whole journey.
Preferably, the experiment control system comprises a servo system and a control center; the servo loading system comprises a load displacement double-control servo system and a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system; the load-displacement double-control servo system can realize double control of load and displacement, and the vertical loading oil cylinder and the lateral loading oil cylinder are controlled by the load-displacement double-control servo system to provide load for a physical model in an experimental cabin in the vertical direction and the lateral direction so as to meet the requirements of different simulation environments; the hydraulic pressure and water quantity double-control servo system can realize double control of hydraulic pressure and water quantity, not only can provide stable water quantity supply for the karst cave in the physical model, but also can maintain constant water pressure in the karst cave in the physical model; the control center can realize automatic control of the servo system in the whole process and real-time monitoring and acquisition of displacement, load, water pressure and water flow, and the data acquisition frequency can be automatically set according to actual requirements; in addition, monitoring elements such as a pore water pressure sensor, a soil pressure sensor, a displacement sensor and the like can be additionally arranged in the physical model according to experiment needs.
A test method of a near-blind karst tunnel surrounding rock crack evolution and water inrush catastrophe excavation experiment system comprises the following steps:
s1: and obtaining the lithology, thickness and physical mechanical parameters of each stratum according to the stratum comprehensive histogram and the physical mechanical test result of each stratum. Determining the geometric dimensions and spatial positions of the tunnel and the hidden cavern in the model, the geometric dimensions of each stratum and the proportion of similar materials according to the geometric similarity ratio and the stress similarity ratio, wherein the similar materials are mixtures of various hydrophobic materials;
s2: starting a lifting hydraulic oil cylinder above a movable lifting wheel, lifting the whole experiment chamber away from a base by three to five millimeters, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder, horizontally moving the whole experiment chamber out of a counter-force frame, then closing the lifting hydraulic oil cylinder, and enabling the experiment chamber to fall back onto a guide rail, so that the weight of the experiment chamber and the physical model is borne by the guide rail, and the safety of the experiment chamber and the physical model in the model laying process is improved;
s3: in the experiment cabin, similar materials are adopted to carry out model laying on the stratum; designing the shapes, the sizes and the positions of a tunnel mold and a hidden cave mold based on the geometric dimensions and the spatial positions of the tunnel and the hidden cave mold, and placing the tunnel mold and the hidden cave mold in the tunnel mold and the hidden cave mold during the laying process of the model; the manufacturing process of the hidden karst cave mould is as follows: copying the hidden cavern by using a 3D printer according to the shape and size of the hidden cavern, filling water into the cavity of the mold, placing the mold in a low-temperature cabinet to be condensed into ice, removing the mold to form ice blocks with the same shape and size as the hidden cavern, placing the ice blocks in the mold during the laying process according to the spatial position of the hidden cavern, and externally connecting a pressure-bearing water pipe to a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system for regulating the water pressure and water quantity in the hidden cavern; the ice blocks in the shape of the hidden caverns form effective support for rock masses around the ice blocks, so that collapse in the process of laying the model is avoided; to prevent the ice from melting, the temperature of the model during laying should preferably be lower than 0 ℃;
s4: starting a lifting hydraulic oil cylinder above a movable lifting wheel, lifting the whole experiment chamber paved with the model away from a guide rail by three to five millimeters, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder, horizontally moving the whole experiment chamber back to the inside of a counter-force frame, and then closing the lifting hydraulic oil cylinder to enable the experiment chamber to fall back to the base; starting a load-displacement double-control servo system, applying preset vertical and lateral loads to the physical model, and simulating an original stress environment in which a stratum is located; in order to reduce the damage of the physical model caused by load loading, preferably, the vertical load and the lateral load are carried out in a graded loading mode;
s5: starting a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system, providing preset water pressure for the hidden cavern and keeping the preset water pressure unchanged, then adjusting the temperature of the environment where the experiment chamber is located to be above 0 ℃ so as to be convenient for melting ice cubes in the hidden cavern, forming the hidden cavern which is consistent with the actual shape and is filled with water with certain pressure after the ice cubes are completely melted, and at the moment, effectively supporting rock masses around the hidden cavern by water with pressure in the hidden cavern;
s6: starting a hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder on the tunnel excavation device, dragging a tunnel mold out of a physical model according to a preset speed so as to simulate stepwise excavation of the tunnel, and meanwhile, stretching the tunnel mold into a tunnel excavation space from the outside of an experiment cabin through a camera which can freely pass in and out and rotate from the inside of the tunnel mold so as to realize real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process;
s7: along with the approaching of the distance between the tunnel face and the hidden karst cave, new cracks are initiated and original cracks are expanded under the superposition effect of surrounding rock stress and water pressure in the hidden karst cave of a waterproof rock body, and confined water in the hidden karst cave possibly enters the tunnel quickly along a crack channel to cause water inrush disasters;
s8: when the tunnel is completely excavated, the hydraulic pressure and water quantity double-control servo system is controlled, water quantity supply is stopped, the load displacement double-control servo system is controlled, the lateral loading oil cylinder and the lateral loading oil cylinder are reset, the front side plate of the experiment chamber is detached from the experiment chamber, the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder is started, the front side plate is integrally separated from the experiment chamber, the deformation and the damage of the front side surface of the physical model can be directly observed, and the section cutting observation can be performed on the physical model according to the experiment requirement.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides a near-hidden karst tunnel excavation surrounding rock fracture evolution and water inrush catastrophe experiment system and an experiment method, a tunnel excavation device is arranged to replace manual excavation of a physical model, step-by-step excavation of a tunnel is realized, and the problem of obstruction of falling broken rock blocks to smooth excavation of the tunnel is effectively avoided; the hidden cave mold is printed by 3D, the characteristics that water is solidified into ice below 0 ℃ and is melted into water above 0 ℃ are effectively utilized, the water is injected into the hidden cave mold, the ice is solidified into ice through low-temperature treatment and then is embedded in a physical model, rock mass around the mold is effectively supported, collapse in the process of laying the model is avoided, ice blocks in the hidden cave are melted through temperature rise treatment, and finally the hidden cave which is consistent with the actual shape and filled with water with certain pressure is formed; the camera which can freely enter and exit and rotate from the inside of the tunnel mold extends into the tunnel excavation space from the outside of the experimental cabin, so that the real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process is realized; through the integral separation of the front side plate and the experiment cabin, the direct observation of the deformation and the damage of the front side surface of the physical model is realized, and the section cutting observation can be carried out on the physical model according to the experiment requirement.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a top view of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a left side view of the structure of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a right side view of the inventive structure.
In the figure: the tunnel mold comprises a base 1, an upper beam 2, a stand column 3, a bottom plate 4, a front side plate 5, a rear side plate 6, a left side plate 7, a right side plate 8, a top plate 9, a tunnel excavation opening 10, a lateral loading oil cylinder 11, a vertical loading oil cylinder 12, an inner guide rail 13, an outer guide rail 14, a movable lifting wheel 15, a horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder 16, a common movable wheel 17, a triangular door frame 18, a stopper 19, a movable base 20, a hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder 21 and a tunnel mold 22.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. The embodiments of the present invention, and all other embodiments obtained by a person of ordinary skill in the art without any inventive work, belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1 to 3, the present invention provides a technical solution: the invention relates to a near-hidden karst tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water inrush catastrophe experiment system, which comprises a base 1, an upper beam 2, a stand column 3, an experiment cabin, a guide rail, a tunnel excavation device and an experiment control system;
the base 1 is provided with the stand 3 symmetrically, and 3 one end of the stand is inserted into the base 1, and the other end is penetrated through the upper beam 2 to form a counter-force frame.
The experiment chamber consists of a bottom plate 4, a front side plate 5, a rear side plate 6, a left side plate 7, a right side plate 8 and a top plate 9; the experimental cabin bottom plate 4 is directly placed on the base 1, the front side plate 5 and the rear side plate 6 are symmetrically arranged on one symmetrical side of the base 1, and the left side plate 7 and the right side plate 8 are symmetrically arranged on the other symmetrical side of the base 1; tunnel excavation openings 10 are symmetrically formed in the middle of the front side plate 5 and the rear side plate 6, and the shapes of the tunnel excavation openings can be set according to the actual shape of the tunnel; equidistant mounting grooves are symmetrically formed in the left side plate 7 and the right side plate 8 and used for mounting a lateral loading oil cylinder 11, a lateral loading pressure head is mounted on the loading oil cylinder, and the lateral loading pressure head directly provides lateral loads for a physical model in an experiment cabin; the top plate 9 is composed of vertical loading pressure heads which are arranged in the middle, symmetrically and equidistantly and connected with vertical loading oil cylinders 12, and the vertical loading pressure heads directly provide vertical loads for physical models in the experiment cabin; the vertical loading oil cylinder 12 is arranged on the upper cross beam 2; carry out side direction and vertical loading in-process simultaneously to the physical model, in order to avoid side direction loading pressure head and vertical loading pressure head to extrude each other, the left and right direction size of vertical loading pressure head will be less than experiment cabin left and right direction size, nevertheless in order to promote experiment cabin overall tightness, install closed baffle additional in left side board 7 and 8 inboard tops of right side board, through the bolt fastening on left side board 7 and right side board 8.
The guide rails are divided into an inner group and an outer group, the inner guide rail 13 is used for the integral movement of the experiment chamber, and the outer guide rail 14 is used for the independent movement of the front side plate 5 of the experiment chamber; the two groups of guide rails are symmetrically and fixedly arranged on two sides of the base 1, wherein the inner guide rail 13 is provided with the movable lifting wheels 15, the movable lifting wheels 15 are symmetrically fixed on the experimental cabin bottom plate 4, when the experimental cabin needs to be integrally moved, the lifting hydraulic oil cylinder above the movable lifting wheels 15 is started, the experimental cabin is integrally lifted from the base 1 by three to five millimeters, at the moment, the experimental cabin is completely supported by the movable lifting wheels 15, the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder 16 is started, and the integral horizontal movement of the experimental cabin can be realized by means of the extension and retraction of the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder 16; the common moving wheels 17 are arranged on the outer guide rail 14, the common moving wheels 17 are symmetrically fixed at the bottom end of the triangular portal 18, the triangular portal 18 is fixed at the left side and the right side of the front side plate 5 through bolts, and after a physical model experiment is completed, the front side plate 5 can be driven to be separated from an experiment chamber by moving the common moving wheels 17 under the condition of not damaging the physical model, so that the direct observation of the front side surface of the physical model is realized; in order to avoid the problem of misalignment of the indenter during vertical loading, which may occur due to the movement of the test chamber back and forth, it is preferred that a stop 19 is provided on the base 1 for positioning the test chamber.
The tunnel excavation device comprises a movable base 20, a hydraulic telescopic cylinder 21 and a tunnel mold 22; universal wheels are symmetrically arranged at the bottom of the movable base 201, so that the position of the tunnel excavation device can be freely adjusted; the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder 21 is horizontally fixed above the movable base 20 and is connected with the tunnel mold 22 through a connecting piece, the shape of the tunnel mold 22 is consistent with that of the tunnel excavation port 10, but the tunnel mold 22 is slightly smaller than the size of the tunnel excavation port 10, and the tunnel mold 22 can freely enter and exit under the traction of the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder 21; the tunnel mould 22 is hollow inside, and the camera can stretch into tunnel excavation space inside from the experiment cabin outside, carries out real-time image acquisition to tunnel excavation whole journey.
The experiment control system comprises a servo system and a control center; the servo loading system comprises a load displacement double-control servo system and a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system; the load-displacement double-control servo system can realize double control of load and displacement, and the lateral loading oil cylinder 12 and the lateral loading oil cylinder 11 are controlled by the load-displacement double-control servo system to provide load for a physical model in an experimental cabin vertically and laterally so as to meet the requirements of different simulation environments; the hydraulic pressure and water quantity double-control servo system can realize double control of hydraulic pressure and water quantity, not only can provide stable water quantity supply for the karst cave in the physical model, but also can maintain constant water pressure in the karst cave in the physical model; the control center can realize automatic control of the servo system in the whole process and real-time monitoring and acquisition of displacement, load, water pressure and water flow, and the data acquisition frequency can be automatically set according to actual requirements; in addition, monitoring elements such as a pore water pressure sensor, a soil pressure sensor, a displacement sensor and the like can be additionally arranged in the physical model according to experimental needs.
The experimental process comprises the following steps:
and obtaining the lithology, thickness and physical mechanical parameters of each stratum according to the stratum comprehensive histogram and the physical mechanical test result of each stratum. Determining the geometric dimensions and spatial positions of the tunnel and the hidden cavern in the model, the geometric dimensions of each stratum and the proportion of similar materials according to the geometric similarity ratio and the stress similarity ratio, wherein the similar materials are mixtures of various hydrophobic materials; starting a lifting hydraulic oil cylinder above a movable lifting wheel 15, lifting the whole experiment chamber away from a base by 1 to five millimeters, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder 16, horizontally moving the whole experiment chamber out of a counter-force frame, then closing the lifting hydraulic oil cylinder, and enabling the experiment chamber to fall back onto a guide rail, so that the weight of the experiment chamber and the physical model is borne by the guide rail, and the safety of the experiment chamber and the physical model in the model laying process is improved;
in the experimental cabin, model laying is carried out on the stratum by adopting similar materials; designing the shapes, sizes and positions of the tunnel mold 22 and the hidden cavern mold based on the geometric dimensions and spatial positions of the tunnel and the hidden cavern, and placing the tunnel mold and the hidden cavern mold in the laying process of the model; the manufacturing process of the hidden karst cave mould is as follows: copying the hidden cavern by using a 3D printer according to the shape and size of the hidden cavern, filling water into the cavity of the mold, placing the mold in a low-temperature cabinet to be condensed into ice, removing the mold to form ice blocks with the same shape and size as the hidden cavern, placing the ice blocks in the mold during the laying process according to the spatial position of the hidden cavern, and externally connecting a pressure-bearing water pipe to a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system for regulating the water pressure and water quantity in the hidden cavern; the ice blocks in the shape of the hidden caverns form effective support for rock masses around the ice blocks, so that collapse in the process of laying the model is avoided; to prevent the ice from melting, the temperature of the model during laying should preferably be lower than 0 ℃; starting a lifting hydraulic oil cylinder above the movable lifting wheel 15, lifting the whole experiment chamber after model laying away from the guide rail by three to five millimeters, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder 16, horizontally moving the whole experiment chamber back to the inside of the counterforce frame, and then closing the lifting hydraulic oil cylinder to enable the experiment chamber to fall back to the base 1; starting a load-displacement double-control servo system, applying preset vertical and lateral loads to the physical model, and simulating an original stress environment in which a stratum is located; in order to reduce the damage of the physical model caused by load loading, preferably, the vertical load and the lateral load are carried out in a graded loading mode;
starting a hydraulic pressure and water quantity double-control servo system, providing preset water pressure for the hidden cavern and keeping the preset water pressure unchanged, then adjusting the temperature of the environment where the experiment chamber is located to be more than 0 ℃ so as to melt ice blocks in the hidden cavern, forming the hidden cavern which is consistent with the actual shape and is filled with water with certain pressure after the ice blocks are completely melted, and at the moment, effectively supporting rock masses around the hidden cavern by pressurized water in the pressurized water body; starting a hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder 21 on the tunnel excavation device, dragging a tunnel mold 22 out of a physical model according to a preset speed so as to simulate stepwise excavation of the tunnel, and meanwhile, stretching the tunnel mold 22 into a tunnel excavation space from the outside of an experiment cabin through a camera which can freely enter and exit and rotate from the inside of the tunnel mold, so as to realize real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process; along with the approaching of the distance between the tunnel face and the hidden karst cave, new cracks are initiated and original cracks are expanded under the superposition effect of surrounding rock stress and water pressure in the hidden karst cave of a waterproof rock body, and confined water in the hidden karst cave possibly enters the tunnel quickly along a crack channel to cause water inrush disasters;
when the tunnel is completely excavated, the hydraulic pressure and water quantity double-control servo system is operated, water quantity supply is stopped, the load displacement double-control servo system is operated, the lateral loading oil cylinder 12 and the lateral loading oil cylinder 11 are reset, the front side plate 5 of the experiment chamber is detached from the experiment chamber, the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder 16 is started, the front side plate 5 is integrally separated from the experiment chamber, the direct observation of the deformation and the damage of the front side surface of the physical model can be realized, and the section cutting observation can be carried out on the physical model according to the experiment requirement.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (6)
1. Near hidden solution tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and sudden strain of a river catastrophe experimental system, its characterized in that: the device comprises a base (1), an upper cross beam (2), a stand column (3), an experiment cabin, a guide rail, a tunnel excavation device and an experiment control system;
the base (1) is symmetrically and fixedly provided with upright columns (3), one ends of the upright columns (3) are inserted into the base (1), and the other ends of the upright columns (3) penetrate through the upper cross beam (2) to form a counter-force frame.
2. The near-blind karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock fracture evolution and water inrush catastrophe experiment system of claim 1, characterized in that: the experiment chamber consists of a bottom plate (4), a front side plate (5), a rear side plate (6), a left side plate (7), a right side plate (8) and a top plate (9); the experimental cabin bottom plate (4) is directly placed on the base (1), the front side plate (5) and the rear side plate (6) are symmetrically arranged on one symmetrical side of the base (1), and the left side plate (7) and the right side plate (8) are symmetrically arranged on the other symmetrical side of the base (1); tunnel excavation openings (10) are symmetrically formed in the middle of the front side plate (5) and the rear side plate (6), and the shapes of the tunnel excavation openings can be set according to the actual shape of the tunnel; equidistant mounting grooves are symmetrically formed in the left side plate (7) and the right side plate (8) and used for mounting a lateral loading oil cylinder (11), a lateral loading pressure head is fixedly mounted on the loading oil cylinder, and the lateral loading pressure head directly provides lateral loads for a physical model in an experiment cabin; the top plate (9) is composed of vertical loading pressure heads which are arranged in the middle, symmetrically and equidistantly and are connected with vertical loading oil cylinders (12), and the vertical loading pressure heads directly provide vertical load for the physical model in the experiment cabin; the vertical loading oil cylinder (12) is fixedly arranged on the upper cross beam (2); carry out side direction and vertical loading in-process simultaneously to the physical model, in order to avoid side direction loading pressure head and vertical loading pressure head to extrude each other, the left and right direction size of vertical loading pressure head will be less than the experiment cabin left and right direction size, but in order to promote the whole leakproofness of experiment cabin, install closed baffle additional in left side board (7) and right side board (8) inboard top, and pass through the bolt fastening on left side board (7) and right side board (8).
3. The near-blind karst tunnel excavation surrounding rock fracture evolution and water inrush catastrophe experiment system of claim 1, characterized in that: the guide rails comprise an inner group and an outer group, the inner guide rail (13) is used for the integral movement of the experiment chamber, and the outer guide rail (14) is used for the independent movement of the front side plate (5) of the experiment chamber; the two groups of guide rails are symmetrically and fixedly arranged on two sides of the base (1), wherein the inner guide rail (13) is provided with movable lifting wheels (15), the movable lifting wheels (15) are symmetrically fixed on a bottom plate (4) of the experiment chamber, when the experiment chamber needs to be integrally moved, a lifting hydraulic oil cylinder above the movable lifting wheels (15) is started, the experiment chamber is integrally lifted from the base (1) by three to five millimeters, at the moment, the experiment chamber is completely supported by the movable lifting wheels (15), a horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder (16) is started, and the integral horizontal movement of the experiment chamber can be realized by depending on the extension and retraction of the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder (16); the common moving wheels (17) are arranged on the outer guide rail (14), the common moving wheels (17) are symmetrically fixed at the bottom end of the triangular portal frame (18), the triangular portal frame (18) is fixed at the left side and the right side of the front side plate (5) through bolts, and after a physical model experiment is completed, the front side plate (5) can be driven to be separated from the experiment chamber by moving the common moving wheels (17) under the condition of not damaging the physical model, so that the direct observation of the front side surface of the physical model is realized; in order to avoid the problem of misalignment of the indenter during vertical loading, which may occur due to the movement of the test chamber back and forth, it is preferred that a stop (19) is provided on the base (1) for positioning the test chamber.
4. The near-blind karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock fracture evolution and water inrush catastrophe experiment system of claim 1, characterized in that: the tunnel excavation device comprises a movable base (20), a hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder (21) and a tunnel mold (22); universal wheels are symmetrically arranged at the bottom of the movable base (201), so that the position of the tunnel excavation device can be freely adjusted; the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder (21) is horizontally fixed above the movable base (20) and is connected with the tunnel mold (22) through a connecting piece, the shape of the tunnel mold (22) is consistent with that of the tunnel excavation opening (10), but the tunnel mold is slightly smaller than the size of the tunnel excavation opening (10), and the tunnel mold (22) can freely enter and exit under the traction of the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder (21); the tunnel mold (22) is hollow inside, and the camera can stretch into the tunnel excavation space from the outside of the experiment cabin, so that the real-time image acquisition is carried out on the whole tunnel excavation process.
5. The near-blind karst tunnel excavation surrounding rock fracture evolution and water inrush catastrophe experiment system of claim 1, characterized in that: the experiment control system comprises a servo system and a control center; the servo loading system comprises a load displacement double-control servo system and a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system; the load and displacement double-control servo system can realize double control of load and displacement, and the vertical loading oil cylinder (12) and the lateral loading oil cylinder (11) are controlled by the load and displacement double-control servo system to provide load for a physical model in an experimental cabin in the vertical direction and the lateral direction so as to meet the requirements of different simulation environments; the hydraulic pressure and water quantity double-control servo system can realize double control of hydraulic pressure and water quantity, not only can provide stable water quantity supply for the karst cave in the physical model, but also can maintain constant water pressure in the karst cave in the physical model; the control center can realize automatic control of the servo system in the whole process and real-time monitoring and acquisition of displacement, load, water pressure and water flow, and the data acquisition frequency can be automatically set according to actual requirements; in addition, monitoring elements such as a pore water pressure sensor, a soil pressure sensor, a displacement sensor and the like can be additionally arranged in the physical model according to experimental needs.
6. A test method of the experiment system for the surrounding rock fracture evolution and water inrush catastrophe of the near hidden cave tunnel excavation according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the experiment method comprises the following steps:
s1: and obtaining the lithology, thickness and physical mechanical parameters of each stratum according to the stratum comprehensive histogram and the physical mechanical test result of each stratum. Determining the geometric dimensions and spatial positions of the tunnel and the hidden cavern in the model, the geometric dimensions of each stratum and the proportion of similar materials according to the geometric similarity ratio and the stress similarity ratio, wherein the similar materials are mixtures of various hydrophobic materials;
s2: starting a lifting hydraulic oil cylinder above a movable lifting wheel (15), lifting the whole experiment chamber away from a base (1) by three to five millimeters, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder (16), horizontally moving the whole experiment chamber out of a counter-force frame, then closing the lifting hydraulic oil cylinder, and enabling the experiment chamber to fall back onto a guide rail, so that the weight of the experiment chamber and the physical model is borne by the guide rail, and the safety of the experiment chamber and the physical model in the model laying process is improved;
s3: in the experimental cabin, model laying is carried out on the stratum by adopting similar materials; designing the shapes, sizes and positions of a tunnel mold (22) and a hidden cavern mold based on the geometric dimensions and spatial positions of the tunnel and the hidden cavern, and placing the tunnel mold and the hidden cavern mold in the laying process of the model; the manufacturing process of the hidden karst cave mould is as follows: copying the hidden cavern by using a 3D printer according to the shape and size of the hidden cavern, filling water into the cavity of the mold, placing the mold in a low-temperature cabinet to be condensed into ice, removing the mold to form ice blocks with the same shape and size as the hidden cavern, placing the ice blocks in the mold during the laying process according to the spatial position of the hidden cavern, and externally connecting a pressure-bearing water pipe to a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system for regulating the water pressure and water quantity in the hidden cavern; the ice blocks in the shape of the hidden caverns form effective support for rock masses around the ice blocks, so that collapse in the process of laying the model is avoided; to prevent the ice from melting, the temperature of the model during laying should preferably be lower than 0 ℃;
s4: starting a lifting hydraulic oil cylinder above a movable lifting wheel (15), lifting the whole experiment chamber paved with the model away from a guide rail by three to five millimeters, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder (16), horizontally moving the whole experiment chamber back to the inside of a counter-force frame, and then closing the lifting hydraulic oil cylinder to enable the experiment chamber to fall back to the base (1); starting a load-displacement double-control servo system, applying preset vertical and lateral loads to the physical model, and simulating an original stress environment in which a stratum is located; in order to reduce the damage of the physical model caused by load loading, preferably, the vertical load and the lateral load are carried out in a graded loading mode;
s5: starting a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system, providing preset water pressure for the hidden cavern and keeping the preset water pressure unchanged, then adjusting the temperature of the environment where the experiment chamber is located to be above 0 ℃ so as to be convenient for melting ice cubes in the hidden cavern, forming the hidden cavern which is consistent with the actual shape and is filled with water with certain pressure after the ice cubes are completely melted, and at the moment, effectively supporting rock masses around the hidden cavern by water with pressure in the hidden cavern;
s6: starting a hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder (21) on the tunnel excavation device, dragging a tunnel mold (22) out of a physical model according to a preset speed so as to simulate step excavation of a tunnel, and meanwhile, stretching the tunnel mold (22) into a tunnel excavation space from the outside of an experiment cabin through a camera which can freely enter and exit and rotate from the inside of the tunnel mold, so that real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process is realized;
s7: along with the approaching of the distance between the tunnel face and the hidden karst cave, new cracks are initiated and original cracks are expanded under the superposition effect of surrounding rock stress and water pressure in the hidden karst cave of a waterproof rock body, and confined water in the hidden karst cave possibly enters the tunnel quickly along a crack channel to cause water inrush disasters;
s8: when the tunnel is completely excavated, the hydraulic pressure and water amount double-control servo system is controlled, water amount supply is stopped, the load displacement double-control servo system is controlled, the vertical loading oil cylinder (12) and the lateral loading oil cylinder (11) are reset, the front side plate (5) of the experiment chamber is separated from the experiment chamber, the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder (16) is started, the front side plate (5) is separated from the whole experiment chamber, the deformation and the damage of the front side surface of the physical model can be directly observed, and the section cutting observation can be carried out on the physical model according to the experiment requirement.
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