CN114711193B - 一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法 - Google Patents
一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法，属于家禽养殖技术领域。本发明提供的养殖方法从雏鸡到商品鸡出栏，对每个阶段的泰和乌鸡均合理规划了不同的养殖工艺，养殖工艺采用圈养结合放养、天然饲料配合复合饲料，采用微生态制剂、不饲喂药物添加剂，无残留无污染。本发明克服了现有藻油与鱼油的不足及局限性，本发明方法养殖得到的商品泰和乌鸡含有丰富的DHA、EPA以及合适的DHA/EPA比，能够保护视力、提高智力、促进人体饱和脂肪酸代谢，起降低血液粘稠度、加强血液循环，可有效预防动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、痛风及脑血栓、脑溢血、高血压等心脑血管疾病。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于家禽养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法。
背景技术
泰和乌鸡又称武山鸡，它发祥于泰和县武山汪陂途村，至今已有1300多年历史，享有“白凤仙子”和“中国黑宝”的美誉。泰和乌鸡性情温顺，体态娇俏玲珑，羽毛洁白如玉，独具“丝毛、缨头、丛冠、绿耳、胡须、毛腿、五爪、乌皮、乌骨、乌肉”十大特征。泰和乌鸡肉质细嫩，味道鲜美爽口，集药、补、食三大功能于一体，具有极高的营养价值和药用价值。
泰和乌鸡含有18种氨基酸和多种微量元素及大量的维生素，另外泰和乌鸡中脂肪含量较低，脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量高，且含胆固醇低，含有丰富的DHA(二十二碳六烯酸)和EPA(二十碳五烯酸)，具有清洁血液、降低血脂、降低胆固醇的功效，可以有效预防动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、痛风及脑血栓、脑溢血、高血压等心脑血管疾病的发生，是中老年以及冠心病和动脉血管硬化患者理想的疗效食物。
DHA又称脑黄金，是一种对人体非常重要的多不饱和脂肪酸，其约占大脑中欧米伽-3脂肪酸的97％。DHA是神经***细胞生长及维持的一种主要元素，是大脑和视网膜的重要构成脂肪酸，为了维持人体内各种组织的正常功能，就必须保证各种脂肪酸充足的含量，DHA人体内不能合成因而必须从食物中摄取。目前人们摄入DHA的主要方式为藻油和深海鱼油；藻油提取于海洋微藻，海洋微藻中DHA含量高且稳定、无污染，因而十分适合孕产妇和婴幼儿摄取，但其EPA含量极低，而EPA能够帮助降低胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量，促进体内饱和脂肪酸代谢，起降低血液粘稠度、加强血液循环、提高组织供氧等多种功效，因此对成年人及老年人而言，具有更高EPA/DHA比例、提取于深海鱼类的深海鱼油会是更佳的选择。然而，如今环境污染愈加严重，深海鱼体内的有机污染物、重金属等有害物质的含量也越来越高，深海鱼油的安全性无法得到充分保障。
有鉴于此，含有丰富DHA及EPA的泰和乌鸡就有望替代藻油、深海鱼油，成为预防心脑血管疾病的新型功能性滋补食品。然而长期以来对泰和乌鸡的研究却十分有限，饲养人员在生产养殖过程中乱用、滥用饲料药物添加剂，致使药物在鸡体内大量残留，进而严重降低其药用价值及滋补功效。因此，需要对泰和乌鸡的养殖方法作进一步研究改善以充分发挥其滋补药用价值。
发明内容
针对背景技术中泰和乌鸡的养殖问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法。本发明提供的养殖方法从雏鸡到商品鸡出栏，对每个阶段的泰和乌鸡均合理规划了不同的养殖工艺，旨在提供一种新型无污染的、能够有效预防或治疗心脑血管疾病的功能性滋补食品。
本发明具体是通过如下技术方案实现的：
本发明提供了一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法，具体包括如下三个阶段：
1)雏鸡阶段，该阶段养殖仅限于鸡舍内：选取健康无缺陷脱壳后1-3天的泰和乌鸡雏鸡，于鸡舍内养殖50-55日，首日起控制鸡舍内温度为35-38度，随后每日降低0.4度至室温后保持不变；
雏鸡阶段饲喂方法具体如下：开食后一周内每日喂饮基础谷物碎颗粒与植物多糖水，然后改喂掺杂微生态制剂的复合饲料、自由饮水；
2)预放养阶段，该阶段养殖于鸡舍和放养草场中交替进行：选取经步骤1)阶段养殖后的、健康无缺陷的小鸡，间隔转入放养草场中试养，该阶段养殖时长为125-135日，随养殖时间逐渐增加放养时长占比；
预放养阶段饲喂方法具体如下：全阶段采用复合饲料掺杂微生态制剂饲喂；
3)养成阶段，该阶段养殖于放养林地中进行：选取经步骤2)阶段养殖后的、健康无缺陷的小鸡，在放养林地中饲养35-45日，最终得到商品泰和乌鸡；
养成阶段饲喂方法具体如下：全阶段采用市售全价料掺杂微生态制剂饲喂；
所述复合饲料的制备原料按重量份数计为：玉米50-75份、桑叶20-35份、车前草15-25份、夏枯草5-10份、艾叶5-7份、银线莲2-3份、骨炭粉1-4份、蚕蛹5-8份、火麻仁5-7份、核桃壳粉0.5-1份。
蚕蛹具有很高的营养价值和药用功能，其中含有大量的不饱和脂肪酸包括油酸、亚油酸及亚麻酸，还含有丰富的蛋白质和多种氨基酸，维生素A、维生素B、维生素D等多种维生素及铁、锌、硒等多种微量元素；其中的亚麻酸则是合成DHA与EPA的必须脂肪酸。火麻仁及核桃壳粉同样能够调节饲料中亚麻酸含量。本发明复合饲料选择多种原料组分并合理调控用量比例，得到复合饲料不仅满足泰和乌鸡各阶段快速成长的营养所需，并且能够大幅度提高鸡只对复合饲料中亚麻酸的吸收效率。
作为上述技术方案的进一步改进，所述微生态制剂的制备原料按重量份数计为：酪酸梭菌6-12份、鼠李糖乳杆菌2-6份、粪肠球菌4-10份、酵母8-15份、羽衣甘蓝乙醇提取物10-12份、麦芽糖浆10-18份、果寡糖2-4份、豆粕20-30份。
泰和乌鸡不同于其他种类鸡只，其生长过程中更易受到各种病菌的影响，而滥用饲料药物添加剂又会在鸡体内大量残留。而微生态制剂是利用对鸡只有益无害的益生菌、与其他物质混合制成的制剂，作为遵循生态环境自然法则的无公害制剂，其能够很好的代替饲料药物添加剂应用于家禽养殖。酪酸梭菌能够分泌肠粘膜再生和修复的重要营养物质酪酸，并能促进双歧杆菌等肠道有益菌生长，抑制痢疾志贺氏菌等肠道有害菌生长，恢复肠道菌群平衡，提高免疫功能。鼠李糖乳杆菌能够预防治疗腹泻，调节肠道菌群提升机体免疫力。粪肠球菌能够改善肠道微生态平衡，促进家禽免疫反应，形成乳酸菌屏障抵御病菌入侵，其还能够促进家禽对营养物质的吸收，提高饲料转化率。本发明微生态制剂采用多种益生菌，能够有效提高泰和乌鸡各阶段的机体免疫力，有效预防各种病菌的侵害；本发明微生态制剂中的羽衣甘蓝乙醇提取物与果寡糖还能与所选益生菌配合促进鸡只体内亚麻酸向DHA的转化率。
作为上述技术方案的进一步改进，步骤1)雏鸡阶段所述植物多糖水的混合料液比为1:20-30；所述植物多糖由灵芝多糖与螺旋藻多糖按等质量比混合。开食后一周内，本发明以基础谷物碎颗粒、灵芝多糖与螺旋藻多糖混合制备的糖水喂饮雏鸡，该糖水可以提高雏鸡对后续饲喂复合饲料中的亚麻酸的吸收效率。
作为上述技术方案的进一步改进，步骤1)雏鸡阶段饲喂的复合饲料中微生态制剂掺杂量为0.40％-0.65％。
作为上述技术方案的进一步改进，经过步骤2)预放养阶段得到的小鸡也可作为商品仔鸡；该商品仔鸡DHA含量不低于450mg/100g，其DHA/EPA的比例为10.5-14:1。
作为上述技术方案的进一步改进，步骤2)预放养阶段饲喂的复合饲料中微生态制剂掺杂量为0.55％-0.70％。
作为上述技术方案的进一步改进，步骤3)所述放养林地为桑树园，泰和乌鸡于桑树园中的放养密度不高于12只/平方米。
本发明泰和乌鸡最终育成阶段放养于桑树园中进行，一方面鸡只可自由采食害虫、草根等天然饲料，鸡粪还可增加土壤养分；另一方面桑叶又可作为家蚕的天然食物，家蚕最终提供的蚕蛹与桑叶又能反过来制作成本发明所述复合饲料，实现了生态养殖。
作为上述技术方案的进一步改进，步骤3)育成阶段饲喂的市售全价料中微生态制剂掺杂量为1.10％-1.20％。
作为上述技术方案的进一步改进，所述商品泰和乌鸡中DHA/EPA的比例为2.5-3:1。
发明人多次试验研究发现，在泰和乌鸡最终育成阶段饲喂的市售全价料中掺杂1.10％-1.20％本发明制备的微生态制剂，能够调控亚麻酸在鸡只体内的转化方向，抑制了DHA的部分转化效率而小幅度提升了EPA的转化效率；致使鸡只在育成阶段体内DHA/EPA的比例逐渐变低，最终得到了适用于预防心脑血管疾病(即DHA/EPA为2.5-3:1)的商品泰和乌鸡。
作为上述技术方案的进一步改进，所述商品泰和乌鸡能够作为功能性滋补食品应用于预防心脑血管疾病。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是：
1、本发明提供一种含有丰富DHA、EPA的泰和乌鸡的养殖方法，采用圈养结合放养、天然饲料配合复合饲料，采用微生态制剂、不饲喂药物添加剂，无残留无污染，同时兼具高的营养价值和药用价值。
2、本发明克服了现有藻油与鱼油的不足及局限性，本发明方法养殖得到的商品泰和乌鸡具有合适的DHA/EPA比，能够保护视力、提高智力、促进人体饱和脂肪酸代谢，起降低血液粘稠度、加强血液循环，可有效预防动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、痛风及脑血栓、脑溢血、高血压等心脑血管疾病。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合实施例对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述。实施例中未注明具体条件者，按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者，均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
除非另有定义，本文所使用的所有技术和科学术语与本发明技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同。在本发明的说明书所使用的术语只是为了描述具体实施例的目的，并非用于限制本发明。本文所使用的术语“和/或”包括一个或多个相关的所列项目的任意的和所有的组合。
实施例1
1、按重量份数称取以下各原料：玉米65份、桑叶30份、车前草24份、夏枯草8份、艾叶5份、银线莲2份、骨炭粉2份、蚕蛹7份、火麻仁5份、核桃壳粉0.5份。
2、将上述原料粉碎并混合均匀，加温水、橄榄油搅拌送入造粒机进行造粒，颗粒干燥记得复合饲料。
实施例2
1、按重量份数称取以下各原料：玉米65份、桑叶30份、车前草24份、夏枯草8份、艾叶5份、银线莲3份、骨炭粉2份、蚕蛹5份、火麻仁7份、核桃壳粉0.5份。
2、将上述原料粉碎并混合均匀，加温水、橄榄油搅拌送入造粒机进行造粒，颗粒干燥记得复合饲料。
实施例3
1、按重量份数称取以下各原料：酪酸梭菌10份、鼠李糖乳杆菌5份、粪肠球菌4份、酵母11份、羽衣甘蓝乙醇提取物12份、麦芽糖浆14份、果寡糖2份、豆粕26份。
2、将活化好的酪酸梭菌接种于装有100mL的发酵培养基A的500mL三角瓶中保温培养2d，得到酪酸梭菌液体菌种；同理得到鼠李糖乳杆菌液体菌种与粪肠球菌液体菌种。将豆粕与酵母、羽衣甘蓝乙醇提取物、麦芽糖浆、果寡糖混合，调节含水率为35％，接种上述三种液体菌种即得微生态制剂。
实施例4
1、按重量份数称取以下各原料：酪酸梭菌7份、鼠李糖乳杆菌4份、粪肠球菌10份、酵母11份、羽衣甘蓝乙醇提取物10份、麦芽糖浆14份、果寡糖4份、豆粕26份。
2、将活化好的酪酸梭菌接种于装有100mL的发酵培养基A的500mL三角瓶中保温培养2d，得到酪酸梭菌液体菌种；同理得到鼠李糖乳杆菌液体菌种与粪肠球菌液体菌种。将豆粕与酵母、羽衣甘蓝乙醇提取物、麦芽糖浆、果寡糖混合，调节含水率为35％，接种上述三种液体菌种即得微生态制剂。
实施例5-9
1、雏鸡阶段，该阶段养殖仅限于鸡舍内：选取健康无缺陷脱壳后1-3天的泰和乌鸡雏鸡，于鸡舍内养殖54日，首日起控制鸡舍内温度为37度，随后每日降低0.4度至室温后保持不变；雏鸡阶段饲喂方法具体如下：开食后一周内每日喂饮基础谷物碎颗粒与植物多糖水(植物多糖水的混合料液比为1:25；植物多糖由灵芝多糖与螺旋藻多糖按等质量比混合)，然后改喂掺杂微生态制剂的复合饲料、自由饮水。
2、预放养阶段，该阶段养殖于鸡舍和放养草场中交替进行：选取经雏鸡阶段养殖后的、健康无缺陷的小鸡，间隔转入放养草场中试养，该阶段养殖时长为132日，随养殖时间逐渐增加放养时长占比；预放养阶段饲喂方法具体如下：全阶段采用复合饲料掺杂微生态制剂饲喂。(可作为商品仔鸡)
3、养成阶段，该阶段养殖于放养林地中进行：选取经预放养阶段养殖后的、健康无缺陷的小鸡，在桑树园中饲养40日(放养密度10只/平方米)，最终得到商品泰和乌鸡；养成阶段饲喂方法具体如下：全阶段采用市售全价料掺杂微生态制剂饲喂。
具体饲喂方法如下表所示：
表1
按上述实施例养殖方法得到商品仔鸡及商品泰和乌鸡成鸡，对鸡胸肉的DHA及EPA含量进行检测，结果如下表所示：
表2
对比例1
参照实施例5的养殖方法，不同之处在于将雏鸡阶段喂饮的植物多糖水更换为质量分数4％的白糖水。
对比例2
参照实施例5的养殖方法，不同之处在于将育成阶段微生态制剂的掺杂量改为0.65％。
对比例3
参照实施例5的养殖方法，不同之处在于将预放养阶段微生态制剂的掺杂量改为1.15％。
对比例4
1、参照实施例3的制备方法，不同之处在于未添加羽衣甘蓝乙醇提取物及果寡糖，制备得到微生态制剂。
2、采用上述制得的微生态制剂，参照实施例5的养殖方法进行养殖试验。
按上述对比例养殖方法得到商品仔鸡及商品泰和乌鸡成鸡，对鸡胸肉的DHA及EPA含量进行检测，结果如下表所示：
表3
| DHA含量 | EPA含量 | DHA/EPA | |
| 对比例1仔鸡 | 428mg/100g | 41mg/100g | 10.439 |
| 对比例1成鸡 | 336mg/100g | 119mg/100g | 2.823 |
| 对比例2仔鸡 | 542mg/100g | 49mg/100g | 11.061 |
| 对比例2成鸡 | 561mg/100g | 52mg/100g | 10.788 |
| 对比例3仔鸡 | 294mg/100g | 122mg/100g | 2.410 |
| 对比例3成鸡 | 305mg/100g | 147mg/100g | 2.075 |
| 对比例4仔鸡 | 342mg/100g | 35mg/100g | 9.771 |
| 对比例4成鸡 | 317mg/100g | 44mg/100g | 7.205 |
由表2及表3检测数据可知，本发明养殖方法能够显著增加泰和乌鸡体内DHA与EPA的含量，另外还能够很好的调控DHA与EPA比例，使得最终得到的成鸡能够很好的应用于预防、治疗动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、痛风及脑血栓、脑溢血、高血压等多种心脑血管疾病，具有很好的市场竞争力。
以上所描述的实施例仅表达了本发明的几种优选实施例，其描述较为具体和详细，但并不用于限制本发明。应当指出，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本发明还可以有各种变化和更改，凡在本发明的构思和原则之内，所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法，其特征在于，具体包括如下三个阶段：
1)雏鸡阶段，该阶段养殖仅限于鸡舍内：选取健康无缺陷脱壳后1-3天的泰和乌鸡雏鸡，于鸡舍内养殖50-55日，首日起控制鸡舍内温度为35-38度，随后每日降低0.4度至室温后保持不变；
雏鸡阶段饲喂方法具体如下：开食后一周内每日喂饮基础谷物碎颗粒与植物多糖水，然后改喂掺杂微生态制剂的复合饲料、自由饮水；雏鸡阶段饲喂的复合饲料中微生态制剂掺杂量为0.40％-0.65％；
2)预放养阶段，该阶段养殖于鸡舍和放养草场中交替进行：选取经步骤1)阶段养殖后的、健康无缺陷的小鸡，间隔转入放养草场中试养，该阶段养殖时长为125-135日，随养殖时间逐渐增加放养时长占比；
预放养阶段饲喂方法具体如下：全阶段采用复合饲料掺杂微生态制剂饲喂；预放养阶段饲喂的复合饲料中微生态制剂掺杂量为0.55％-0.70％；
3)养成阶段，该阶段养殖于放养林地中进行：选取经步骤2)阶段养殖后的、健康无缺陷的小鸡，在放养林地中饲养35-45日，最终得到商品泰和乌鸡；
养成阶段饲喂方法具体如下：全阶段采用市售全价料掺杂微生态制剂饲喂；育成阶段饲喂的市售全价料中微生态制剂掺杂量为1.10％-1.20％；
所述复合饲料的制备原料按重量份数计为：玉米50-75份、桑叶20-35份、车前草15-25份、夏枯草5-10份、艾叶5-7份、银线莲2-3份、骨炭粉1-4份、蚕蛹5-8份、火麻仁5-7份、核桃壳粉0.5-1份；
所述微生态制剂的制备原料按重量份数计为：酪酸梭菌6-12份、鼠李糖乳杆菌2-6份、粪肠球菌4-10份、酵母8-15份、羽衣甘蓝乙醇提取物10-12份、麦芽糖浆10-18份、果寡糖2-4份、豆粕20-30份。
2.根据权利要求1所述一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法，其特征在于，步骤1)雏鸡阶段所述植物多糖水的混合料液比为1:20-30；所述植物多糖由灵芝多糖与螺旋藻多糖按等质量比混合。
3.根据权利要求1所述一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法，其特征在于，经过步骤2)预放养阶段得到的小鸡也可作为商品仔鸡；该商品仔鸡DHA含量不低于450mg/100g，其DHA/EPA的比例为10.5-14:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法，其特征在于，步骤3)所述放养林地为桑树园，泰和乌鸡于桑树园中的放养密度不高于12只/平方米。
5.根据权利要求1所述一种富含脑黄金泰和乌鸡的养殖方法，其特征在于，所述商品泰和乌鸡中DHA/EPA的比例为2.5-3:1。
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