CN114651681A - Banded intercropping method and mixed harvesting and mixed storing method for feeding sorghum and silage corn - Google Patents
Banded intercropping method and mixed harvesting and mixed storing method for feeding sorghum and silage corn Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a banded intercropping method and a mixed harvesting and mixed storing method for forage sorghum and silage corns, and relates to the field of planting, harvesting and storing of forage crops. A banded intercropping method for forage sorghum and silage corn comprises the steps of land preparation, sowing and field management, wherein a 75% sulfentrazone preparation, a 48% dicamba preparation and a 25% quinclorac preparation are compounded to serve as a post-seedling special herbicide for the forage sorghum and the silage corn, and weeding work is safe and efficient. The strip-shaped intercropping mode can effectively eliminate the continuous cropping obstacle of the single cropping of the silage corns and has important significance for stabilizing the forage grass supply in the area and improving the yield and quality of grass products. The mixed harvesting and mixed storing method of the forage sorghum and the silage corn can realize mixed harvesting of the forage sorghum and the silage corn in the field, directly obtain silage mixed raw materials at one time, is convenient and quick, has reasonable proportion, can obviously shorten an aerobic fermentation process after mixed harvesting and mixed storing, enables the silage raw materials to rapidly enter an anaerobic state, is beneficial to the storage of nutrient substances, and improves the quality of grass products.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of forage grass crop planting, harvesting and storing, in particular to a banded intercropping method and a mixed harvesting and storing method for forage sorghum and silage corn.
Background
The production of forage grass is the basis of the development of the herbivorous animal husbandry, and is influenced by the original sealing of natural grass for grazing, the degradation of the productivity of grassland and the like, the artificial forage grass becomes the main source of the livestock breeding forage grass, and the supply capacity, the product type and the product quality of the artificial forage grass become the most critical influencing factors for the development of the herbivorous animal husbandry. The C4 forage grass represented by forage sorghum and silage corn has higher light energy, water and nitrogen utilization rate and stronger field resistance, and the dry matter yield is obviously higher than that of other forage grass crops, so the C4 forage grass becomes a silage utilization type forage grass main planting grass seed in northern areas.
From the aspect of planting, the domestic planting area of the silage corns reaches 1500 ten thousand mu, the silage corns are influenced by factors such as the restriction of the cultivated land area, the continuous cropping of the silage corns is common, and the yield and the quality are reduced and the production cost is increased to a certain extent; the forage sorghum is a sorghum of Gramineae, has strong drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, barren resistance and low-temperature resistance, is rich in nutrition, has higher biological yield than other forage crops such as corn and the like, is widely planted as a new forage grass in China, and has a relatively mature production management technology.
At present, researchers have preliminarily explored feasibility of mixed planting of silage corns and forage sorghum, for example, chinese patent document CN108967081A discloses a mixed planting method of forage sorghum and silage corns, which realizes complementation of advantages between varieties and improves biomass and quality of crops by mixed planting of forage sorghum and silage corns. However, for weed control, the patent document adopts a technical means of weeding by sealing the ground before mulching and covering soil on an artificial film after seedling, pulling out or directional spraying of paraquat. Paraquat is a contact herbicide, has poor safety for planting crops, and needs to be manually pulled out in special places for weeds around plants in sowing holes, so that the manpower is increased, and the weeding efficiency is low.
Weeding is a key step of crop planting, the selection of herbicides and the quality of weeding effect directly influence the crop yield, a safe and efficient weeding method specially suitable for mixed planting of silage corns and forage sorghum is not reported, and the development of the technology is severely restricted.
Disclosure of Invention
One of the purposes of the invention is to provide a novel banded intercropping method for feeding sorghum and silage corns, and a compound herbicide specially suitable for the feeding sorghum and the silage corns is adopted, so that the weeding work is safe and efficient.
The invention also aims to provide a mixed harvesting and mixed storing method of the feeding sorghum and the silage corns, based on the banded intercropping method, the feeding sorghum and the silage corns can be harvested in a mixed manner in the field, silage mixed raw materials can be directly obtained at one time, convenience and rapidness are realized, and the proportion is reasonable; through the mixed silage of the forage sorghum and the silage corn, the aerobic fermentation process is obviously shortened, the silage raw materials rapidly enter an anaerobic state, the preservation of nutrient substances is facilitated, and the quality of grass products is improved.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
in a first aspect, the present invention provides a strip-like intercropping method of forage sorghum and silage corn, wherein the sorghum and silage corn are planted in a irrigated area or a rain-fed area, and the planting field is a spring sowing field or a summer sowing field, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) soil preparation;
(2) sowing: feeding sorghum and silage corns in a proportion of 1: planting in a 1-zone ratio, planting different crops in adjacent zones, and continuously planting 3-4 rows of the same crop in each zone;
(3) field management: comprises a weeding step, wherein,
the weeding step comprises the following steps: when 4-5 leaves of silage corns and more than 3 leaves of forage sorghum are planted after seedlings are planted, 30-36 g/mu of 75% sulfentrazone preparation, 25-30 mL/mu of 48% dicamba preparation and 35-42 g/mu of 25% quinclorac preparation are mixed with 30-40 kg/mu of water for spraying weeding.
Further, the 75% sulfentrazone formulation is a 75% sulfentrazone suspoemulsion, the 48% dicamba formulation is a 48% dicamba aqueous solution, and the 25% quinclorac formulation is a 25% quinclorac suspoemulsion.
Further, the weeding step further comprises the following steps: and (3) sealing the ground by adding water 30-40 kg/mu into 120-200 mL/mu of 72% metolachlor preparation before seedling after sowing or before mulching of the non-mulching sowing field.
Further, the 72% metolachlor formulation is a 72% metolachlor emulsifiable concentrate.
Further, in the step of sowing the seeds,
the seeding amount of the sorghum for feeding is 0.50-0.75 kg/mu, the hole distance is 12-15 cm, the row distance is 55-60 cm, the seeding depth is 3-4 cm, and 2-3 seeds are planted in each hole;
the seeding amount of the silage corns is 1.00-1.25 kg/mu, the plant spacing is 18-20 cm, the row spacing is 55-60 cm, the seeding depth is 5-6 cm, and 1 seed is planted in each hole.
Further, the variety of the feeding sorghum comprises at least one of maca, F10, sea lion and sea cattle.
Further, the variety of the silage corn comprises at least one of Jingke 968, Wenyu No. 3 and Guiqingke No. 1.
Furthermore, the annual rainfall capacity of the rain-fed area is more than or equal to 350mm, and the rainfall capacity of the silage corns in the growing period is more than or equal to 260 mm.
Further, the step of land preparation comprises:
sowing the field blocks in spring:
ploughing 18-22 cm in the autumn of the last year, irrigating enough winter water in a irrigation area, leveling and preserving soil moisture in a dry land in a rain-culture area;
land leveling and soil moisture conservation are carried out when the surface of the land is thawed by 2-3 cm in early spring;
fertilizing and preparing soil when the daily average temperature reaches above 12 ℃ and the ground temperature at 8cm is stable above 10 ℃;
fertilizing 3-5 days before sowing, wherein 3-5 kg/mu of nitrogen, 5-6 kg/mu of phosphorus and 2-3 kg/mu of potassium are sprayed in a irrigation area, and after fertilizing, rotating the field for 15-20 cm to be sown; 2-3 kg of nitrogen, 3-4 kg of phosphorus and 2-3 kg of potassium are scattered in non-film-covered dry land of a rain-farming area, and after fertilization, a rake is lightly harrowed for 5-6 cm to be sown; spraying 12-15 kg/mu of nitrogen, 6-8 kg/mu of phosphorus and 4-6 kg/mu of potassium to the film-covered dry land in the rain-farming area, and covering films 18-22 cm in the rotary land after fertilizer application for sowing;
sowing the field pieces in summer:
rapidly irrigating water and making soil moisture in the irrigation area after harvesting the previous crops, spraying 3-5 kg/mu of nitrogen, 5-6 kg/mu of phosphorus and 2-3 kg/mu of potassium, and performing rotary planting for 18-22 cm after fertilizing to be sowed; spraying nitrogen 2-3 kg/mu, phosphorus 3-4 kg/mu and potassium 2-3 kg/mu on non-film-covered dry land in a rain-farming area, and after fertilizing, rotating the land 18-22 cm for sowing; and (3) spreading nitrogen 12-15 kg/mu, phosphorus 6-8 kg/mu and potassium 4-6 kg/mu in the film-covered dry land of the rain-farming area, and spreading 18-22 cm film-covered on the rotary land after fertilizing for sowing.
Further, the field management further comprises the step of irrigation:
sowing field blocks in spring:irrigating fields in the irrigation area at the large-horn mouth period and the staminate emergence period of the silage corns respectively in a flood irrigation mode, wherein the irrigation quantity is 80-100 m3Per mu;
sowing the field pieces in summer: the irrigation area is used for irrigating the field respectively in the jointing stage and the pre-emasculation stage of the silage corns, the flood irrigation mode is adopted, and the irrigation quantity is 80-100 m3Per mu.
Further, the field management further comprises the following steps of topdressing:
in the jointing stage of silage corns, intertillage topdressing is carried out on the field, and the topdressing amount in the irrigation area is 17-20 kg/mu of nitrogen, 5-6.5 kg/mu of phosphorus and 3-4 kg/mu of potassium; the topdressing amount of the non-film-covered dry land in the rain-fed area is 10-12 kg/mu of nitrogen, 3-4 kg/mu of phosphorus and 2-3 kg/mu of potassium; the film-covered dry land in the rain-fed area is not fertilized.
Further, the field management also comprises the steps of pest control:
at least one preparation of 25 percent of difenoconazole missible oil, 40 percent of clove tebuconazole and 50 percent of azoxystrobin suspoemulsion is used for preventing and treating the northern and southern leaf blight of silage corn;
killing aphids or armyworms by using at least one insecticide of 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin missible oil, 50 percent of imidacloprid wettable powder and 20 percent of acetamiprid wettable powder;
at least one insecticide of 10 percent of pyridaben, 1.8 percent of abamectin and 15 percent of fenpropacin is used for killing red spiders.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a mixed harvesting and storing method for forage sorghum and silage corn, comprising: and mixing and harvesting the forage sorghum planted according to the strip intercropping method and silage corns, and then ensiling.
Further, when the moisture content of the grain milk line is 1/2-3/4% and the moisture content is less than or equal to 65% from the late stage of the milk ripening of the silage corn to the early stage of the wax ripening, and when the moisture content of the feeding sorghum grain is less than or equal to 72% at the late stage of the grain filling, mixed harvesting is carried out.
Further, in the step of mixed harvesting, the stubble height is 15-20 cm, the silage corns and the whole forage sorghum plants are mixed and cut into 1-2 cm, and the complete grains of the corns in the obtained silage mixed raw material are not more than 0.5 grains/dm3。
Further, a large ensiling harvester with a grain crushing function is adopted for mixed harvesting.
Further, the step of ensiling comprises: pressing the ensiling mixed raw materials obtained after mixing and harvesting into a cellar for ensiling or wrapping the ensiling, wherein,
the steps of pressing the cellar for ensiling comprise:
sterilizing the cement silage silo and paving hay with the thickness of 15-20 cm at the bottom;
filling the silage mixed raw materials, spraying lactobacillus liquid once for each charge of silage mixed raw materials with the thickness of 20-30 cm by adopting a slope compaction method and the slope angle of 25-30 degrees, and compacting, wherein the average compaction density of the whole cellar is 700-750 kg/m35-7 g of viable bacteria in each ton of silage mixed raw material is sprayed, and the viable bacteria count is more than or equal to 2 multiplied by 1010Diluting the lactic acid bacteria at the ratio of CFU/g by 400 times to obtain lactic acid bacteria liquid;
after the cement silage silo is filled and compacted, covering the surface of the silage mixed raw materials with a silage film, covering a straw curtain on the silage film, covering a soil layer with the thickness of 5-10 cm on the straw curtain, and fermenting for 45-50 days to obtain silage;
the step of wrapping the silage comprises:
completing wrapping within 6h after mixed harvesting, performing high-density compaction, net winding and bundling by using a bundling wrapping machine, and spraying 5-7 g of viable count not less than 2 multiplied by 10 to each ton of silage mixed raw material in the feeding process10Diluting the lactic acid bacteria to obtain lactic acid bacteria liquid, and wrapping the lactic acid bacteria liquid with an ensiling and stretching film, wherein the bale density is 650-750 kg/m3The diameter of the bale is 1-1.2 m, the thickness of the inner film is 13-25 mu m, the bale is wound for 3-4 circles, the thickness of the outer film is 25-30 mu m, and the bale is wound for 10-14 circles;
and placing the mixture in a flat and dry place which avoids direct sunlight for stacking 1-2 layers for storage, and fermenting for 40-45 days to obtain the silage.
In a third aspect, the invention provides silage obtained by the method for mixed harvesting and mixed storing of the forage sorghum and the silage corn.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following advantages:
1. according to the banded intercropping method for the forage sorghum and the silage corn, provided by the invention, the 75% of sulfentrazone preparation, the 48% of dicamba preparation and the 25% of quinclorac preparation are compounded to serve as the special herbicide for the forage sorghum and the silage corn after seedling, experiments show that the weeding effect of the compounded forage sorghum and silage corn banded intercropping field is obviously superior to the combination of a single preparation and two compounded preparations, the weeding effect is good and durable, the two crops cannot be damaged, the weeding work is safe and efficient, the crop yield is favorably improved, the safety of the fed livestock is improved, and the large-scale popularization of the forage sorghum and silage corn banded intercropping technology is facilitated.
Due to the difference of the growth rates of the forage sorghum and the silage corn, the light energy incident amount can be obviously increased at the top of a wave-shaped canopy formed in the field, the light energy utilization efficiency of field groups is improved, the growth of each crop is promoted, and the forage grass yield per unit area is increased. The silage corns and the forage sorghum are subjected to intercropping rotation stubble in a zonal intercropping mode, so that the continuous cropping obstacle of single cropping of the silage corns can be effectively eliminated, and the method has important significance for stabilizing regional forage grass supply and improving the yield and quality of grass products.
The banded intercropping of the forage sorghum and the silage corn effectively realizes the advantage complementation between crop species and improves the biological yield of field groups, wherein the biological yield of the forage sorghum is improved by 10 to 13 percent, the biological yield of the silage corn is improved by 10 to 12 percent, and the yield increase effect is obvious.
2. The mixed harvesting and mixed storing method for the forage sorghum and the silage corns, provided by the invention, is based on the strip intercropping method, can realize mixed harvesting of the forage sorghum and the silage corns in the field, can directly obtain silage mixed raw materials at one time, and is convenient and rapid, and the proportion is reasonable.
Through the mixed silage of the forage sorghum and the silage corn, the characteristics of high starch content and dry matter content of the silage corn and high sugar content and water content of the forage sorghum are complemented, and after the mixed silage and the silage corn are mixed and stored, the aerobic fermentation process can be obviously shortened, so that the silage raw material rapidly enters an anaerobic state to be beneficial to the preservation of nutrient substances, the quality of grass products is improved, and the adverse effect of high water content of the forage sorghum is eliminated by using the silage corn.
By adopting the mixed harvesting and mixed storing method of the forage sorghum and the silage corns, provided by the invention, the aerobic fermentation time can be shortened by 2-3 days, the whole silage fermentation process can be shortened by 10-15 days, the nutrient storage rate of silage raw materials can be improved by 10-15%, and the quality of silage is obviously improved.
Detailed Description
The following examples are provided to further understand the present invention, not to limit the scope of the present invention, but to provide the best mode, not to limit the content and the protection scope of the present invention, and any product similar or similar to the present invention, which is obtained by combining the present invention with other prior art features, falls within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a banded intercropping method and a mixed harvesting and mixed storing method for feeding sorghum and silage corns, which are implemented in spring sowing field blocks in a yellow irrigation district introduced in Ningxia, and specifically comprises the following operation steps:
(1) soil preparation
Ploughing the harvested silage corns in 10 th ten days of the last autumn, wherein the depth of the plough is 20 cm; irrigating in 10 days in 11 months and 100m3Per mu; mechanically land leveling for 2 months and 3 days in the next year; 5 kg/mu of urea, 12 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate and 5 kg/mu of potassium chloride are spread on the land for 4 months and 11 days, the land is rotated for 1 time, the depth is 15cm, and the land leveling and the soil moisture conservation are immediately carried out.
(2) Seeding
Mechanically sowing in 15 days in 4 months, wherein the forage sorghum is F10, and the silage corn is Tunyu 168; the planting zone ratio is 1: 1, and 4 rows are planted in each zone; the seeding amount of the sorghum for feeding is 0.6 kg/mu, the hole distance is 12cm, the row distance is 60cm, the seeding depth is 3cm, and 2-3 seeds are planted in each hole; the seeding quantity of the silage corns is 1.25 kg/mu, the plant spacing is 18cm, the row spacing is 60cm, the seeding depth is 5cm, and 1 seed is planted in each hole.
(3) Weeding after sowing and before seedling
On 16 days 4 months, 150 mL/mu of 72% metolachlor missible oil is added with 30 kg/mu of water and evenly sprayed for ground sealing.
(4) Weeding after seedling
When 4-5 leaves of corn and 3 leaves of sorghum are ensiled after seedling in 22 days at 5 months, 36 g/mu of 75% sulfentrazone suspension emulsion, 25 mL/mu of 48% dicamba water agent, 40 g/mu of 25% quinclorac suspension emulsion and 35 kg/mu of water are added for carrying out stem and leaf spray weeding.
(5) Topdressing
And (4) mechanically intertilling and fertilizing for 6 months and 15 days, wherein the fertilizer dosage is 38 kg/mu of urea, 13 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate and 8 kg/mu of potassium chloride.
(6) First irrigation
Irrigating in 16 days after 6 months, and flooding by 100m3Per mu.
(7) Disease control
30 mL/mu of 40% clove tebuconazole and 25 g/mu of 50% azoxystrobin suspoemulsion are added with 45 kg/mu of water for spraying on 15 days at 7 months to prevent and control the northern leaf blight and southern leaf blight of silage corns.
(8) Pest control
Spraying 30 mL/mu of 2.5% efficient cyhalothrin missible oil and 15 g/mu of 50% imidacloprid wettable powder by adding 45 kg/mu of water for killing aphids and armyworms 20 days in 7 months; and spraying 45 mL/mu of 10% pyridaben and 30 mL/mu of 1.8% abamectin in water of 45 kg/mu for killing red spiders on 5 days at 8 months.
(9) Secondary irrigation
Irrigating in 25 days after 7 months, and flooding by 80m3Per mu.
(10) Mixed harvesting and storing
Cutting and chopping in the field of a silage harvester for 8-25 months of daily use, wherein the water content of the silage mixed raw material is 66%, the height of field stubble is 15cm, the silage mixed raw material is longitudinally cut, the length of the cut section is 1-2 cm, and the complete grains of the corns in the silage mixed raw material are not more than 0.5 grains/dm3Timely pulling and transporting to a sterilized cement ensiling cellar with hay thickness of 15cm spread at the bottom for filling, compacting by adopting a slope surface of 30 degrees, spraying lactobacillus liquid once per 30cm thick ensiling raw material and mechanically compacting for 1 time, wherein 5g viable count of the mixed raw material for each ton of ensiling is more than or equal to 2 multiplied by 1010Diluting the CFU/g lactobacillus with purified water of 40 deg.C by 400 times to obtain lactobacillus bacterial liquid with average compacted density of 700kg/m3；
And (3) after the cement silage silo is filled and compacted, covering the cement silage silo with a silage special film, covering the film inwards in a black state, covering the film with a straw curtain, covering the straw curtain with a soil layer with the thickness of 5cm, compacting, ensuring that the straw curtain is airtight and waterproof, and fermenting for 45 days to obtain the silage.
In the example, the silage yield of the forage sorghum is 8360 kg/mu, the silage yield of the silage corn is 5320 kg/mu, the silage corn yield is respectively increased by 12.97 percent and 10.83 percent compared with the single crop yield, and the average silage raw material yield after mixed harvest is 6840 kg/mu.
In the embodiment, the whole silage fermentation process is 45 days, compared with silage of silage corns, the fermentation time is shortened by 12 days, and the nutrient storage rate is improved by 14.8%.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a belt-shaped intercropping method and a mixed harvesting and mixed storing method for forage sorghum and silage corn, which are implemented in summer sowing fields in Ningxia yellow irrigation areas, and specifically comprise the following operation steps:
(1) soil preparation
After 5 months and 20 days of spring crops, irrigating water to form soil moisture, flooding water on the field surface, wherein the irrigation quantity is 80m3Per mu; 3 kg/mu of urea, 13 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate and 4 kg/mu of potassium chloride are broadcast in 29 days in 5 months, the land is rotated for 1 time, the depth is 20cm, and the land is levelled and preserved immediately.
(2) Seeding
Mechanically sowing in 5 months and 30 days, wherein the sorghum for feeding is Dajiang prize 1230, and the maize for silage is Jingke 968; the planting zone ratio is 1: 1, and 3 rows are planted in each zone; the seeding amount of the sorghum for feeding is 0.6 kg/mu, the hole distance is 12cm, the row distance is 60cm, the seeding depth is 3cm, and 2-3 seeds are planted in each hole; the seeding quantity of the silage corns is 1.25 kg/mu, the plant spacing is 18cm, the row spacing is 60cm, the seeding depth is 5cm, and each hole is provided with 1 seed.
(3) Weeding after sowing and before seedling
And on 31 days in 5 months, uniformly spraying 200 mL/mu of 72% metolachlor missible oil and 40 kg/mu of water for ground sealing.
(4) Weeding after seedling
When 4-5 leaves of corn and 3 leaves of sorghum are ensiled after seedling in 25 days at 6 months and 25 days, 35 g/mu of 75% sulfentrazone suspension emulsion, 30 mL/mu of 48% dicamba aqueous solution and 42 g/mu of 25% quinclorac suspension emulsion are added with 40 kg/mu of water to carry out stem and leaf spray weeding.
(5) Topdressing
And (3) mechanically intertilling and fertilizing for 7 months and 15 days, wherein the fertilizer dosage is 32 kg/mu of urea, 11 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate and 8 kg/mu of potassium chloride.
(6) First irrigation
Irrigating in 16 days after 7 months, and flooding by 100m3Per mu.
(7) Disease control
30 mL/mu of 40% clove tebuconazole and 25 g/mu of 50% azoxystrobin suspoemulsion are taken daily in 25.7.7.7 months, and 45 kg/mu of water is added for spraying to prevent and control the northern leaf blight and southern blight of silage corn.
(8) Pest control
Spraying 30 mL/mu of 2.5% efficient cyhalothrin missible oil and 15 g/mu of 50% imidacloprid wettable powder by adding 45 kg/mu of water for killing aphids and armyworms 20 days in 7 months; and spraying 45 mL/mu of 10% pyridaben and 30 mL/mu of 1.8% abamectin in 45 kg/mu of water to kill red spiders on 8 months and 15 days.
(9) Secondary irrigation
Irrigating in 8 months and 16 days, and flooding by 80m3Per mu.
(10) Mixed harvesting and storing
Cutting and chopping in the field of a 9-month 27-day silage harvester, wherein the water content of the silage mixed raw material is 68%, the height of field stubble is 15cm, the silage mixed raw material is longitudinally cut, the length of the cut section is 1-2 cm, and the complete grains of the corns in the silage mixed raw material are not more than 0.5 grains/dm3Timely pulling and transporting to a sterilized cement ensiling cellar with 20cm thick hay paved at the bottom for filling, compacting by adopting a 30-degree slope, spraying lactobacillus liquid once per 30cm thick ensiling raw material and mechanically compacting for 1 time, wherein 7g viable count of the mixed raw material for each ton of ensiling is more than or equal to 2 multiplied by 1010Diluting the CFU/g lactobacillus with purified water of 36 deg.C by 400 times to obtain lactobacillus bacterial liquid with average compacted density of 750kg/m3。
And (3) after the cement silage silo is filled and compacted, covering the cement silage silo with a silage special film, covering the film inwards in a black state, covering the film with a straw curtain, covering the straw curtain with a soil layer with the thickness of 10cm, compacting, ensuring that the straw curtain is airtight and waterproof, and fermenting for 50 days to obtain the silage.
In the embodiment, the silage yield of the forage sorghum is 7500 kg/mu, the silage yield of the silage corn is 4000 kg/mu, the silage corn is respectively increased by 10.36 percent and 11.21 percent compared with the single crop yield, and the average silage raw material yield after mixed harvest is 5750 kg/mu.
In the embodiment, the whole silage fermentation process is 50 days, compared with silage of silage corns, the fermentation time is shortened by 10 days, and the nutrient storage rate is improved by 13.7%.
Example 3
The embodiment provides a banded intercropping method and a mixed harvesting and mixed storing method for forage sorghum and silage corns, which are implemented in a spring film covering and sowing field in a rain-fed area in the south of Ningxia, the specific implementation site is a six-pan mountain artemisia shop village in Jingyuan county of Guyuan city in autonomous region of Ningxia Hui nationality, the method belongs to a loess plateau hilly gully region of eastern foot of six pans, belongs to a semi-humid climate in a medium-temperature zone, and the annual average precipitation is 641.5mm, and the method specifically comprises the following operation steps:
(1) soil preparation
And (3) broadcasting 25 kg/mu of urea, 15 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate and 8 kg/mu of potassium chloride in 19 days in 4 months, rotating the land for 1 time, leveling and preserving soil moisture immediately, wherein the depth is 20 cm.
(2) Ground herbicide closure
And on 20 days in 4 months, uniformly spraying 200 mL/mu of 72% metolachlor emulsifiable solution and 40 kg/mu of water for sealing the ground.
(3) Film-covering sowing
Spraying herbicide on the ground surface 20 days after 4 months, performing film mulching and sowing operation by using a film mulching and sowing integrated machine, flatly mulching, using a white film with the width of 0.9m and the thickness of 0.012mm, and planting 2 rows of crops on each film, wherein the width of the film surface is 0.7m and the film space is 0.4m after the mulching; the planting belt ratio is 1: 1, 4 rows of planting are carried out on each belt, namely 2 films and 4 rows of planting sorghum are planted, and then 2 films and 4 rows of silage corns are planted; the feeding sorghum variety is sea lion, the seeding amount is 0.5 kg/mu, the hole distance is 14cm, the row distance is 55cm, the sowing depth is 3cm, and 2-3 seeds are planted in each hole; the silage corn variety is Guizhou silage No. 1, the seeding amount is 1 kg/mu, the plant spacing is 20cm, the row spacing is 55cm, the sowing depth is 5cm, and 1 seed is planted in each hole.
(4) Weeding after seedling
When 4-5 leaves of corn and 3 leaves of sorghum are ensiled after seedling in 25 days at 5 months and 25 days, 30 g/mu of 75% sulfentrazone suspension emulsion, 25 mL/mu of 48% dicamba water aqua and 35 g/mu of 25% quinclorac suspension emulsion are added with 30 kg/mu of water to carry out stem and leaf spray weeding.
(5) Disease control
30 mL/mu of 40% clove tebuconazole and 25 g/mu of 50% azoxystrobin suspoemulsion are taken daily for 7 months and 20 months, and 45 kg/mu of water is added for spraying to prevent and control the big and small spots of the silage corns.
(6) Pest control
Spraying 30 mL/mu of 2.5% efficient cyhalothrin missible oil and 15 g/mu of 50% imidacloprid wettable powder by 15 g/mu of water 45 kg/mu for killing aphids and armyworms on 7 months and 15 days; and spraying 45 mL/mu of 10% pyridaben and 30 mL/mu of 1.8% abamectin in water of 45 kg/mu for killing red spiders on 1 day at 8 months.
(7) Mixed harvesting and storing
Cutting and chopping in the field of a silage harvester for 9 months and 5 days, wherein the water content of the silage mixed raw material is 70%, the stubble height in the field is 20cm, the silage mixed raw material is longitudinally cut, the length of the cut section is 1-2 cm, and the complete grains of the corns in the silage mixed raw material are not more than 0.5 grains/dm3Timely transporting to a storage site;
wrapping with a bundling wrapping machine within 6h after mixed harvesting, and spraying 5g of viable bacteria not less than 2 × 10 per ton of ensilaged mixed raw material with an automatic spraying device during feeding10Diluting CFU/g lactobacillus with purified water of 40 deg.C by 400 times to obtain lactobacillus bacterial solution, compacting at high density, winding net, and bundling to obtain bundle with diameter of 1m and density of 700kg/m3Winding 3 times by using ensiling tensile inner membrane with the thickness of 13 mu m, winding 14 times by using outer membrane with the thickness of 25 mu m, stacking 2 layers in a grass shed for storage, and finishing fermentation after 40 days.
In the embodiment, the silage yield of the forage sorghum is 9100 kg/mu, the silage yield of the silage corn is 4450 kg/mu, the silage corn yield is respectively increased by 12.35 percent and 11.25 percent compared with the single cropping yield, and the average silage raw material yield after mixed harvest is 6775 kg/mu.
In the embodiment, the whole silage fermentation process is 40 days, compared with silage wrapped by silage corn, the fermentation time is shortened by 15 days, and the nutrient storage rate is improved by 10.2%.
Field efficacy test of post-emergence herbicides
The test field of the field efficacy test is a field block (spring sowing field block in Ningxia yellow irrigated area) in the same area as that of the example 1, the steps of land preparation, sowing and weeding before seedling after sowing are consistent with those of the example 1, and the test records are as follows:
1. investigation of weed conditions in test fields
After 20 days in 5 months, 4-5 leaves of silage corns and 3 leaves of forage sorghum are investigated in the field of the test field, 43 weeds of 35 genera in 16 families are found out in total, wherein the weeds of the compositae, the gramineae, the chenopodiaceae and the Convolvulaceae are taken as main weeds, and the relative abundance of the weeds is 77.9%, 49.8%, 39.6% and 16.4% respectively. From a single grass species, Chenopodium album was the most abundant weed in the field in the test area, with a relative abundance of 27.6%, followed by barnyard grass, 16.4%, followed by Mount Mengshan lettuce, with a relative abundance of 14.2%. The results of the weed condition survey in the test field are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 investigation results of the field weed conditions of the experiments
2. Post-emergence herbicidal test
In order to facilitate the statistics of weed control effects, the field weeds are counted according to 3 types of broadleaf weeds, gramineous weeds and total weeds.
The experiment was set up for 10 treatments, 3 replicates, for a total of 30 cells, each 5m long, 4.2m wide, 21m area2And 4-5 leaves of silage corns and 3-4 leaves of forage sorghum after seedlings in 21 days of 5 months are sprayed with field agents according to the experimental design, the water adding amount is 30 kg/mu, mulching films with the width of 1.5m are used for isolation around the plot during spraying to prevent the pesticide liquid from floating to influence other treatments, the types and the quantity of field weeds are investigated 15d and 30d after spraying, and the plant number control effect is calculated.
The number of plants is (%) the control effect (number of weeds in the clear water control area-number of weeds in the treated area) ÷ number of weeds in the clear water control area × 100
Meanwhile, 8 plants of the forage sorghum and the silage corn in each treatment cell are randomly selected at 7d, 15d and 30d after the pesticide is sprayed, plant height and leaf number investigation is carried out, and safety of each pesticide to crops is evaluated.
The treatment reagents are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 test treatment of field post-emergence herbicide
| Treatment of | Medicament | Administration of the dose |
| A | 75% sulfentrazone suspoemulsion | 60 g/mu |
| B | 48% dicamba aqueous solution | 50 mL/mu |
| C | 25% Quinclorac Suspoemulsion | 70 g/mu |
| D | 75% of sulfentrazone suspension emulsion and 48% of dicamba aqueous solution | 30 g/mu +25 mL/mu |
| E | 75% of sulfentrazone suspoemulsion and 25% of quinclorac suspoemulsion | 30 g/mu +35 g/mu |
| F | Dicamba 48% aqueous solution and quinclorac 25% suspoemulsion | 25 mL/mu +35 g/mu |
| G | 75% of sulfentrazone suspension emulsion, 48% of dicamba water aqua and 25% of quinclorac suspension emulsion | 24 g/mu +20 mL/mu +28 g/mu |
| H | 75% of sulfentrazone suspension emulsion, 48% of dicamba water aqua and 25% of quinclorac suspension emulsion | 30 g/mu, 25 mL/mu and 35 g/mu |
| I | 75% sulfentrazone suspension emulsion, 48% dicamba water solution and 25% quinclorac suspension emulsion | 36 g/mu, 30 mL/mu and 42 g/mu |
| CK | Clean water | 30 kg/mu |
3. Post-emergence herbicidal effect analysis
The results of the investigation of the effect of the agents on weed control in the field are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3 investigation results of the field weed control effect of each agent treatment
Note: the data in CK row in the table are the number of weed plants, and the data of other treatments are control effect (%).
As shown in Table 3, the control effect of the 3 tested agents on broadleaf weeds, grassy weeds and total grasses is less than 90% at the specified dose of 15 days and 30 days after single application. The processed A-sulfentrazone shows a certain control effect on broadleaf weeds, grassy weeds and total weeds, and the control effect on various weeds is gradually increased along with the prolonging of the application time; and the dicamba treatment B only shows certain control effect on broadleaf weeds, and the quinclorac treatment C only shows certain control effect on grassy weeds.
Under the single application of 50% of the tested 3 agents and the pairwise compound mode, the control effect on the total weeds in the field is obviously improved at 15d and 30d after spraying compared with the control effect on the total weeds in the single application, the positive effect is shown, and the control effects on the broadleaf weeds and the gramineous weeds are different. The control effect of the D-sulfentrazone and the dicamba on the broadleaf weeds and the grassy weeds is improved 15 days after the D-sulfentrazone and the dicamba are treated, the control effect on the broadleaf weeds 30 days after the D-sulfentrazone and the dicamba are higher than that of the A-sulfentrazone and the B-sulfentrazone in single application, and the control effect on the grassy weeds is lower than that of the A-sulfentrazone in single application; the control effect of the processed E-sulfentrazone and quinclorac on the broadleaf weeds is lower than that of the processed A at 15 days after the application and higher than that of the processed A at 30 days after the application, and the control effect on the grassy weeds is better than that of the processed A and the processed C at 15 days and 30 days after the application; the control effect of the treated F dicamba and quinclorac on broadleaf weeds is lower than that of the treated B at 15d and 30d after the herbicide application, the control effect on grassy weeds is lower than that of the treated C at 15d after the herbicide application and higher than that of the treated C at 30d after the herbicide application.
The three agents are compounded according to 40%, 50% and 60% of single application amount, and the field spraying shows that the control effects of the treatment G, the treatment H and the treatment I on the broadleaf weeds, the gramineous weeds and the total weeds at 15D and 30D after the application are better than those of the treatment A, the treatment B and the treatment C which are singly applied and the treatment D, the treatment E and the treatment F which are compounded in pairs, and the control effects of the treatment H and the treatment I on the broadleaf weeds, the gramineous weeds and the total weeds are higher than 90%, and the weeding effect is good and lasting. Therefore, the compatibility of 75% of the sulfentrazone suspension emulsion, 48% of the dicamba water aqua and 25% of the quinclorac suspension emulsion has a synergistic effect on the post-emergence weeding.
4. Investigation of post-emergence herbicide on crop safety
The results of the investigation on the growth safety of the forage sorghum intercropping silage corns by the treatment of each agent are shown in tables 4 to 6.
TABLE 4 investigation results of crop growth safety after 7d treatment with each agent
Note: f0.05＝2.22，F0.01＝3.52。
TABLE 5 investigation results of crop growth safety after 15 days of treatment with each agent
Note: f0.05＝2.22，F0.01＝3.52。
TABLE 6 investigation results of crop growth safety after 30 days of treatment with each agent
Note: f0.05＝2.22，F0.01＝3.52。
As can be seen from tables 4-6, the differences of the influences of 7d, 15d and 30d on the plant height and leaf number of the forage sorghum and the silage corn after the pesticide spraying of each treatment can not reach significant levels (F value is less than F)0.05) The test does not cause phytotoxicity to the growth of the tested crops in each treatment, and the test agents are safe to be singly applied or applied in a compounding way on the feeding sorghum and the silage corns.
It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications therefrom are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A banded intercropping method of forage sorghum and silage corn is characterized in that planting is carried out in a irrigated area or a rain-fed area, and a planting field block is a spring sowing field block or a summer sowing field block, and the method comprises the following steps:
(1) soil preparation;
(2) sowing: feeding sorghum and silage corns in a proportion of 1: planting in a 1-zone ratio, planting different crops in adjacent zones, and continuously planting 3-4 rows of the same crop in each zone;
(3) field management: comprising the step of weeding, wherein,
the weeding step comprises the following steps: when 4-5 leaves of corn are ensiled after seedling and more than 3 leaves of sorghum for feeding, 30-36 g/mu of 75% sulfentrazone preparation, 25-30 mL/mu of 48% dicamba preparation and 35-42 g/mu of 25% quinclorac preparation are added with 30-40 kg/mu of water for spraying and weeding.
2. The method for zonal intercropping of forage sorghum and silage corn of claim 1, wherein the weeding step further comprises: and (3) sealing the ground by adding water 30-40 kg/mu into 120-200 mL/mu of 72% metolachlor preparation before seedling after sowing or before mulching of the non-mulching sowing field.
3. The method for strip intercropping forage sorghum and silage corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step of sowing,
the seeding amount of the sorghum for feeding is 0.50-0.75 kg/mu, the hole distance is 12-15 cm, the row distance is 55-60 cm, the seeding depth is 3-4 cm, and 2-3 seeds are planted in each hole;
the seeding amount of the silage corns is 1.00-1.25 kg/mu, the plant spacing is 18-20 cm, the row spacing is 55-60 cm, the seeding depth is 5-6 cm, and 1 seed is planted in each hole.
4. The method of zonal intercropping of forage sorghum and silage corn as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step of preparing the land comprises:
sowing the field blocks in spring:
ploughing 18-22 cm in the autumn of the last year, irrigating enough winter water in a irrigation area, leveling and preserving soil moisture in a dry land in a rain-culture area;
land leveling and soil moisture conservation are carried out when the surface of the land is thawed by 2-3 cm in early spring;
fertilizing and preparing soil when the daily average temperature reaches above 12 ℃ and the ground temperature at 8cm is stable above 10 ℃;
fertilizing 3-5 days before sowing, wherein 3-5 kg/mu of nitrogen, 5-6 kg/mu of phosphorus and 2-3 kg/mu of potassium are sprayed in a irrigation area, and after fertilizing, rotating the field for 15-20 cm to be sown; 2-3 kg of nitrogen, 3-4 kg of phosphorus and 2-3 kg of potassium are scattered in non-film-covered dry land of a rain-farming area, and after fertilization, a rake is lightly harrowed for 5-6 cm to be sown; spraying 12-15 kg/mu of nitrogen, 6-8 kg/mu of phosphorus and 4-6 kg/mu of potassium to the film-covered dry land in the rain-farming area, and covering films 18-22 cm in the rotary land after fertilizer application for sowing;
sowing the field pieces in summer:
in the irrigation area, after the previous crops are harvested, water is quickly irrigated to form soil moisture, 3-5 kg/mu of nitrogen, 5-6 kg/mu of phosphorus and 2-3 kg/mu of potassium are applied in a broadcasting manner, and after the fertilizer is applied, the soil is revolved for 18-22 cm to be sowed; spraying nitrogen 2-3 kg/mu, phosphorus 3-4 kg/mu and potassium 2-3 kg/mu on non-film-covered dry land in a rain-farming area, and after fertilizing, rotating the land 18-22 cm for sowing; and (3) spreading nitrogen 12-15 kg/mu, phosphorus 6-8 kg/mu and potassium 4-6 kg/mu in the film-covered dry land of the rain-farming area, and spreading 18-22 cm film-covered on the rotary land after fertilizing for sowing.
5. The method for zonal intercropping of forage sorghum and silage corn of claim 1,
the field management further comprises the following steps of watering:
sowing field blocks in spring: irrigating fields in the irrigation area respectively in the large-horn mouth period and the tasseling period of the silage corns in a flood irrigation mode, wherein the irrigation quantity is 80-100 m3Per mu;
sowing the field in summer: the irrigation area is used for irrigating the field respectively in the jointing stage and the pre-emasculation stage of the silage corns, the flood irrigation mode is adopted, and the irrigation quantity is 80-100 m3Per mu;
the field management further comprises the following steps of topdressing:
in the jointing stage of silage corns, intertillage topdressing is carried out on the field, and the topdressing amount in the irrigation area is 17-20 kg/mu of nitrogen, 5-6.5 kg/mu of phosphorus and 3-4 kg/mu of potassium; the topdressing amount of the non-film-coated dry land in the rain-fed area is 10-12 kg/mu of nitrogen, 3-4 kg/mu of phosphorus and 2-3 kg/mu of potassium; the film-covered dry land in the rain-fed area is not topdressed;
the field management also comprises the steps of pest control:
at least one preparation of 25 percent of difenoconazole missible oil, 40 percent of clove tebuconazole and 50 percent of azoxystrobin suspoemulsion is used for preventing and treating the northern and southern leaf blight of silage corn;
killing aphids or armyworms by using at least one insecticide of 2.5 percent of high-efficiency cyhalothrin missible oil, 50 percent of imidacloprid wettable powder and 20 percent of acetamiprid wettable powder;
at least one insecticide of 10 percent of pyridaben, 1.8 percent of abamectin and 15 percent of fenpropacin is used for killing red spiders.
6. A mixed harvesting and mixed storing method of forage sorghum and silage corn is characterized by comprising the following steps: mixing and harvesting forage sorghum and silage corn planted according to the strip intercropping method of any one of claims 1 to 5, and ensiling the mixture.
7. The method for mixed harvesting and mixed storing of the forage sorghum and the silage corn according to claim 6, wherein the mixed harvesting is carried out when the moisture content of the forage sorghum grains is less than or equal to 72% at the late stage of milk ripening of the silage corn and the early stage of wax ripening of the silage corn, and the grain milk line is 1/2-3/4.
8. The mixed harvesting and mixed storage method for the forage sorghum and the silage corns according to claim 6, wherein in the step of mixed harvesting, the stubble height is 15-20 cm, the silage corns and the whole forage sorghum plants are mixed and cut into 1-2 cm, and the complete grains of the corns in the silage mixed raw materials are not more than 0.5 grains/dm3。
9. The method of mixed harvesting and mixing of forage sorghum and silage corn of claim 6, wherein the step of ensiling comprises: pressing the ensiling mixed raw materials obtained after mixing and harvesting into a cellar for ensiling or wrapping the ensiling, wherein,
the steps of pressing the cellar for ensiling comprise:
sterilizing the cement silage silo and paving hay with the thickness of 15-20 cm at the bottom;
filling the silage mixed raw materials, spraying lactobacillus liquid once for each charge of silage mixed raw materials with the thickness of 20-30 cm by adopting a slope compaction method and the slope angle of 25-30 degrees, and compacting, wherein the average compaction density of the whole cellar is 700-750 kg/m35-7 g of viable bacteria in each ton of silage mixed raw material is sprayed, and the viable bacteria count is more than or equal to 2 multiplied by 1010Diluting lactobacillus of CFU/g by 400 times to obtain lactobacillus bacterial liquid;
after the cement silage silo is filled and compacted, covering the surface of the silage mixed raw materials with a silage film, covering a straw curtain on the silage film, covering a soil layer with the thickness of 5-10 cm on the straw curtain, and fermenting for 45-50 days to obtain silage;
the step of wrapping the silage comprises:
completing wrapping within 6h after mixed harvesting, performing high-density compaction, net winding and bundling by using a bundling wrapping machine, and spraying 5-7 g of viable count not less than 2 multiplied by 10 to each ton of silage mixed raw material in the feeding process10Diluting the lactic acid bacteria with CFU/g to obtain a lactic acid bacteria liquid with the concentration of 400 times, and wrapping with an ensiling stretching film, wherein the bale density is 650-750 kg/m3The diameter of the bale is 1-1.2 m, the thickness of the inner film is 13-25 mu m, the bale is wound for 3-4 circles, the thickness of the outer film is 25-30 mu m, and the bale is wound for 10-14 circles;
and (3) placing the mixture in a flat and dry place for preventing direct sunlight, stacking 1-2 layers of the mixture for storage, and fermenting for 40-45 days to obtain the silage.
10. A silage, characterized in that it is obtained by the method of mixing and storing sorghum for feeding and silage corn according to any one of claims 6 to 9.
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