CN114392698A - High-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
High-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/0052—Preparation of gels
- B01J13/0056—Preparation of gels containing inorganic material and water
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/0052—Preparation of gels
- B01J13/0065—Preparation of gels containing an organic phase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
- C02F1/04—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation
- C02F1/14—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation using solar energy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/36—After-treatment
- C08J9/40—Impregnation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2323/06—Polyethene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2375/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2375/04—Polyurethanes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2379/00—Characterised by the use of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen, or carbon only, not provided for in groups C08J2361/00 - C08J2377/00
- C08J2379/04—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain; Polyhydrazides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
- C08J2379/08—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
- Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
- Y02A20/212—Solar-powered wastewater sewage treatment, e.g. spray evaporation
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of functional material preparation, in particular to a high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein after a high-concentration solution is absorbed by a sponge matrix, the high-concentration solution is attached to the surface of the sponge in a thin layer without blocking sponge pore channels, and the high-stability thin-layer hydrogel is generated in situ on the surface of the sponge through subsequent coordination reaction of tannic acid and ferric iron ions and hydrogen bond interaction between the tannic acid and a high-molecular compound; the prepared thin-layer hydrogel keeps the high porosity of the sponge, is beneficial to salt ion diffusion and backflow, and achieves the purpose of continuously and stably treating high-concentration salt water; in addition, the photo-thermal hydrogel sponge with high stability has short preparation time, can be prepared within 1 minute, has low energy consumption and can realize industrial production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of functional material preparation, and particularly relates to a high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
With the acceleration of industrialization and the rapid growth of the population, the problem of water shortage becomes more and more serious, and the problem of converting widely distributed seawater into fresh water for human use will be greatly improved. Compared with the traditional seawater desalination technology (utilizing electric energy, heat energy and mechanical energy), the solar-driven interface evaporation technology developed in recent years enables water to be in contact with an interface only by designing a photo-thermal material, so that the sunlight heat energy conversion efficiency of a gas-liquid interface is improved, the loss of heat to the environment is reduced, the energy utilization efficiency is improved, and the wide attention of scientific workers is attracted.
To date, various photothermal materials, including plasmonic materials, semiconductor materials, carbon-based materials, and polymeric hydrogel materials, have been developed for solar evaporation. The hydrogel material has a cross-linked polymer network, reduces the evaporation enthalpy of water in the gel, and provides an effective path for high-speed water evaporation; however, the hydrogel photothermal evaporation material has the problems of low water transportation speed and insufficient water supply in the evaporation process, the porosity can be improved through freeze drying to accelerate the water transportation, but the energy consumption in the freeze drying process is high, and in addition, the large-scale sponge is difficult to prepare due to the limitation of instruments, so the industrial application of the hydrogel photothermal evaporation material is limited. In order to solve the problems, the hydrogel sponge consisting of a sponge framework and a hydrogel skin layer with a photothermal conversion function is prepared in the earlier stage of the subject group, but the hydrogel sponge needs to be dried in the preparation process, the drying process has the problems of energy consumption, long preparation time, easy falling off in the washing process and the like; therefore, the method has important significance in exploring and realizing the ultra-fast preparation of the photo-thermal hydrogel sponge with strong stability.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems of the prior art, the invention provides a high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge and a preparation method and application thereof, the high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge absorbs a high-concentration solution through a sponge matrix, the high-concentration solution is attached to the surface of the sponge in a thin layer without blocking sponge pores, and the high-stability thin-layer hydrogel is generated in situ on the surface of the sponge through the subsequent coordination reaction of tannic acid and ferric iron ions and the hydrogen bond interaction between tannic acid and a high-molecular compound; the prepared thin-layer hydrogel keeps the high porosity of the sponge, is beneficial to salt ion diffusion and backflow, and achieves the purpose of continuously and stably treating high-concentration salt water; in addition, the photo-thermal hydrogel sponge with high stability has short preparation time and low energy consumption, and can realize industrial production.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a preparation method of a high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge comprises the following steps:
(1) absorbing the high-concentration solution by using a sponge matrix to obtain an inflated sponge;
the solute of the high-concentration solution consists of high molecular polymer and ferric salt, and the concentration of the high molecular polymer in the high-concentration solution is 50-200 g L-1The concentration of iron ion is 25-200 g L-1；
(2) Removing the redundant high-concentration solution in the sponge filled in the step (1) until a thin layer of the high-concentration solution is attached to the surface of the sponge and sponge pore channels are not blocked, so as to obtain the sponge to be treated;
(3) and (3) placing the sponge to be treated in the step (2) in an alcoholic solution containing polyphenol materials to obtain the high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge.
Preferably, the sponge substrate in step (1) is selected from one of polyurethane sponge, polyimide sponge, polystyrene sponge, melamine formaldehyde resin sponge, polyvinyl chloride sponge and polyethylene sponge.
Preferably, the high molecular polymer in step (1) is a high molecular polymer containing hydrophilic groups, and is selected from one of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, sodium polystyrene sulfonate and polyvinyl alcohol.
Preferably, the iron salt of step (1) is selected from iron sulfate, iron chloride or iron acetylacetonate.
Preferably, the solvent of the high concentration solution in the step (1) is selected from ethanol, deionized water or a mixture of the two.
Preferably, the alcohol solution in the step (3) is composed of an alcohol compound and water, the volume ratio of the alcohol compound to the water is 1-4:1, and the alcohol compound is selected from ethanol or methanol.
Preferably, the polyphenol material of step (3) is selected from tannic acid or gallic acid, and the concentration of the polyphenol material in the alcohol solution is 20-100 g L-1。
The invention also protects the photo-thermal hydrogel sponge with high stability prepared by the preparation method.
The invention also protects the application of the high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge in the preparation of solar driven interface evaporation materials, photo-thermal seawater desalination materials, high-concentration seawater desalination materials and sewage treatment materials.
Preferably, the solar driven interface evaporation material is prepared according to the following steps: and (3) washing the high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge by using distilled water until no black substance exists in the washing liquid.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. after the high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge absorbs a high-concentration solution through the sponge matrix, the high-concentration solution is attached to the surface of the sponge in a thin layer without blocking sponge pore channels, and the high-stability thin-layer hydrogel is generated in situ on the surface of the sponge through the subsequent coordination reaction of tannic acid and ferric iron ions and the hydrogen bond interaction between the tannic acid and a high-molecular compound; the prepared thin-layer hydrogel keeps the high porosity of the sponge, is beneficial to salt ion diffusion and backflow, and achieves the purpose of continuously and stably treating high-concentration salt water.
2. The preparation method of the high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge is simple, high-energy-consumption operations such as freeze drying and drying are not needed, the preparation time is short, the sponge can be prepared within one minute, the preparation material cost is low, and the sponge is easy to prepare on a large scale.
3. The high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge has excellent scouring stability, and can bear the washing pressure of 0.2MPa without falling off; has good acid-base stability, and can exist stably in the pH range of 3-11; has good mechanical stability and does not deform after 100 times of continuous compression.
4. The high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge has excellent seawater desalination performance and desalination performance when being used as a solar driven interface evaporator; the solar energy driven interface evaporation material shows excellent solar absorption characteristic (about 97 percent) in a wider wavelength range (200-2200nm), and one solar radiation power (1kw m) is simulated by a xenon lamp-2) The maximum evaporation rate of 20 wt% NaCl solution can reach 1.6kg m under irradiation-2h-1The energy efficiency can reach 90%. In different simulated seawater evaporation tests, the Na content is about 104, 103 and 103mg/L+、Mg2+、Ca2+And K+After solar energy desalination, the concentration is reduced by several orders of magnitude. Salinity of simulated seawater samples of the Boragic sea (0.8 wt%), the world sea (3.5 wt%) and the dead sea (10 wt%) is reduced by 3-4 orders of magnitude after solar seawater desalination, which is far lower than WHO and EPA drinking water standards.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the preparation of high stability photothermal hydrogel sponges according to examples 1-4 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an optical microscope photograph of a high stability hydrogel sponge prepared in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an optical microscope comparison of hydrogel sponges before and after rinsing in example 3 and comparative example 1 of the present process; wherein, the images a and c are respectively optical microscope images before washing, and the images b and d are respectively optical microscope images after washing;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a high stability photothermal hydrogel sponge (1.5 m.times.1 cm) of example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the evaporation rate of the high stability photothermal hydrogel sponge of example 1 of the present invention in one solar illumination intensity versus high concentration saline;
FIG. 6 is a surface view of the high stability photothermal hydrogel sponge of example 2 of the present invention after exposure to a solar radiation for various periods of time; wherein, a is 2h, b is 4h, c is 6h, d is 10 h;
FIG. 7 is a chart showing salinity changes before and after desalination of three simulated seawater samples treated with the solar-driven interface evaporation material prepared from the high-stability photothermal hydrogel sponge of example 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of specific embodiments of the invention is provided, but it should be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention. The experimental methods described in the examples of the present invention are all conventional methods unless otherwise specified.
Example 1
A preparation method of a high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge comprises the following steps:
(1) completely immersing the polyurethane sponge into the high-concentration solution to obtain an inflated sponge;
the high-concentration solution contains polyvinylpyrrolidone (200g L)-1) And iron sulfate (100g L)-1) An aqueous solution of (a);
(2) extruding the redundant solution in the filled sponge in the step (1) until a thin layer of high-concentration solution is attached to the surface of the sponge and sponge pore channels are not blocked, so as to obtain the sponge to be treated;
(3) immersing the sponge to be treated of the step (2) in an ethanol solution containing tannic acid (wherein, tannic acid 40g L-1Ethanol: water-4: 1) and obtaining the black hydrogel sponge.
Example 2
A preparation method of a high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge comprises the following steps:
(1) completely immersing the polyurethane sponge into the high-concentration solution to obtain an inflated sponge;
the high-concentration solution contains polyvinyl alcohol (200g L)-1) And iron sulfate (100g L)-1) An aqueous solution of (a);
(2) extruding the redundant solution in the filled sponge in the step (1) until a thin layer of high-concentration solution is attached to the surface of the sponge and sponge pore channels are not blocked, so as to obtain the sponge to be treated;
(3) immersing the sponge to be treated of the step (2) in an ethanol solution containing tannic acid (wherein, tannic acid 40g L-1Ethanol: water-4: 1) and obtaining the black hydrogel sponge.
Example 3
A preparation method of a high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge comprises the following steps:
(1) completely immersing the polyimide sponge into the high-concentration solution to obtain an inflated sponge;
the high concentration solution is a solution containing polyethylene glycol (50g L)-1) And ferric chloride (200g L)-1) An aqueous solution of (a);
(2) extruding the redundant solution in the filled sponge in the step (1) until a thin layer of high-concentration solution is attached to the surface of the sponge and sponge pore channels are not blocked, so as to obtain the sponge to be treated;
(3) immersing the sponge to be treated of the step (2) into an ethanol solution containing gallic acid (wherein, gallic acid 20g L)-1Ethanol: water-4: 1) and obtaining the black hydrogel sponge.
Example 4
A preparation method of a high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge comprises the following steps:
(1) completely immersing the polyethylene sponge into the high-concentration solution to obtain an inflated sponge;
the high-concentration solution contains sodium polystyrene sulfonate (100g L)-1) And iron acetylacetonate (25g L)-1) An aqueous solution of (a);
(2) extruding the redundant solution in the filled sponge in the step (1) until a thin layer of high-concentration solution is attached to the surface of the sponge and sponge pore channels are not blocked, so as to obtain the sponge to be treated;
(3) immersing the sponge to be treated of the step (2) in a methanol solution containing tannic acid (wherein, tannic acid 100g L-1Methanol: water 1: 1) and obtaining the black hydrogel sponge.
Comparative example 1
Black photothermal hydrogel sponges have been explored in paper Chemical Engineering Journal,427(2022)130905, published by this group of subjects, where the black hydrogel sponges were prepared by the following steps:
(1) the polyurethane sponge was completely immersed in a solution containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (25mg mL)-1) And iron sulfate (7.5mg mL)-1) Obtaining an engorged sponge in the aqueous solution of (1);
(2) drying the filling sponge in the step (1) at 60 ℃ for 3 h;
(3) soaking the sponge dried in the step (2) in a tannic acid solution (2mg/mL, Tris-HCl solution, pH 8.9, room temperature) for 1h to obtain a black hydrogel sponge (hydrogel sponge prepared in the previous stage).
The technical scheme of the invention is further described in detail by combining the accompanying drawings:
the hydrogel sponges obtained in example 1, example 2 and comparative example 1 of the present invention were each distilled and washed until no black material was present in the wash solution, to obtain clean black hydrogel sponges, i.e., solar-driven interface evaporation materials.
Simulation of the radiation power of a sun (1kw m) using xenon lamps-2) The evaporation rate of the solar-driven interface evaporation material of example 1 was measured, the change of the brine mass with time during evaporation is shown in FIG. 5, and the evaporation rate of the 20 wt% NaCl solution of the solar-driven interface evaporation material was 1.6kg m-2h-1The energy efficiency was 90% and there was no salt accumulation on the surface of the evaporation material for 10 consecutive hours.
Simulation of the radiation power of a sun (1kw m) using xenon lamps-2) The evaporation rate of the solar-driven interface evaporation material of example 2 was tested, and the solar-driven interface evaporation material was experimentally measuredThe evaporation rate of the 20 wt% NaCl solution was 1.58kg m-2h-1The energy conversion efficiency is 89%, and no salt is accumulated on the surface of the evaporation material for 10 hours continuously; the surface patterns of the samples after different times of irradiation are shown in FIG. 6.
The preparation process of the photo-thermal hydrogel sponge with high stability is shown in figure 1, and compared with the preparation method of the black hydrogel sponge explored in the early stage, the preparation method of the photo-thermal hydrogel sponge does not need a drying process, reduces energy consumption, and shortens the preparation time from the original more than 4 hours to 1 minute.
The stability of the hydrogel is greatly improved by adjusting the strength of hydrogen bonds, compared with a black hydrogel sponge explored in the early stage, the hydrogel sponge has washing stability, the hydrogel is easy to fall off in the early stage, and hydrogel contrast optical microscope pictures before and after washing by the two methods are shown in figure 3; the rinsing operation was as follows: placing the photothermal sponge with the thickness of 1cm multiplied by 1cm into a beaker containing a stirrer, washing for 10 hours at the rotating speed of 10000r/min, and observing whether the hydrogel on the surfaces of different photothermal sponge materials falls off or not by using an optical microscope.
In FIG. 7, the solar driven interface evaporation material is placed in an evaporation device, evaporation and condensation are carried out under one sun, and condensed water is collected to test the salinity of the evaporation device; the detected water is condensed water after evaporation and condensation of the solar-driven interface evaporation material, and the salinity detection in the water is determined by a salinity meter. The results in fig. 7 show that the salinity of the purified seawater is greatly reduced for different concentrations, and the salinity of the purified water is far lower than the salinity requirement of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the united states Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on safe drinking water, which indicates that the photothermal material has excellent water purifying effect.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that such changes and modifications be included within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. A preparation method of a high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) absorbing the high-concentration solution by using a sponge matrix to obtain an inflated sponge;
the solute of the high-concentration solution consists of high molecular polymer and ferric salt, and the concentration of the high molecular polymer in the high-concentration solution is 50-200 g L-1The concentration of iron ion is 25-200 g L-1；
(2) Removing the redundant high-concentration solution in the sponge filled in the step (1) until a thin layer of the high-concentration solution is attached to the surface of the sponge and sponge pore channels are not blocked, so as to obtain the sponge to be treated;
(3) and (3) placing the sponge to be treated in the step (2) in an alcoholic solution containing polyphenol materials to obtain the high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge.
2. The method for preparing a high-stability photothermal hydrogel sponge according to claim 1, wherein the sponge matrix of step (1) is selected from one of polyurethane sponge, polyimide sponge, polystyrene sponge, melamine formaldehyde resin sponge, polyvinyl chloride sponge, and polyethylene sponge.
3. The method for preparing a highly stable photothermal hydrogel sponge according to claim 1, wherein the high molecular polymer in step (1) is a high molecular polymer containing hydrophilic groups, and is selected from one of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, and polyvinyl alcohol.
4. The method for preparing the high-stability photothermal hydrogel sponge according to claim 1, wherein the iron salt in step (1) is selected from iron sulfate, iron chloride or iron acetylacetonate.
5. The method for preparing a highly stable photothermal hydrogel sponge according to claim 1, wherein the solvent of the highly concentrated solution in step (1) is selected from ethanol, deionized water or a mixture thereof.
6. The method for preparing the high-stability photothermal hydrogel sponge according to claim 1, wherein the alcohol solution in step (3) comprises an alcohol compound and water at a volume ratio of 1-4:1, and the alcohol compound is selected from ethanol or methanol.
7. The method for preparing the photo-thermal hydrogel sponge with high stability as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyphenol material of the step (3) is selected from tannic acid or gallic acid, and the concentration of the polyphenol material in the alcoholic solution is 20-100 g L-1。
8. A high-stability photothermal hydrogel sponge prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 7.
9. Use of the high-stability photothermal hydrogel sponge of claim 8 in the preparation of solar-driven interfacial evaporation materials, photothermal seawater desalination materials, high-concentration seawater desalination materials, and sewage treatment materials.
10. The use according to claim 9, wherein the solar driven interface evaporation material is prepared by the steps of: and (3) washing the high-stability photo-thermal hydrogel sponge by using distilled water until no black substance exists in the washing liquid.
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| CN115286885A (en) * | 2022-06-27 | 2022-11-04 | 安徽工业大学 | Environment-friendly efficient photo-thermal hydrogel and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN116082698A (en) * | 2022-07-25 | 2023-05-09 | 浙江海洋大学 | Hydrogel-based sponge solar seawater desalination material and preparation method thereof |
| CN115433377A (en) * | 2022-09-27 | 2022-12-06 | 大连海事大学 | Solar seawater desalination hydrogel and preparation method thereof |
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