CN113994582A - 用于dc-dc转换器的电力转变电路 - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
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- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
- H02M3/1584—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load with a plurality of power processing stages connected in parallel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
- H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
- H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
- H02H7/1213—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for DC-DC converters
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- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
- H02J1/08—Three-wire systems; Systems having more than three wires
- H02J1/084—Three-wire systems; Systems having more than three wires for selectively connecting the load or loads to one or several among a plurality of power lines or power sources
- H02J1/086—Three-wire systems; Systems having more than three wires for selectively connecting the load or loads to one or several among a plurality of power lines or power sources for providing alternative feeding paths between load or loads and source or sources when the main path fails
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/157—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators with digital control
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
- H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
- H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
- H02J9/061—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems for DC powered loads
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
- H02M1/008—Plural converter units for generating at two or more independent and non-parallel outputs, e.g. systems with plural point of load switching regulators
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Abstract
一种电源电路,包括:第一直流到直流(DC‑DC)转换器电路,经由第一双向开关连接到第一负载;第二DC‑DC转换器电路,连接到第二负载并且经由第二双向开关连接到第一负载;以及控制电路,所述控制电路以互补方式导通和关断第一双向开关和第二双向开关。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2019年6月20日提交的美国专利申请No.62/863,884的权益。该申请的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及DC-DC转换器电源。更具体地,本发明涉及可以在DC-DC转换器的辅助转换器与主转换器之间转变电力同时提供快速响应故障保护的电力转变电路。
背景技术
已知电源除了提供主电力之外,还具有在辅助待机(内务管理)输出模式下提供相对低的电力的能力。这通常需要电源配备有两个DC-DC转换器:低电力DC-DC转换器和由外部信号加电的主DC-DC转换器。
已知电源的低电力DC-DC转换器电路可以具有多种拓扑,其中反激式是大多数设计者的普通选择,这是由于其简单、成本低和可靠性。然而,考虑到主DC-DC转换器被设计为比低电力DC-DC转换器更高效,低电力反激式转换器的效率通常低于完全使用谐振式拓扑的效率。
在美国专利申请公开No.2010/0109433中描述的另一个示例中,使用一个有源电力开关和无源二极管在辅助电源模块与主电源模块之间分配电力。当辅助电源模块提供电力时,无源二极管具有通常是约0.7V的电压降,这降低了转换器的效率。辅助电源模块的电压需要低于主电源模块的电压。在美国专利申请公开No.2010/0109433中,晶体管Q2和晶体管Q4级联,即晶体管Q2和晶体管Q4竖直地堆叠,使晶体管Q2的集电极连接到晶体管Q4的发射极。美国专利申请公开No.2010/0109433中的配置足以驱动单个电力MOSFET Q1,但是如果将二极管D1替换为另一个MOSFET则将是不够的。控制诸如MOSFET之类的两个双向开关更复杂并且需要考虑不同的操作条件。
发明内容
为了克服上述问题,本发明的优选实施例提供了DC-DC转换器,每个DC-DC转换器包括附加电路以将输送到辅助负载的电力从辅助低电力转换器转变到主电力转换器。将关闭信号的精确的导通/关断定时用于操作两个双向开关,以减少或最小化转变时间并且防止错误方向上的电力流。使用两个双向开关提供了比相关技术的开关和二极管更好的效率。此外,避免了在辅助电源向负载提供电力时0.7V的电压降。
与相关技术不同,在本发明的优选实施例中,不需要主转换器的输出电压高于辅助转换器的输出电压。此外,可以降低成本,这是因为辅同步整流器及其控制电路可以从辅助转换器中去除。
根据本发明的优选实施例,一种电源电路,包括:第一直流到直流(DC-DC)转换器电路,经由第一双向开关连接到第一负载;第二DC-DC转换器电路,连接到第二负载并且经由第二双向开关连接到第一负载;以及控制电路,用于以互补方式导通和关断第双向开关和第二双向开关。
第一双向开关和第二双向开关优选地是金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管。第一双向开关的漏极优选地连接到第二双向开关的漏极。所述控制电路优选地包括四个晶体管。
所述电源电路还优选地包括:保护电路,用于向所述控制电路输出关闭信号。优选地,所述关闭信号导通所述第一双向开关并且关断所述第二双向开关。
所述电源电路还优选地包括:微控制器,用于向所述控制电路输出控制信号。优选地,所述控制信号关断所述第一双向开关并且导通所述第二双向开关。
优选地,所述控制电路包括:电源电压;第一晶体管,连接在所述电源电压与地之间;以及第二晶体管,连接在所述电源电压与地之间;所述第一晶体管的漏极、所述第二晶体管的栅极、以及所述第一双向开关的栅极彼此连接并且连接到所述电源电压;所述第二晶体管的漏极和所述第二双向开关的栅极彼此连接并且连接到所述电源电压;并且所述第一晶体管导通和关断,使得所述第一双向开关和所述第二双向开关以互补方式导通和关断。所述电源电路还优选地包括:微控制器,所述微控制器输出控制信号以导通和关断所述第一晶体管。优选地,所述控制电路还包括第三晶体管和第四晶体管;所述第三晶体管的栅极和所述第四晶体管的栅极连接在一起;所述第三晶体管的漏极连接到所述第一晶体管的栅极;所述第四晶体管的漏极连接到所述第二晶体管的漏极;并且所述第三晶体管和所述第四晶体管一起导通和关断,使得所述第一双向开关和所述第二双向开关以互补方式导通和关断。所述电源电路还优选地包括:保护电路,所述保护电路输出关闭信号以一起导通和关断所述第三晶体管和所述第四晶体管。
根据以下参考附图对本发明的优选实施例的详细描述,本发明的上述和其他特征、元件、步骤、配置、特性和优点将变得更显而易见。
附图说明
图1是电力转变电路的电路图。
图2和图3是用于操作图1所示的电路的信号波形的图。
具体实施方式
现在将参考图1至图3详细描述本发明的优选实施例。注意,以下描述在所有方面是说明性的而不是限制性的,并且不应该被解释为以任意方式限制本申请或本发明的优选实施例的使用。
图1是用于DC-DC转换器的电力转变电路的电路图。与相关技术的电力转变电路相比,图1所示的电路包括由精确的导通/关断定时控制的两个双向开关,以减少或最小化转变时间并且防止错误方向上的电力流。
图1的电力转变电路包括用于控制控制电路101的微控制器106和保护电路107。控制电路101控制两个电力开关Q1和Q2,其针对辅助负载104控制辅助转换器102和主转换器103之间的电力流。针对控制电路101的电源电压VCC可以从与由辅助转换器102和主转换器103使用的源相同的源生成,并且可以具有适合于应用的任意值。接地GND可以在图1的组件之中共享。微控制器106可以是任意数字设备(例如DSP、FPGA等)或者可以是模拟电路/开关。保护电路107可以是适合于应用的任意类型。
如图1所示,控制电路101可以包括四个晶体管QA、QB、QC和QD。如图所示,四个晶体管QA、QB、QC和QD被示出为金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管(MOSFET),但是其他类型的晶体管也可以用作开关,例如双极型晶体管。晶体管QA和QB生成针对电力开关Q1和Q2的栅极信号G1和G2。此外,在当保护电路107生成高电平关闭信号SD时的紧急关闭的情况下,晶体管QC和QD可以立即使栅极信号G1和G2反向,如下面更详细讨论的。两个电力开关Q1和Q2可以被包括在电力转变电路中,以向辅助负载104输送电力。控制电路101用于控制两个电力开关Q1和Q2,以选择连接辅助负载104的电源。如图1所示,晶体管QA和QB级联,即晶体管QA和QB水平连接,使得晶体管QA驱动晶体管QB。图1所示的布置允许控制两个双向开关,例如电力开关Q1和Q2。
图1所示的电力开关Q1和Q2以互补方式操作。电力开关Q1的漏极连接到电力开关Q2的漏极的电力开关Q1和Q2的背靠背配置,防止了辅助转换器102和主转换器103之中的双向电力流。电力开关Q1和Q2在DC-DC转换器加电之后的默认状态是电力开关Q1启用和电力开关Q2禁用。这允许当辅助转换器102运行时到辅助负载104的电力可用,而不管主转换器103是否运行。
图2和图3是用于操作图1的电路的信号波形的图。控制信号CTRL和关闭信号SD可以具有任意合适的电压电平。图2示出了在改变电力流方向期间的操作信号的信号波形。在加电时,控制信号CTRL为低,同时初始化微控制器106。因此,晶体管QA关断,并且电压G1等于电源电压VCC,因此电压G1为高。因为电压G1为高,所以晶体管QB和电力开关Q1二者导通。因为晶体管QB导通,电压G2连接到GND,因此电力开关Q2关断。因此,辅助负载104连接到辅助转换器102。转变电路保持在该状态下,直到主转换器103完全运行。
一旦主转换器103完全运行,微控制器106就在时间T0输出高控制信号CTRL,其开始从辅助转换器102到主转换器103的电力转变。由于晶体管的非零开关时间以及寄生电容的存在,电压G1和G2在转变期间将分别指数地增大或减小,如图2所示。因为晶体管QA由于高控制信号CTRL而导通,所以电压G1在时间T0开始下降。
在时间T1,电压G1具有值VL2,其小于电力开关Q1的导通栅源阈值电压VGS,迫使电力开关Q1关断。在时间T1之后,电压G1继续下降,并且在时间T2具有值VL1,其表示晶体管QB的栅源电压VGS阈值。随着电压G1继续下降,晶体管QB同时开始关断,导致电压G2上升。在时间T3,电压G2达到值VL2,其是电力开关Q2的导通阈值电压,迫使电力开关Q2导通。此时,电力流转变完成,并且到辅助负载104的电力从辅助转换器104重定向到主转换器103。
为了转变到辅助转换器102,在时间T4,主转换器103关断。因此,微控制器106输出低控制信号CTRL,以将电力流从来自主转换器103重配置为来自辅助转换器104。在时间T4,晶体管QA开始关断,其导致电压G1上升。当在时间T5电压G1达到值VL1时,晶体管QB开始导通,导致电压G2下降。电力开关Q2在电压G2等于值VL2时的时间T6关断,VL2是电力开关Q2的栅源阈值电压VGS。电压G1继续上升,并且在时间T7等于值VL2,VL2是电力开关Q1的导通栅源阈值电压VGS。此时,电力转变完成,并且到辅助负载104的电力从辅助转换器102输送。
图3是用于操作图1的电路的信号波形的图。图3示出了在主转换器103的快速关闭期间的操作信号的波形。到辅助负载104的电力由主转换器103供应,直到由保护电路107输出高关闭信号SD。高关闭信号SD可以由于故障条件(例如过载、过压、过温等)而生成。非常快的响应可以提供更好的保护。因此,保护电路107可以与在微控制器106内部的固件中实现的保护并行使用。因为由于在有限的采样时间能力下并行执行的多个循环的调度优先级而在微控制器内部可能存在显著延迟,所以可以使用该并行操作。该并行操作允许关闭比微控制器106使用关闭信号SD来改变控制信号CTRL以导致关闭更快地发生,这是因为由关闭信号SD在硬件中生成并且被发送到微控制器106以改变控制信号CTRL导致的附加延迟。附加延迟发生是因为关闭信号SD的改变需要由微控制器106检测并且然后通过考虑梯形结构的中断优先级的中断程序处理,之后微控制器106可以改变控制信号CTRL。并行操作可以提供更快的关闭,因为一旦检测到故障条件并且高关闭信号SD被生成,相同的关闭信号SD就立即停止向其供应关闭信号SD的所有其他硬件模块。微控制器106也可以接收关闭信号SD,但将根据微控制器106的可用处理时间来处理关闭信号SD并且然后改变控制信号CTRL。但是改变控制信号CTRL的延迟并不重要,因为关闭信号SD首先到达并且已经使硬件模块关闭。
如图3所示,最初控制信号CTRL为高,输出电力通过电力开关Q2输送,并且主转换器103运行。在时间T0,关闭信号SD由于触发来自保护电路107的硬件保护而变为高,并且晶体管QC和QD二者同时导通。因为栅极电压GQA比电源电压VCC低很多,所以栅极电压GQA几乎立即下降到零,导致电压G1上升,同时电压G2开始下降。在时间T1,电压G2下降到值VL2,VL2是电力开关Q2的导通栅源阈值电压VGS,导致电力开关Q2关断。电压G1继续上升直到当其等于值VL2(即电力开关Q1的导通栅源阈值电压VGS)时的时间T2,导致电力开关Q1导通。电力转变现在完成。
由于由采样和信号处理导致的延迟,微控制器106在时间T3输出低控制信号CTRL。然而,晶体管QA的栅极电压GQA已经被晶体管Qc通过使晶体管QA关断的高关闭信号SD而下拉。因此,微控制器106的反应延迟没有不利地影响DC-DC转换器电路的操作。
本发明的优选实施例的上述特征和优点能够应用于许多不同的应用,包括但不限于电池充电器、电动汽车充电器、高压数据中心应用、电信应用、航空航天应用等。
虽然上面已经描述了本发明的优选实施例,但是应该理解,在不脱离本发明的范围和精神的情况下,变化和修改对于本领域技术人员是显而易见的。因此,本发明的范围仅由所附的权利要求确定。
Claims (12)
1.一种电源电路,包括:
第一直流到直流DC-DC转换器电路,经由第一双向开关连接到第一负载;
第二DC-DC转换器电路,连接到第二负载并且经由第二双向开关连接到所述第一负载;以及
控制电路,用于以互补方式导通和关断所述第一双向开关和所述第二双向开关。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电源电路,其中,所述第一双向开关和所述第二双向开关是金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管。
3.根据权利要求2所述的电源电路,其中,所述第一双向开关的漏极连接到所述第二双向开关的漏极。
4.根据权利要求1所述的电源电路,其中,所述控制电路包括四个晶体管。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电源电路,还包括:保护电路,用于向所述控制电路输出关闭信号。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电源电路,其中,所述关闭信号导通所述第一双向开关并且关断所述第二双向开关。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电源电路,还包括:微控制器,用于向所述控制电路输出控制信号。
8.根据权利要求7所述的电源电路,其中,所述控制信号关断所述第一双向开关并且导通所述第二双向开关。
9.根据权利要求1所述的电源电路,其中:
所述控制电路包括:
电源电压;
第一晶体管,连接在所述电源电压与地之间;以及
第二晶体管,连接在所述电源电压与地之间;
所述第一晶体管的漏极、所述第二晶体管的栅极、以及所述第一双向开关的栅极彼此连接并且连接到所述电源电压;
所述第二晶体管的漏极和所述第二双向开关的栅极彼此连接并且连接到所述电源电压;并且
所述第一晶体管导通和关断,使得所述第一双向开关和所述第二双向开关以所述互补方式导通和关断。
10.根据权利要求9所述的电源电路,还包括:微控制器,用于输出控制信号以导通和关断所述第一晶体管。
11.根据权利要求9所述的电源电路,其中:
所述控制电路还包括第三晶体管和第四晶体管;
所述第三晶体管的栅极和所述第四晶体管的栅极连接在一起;
所述第三晶体管的漏极连接到所述第一晶体管的栅极;
所述第四晶体管的漏极连接到所述第二晶体管的漏极;并且
所述第三晶体管和所述第四晶体管一起导通和关断,使得所述第一双向开关和所述第二双向开关以所述互补方式导通和关断。
12.根据权利要求11所述的电源电路,还包括:保护电路,用于输出关闭信号以一起导通和关断所述第三晶体管和所述第四晶体管。
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