CN113615775A - 一种哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，按重量份数计，包括玉米50份‑75份、43％大豆粕10份‑20份、膨化大豆3份‑8份、超级蒸汽鱼粉2份‑4份、大豆油0.5份‑2份、氨基酸复合包0.3份‑1.5份、复合酶制剂0.01份‑0.1份、单一益生菌制剂0.01份‑0.1份和哺乳母猪预混料0.5份‑6份。本申请的猪饲料实现降低43％大豆粕的使用量，降低养猪业的氮排放污染，实现养猪业对环境氮污染的缓解，且能保持哺乳母猪繁殖性能的高效和动物表现的一致性，实现养猪业的绿色、环保、友好，且成本较低，还能降低对进口大豆的依赖。本发明还公开一种低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料的制备方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及猪饲料技术领域，更具体地涉及一种哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
养殖业是一个饲喂经济动物(猪、牛、鸡、鸭或水产)，为社会提供肉蛋奶和水产品的一个庞大产业。动物在养殖过程中不可避免的会向环境排放粪便、尿液和甲烷气体等污染物，其中粪便中常见的污染物有氮、磷、普通矿物元素和重金属元素等。污染的产生成为制约养殖业发展的一个重要因素，也是一个迫在眉睫急需解决的难题。
经典的研究发现，饲料蛋白质降低4％或8％时，猪只排放到环境中的粪氮和尿氮分别会降低0.2％-3.5％和20.7％-44.7％(T T CanH,1998)。因此，通过饲料营养调控降低污染物产生是一种较好的技术措施。目前，由于哺乳母猪的特殊性，哺乳母猪饲料均属于高蛋白，因此，哺乳母猪排放到环境中的粪氮和尿氮的含量较其他动物高。传统高蛋白哺乳母猪饲料配方中43％大豆粕、膨化大豆和超级蒸汽鱼粉等蛋白原料的累计用量超过28％，饲料的粗蛋白质含量普遍在18％或以上。其高蛋白物质产生的蛋白原料主要为43％大豆粕、膨化大豆和超级蒸汽鱼粉，倘若不采用或少用43％大豆粕等蛋白原料，虽然能降低粪氮和尿氮排放，但会影响母猪的繁殖性能和生产性能。故而若能通过添加其它物质用以降低配方中的高蛋白(即降低43％大豆粕等蛋白原料)且能保证母猪的繁殖性能和生产性能，则能够实现降低母猪排放到环境中粪氮和尿氮的含量。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了降低传统哺乳母猪饲料中的粗蛋白质含量以降低母猪排放到环境中的粪氮和尿氮的含量，且不影响母猪繁殖性能的稳定性。本发明通过降低传统饲料配方中43％大豆粕的使用量，实现降低养猪业的氮排放污染，实现养猪业对环境氮污染的缓解，且保持哺乳母猪繁殖性能的高效和动物表现的一致性。
为实现本发明目的，本发明提供一种哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，按重量份数计，包括玉米50份-75份、43％大豆粕10份-20份、膨化大豆3份-8份、超级蒸汽鱼粉2份-4份、大豆油0.5份-2份、氨基酸复合包0.3份-1.5份、复合酶制剂0.01份-0.1份、单一益生菌制剂0.01份-0.1份和哺乳母猪预混料0.5份-6份。
与现有技术相比，本发明的猪饲料通过降低现有饲料配方中大豆粕的使用量，且通过添加氨基酸复合包、复合酶制剂和单一益生菌制剂来弥补降低的大豆粕的营养功效。氨基酸复合包、复合酶制剂和单一益生菌制剂的使用能够降低粗蛋白质含量，实现降低哺乳母猪排放到环境中的粪氮和尿氮的含量。同时，通过添加氨基酸复合包、复合酶制剂和单一益生菌制剂复配组合能满足哺乳母猪对必需氨基酸的需要，且能够改善母猪对营养物质的消化率，满足母猪的营养需求，保持哺乳母猪繁殖性能的高效和动物表现的一致性。因此，该哺乳母猪食用的低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料能实现哺乳母猪配合饲料粗蛋白质的降低，实现养猪业的绿色、环保、友好，且成本较低，还能降低对进口大豆的依赖。
较佳的，玉米的含量可为但不限于50份、55份、60份、65份、75份；43％大豆粕的含量可为但不限于10份、12份、14份、16份、18份、20份；膨化大豆的含量可为但不限于3份、4份、5份、6份、7份、8份；超级蒸汽鱼粉的含量可为但不限于2份、2.5份、3份、3.5份、4份；大豆油的含量可为但不限于0.5份、1份、1.5份、2份、氨基酸复合包的含量可为但不限于0.3份、0.5份、0.7份、1份、1.2份、1.5份；复合酶制剂的含量可为但不限于0.01份、0.05份、0.075份、0.1份；单一益生菌制剂的含量可为但不限于0.01份、0.05份、0.075份、0.1份；哺乳母猪预混料的含量可为但不限于0.5份、1份、2份、3份、4份、5份、6份。
较佳的，按重量份数计，该猪饲料包括玉米55份-74份、43％大豆粕11份-19份、膨化大豆3.5份-7份、超级蒸汽鱼粉2份-4份、大豆油0.6份-1.9份、氨基酸复合包0.6份-1.4份、复合酶制剂0.02份-0.09份、单一益生菌制剂0.02份-0.09份和哺乳母猪预混料1份-5份。
较佳的，氨基酸复合包选自赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸中的至少一种。进一步，为了平衡氨基酸，适合哺乳母猪的氨基酸营养，所述氨基酸复合包为赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸的混合物。更进一步，赖氨酸：蛋氨酸：苏氨酸：色氨酸＝5-8:1-2:1:1。
较佳的，所述复合酶制剂选自非淀粉多糖酶。非淀粉多糖酶有助于改善动物对粗蛋白质的消化率，对节省饲料粗蛋白有积极作用。
较佳的，非淀粉多糖酶为木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶的复配。木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶的复配能够适应猪胃肠道pH，且能促进猪内源蛋白酶的稳定。
较佳的，所述木聚糖酶为10000-20000U/kg、所述β-葡聚糖酶为1000-3000U/kg、所述甘露聚糖酶为1000-3000U/kg。
较佳的，单一益生菌制剂选自地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌、双歧杆菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、乳酸肠球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌或酿酒酵母。益生菌在母猪肠道中可以刺激肠道有益菌的增殖，防止病原菌在肠道定植，益生菌分泌的消化酶是动物内源酶的有益补充，益生菌还可改善粘膜免疫，在调控微生物区系，改善肠道健康，提高生长性能和保障动物福利等方面都发挥重要作用。优选地，单一益生菌制剂采用枯草芽孢杆菌，枯草芽孢杆菌可以形成芽孢，对热、酸、消化酶和金属离子等环境因子的耐受性较强，对哺乳母猪适口性的改善有较大提高。
较佳的，所述玉米为一级玉米，其各指标为：水分<14％，粗蛋白质>7.5％，粗灰分<2％，容重>720克/升。
较佳的，所述哺乳母猪预混料包括维生素A 460000-700000IU/kg、维生素D3100000-500000IU/kg、DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯≥4500IU/kg、烟酸/烟酸胺(以烟酸计)≥2400mg/kg、D-泛酸钙≥1600mg/kg、维生素B2≥640mg/kg、维生素B6≥320mg/kg、维生素B12≥2mg/kg、氯化胆碱≥80000mg/kg、锰750-15000mg/kg、铁3000-75000mg/kg、锌3000-10000mg/kg、铜500-2500mg/kg。
相应地，本申请还提供一种哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料的制备方法，包括步骤：
(1)将玉米、43％大豆粕和膨化大豆分别粉碎过筛，待用；(2)制备氨基酸复合；(3)按配方比例进行配料并混合；(4)调质；(5)制粒；(6)冷却；(7)包装。
较佳的，过筛过程为使用5.0mm*5.0mm的筛网进行筛选。
较佳的，步骤(3)中，饲料混合条件为20-30℃、搅拌速度为200-300r/min，搅拌3-5min。
较佳的，步骤(4)中，饲料调质条件为85℃，3min。
本发明的有益效果是：
1.本发明的猪饲料中粗蛋白质得到有效降低，有利于母猪对环境的氮污染降低；
2.添加复合酶制剂，改善氨基酸复合包中的营养物质的消化率，有利于母猪排放的污染物进一步降低，且有助于节省饲料粗蛋白；
3.不影响母猪的繁殖性能、断奶仔猪的数量和质量。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明的实施例，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，按重量份数计，包括玉米69份、43％大豆粕18份、膨化大豆5份、超级蒸汽鱼粉3份、大豆油1份、氨基酸复合包0.3份、复合酶制剂0.03份、单一益生菌制剂0.03份和哺乳母猪预混料4份，其中氨基酸复合包为赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸的混合物，复合酶制剂为木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶的复配，单一益生菌制剂采用枯草芽孢杆菌，玉米为一级玉米，其各指标为：水分<14％，粗蛋白质>7.5％，粗灰分<2％，容重>720克/升，该哺乳母猪饲料的粗蛋白质含量为17％。
制备方法如下：
(1)将玉米、43％大豆粕和膨化大豆分别粉碎，经过5.0mm*5.0mm筛网进行筛选；
(2)将赖氨酸：蛋氨酸：苏氨酸：色氨酸按5:1:1:1复配成氨基酸复合包；
(3)将步骤(1)中粉碎的物质、步骤(2)中氨基酸复合包及超级蒸汽鱼粉、大豆油、复合酶制剂、单一益生菌制剂和哺乳母猪预混料进行混合，混合温度为20℃、搅拌速度为200r/min，搅拌3分钟；
(4)将步骤(3)混合好的物料进行调质，调质条件为85℃，3分钟；
(5)制粒、冷却和包装。
实施例2
一种哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，按重量份数计，包括玉米71份、43％大豆粕15份、膨化大豆6.5份、超级蒸汽鱼粉2.5份、大豆油1.2份、氨基酸复合包0.5份、复合酶制剂0.04份、单一益生菌制剂0.04份和哺乳母猪预混料4份，其中氨基酸复合包为赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸的混合物，复合酶制剂为木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶的复配，单一益生菌制剂采用枯草芽孢杆菌，玉米为一级玉米，各指标为：水分<14％，粗蛋白质>7.5％，粗灰分<2％，容重>720克/升，该哺乳母猪饲料的粗蛋白质含量为16％；
该实施例的制备方法与实施例1相同，在此不进行详细阐述。
实施例3
一种哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，按重量份数计，包括玉米74份、43％大豆粕12.4份、膨化大豆6份、超级蒸汽鱼粉2.8份、大豆油0.8份、氨基酸复合包0.7份、复合酶制剂0.04份、单一益生菌制剂0.04份和哺乳母猪预混料4份，其中氨基酸复合包为赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸的混合物，复合酶制剂为木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶的复配，单一益生菌制剂采用枯草芽孢杆菌，玉米为一级玉米，各指标为：水分<14％，粗蛋白质>7.5％，粗灰分<2％，容重>720克/升，该哺乳母猪饲料的粗蛋白质含量为15.2％；
该实施例的制备方法与实施例1相同，在此不进行详细阐述。
对比例1
一种猪饲料，按重量份数计，包括玉米66份、43％大豆粕21.5份、膨化大豆4.5份、超级蒸汽鱼粉3份、大豆油1份、哺乳母猪预混料4份，其中玉米为一级玉米，各指标为：水分<14％，粗蛋白质>7.5％，粗灰分<2％，容重>720克/升，该哺乳母猪饲料的粗蛋白质含量为18％；
该对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同，在此不进行详细阐述。
对比例2
一种猪饲料，按重量份数计，包括玉米64.5份、43％大豆粕22.5份、膨化大豆5.5份、超级蒸汽鱼粉2.5份、大豆油1份、哺乳母猪预混料4份，其中玉米为一级玉米，各指标为：水分<14％，粗蛋白质>7.5％，粗灰分<2％，容重>720克/升，该哺乳母猪饲料的粗蛋白质含量为18.5％；
该对比例的制备方法与实施例1相同，在此不进行详细阐述。
对实施例1-3及对比例1-2的哺乳母猪饲料进行哺乳母猪背膘变化和繁殖表现试验，如下：
选取体重相近、胎龄相近的75头母猪，试验猪分成5组，每组15头，分别饲喂实施例1-3及对比例1-2的哺乳母猪饲料。母猪的饲养管理按猪场的常规要求进行，其中，仔猪出生后执行组内寄养，不要跨组寄养。试验猪分餐饲喂，上午、下午各喂一次，喂料后一个小时把未吃完的饲料取出称重，计算母猪采食量。该项试验自母猪分娩前7天开始，共进行26天。
数据收集包括：(1)母猪起始重量和结束重量；(2)母猪起始背膘厚和结束背膘厚；(3)仔猪初生重和断奶重；(4)总产仔数；(5)活仔数；(6)健仔数；(7)死胎数；(8)木乃伊数；(9)畸形数；(10)弱仔数；(11)分娩日期；(12)断奶日期；(13)断奶母猪发情日期；(14)断奶仔猪数
母猪体重和背膘情况详见表1，母猪繁殖性能详见表2。
表1：母猪体重、背膘和采食情况
注：同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)
从表1可以看出，实施例1-3和对比例1-2中，母猪的胎次、母猪初重、母猪断奶重、起始背膘厚、断奶背膘厚和背膘损失都没有显著差异(P>0.05)，表明本发明的低蛋白平衡氨基酸哺乳母猪饲料配方效果与传统高蛋白哺乳母猪饲料配方在母猪体重和背膘情况表现是一致的。
表2：母猪繁殖性能
注：同列数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)
从表2可以看出，实施例1-3和对比例1-2的母猪在仔猪出生重、仔猪断奶重、断奶日龄、仔猪日增重、总产仔数、死胎数、木乃伊数、弱仔数、畸形数、健仔数、寄养后健仔数、断奶仔猪数、仔猪死淘率和母猪断奶-发情间隔等母猪繁殖性能和仔猪表现方面都没有显著差异(P>0.05)，表明本发明的低蛋白平衡氨基酸哺乳母猪饲料配方效果与传统高蛋白哺乳母猪饲料配方在母猪繁殖性能方面保持一致。本发明的低蛋白平衡氨基酸哺乳母猪饲料配方，可完全替代传统高蛋白哺乳母猪饲料的高蛋白配方。因此，该哺乳母猪食用的低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料能实现哺乳母猪配合饲料粗蛋白质的降低，实现养猪业的绿色、环保、友好，且成本较低。
以上所揭露的仅为本发明的优选实施例而已，当然不能以此来限定本发明之权利范围，因此依本发明申请专利范围所作的等同变化，仍属本发明所涵盖的范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，其特征在于，按重量份数计，包括玉米50份-75份、43％大豆粕10份-20份、膨化大豆3份-8份、超级蒸汽鱼粉2份-4份、大豆油0.5份-2份、氨基酸复合包0.3份-1.5份、复合酶制剂0.01份-0.1份、单一益生菌制剂0.01份-0.1份和哺乳母猪预混料0.5份-6份。
2.如权利要求1所述的哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，其特征在于，所述氨基酸复合包为赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸的混合物。
3.如权利要求2所述的哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，其特征在于，赖氨酸：蛋氨酸：苏氨酸：色氨酸＝5-8:1-2:1:1。
4.如权利要求1所述的哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，其特征在于，所述复合酶制剂选自非淀粉多糖酶。
5.如权利要求4所述的哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，其特征在于，所述非淀粉多糖酶为木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶的复配。
6.如权利要求5所述的哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，其特征在于，所述木聚糖酶为10000-20000U/kg、所述β-葡聚糖酶为1000-3000U/kg、所述甘露聚糖酶为1000-3000U/kg。
7.如权利要求1所述的哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，其特征在于，所述单一益生菌制剂选自枯草芽孢杆菌。
8.如权利要求1所述的哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，其特征在于，所述玉米为一级玉米，其各指标为：水分<14％，粗蛋白质>7.5％，粗灰分<2％，容重>720克/升。
9.如权利要求1所述的哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料，其特征在于，所述哺乳母猪预混料包括维生素A 460000-700000IU/kg、维生素D3100000-500000IU/kg、DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯≥4500IU/kg、烟酸/烟酸胺(以烟酸计)≥2400mg/kg、D-泛酸钙≥1600mg/kg、维生素B2≥640mg/kg、维生素B6≥320mg/kg、维生素B12≥2mg/kg、氯化胆碱≥80000mg/kg、锰750-15000mg/kg、铁3000-75000mg/kg、锌3000-10000mg/kg、铜500-2500mg/kg。
10.如权利要求1-9任一项所述的哺乳母猪食用低蛋白平衡氨基酸猪饲料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括步骤：
(1)将玉米、43％大豆粕和膨化大豆分别粉碎过筛，待用；(2)制备氨基酸复合；(3)按配方比例进行配料并混合；(4)调质；(5)制粒；(6)冷却；(7)包装。
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