CN113670225A - Device and method for measuring air water tongue profile and turbulent boundary of water release structure - Google Patents
Device and method for measuring air water tongue profile and turbulent boundary of water release structure Download PDFInfo
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- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
- G01B11/24—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring contours or curvatures
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
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Abstract
The invention relates to a device and a method for measuring the outline and the turbulent boundary of an aerial water tongue of a water release structure, wherein the device comprises: the water tongue plane, the upper edge of the water tongue, the lower edge of the water tongue, the flip bucket and a plurality of water tongue contour projection points are respectively arranged in the water tongue plane; the laser plane is arranged in parallel with the water tongue plane; the laser scale panel is arranged in the laser plane; the laser instrument is arranged on the laser scale panel; the projection plane, the projection scale panel and the projection point of the nappe contour are arranged in the projection plane. The device and the method utilize the optical projection and geometric conversion principle, not only can obtain the time-average profile curve of the nappe, but also can obtain the turbulent fluctuation boundary regions of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe, enrich the characteristic parameters of the nappe, and have qualitative improvement compared with the traditional measuring method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of hydraulic parameter measurement of a water discharge building in hydraulic engineering, in particular to a device and a method for measuring the outline and the turbulent boundary of an aerial water tongue of a water discharge building.
Background
In hydroelectric engineering, a water discharge building is an important hydraulic building which ensures the safety of a hydro-junction and a hydraulic building and reduces and avoids flood disasters, such as an overflow dam, a spillway, a water discharge hole, a water discharge tunnel and the like. As an important channel for connecting upstream and downstream water flows, the water outlet structure has the function of centralized water braking, and the flood discharging and energy dissipating body type design of the water outlet structure is an important content of hub arrangement. Common energy dissipation modes include trajectory energy dissipation, surface flow energy dissipation and underflow energy dissipation, wherein the trajectory energy dissipation is widely applied to the design of high reservoir dams.
The trajectory energy dissipation means that a trajectory bucket is arranged at the tail end of a water outlet structure to make water jet downstream, partial energy is eliminated through the diffusion, turbulence and aeration of jet flow (water tongue) in the air, and then the water falls into a river channel water cushion at the downstream of the bucket to form a submerged energy dissipation flow state in the water cushion. Therefore, parameters such as the air motion profile, the water inlet position and the like of the water-picking nappe are important contents in engineering design, for example, the position of the nappe falling into a water cushion needs to be considered, and for example, the operation profile of the air nappe and whether the air nappe can cause adverse effects on a building structure or not need to be considered when surface deep holes are combined for drainage, and the like. In addition, the discharge flow velocity of the water outlet structure is high, the turbulence of the water tongue in the air is severe, a transient swing area (called as a turbulent boundary) often exists on the boundary of the water tongue, and the accurate acquisition of the turbulent boundary has very important significance for the related researches such as interaction of the water tongue track and the safe distance of the influence of the water tongue.
The physical model test is the most main means for hydraulic engineering pivot arrangement research, and in the model test, parameters such as the motion track, the outline range, the number of water inlet piles, the flow field distribution and the like of the aerial water tongue of the water outlet structure are important foundations for body type optimization. Therefore, a lot of effort is made by the experimenter to obtain the air motion profile of the leakage flow nappe and the turbulent boundary thereof. At present, the commonly used methods are a measuring ruler method, a mechanical probe method, a photographic method and the like. The measuring rule method comprises a ruler, a level, a measuring pin and the like according to the type of the measuring rule, is more intuitive and is also a method widely adopted at present, but has larger artificial subjective factors and low measuring precision, and when the size of a model is larger, the operation is very difficult and measuring personnel have great potential safety hazards; the photography method is a popular method in recent years, but a large boundary threshold judgment error still exists during processing, manual assistance judgment is needed, the calibration and actual operation requirements of the method are high, and actual operation is often difficult to meet. It should be noted that the range of the turbulent fluctuation boundary of the flow-discharging air nappe is difficult to accurately obtain by the existing measuring method, and great resistance is brought to model test measurement, engineering design and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: provides a measuring device and method for the outline and the turbulent boundary of the water tongue in the air of a water release structure, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art.
The technical scheme is as follows: in a first aspect, there is provided a device for measuring the contour and turbulence boundary of a water tongue in the air of a water release structure, the device comprising a projection plane (S)1)，Plane of nappe (S)2) Laser plane (S)3) Laser instrument, water tongue upper edge, water tongue lower edge, laser scale panel, projection scale panel, laser scale panel support, projection scale panel support, water outlet building outlet, laser emitting point G3Arbitrary outline of nappa IkCharacteristic point A on the cross section2 k-1、A2 k-2、B2 k-1、B2 k-2Projection E of characteristic points of the contour of the nappe1 k-1、E1 k-2、F1 k-1、F1 k-2Laser emission point G3At S1Upper parallel projection point G1，IkThe contour point of the nappe on the cross section is S1Upper parallel projection point A1 k-1、A1 k-2、B1 k-1、B1 k-2。
In some realizations of the first aspect, the nappe plane S2The projection point E of the contour of the nappy, the upper edge of the nappy, the lower edge of the nappy, the flip bucket and the nappy is positioned on the central section of the nappy1 k-1、E1 k-2、F1 k-1、F1 k-2At the level of the nappe S2；
In some realizations of the first aspect,
laser plane S3And a projection plane S1With the plane S of the nappe2Arranged in parallel, the nappe plane S2In the laser plane S3And a projection plane S1The distance is a constant value, the origin of coordinates of the three planes is parallel to the perpendicular line of the three planes, and the three planes share the same coordinate system.
The water tongue plane S2The section of the water tongue to be measured comprises an outlet of a water outlet structure, the upper edge of the water tongue, the lower edge of the water tongue, a flip bucket and an arbitrary section IkUpper characteristic point A2 k-1、A2 k-2、B2 k-1、B2 k-2At the level of the nappe S2(ii) a A is described2 k-1、A2 k-2On the water tongue with the sectionSwing interval of the rim, B2 k-1、B2 k-2Is the swing interval of the upper edge of the nappe with the section;
the laser scale panel and the laser emitting point G3In the laser plane S3；
Projection scale panel and nappe profile arbitrary section IkUpper characteristic point A2 k-1、A2 k-2、B2 k-1、B2 k-2At S1Upper corresponding projection point E1 k-1、E1 k-2、F1 k-1、F1 k-2And said IkThe characteristic point of the water tongue profile on the section is S1Upper orthogonal projection point A1 k-1、A1 k-2、B1 k-1、B1 k-2Laser emission point G3At S1Upper orthogonal projection point G1Are all located on the projection plane S1。
In some implementations of the first aspect, the solid space bounded by the laser-shifted scale panel and the projected scale panel contains a maximum contour range of the nappe.
In some implementation manners of the first aspect, the light source emitted by the laser instrument is a surface light source with an included angle α, and the laser instrument can perform operations such as translation, rotation, fixation and the like on the laser scale panel; the sheet light source is on the water tongue plane S2Projection length is greater than arbitrary section I of nappekMaximum width, the projection plane can receive the full projection of the laser.
The scale coordinate precision of the laser scale panel and the projection scale panel is millimeter, is consistent with the global coordinate system, and is distributed on the whole panel.
In some implementations of the first aspect, the projection scale panel may be made of a plastic plate with scales, a curtain, or the like, and the laser scale panel may be made of a transparent plastic plate with scales, so as to facilitate laser transmission.
In a second aspect, based on the apparatus of the first aspect, a method for measuring the air-borne nappe contour and the turbulent boundary thereof of a water release structure is provided, which has the following principle and steps:
2.1 basic principle of measurement (FIG. 3)
The laser is located in the laser plane S3Known coordinate point G3(x1 G，y1 G) And emitting surface laser to the cross section AB of the nappe, wherein the projection of the cross section of the nappe on the projection scale panel is EF. Due to the plane S1、S2、S3Parallel and sharing a coordinate system, G3(x3 G，y3 G)、A2(x2 A，y2 A) And B2(x2 B，y2 B) Point is respectively towards S1Plane parallel projection corresponding to G1(x1 G，y1 G)、A1(x1 A，y1 A) And B1(x1 B，y1 B). From parallel projection, x3 G＝x1 G，x2 A＝x1 A，x2 B＝x1 B。
Thus, at S1And the plane can determine the coordinates as follows according to the coordinate relation: g1(x3 G，y3 G)、A1(x2 A，y2 A)、B1(x2 B，y2 B)、E1(x1 E，y1 E)、F1(x1 F，y1 F) Wherein G is1To a known point, E1And F1Can be read directly from the scale (known) by an unknown quantity A1And B1。
Based on the principle of similarity of triangles, the method comprises the following steps:
ΔG1A1B1∽ΔG1E1F1and Δ G3A2B2∽ΔG3E1F1
The principle of parallel projection is that,
A1B1＝A2B2………………………………………………(1)
the proportion relation and the formula (1) are as follows,
in the plane S1The coordinate formula of the division points is determined by line segments, and the formula comprises the following components:
x2 Ak-1＝(x3 G+λx1 Ek-1)/(1+λ)…………………………………………(3)
y2 Ak-1＝(y3 G+λy1 Ek-1)/(1+λ)……………………………………(4)
x2 Ak-2＝(x3 G+λx1 Ek-2)/(1+λ)…………………………………………(5)
y2 Ak-2＝(y3 G+λy1 Ek-2)/(1+λ)………………………………………(6)
x2 Bk-1＝(x3 G+λx1 Fk-1)/(1+λ)………………………………………(7)
y2 Bk-1＝(y3 G+λy1 Fk-1)/(1+λ)…………………………………………(8)
x2 Bk-2＝(x3 G+λx1 Fk-2)/(1+λ)…………………………………………(9)
y2 Bk-2＝(y3 G+λy1 Fk-2)/(1+λ)………………………………………(10)
in the formula, x1 Ek-1、y1 Ek-1Are respectively E1 k-1Corresponding outline point A of nappe2 k-1The abscissa and ordinate of (a); x is the number of1 Ek-2、y1 Ek-2Are respectively E1 k-2Corresponding outline point A of nappe2 k-2The abscissa and ordinate of (a); x is the number of1 Fk-1、y1 Fk-1Are respectively F1 k-1Corresponding water tongue contour point B2 k-1The abscissa and ordinate of (a); x is the number of1 Fk-2、y1 Fk-2Are respectively F1 k-2Corresponding water tongue contour point B2 k-2The abscissa and the ordinate. Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
2.2 measurement procedure
The method mainly comprises the steps of taking the air nappe as a research object, mainly obtaining a lateral projection profile of the nappe, and generalizing the three-dimensional nappe into a two-dimensional nappe profile to be measured, wherein the characteristic length of the flow direction is L. Under the condition of basically symmetrical flow, the central section of the nappe can be defined as nappe plane S2(ii) a Meanwhile, a coordinate system is set in the plane, the horizontal direction of the flow is taken as the X direction, the vertical direction is taken as the Y direction, and the zero point of the coordinate can select the central point of the intersection of the initial section of the nappe and the bottom plate of the building (for simplicity, S is determined1Translating the zero point of the coordinate to S after the plane1)。
according to the actual measurement condition, on the plane S of the nappe2Determining laser plane S at certain distance3And a projection plane S1Wherein S is1And S2A, S distance between3And S2A distance b-a from S1And S3The plane is provided with a projection scale panel and a laser scale panel, and the scale coordinate of the scale panel is matched with the system seatThe standards are uniform. Except for measuring the nappe, the projection scale panel and the laser scale panel are free of shielding as much as possible.
Under the condition of permission of conditions such as a test field and the like, preferably, a is approximately equal to b-a is approximately equal to (1-10) L; and when b is constant, the smaller (b-a)/a is, the higher the measurement precision is, but the larger the laser surface spread angle is, the larger the required projection scale panel area is, so that a and b need to be reasonably determined according to actual measurement conditions and measurement requirements.
wherein a represents a projection plane S1And the plane S of the nappe2B denotes the projection plane S1And laser plane S3The distance between them, whereby b-a denotes the laser plane S3And the plane S of the nappe2The distance between them.
Step 4, setting test conditions, designing a measurement section:
setting the measurement section of the flow-picking nappe to be I along the flow direction1、I2，…，Ik，…，InN sections are arranged uniformly as much as possible.
Preferably, n is greater than 5, and the larger the value of n, the higher the measurement accuracy of the nappe profile curve is.
Step 5, projecting laser in sequence, and recording data by a projection panel:
for any IkA laser plane is horizontally moved and rotated on the laser scale panel to cover the nappe section IkLaser line light spots can be clearly seen on the projection scale panel. At this time, the laser is fixed, and the coordinates G of the laser emitting point on the laser scale section are read3(x3 G，y3 G) Projection laser line characteristic point E shielded by water tongue on projection scale panel1 k-1(x1 Ek-1，y1 Ek-1)、E1 k-2(x1 Ek-2，y1 Ek-2)、F1 k-1(x1 Fk-1，y1 Fk-2)、F1 k-2(x1 Fk-2，y1 Fk-2). Wherein E is1 k-1And E1 k-2Is a characteristic point of the swing interval of the upper edge of the nappe, F1 k-1And F1 k-2Is a characteristic point of the swing interval of the lower edge of the nappe. And sequentially traversing each measured section to finally obtain the coordinates of all the characteristic points of the nappe profile of the n section projection scale panels.
and (5) respectively calculating corresponding characteristic point coordinates of the contour of the nappe according to formulas (3) to (10) based on the characteristic point coordinates of the projected nappe recorded in the step 5.
And respectively and sequentially connecting the characteristic point coordinates of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe to obtain a contour curve graph of the nappe, wherein the contour curve graph comprises swing areas (namely turbulent boundaries) of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. by utilizing the principles of linear propagation, reflection, transmission and the like of light, a light source which is not shielded by the nappe is linearly propagated, is transmitted or linearly propagated by a light source which is shielded by the turbulent edge of the nappe, and is reflected by a light source which is shielded by the nappe core area or is absorbed by water, so that a light source patch projected to the projection scale panel presents the nappe core area, the turbulent boundary area and the nappe outer area, the boundary point is clear and accurately identifiable, and the nappe boundary data obtained by the method has high precision.
2. The device and the method can obtain the uniform contour curve of the nappe, can also obtain the instantaneous turbulent fluctuation boundary zones of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe, can enrich the characteristic parameters of the nappe, and have qualitative improvement compared with the traditional measuring method.
3. The device and the method have the advantages of reliable principle and objective result, artificial judgment errors are greatly reduced by judging the boundary of the nappe, the operation is quick and convenient, and the test workload is greatly saved by only adjusting the position of the laser instrument and reading the data of the characteristic points.
4. The device and the method have high degree of automatic secondary development, when the projection scale panel adopts photosensitive materials, the characteristic point coordinates of the projected laser line of the nappe can be automatically judged and identified, and the device and the method can be connected with a computer to realize automatic measurement and calculation of nappe characteristic data and realize the automation of nappe profile measurement.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a turbulent boundary of an aerial nappe.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view (including a partial enlarged view) of the contour of the measuring nappe.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the principle of measuring the contour of a nappe.
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the measurement of the outline of the water tongue in the air of the outlet structure and its turbulent boundary.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of a generalized aerial nappe.
Fig. 6 is a shape diagram of a nappe according to the first embodiment.
Fig. 7 is a schematic view of a measurement apparatus according to a first embodiment.
The figures are numbered: the device comprises a projection plane 1, a projection scale panel 2, a projection scale panel support 3, a surface hole outlet 4, a nappe plane 5, a nappe upper edge 6, a nappe lower edge 7, a laser plane 8, a laser instrument 9, a laser scale panel 10, a laser scale panel support 11, a projection curtain 12, a projection curtain fixing rope 13, a water cushion pond 14, a water flow turbulence boundary region A and a water flow main flow region B.
Detailed Description
In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without one or more of these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in order to avoid obscuring the invention.
The invention provides a device and a method for measuring an aerial water tongue profile and a turbulent boundary thereof of a water release structure, which are used for obtaining the aerial water tongue profile and the turbulent boundary parameters thereof and can be used in a physical model test.
Air current turbulence boundary definition (applicable to the present invention): as shown in figure 1, the water flow can be divided into two large areas, namely a water flow main flow area B and a water flow turbulent boundary area A according to the movement form of the water flow in the air; the water flow form of the water flow main flow area B is basically unchanged along with the time change, and the water flow form in the water flow turbulence boundary area A is dynamically changed along with the time change.
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
1. the main components of the measuring device
See fig. 1, comprising: projection plane 1S1Horizontal 5S of nappe2Laser plane 8S3 A laser instrument 9, a water tongue upper edge 6, a water tongue lower edge 7, a laser scale panel 10, a projection scale panel 2, a laser scale panel bracket 11, a projection scale panel bracket 3, the tail end of a water release structure and a laser point G3，IkContour point A of nappe on cross section2 k-1、A2 k-2、B2 k-1、B2 k-2Projection point E of contour point of nappe1 k-1、E1 k-2、F1 k-1、F1 k-2Laser spot G3At S1Upper parallel projection point G1，IkThe contour point of the nappe on the cross section is S1Upper parallel projection point A1 k-1、A1 k-2、B1 k-1、B1 k-2。
The water tongue plane 5S2The water tongue upper edge 6, the water tongue lower edge 7, the flip bucket and the water tongue outline projection point E are positioned on the central section of the water tongue1 k-1、E1 k-2、F1 k-1、F1 k-2At the level of the nappe 5S2；
The laser plane 8S3And a projection plane 1S1And the plane 5S of the nappe2The three plane coordinate origin points are parallel to the three plane vertical lines, and the directions of the axes of the three planes are the same;
the laser scale panel 10 and the laser point G3At the laser plane 8S3Inner, the laser spot G3Is a laser emission point;
the projection scale panel 2 and the projection point E of the water tongue profile1 k-1、E1 k-2、F1 k-1、F1 k-2Laser spot G3At S1Upper parallel projection point G1，IkThe contour point of the nappe on the cross section is S1Upper parallel projection point A1 k-1、A1 k-2、B1 k-1、B1 k-2Located in the projection plane 1S1；
The three-dimensional space formed by the boundaries of the laser moving scale panel and the projection scale panel 2 comprises the maximum outline range of the nappe;
the laser is a surface light source, the width of the surface light source projected to the plane 5 of the nappe is greater than the width of the maximum vertical axis of the nappe, and the projection plane 1 can receive all projections of the laser;
the minimum precision of the scale coordinates of the laser scale panel 10 and the projection scale panel 2 is millimeter, and the laser scale panel and the projection scale panel are distributed on the whole panel.
The light source emitted by the laser instrument 9 is a surface light source with an included angle alpha, and the laser instrument 9 can perform operations such as translation, rotation, fixation and the like on the laser scale panel 10.
The projection scale panel 2 can be made of plastic plates with scales, curtains and the like, and the laser scale panel 10 can be made of transparent plastic plates with scales so as to facilitate laser transmission.
2. The basic principle of measurement is as above 2.1.
3. The measurement method and steps are shown in the flow chart of fig. 4.
(1) Defining the subject, determining the nappe plane 5S2
The air nappe is taken as a research object, and the lateral projection profile of the nappe is mainly obtained, for example, as shown in fig. 5, the three-dimensional nappe can be generalized into a two-dimensional nappe along a central section, and the characteristic length of the flow direction is L. Under the condition of basically symmetrical flow, the central section of the nappe can be determined as the nappe plane 5S2(ii) a Meanwhile, a coordinate system is set in the plane, the horizontal direction of the flow is taken as the X direction, the vertical direction is taken as the Y direction, and the zero point of the coordinate can beSelecting the center point of the initial section of the nappe intersected with the floor of the building (for simplicity, determining S)1Translating the zero point of the coordinate to S after the plane1)。
(2) Determination of laser plane 8S3And a projection plane 1S1A laser scale panel 10 and a projection scale panel 2 are arranged
According to the actual measurement conditions, the measuring position is at the level 5S of the nappe2Determining laser planes 8S at certain distances respectively3And a projection plane 1S1Wherein S is1And S2A, S distance between3And S2A distance b-a from S1And S3The plane is provided with a projection scale panel 2 and a laser scale panel 10, and the scale coordinates of the scale panel are unified with the system coordinates. Except for measuring the nappe, the projection scale panel 2 and the laser scale panel 10 are as much as possible free of occlusion.
Under the condition of permission of conditions such as a test field and the like, preferably, a is approximately equal to b-a is approximately equal to (1-10) L; and when b is constant, the smaller (b-a)/a is, the higher the measurement precision is, but the larger the laser surface spread angle is, the larger the required area of the projection scale panel 2 is, so that a and b need to be reasonably determined according to actual measurement conditions and measurement requirements.
(3) Calculating constant ratio division point coefficient lambda of line segment
From the basic principle of measurement, the line segment fixed ratio division point coefficient λ can be calculated by equation (1).
(4) Setting test conditions and designing a measuring section
As shown in FIG. 2, the measuring section of the flip flow tongue is set to be I along the flow direction1、I2，…，Ik，…，InN sections are arranged, the distance between every two sections is basically equal, and the direction of each section is orthogonal to the axis of the nappe as much as possible.
Preferably, n is greater than 5, and the larger the value of n, the higher the measurement accuracy of the nappe profile curve is.
(5) Sequentially projecting laser and data recorded by projection panel
For IkA cross section, which is formed by translating and rotating the laser surface on the laser scale panel 10 to cover the nappe cross section IkCan be clearly seen on the projection scale panel 2To the laser line spot (fig. 2). At this time, the laser is fixed, and the coordinates G of the laser emitting point on the laser scale section are read3(x3 G，y3 G) And projection laser line characteristic point E shielded by water tongue on projection scale panel 21 k-1(x1 Ek-1，y1 Ek-1)、E1 k-2(x1 Ek-2，y1 Ek-2)、F1 k-1(x1 Fk-1，y1 Fk-2)、F1 k-2(x1 Fk-2，y1 Fk-2). Wherein E is1 k-1And E1 k-2Is a characteristic point of the swing interval of the upper edge 6 of the nappe, F1 k-1And F1 k-2Is a characteristic point of the swing interval of the lower edge 7 of the nappe. And traversing each measuring section in sequence, projecting laser, recording the feature point coordinates of the projected light spots of the nappe on the projection panel, and finally obtaining all the feature point coordinates of the nappe profile of the n section projection scale panels 2.
(6) Calculating the coordinates of the characteristic points of the nappa contour and drawing the boundary contour of the nappa
And (4) respectively calculating corresponding characteristic point coordinates of the contour of the nappe according to formulas (3) to (10) based on the characteristic point coordinates of the projected nappe recorded in the step (5).
And respectively and sequentially connecting the characteristic point coordinates of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe to obtain a contour curve graph of the nappe, wherein the contour curve graph comprises swing areas (namely turbulent boundaries) of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe.
The first embodiment is as follows:
the crest elevation of the weir of the surface hole of a certain hydraulic engineering is 786.00m, and the width of the orifice is 11 m. The weir surface adopts an open WES practical weir, the upstream of the weir crest adopts 1/4 elliptic curves, and the curve equation is
The curve of the weir surface is y-0.04866 x1.85The face exit was laterally constricted at a constriction ratio of 0.3 and a depression angle of 35 ° to the base plate (fig. 6).
A 1:50 hydraulic model is established, and the measurement of the surface hole aerial water tongue profile is carried outThe measurement scheme is shown in fig. 7, and the measurement device mainly comprises: projection plane 1S1Horizontal 5S of nappe2Laser plane 8S3Laser 9, water tongue upper edge 6, water tongue lower edge 7, laser scale panel 11, projection scale panel 2, laser scale panel support 11, projection scale panel support 3, surface hole outlet 4, projection screen 12, projection screen fixing rope 13, plunge pool 14, laser point G3，IkContour point A of nappe on cross section2 k-1、A2 k-2、B2 k-1、B2 k-2Projection point E of contour point of nappe1 k-1、E1 k-2、F1 k-1、F1 k-2Laser spot G3At S1Upper parallel projection point G1，IkThe contour point of the nappe on the cross section is S1Upper parallel projection point A1 k-1、A1 k-2、B1 k-1、B1 k-2。
A measurement step:
(1) defining the subject, determining the nappe plane 5S2
The surface-hole air nappe is taken as a research object, the lateral projection profile of the nappe is mainly obtained and can be generalized into a two-dimensional nappe along a central section, the characteristic length of the flow direction of the nappe is estimated to be about 1.5m, and because the surface-hole outflow nappe is basically symmetrical in the air and the central line of the surface hole is aligned with the central line of the water-cushion pond 14, the plane where the central line of the water-cushion pond 14 is positioned is determined as the nappe plane 5S2. At 5S2Setting a coordinate system in a plane, determining the Z direction by taking the horizontal direction of water flow as the X direction and the vertical direction as the Y direction and determining the Z direction by a left-hand rule, and selecting the intersection point of the initial section of the nappe and the plane on the plunge pool 14 by a coordinate zero point (determining S for simplicity and convenience)1Translating the coordinate zero point to S along-Z direction after the plane1)。
(2) Determination of laser plane 8S3And a projection plane 1S1A laser scale panel 10 and a projection scale panel 2 are arranged
On both sides of the air tongue, parallel to 5S2The laser planes 8S are respectively arranged at the left and the right at intervals of 1m3And a projection plane 1S1. Erecting a laser scale panel 10 at the laser plane 8, arranging a projection scale panel on the projection plane 1, and adjusting the laser scale panel 10 and the projection scale panel to enable scale coordinates of the laser scale panel and system coordinates to be uniform.
(3) Calculating constant ratio division point coefficient lambda of line segment
From the basic principle of measurement, the value of the line segment fixed ratio division point coefficient λ can be calculated to be 1 by equation (1).
(4) Setting test conditions and designing a measuring section
Setting the measurement section of the flow-picking nappe to be I along the flow direction1、I2，…，I10And 10 sections, wherein the distance between each section is about 15cm, and the direction of each section is basically orthogonal to the axis of the nappe.
(5) Sequentially projecting laser and data recorded by projection panel
With IkFor example, the laser plane is translated and rotated on the laser scale panel 10 to make the laser plane and the nappe section IkIntersecting laser plane projection nappe measuring section IkAnd the laser line light spots are projected on the projection scale panel 2 after being shielded by the nappe, and the projected swinging area of the shielded line light spots can be seen. At the moment, the coordinate G of the laser emission point on the laser scale section is read3(x3 G，y3 G) And projection laser line characteristic point E shielded by water tongue on projection scale panel 21 k-1(x1 Ek-1，y1 Ek-1)、E1 k-2(x1 Ek-2，y1 Ek-2)、F1 k-1(x1 Fk-1，y1 Fk-2)、F1 k-2(x1 Fk-2，y1 Fk-2). Wherein E is1 k-1And E1 k-2Is a characteristic point of the swing interval of the upper edge 6 of the nappe, F1 k-1And F1 k-2Is a characteristic point of the swing interval of the lower edge 7 of the nappe. Sequentially traversing each measuring section, projecting laser, recording the characteristic point coordinates of the nappe projection light spots of each measuring section on a projection panel,finally, all the characteristic point coordinates of the nappe profile of the 11 section projection scale panels 2 are obtained.
(6) Calculating the coordinates of the characteristic points of the nappa contour and drawing the boundary contour of the nappa
And (4) respectively calculating corresponding characteristic point coordinates of the contour of the nappe according to formulas (3) to (10) based on the characteristic point coordinates of the projected nappe recorded in the step (5).
And respectively and sequentially connecting the characteristic point coordinates of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe to obtain a contour curve graph of the nappe, wherein the contour curve graph comprises swing areas (namely turbulent boundaries) of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe.
Example two:
the main steps of this example are substantially the same as example 1, except that: the projection curtain on one side of the nappe is changed into a panel with a light source receiver, so that the characteristic points of the nappe projection boundary laser line faculae can be automatically judged, and the nappe characteristic points are directly obtained through programming calculation and are drawn and displayed by being connected with a computer.
The embodiment provides a method for automatically judging line light source characteristic points of a projection boundary of a nappe by a computer, which is characterized in that the nappe boundary of a section measured by laser is judged by judging the intensity of light and the coordinates of the characteristic points are read, the laser projection light spot which is completely not interfered by the nappe is considered to be 100% light intensity, the projection light spot which is completely shielded or absorbed by the nappe is considered to be 0% light intensity, and the linear interpolation fitting calculation is carried out on a middle transition section. Based on the method, instantaneous projection light intensity information can be read and recorded, the change interval of the boundary of the nappe can be obtained through statistics, and characteristic points of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe can also be obtained.
As noted above, while the present invention has been shown and described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, it is not to be construed as limited thereto. Various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The measuring device of the air water tongue outline and the turbulent boundary of the water release structure is characterized by comprising the following components:
the water tongue plane is determined by taking the section of the center of the water tongue as a datum plane;
the upper edge of the nappe, the lower edge of the nappe, the flip bucket and a plurality of nappe contour projection points are respectively arranged in the nappe plane; the number of the sections is multiple in the flow direction, and the direction of each section is orthogonal to the axis of the nappe;
the laser plane is arranged in parallel with the water tongue plane;
the laser scale panel is arranged in the laser plane;
the laser instrument is adjustably arranged on the laser scale panel;
the laser emitting point is positioned on the laser scale panel;
the projection scale panel is arranged in the projection plane;
the laser projection points emit a surface light source, the spray tongue profile is projected into a projection plane, and projection characteristic points of the spray tongue profile are located in the projection plane.
2. The apparatus for measuring the aerial nappe contour and its turbulent boundary of a water outlet building as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the three-dimensional space formed by the boundaries of the laser moving scale panel and the projection scale panel comprises the maximum outline range of the nappe;
the laser is a surface light source, the width of the surface light source projected to the plane of the nappe is greater than the width of the maximum vertical axis of the nappe, and the projection plane receives all projections of the laser.
3. The apparatus for measuring the aerial nappe contour and its turbulent boundary of a water outlet building as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the minimum precision of the scale coordinates of the laser scale panel and the projection scale panel is millimeter;
the laser emits a surface light source with an included angle alpha;
the laser scale panel has predetermined transmittance, and the emission point of the laser instrument is positioned on the laser scale panel.
4. Method for measuring the profile and the turbulent boundary of the aerial nappe of a water outlet building, based on a measuring device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising the following steps:
step 1, defining a research object and determining a nappe plane S2；
Step 2, determining a laser plane S3And a projection plane S1Setting a laser scale panel and a projection scale panel;
step 3, calculating a line segment fixed ratio point division coefficient lambda;
step 4, setting test conditions and designing a measuring section;
step 5, projecting laser in sequence, reading and recording data on a projection panel;
and 6, calculating the coordinates of the characteristic points of the nappe contour, and delineating the nappe boundary contour.
5. The method of measuring the air tongue profile and its turbulent boundary of a water outlet building according to claim 4, wherein step 1 further comprises:
the method comprises the following steps of taking an aerial water tongue as a research object, obtaining a lateral projection profile of the water tongue, and generalizing a three-dimensional water tongue into a two-dimensional water tongue along a central section, wherein the characteristic length of the flow direction is L;
under the condition of basically symmetrical flow, the central section of the nappe is determined as the nappe plane S2(ii) a Meanwhile, a coordinate system is set in the plane, the horizontal direction of the flow is taken as the X direction, the vertical direction is taken as the Y direction, and the zero point of the coordinate selects the central point of the intersection of the initial section of the nappe and the bottom plate of the building.
6. The method of measuring the air tongue profile and its turbulent boundary of a water outlet building as claimed in claim 5, wherein step 2 further comprises:
according to the actual measurement condition, on the plane S of the nappe2Determining laser planes S at predetermined distances respectively3And a projection plane S1Wherein S is1And S2A, S distance between3And S2A distance b-a from S1And S3Plane setting projectionThe laser scale comprises a shadow scale panel and a laser scale panel, wherein scale coordinates of the scale panel are unified with system coordinates;
except for the measured nappe, the projection between the projection scale panel and the laser scale panel should be free of occlusion.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the equation for calculating segment constant ratio division point coefficients in step 3 is as follows:
wherein a represents a projection plane S1And the plane S of the nappe2B denotes the projection plane S1And laser plane S3The distance between them, whereby b-a denotes the laser plane S3And the plane S of the nappe2The distance between them.
8. The method of measuring the air tongue profile and its turbulent boundary of a water outlet building as claimed in claim 5, wherein step 4 further comprises:
setting the measurement section of the flow-picking nappe to be I along the flow direction1、I2，…，Ik，…，InAnd n sections are provided, and the intersecting characteristic points of the sections and the nappe profile reflect the nappe profile.
9. The method of measuring the air tongue profile and its turbulent boundary of a water outlet building as claimed in claim 5, wherein step 5 further comprises:
step 5-1, translating and rotating the laser surface on the laser scale panel to enable the laser surface to cover the nappe section IkThe laser line facula is seen on the projection scale panel;
step 5-2, fixing the laser, and reading the laser emission point coordinate G on the laser scale section3(x3 G，y3 G) And projection scaleProjection laser line characteristic point E shielded by water tongue on panel1 k-1(x1 Ek-1，y1 Ek-1)、E1 k-2(x1 Ek-2，y1 Ek-2)、F1 k-1(x1 Fk-1，y1 Fk-2)、F1 k-2(x1 Fk-2，y1 Fk-2)；
Wherein E is1 k-1And E1 k-2Is a characteristic point of the swing interval of the upper edge of the nappe, F1 k-1And F1 k-2The characteristic points of the swing interval of the lower edge of the nappe are shown;
and 5-3, traversing each measuring section in sequence, projecting laser, recording the feature point coordinates of the projection light spots of the nappe on the projection panel, and finally obtaining all the nappe contour feature point coordinates of the projection scale panels of the n sections.
10. The method of measuring the air tongue profile and its turbulent boundary of a water outlet building according to claim 9, wherein step 6 further comprises:
6-1, calculating corresponding coordinates of characteristic points of the nappe profile according to a similar proportional relation based on the coordinates of the characteristic points of the projection laser line recorded in the step 5-2;
and 6-2, respectively and sequentially connecting the characteristic point coordinates of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe to obtain a nappe contour curve graph which comprises swing areas of the upper edge and the lower edge of the nappe.
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| US20080068608A1 (en) * | 2006-09-20 | 2008-03-20 | Mitutoyo Corporation | Shape measurement method and shape measurement apparatus |
| CN102322821A (en) * | 2011-08-01 | 2012-01-18 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Equipment and method for automatically measuring water escape nappe shape in hydraulic model test |
| CN107339947A (en) * | 2016-12-24 | 2017-11-10 | 重庆都英科技有限公司 | A kind of blank automatic detection device |
| CN109506593A (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2019-03-22 | 南昌工程学院 | The device and application method that the trajectory nappe angle of emergence, immersion angle measure |
| CN209166362U (en) * | 2019-01-04 | 2019-07-26 | 昆山建晶电子有限公司 | A kind of amplification detection pitch |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20080068608A1 (en) * | 2006-09-20 | 2008-03-20 | Mitutoyo Corporation | Shape measurement method and shape measurement apparatus |
| CN102322821A (en) * | 2011-08-01 | 2012-01-18 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Equipment and method for automatically measuring water escape nappe shape in hydraulic model test |
| CN107339947A (en) * | 2016-12-24 | 2017-11-10 | 重庆都英科技有限公司 | A kind of blank automatic detection device |
| CN109506593A (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2019-03-22 | 南昌工程学院 | The device and application method that the trajectory nappe angle of emergence, immersion angle measure |
| CN209166362U (en) * | 2019-01-04 | 2019-07-26 | 昆山建晶电子有限公司 | A kind of amplification detection pitch |
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