CN113738467B - 一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成*** - Google Patents

一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成*** Download PDF

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CN113738467B
CN113738467B CN202111112458.2A CN202111112458A CN113738467B CN 113738467 B CN113738467 B CN 113738467B CN 202111112458 A CN202111112458 A CN 202111112458A CN 113738467 B CN113738467 B CN 113738467B
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lng
oxygen
air
carbon
power generation
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CN113738467A (zh
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杨敬东
刘清友
杨晓明
汤晓勇
田静
陆永康
廖勇
赵石兵
顾爱英
王亮
周亚洲
刘洪�
汪宏伟
朱海燕
汪兴明
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Southwest Branch Of China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Corp
Zhejiang Zheneng Wenzhou Lng Co ltd
Chengdu Univeristy of Technology
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Zhejiang Zheneng Wenzhou Lng Co ltd
Chengdu Univeristy of Technology
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，包括LNG气化及冷能利用***、空分制氧***、富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***。与现有技术相比，本发明的积极效果是：本发明集LNG气化、冷能制氧、富氧发电与碳捕获于一体，优点是在LNG气化，制氧和碳捕获环节的能耗都能大大降低，LNG冷能利用率提高、发电效率提高、将捕集的二氧化碳注入地底咸水封存则可以实现零碳排放发电效果。本发明通过利用LNG冷能进行纯氧制取，纯氧与天然气参与富氧燃烧透平循环发电，发电尾气进行二氧化碳捕集，旨在降低LNG气化，制氧和碳捕获环节的能耗，打造零碳发电技术，符合未来碳中和的社会需求，应用前景广阔。

Description

一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***
技术领域
本发明涉及一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，具体涉及一种利用LNG冷能进行纯氧制取，纯氧、天然气、二氧化碳参与富氧燃烧透平循环发电，发电尾气进行二氧化碳捕集的***。
背景技术
近年来，温室效应备受关注，研究显示，大气中的CO2是对温室效应影响最大的气体之一。它产生的增温效应为总增温效应的63％左右。我国作为碳排放大国，面临着严峻的碳减排压力。
液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas，简称LNG)，的主要成分是甲烷，甲烷的常压沸点是-161℃。其制造过程是先将气田生产的天然气经过净化(脱水、脱烃、脱酸性气体)后，采用节流、膨胀和外加冷源制冷的工艺使甲烷变成液体，在使用时需要外部加热重新气化。液化天然气具有不含杂质、成份纯净的优势，在燃烧过程中释放的温室气体量远小于其他化石燃料，是一种理想的清洁、高效的发电燃料。LNG在气化过程中会释放约830kJ/kg的冷能，具有很大的利用价值。但从全球范围来看，对LNG冷能的利用程度只有20％左右，冷能资源开发利用率较低，冷
Figure BDA0003274351880000011
浪费严重。碳捕获与封存(CCS)技术被认为是电力碳减排的主要措施之一，其中富氧燃烧技术被认为是最易实现工业化、规模化的碳捕获技术。目前限制富氧燃烧技术推广的主要因素是能耗较大，主要集中在空分制氧以及对CO2压缩捕获环节。
富氧燃烧透平循环中有很多种，以最有名的Allam-Fetvedt循环为例,Allam-Fetvedt循环是一种布雷顿循环技术，曾入选《麻省理工科技评论》2018年“全球十大突破性技术”。该技术采用富氧燃烧，并将超临界CO2作为工作流体，能够回收废热并消除传统污染物和CO2排放。作为副产品，将产生可用于封存的管道CO2。据国外知名机构测算，Allam-Fetvedt循环在工作压力30MPa、透平进口温度1100℃时的供电效率，比现有的F级燃气轮机天然气联合循环高2.3个百分点，可燃用天然气或煤制合成气，实现完全碳捕集，无NO x等污染物排放。
本发明将LNG气化、冷能制氧、富氧发电与碳捕获等技术跨领域结合，优点是在LNG气化，制氧和碳捕获环节的能耗都能大大降低，LNG冷能利用率提高、发电效率提高、将捕集的二氧化碳注入地底咸水封存则可以实现零碳排放发电效果；同时本***采取多级换热思路，一方面减小了换热温差，提高了换热器的
Figure BDA0003274351880000021
效率，另一方面减小了压缩机的压缩功耗。与传统燃气电厂技术相比，本发明可实现零碳排放发电、效率高、清洁环保、安全可靠和经济效益好，需求发生变化时本发明设备可方便迁移至其他地区继续服务。
发明内容
为了开发降低液化天然气发电脱碳成本的技术，本发明提出了一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，通过利用LNG冷能进行纯氧制取，纯氧与天然气参与富氧燃烧透平循环发电，发电尾气进行二氧化碳捕集，旨在降低LNG气化，制氧和碳捕获环节的能耗，打造零碳发电技术，符合未来碳中和的社会需求，应用前景广阔。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是：一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，包括LNG气化及冷能利用***、空分制氧***、富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***，其中：
所述LNG气化及冷能利用***包括依次连接的LNG储罐、一号LNG增压泵、一号冷箱和一号换热器；以及由氮气压缩机、一号换热器、一号冷箱、液氮分离器、二号冷箱、氮气压缩机构成的氮循环回路；
所述空分制氧***包括依次连接的空气过滤装置、空气压缩机、二号换热器、空气脱水装置、三号换热器、二号冷箱、空气膨胀机和空气精馏塔，空气精馏塔的上部出口依次连接二号冷箱和三号换热器，空气精馏塔的底部分别接二号冷箱的入口和液氧增压泵的入口，二号冷箱的出口接空气精馏塔的入口，液氧增压泵的出口接二号加热器的入口；
所述富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***包括依次连接的LNG储罐、二号LNG增压泵、一号加热器、混合燃烧器、透平发电机、四号换热器、一号冷却器、二氧化碳分离器、二氧化碳压缩机和二号冷却器，二号冷却器的出口分两路，一路接入外输封存通道，一路依次连接二氧化碳增压泵、四号换热器和混合燃烧器；二号加热器的出口连接混合燃烧器的入口。
与现有技术相比，本发明的积极效果是：
本发明集LNG气化、冷能制氧、富氧发电与碳捕获于一体，优点是在LNG气化，制氧和碳捕获环节的能耗都能大大降低，LNG冷能利用率提高、发电效率提高、将捕集的二氧化碳注入地底咸水封存则可以实现零碳排放发电效果。其中LNG气化考虑了冷能利用，采用了两级降温，通过降低乙二醇的温度来降低氧气温度，避免了氧气与LNG的直接接触引发的***危险。本发明还考虑到了压力容器的承压能力，利用多个压缩设备来调节进口压力，避免设备高负荷、高压危险状态的运行。同时本***采取多级换热思路，一方面减小了换热温差，提高了换热器的
Figure BDA0003274351880000031
效率，另一方面减小了压缩机的压缩功耗。本发明还考虑到了甲烷在超临界CO2气氛中的层流火焰传播速度比在亚临界CO2/空气混合物中高100倍，且不存在富燃料熄火极限；甲烷在超临界CO2气氛中直接燃烧升温，具有良好的燃烧换热效率，支持后面透平发电获得优越的发电效率；天然气在超临界CO2和纯氧混合物中燃烧，尾气无NOx排放问题；透平机的进出口分别为超临界和亚临界状态，透平输出功率大，而且对经由冷却器和分离器去除燃烧尾气中的水分十分有利，为使循环工质总流量保持不变，燃烧产生的二氧化碳增量将连续排出***并被捕集，可实现100％发电尾气碳捕集。
附图说明
本发明将通过例子并参照附图的方式说明，其中：
图1是一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***示意图；
图中附图标记包括：LNG储罐1、一号LNG增压泵2、一号冷箱3、一号换热器4、氮气压缩机5、空气过滤装置6、空气压缩机7、二号换热器8、空气脱水装置9、三号换热器10、二号冷箱11、空气膨胀机12、空气精馏塔13、第一调节阀14、第二调节阀15、液氮分离器16、液氧增压泵17、乙二醇增压泵18、二号LNG增压泵19、一号加热器20、二号加热器21、混合燃烧器22、透平发电机23、四号换热器24、一号冷却器25、二氧化碳分离器26、二氧化碳压缩机27、二号冷却器28、二氧化碳增压泵29。
具体实施方式
如图1所示，一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，包括LNG气化及冷能利用***、空分制氧***、富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***；其中：
一、LNG气化及冷能利用***
所述LNG气化及冷能利用***包括LNG储罐1、一号LNG增压泵2、一号冷箱3、一号换热器4、氮气压缩机5、第二调节阀15、液氮分离器16；
LNG气化及冷能利用***中设备的连接方式为：一号LNG增压泵2进口处为LNG储罐1，然后依次经连接一号冷箱3、一号换热器4；氮气压缩机5出口处连接一号换热器4，然后连接一号冷箱3，一号冷箱3出口处连接第二调节阀15，然后连接液氮分离器16，液氮分离器有两个出口，两个出口连接二号冷箱11的不同入口，二号冷箱11对应的两个出口的管道合并后连接至氮气压缩机5形成一个闭环。
在LNG气化及冷能利用***中：
0.4～1.0MPa的低压LNG从LNG储罐1通过管道经过一号LNG增压泵2形成100MPa，-162℃的高压LNG后送至一号冷箱3进行冷能回收，高压LNG出一号冷箱3后形成10MPa，0℃的低温高压天然气，再经过一号换热器4与氮气换热进行二次冷能回收后，成为常温高压天然气外输；
0.5MPa，-40℃的氮气经过氮气压缩机5进行增压至4.5MPa，288℃后进入一号换热器4与低温高压天然气进行第一次换热后为4.5MPa，30℃进入一号冷箱3与LNG进行热量交换后形成4.5MPa，-150℃的液氮通过第二调节阀15进行降压，压力温度降为0.5MPa，-179℃后输送至液氮分离器16进行气液分离，经液氮分离器16分离后分为低温气氮和液氮分别输送至二号冷箱11进行冷能回收后分别成为氮气和常温气氮再输送至氮气压缩机5完成氮循环利用。
二、空分制氧***
所述空分制氧***包括二号冷箱11、空气过滤装置6、空气压缩机7、二号换热器8、三号换热器10、空气脱水装置9、空气膨胀机12、空气精馏塔13、液氧增压泵17、第一调节阀14、乙二醇增压泵18；
空分制氧***中设备连接方式为：乙二醇增压泵18入口接二号换热器8，二号换热器8入口接一号冷箱出口3，一号冷箱3入口接乙二醇泵18出口形成闭环；空气过滤装置6出口连接空气压缩机7进口，空气压缩机7出口连接二号换热器8，二号换热器8连接空气脱水装置9入口，空气脱水装置9出口连三号换热器10后连接二号冷箱11入口，二号冷箱11出口接空气膨胀机入口12，空气膨胀机12出口接空气精馏塔13，空气精馏塔13上部出口接二号冷箱11入口，二号冷箱11出口接三号换热器10，空气精馏塔13底部分别接二号冷箱11入口和液氧增压泵17，二号冷箱11出口接第一调节阀14后接精馏塔13，液氧增压泵17出口接二号加热器21。
在空分制氧***中：
常温20℃的乙二醇通过乙二醇增压泵18加压至1.6MPa后送至一号冷箱3交换热量，交换后乙二醇温度为-40℃，将温度降低后的乙二醇输送至二号换热器8与空气进行换热后又回到乙二醇增压泵18完成乙二醇循环；空气依次经过空气过滤装置6过滤杂质后输送至空气压缩机7进行增压至5MPa，温度为700℃，然后通过二号换热器8与乙二醇进行换热降温至-30℃后送至空气脱水装置9除去水分后输送至三号换热器10与低温氮气进行换热后成为洁净空气输送至二号冷箱11再次进行换热降低温度至-170℃，换热后的低温空气进去空气膨胀机12进行发电，电力外输，出空气膨胀机12的低压空气(液空)进入空气精馏塔13进行精馏；
空气在空气精馏塔13内被分离为上升的-183℃低温氮气、底部为-183℃液氧；低温氮气从上部抽出输送至二号冷箱11将冷能回收后输送至三号换热器10与空气换热后成为常温氮气直接排出，液氧从底部抽出后分为两股压力为0.1MPa的液氧，一股液氧进入二号冷箱11进行冷能回收后通过第一调节阀14降压后输送回空气精馏塔13，另一股液氧经液氧增压泵17加压至3MPa后成为高压液氧进入二号加热器21与热水进行换热，热水换热后降温成冷水排出，高压液氧升温成为高压氧气后输送至混合燃烧器22。
三、富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***
所述富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***包括：二号LNG增压泵19，一号加热器20、二号加热器21、混合燃烧器22、透平发电机23、二氧化碳压缩机27、二氧化碳分离器26、一号冷却器25、四号换热器24、二氧化碳增压泵29、二号冷却器28；
富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***的连接方式为：二号LNG增压19泵进口接LNG储罐1，二号LNG增压泵19出口接一号加热器20，一号加热器20接混合燃烧器22，混合燃烧器22出口接透平发电机23，透平发电机23出口接四号换热器24，四号换热器24接一号冷却器25入口，一号冷却器25出口接二氧化碳分离器26，二氧化碳分离器26出口接二氧化碳压缩机27，二氧化碳压缩机27接二号冷却器28入口，二号冷却器28出口接二氧化碳增压泵29或外输，二氧化碳增压泵29出口接四号换热器24后连接到混合燃烧器22形成一个闭环；二号加热器21出口连接混合燃烧器22入口。
在富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***中：
混合燃烧器22的反应压力为3MPa。LNG经从LNG储罐1输出经过二号LNG增压泵19增压至3MPa后经过一号加热器20预热生成高压天然气输送至混合燃烧器22；经二号加热器21换热后的高压氧气送至混合燃烧器22与CO2、天然气按比例混合，其中二氧化碳占94％，天然气占1.25％，氧气占4.75％，当发生反应时组分会因反应过程形成动态变化；燃烧膨胀后输送至透平发电机23，通过气体膨胀做功发电并将电流外输，然后将高温尾气输送至四号换热器24与低温二氧化碳进行换热，出四号换热器24后进入一号冷却器25再次利用余热将冷水加热，尾气出一号冷却器25后进入二氧化碳分离器26将水分析出后进入二氧化碳压缩机27，将二氧化碳进行压缩后输送至二号冷却器28用热水预热成为超临界二氧化碳后，一部分通过二氧化碳增压泵29输送至四号换热器24再次进行加热成为高温高压二氧化碳后输送至混合燃烧器22，另一部分超临界二氧化碳外输封存。

Claims (8)

1.一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，其特征在于：包括LNG气化及冷能利用***、空分制氧***、富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***，其中：
所述LNG气化及冷能利用***包括依次连接的LNG储罐、一号LNG增压泵、一号冷箱和一号换热器；以及由氮气压缩机、一号换热器、一号冷箱、液氮分离器、二号冷箱、氮气压缩机构成的氮循环回路；所述氮循环回路的液氮分离器有两个出口，两个出口连接二号冷箱的不同入口，二号冷箱对应的两个出口的管道合并后连接至氮气压缩机；
所述空分制氧***包括依次连接的空气过滤装置、空气压缩机、二号换热器、空气脱水装置、三号换热器、二号冷箱、空气膨胀机和空气精馏塔，空气精馏塔的上部出口依次连接二号冷箱和三号换热器，空气精馏塔的底部分别接二号冷箱的入口和液氧增压泵的入口，二号冷箱的出口接空气精馏塔的入口，液氧增压泵的出口接二号加热器的入口；所述空分制氧***包括由乙二醇增压泵、一号冷箱、二号换热器构成的乙二醇循环回路；
所述富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***包括依次连接的LNG储罐、二号LNG增压泵、一号加热器、混合燃烧器、透平发电机、四号换热器、一号冷却器、二氧化碳分离器、二氧化碳压缩机和二号冷却器，二号冷却器的出口分两路，一路接入外输封存通道，一路依次连接二氧化碳增压泵、四号换热器和混合燃烧器；二号加热器的出口连接混合燃烧器的入口。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，其特征在于：在所述氮循环回路的一号冷箱和液氮分离器之间设置调节阀。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，其特征在于：在二号冷箱的出口和空气精馏塔的入口之间设置调节阀。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，其特征在于：在所述LNG气化及冷能利用***中，低压LNG经过一号LNG增压泵形成100MPa、-162℃的高压LNG后送至一号冷箱进行冷能回收，高压LNG出一号冷箱后形成10MPa、0℃的低温高压天然气，再经过一号换热器进行冷能回收后，成为常温高压天然气外输。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，其特征在于：在所述LNG气化及冷能利用***中，0.5MPa、-40℃的氮气经过氮气压缩机进行增压至4.5MPa、288℃后进入一号换热器换热降温成4.5MPa、30℃后进入一号冷箱与LNG进行热量交换后形成4.5MPa、-150℃的液氮，再降压降温为0.5MPa、-179℃后输送至液氮分离器进行气液分离，成为低温气氮和液氮分别输送至二号冷箱进行冷能回收后分别成为氮气和常温气氮再输送至氮气压缩机完成氮循环利用。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，其特征在于：在所述空分制氧***中，空气依次经过空气过滤装置过滤杂质后输送至空气压缩机进行增压至5MPa、700℃，然后通过二号换热器进行换热降温至-30℃后送至空气脱水装置除去水分后输送至三号换热器进行换热，成为洁净空气输送至二号冷箱再次进行换热降温至-170℃，换热后的低温空气进去空气膨胀机进行发电，出空气膨胀机的低压空气进入空气精馏塔进行精馏：空气在空气精馏塔内被分离为上升的-183℃低温氮气和底部为-183℃的液氧，其中，低温氮气从上部抽出输送至二号冷箱将冷能回收后输送至三号换热器与空气换热后成为常温氮气直接排出；液氧从底部抽出后分为两股压力为0.1MPa的液氧，一股液氧进入二号冷箱进行冷能回收后再降压输送回空气精馏塔，另一股液氧经液氧增压泵加压至3MPa后成为高压液氧进入二号加热器进行换热，高压液氧升温成为高压氧气后输送至混合燃烧器。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，其特征在于：在所述空分制氧***中，常温20℃的乙二醇通过乙二醇增压泵加压至1.6MPa后送至一号冷箱交换热量，乙二醇温度降为-40°后输送至二号换热器进行换热后又回到乙二醇增压泵完成乙二醇循环。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种利用液化天然气进行带碳捕集发电的集成***，其特征在于：在所述富氧燃烧透平循环发电及尾气碳回收***中，混合燃烧器的反应压力为3MPa，LNG经二号LNG增压泵增压至3MPa后经过一号加热器预热生成高压天然气输送至混合燃烧器；经二号加热器换热后的高压氧气送至混合燃烧器，与CO2、天然气混合燃烧膨胀后输送至透平发电机，通过气体膨胀做功发电并将电流外输，然后将高温尾气输送至四号换热器进行换热，出四号换热器后进入一号冷却器再次利用余热将冷水加热，尾气出一号冷却器后进入二氧化碳分离器将水分析出后进入二氧化碳压缩机，将二氧化碳进行压缩后输送至二号冷却器用热水预热后，一部分作为超临界二氧化碳外输封存，另一部分通过二氧化碳增压泵输送至四号换热器再次进行加热成为高温高压二氧化碳后输送至混合燃烧器。
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