CN113135558B - Photothermal material based on porous carbon spheres and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Photothermal material based on porous carbon spheres and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/02—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating
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- C02F1/14—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by heating by distillation or evaporation using solar energy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/138—Water desalination using renewable energy
- Y02A20/142—Solar thermal; Photovoltaics
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
- Y02A20/208—Off-grid powered water treatment
- Y02A20/212—Solar-powered wastewater sewage treatment, e.g. spray evaporation
Abstract
The invention discloses a porous carbon sphere-based photo-thermal material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the material is in a micron-sized porous carbon sphere structure, and the structure is assembled by carbon nano-particles; the diameter of the carbon sphere is 2-5 mu m, and the diameter of the carbon nano-particle is 100-200 nm. In addition, the porous carbon spheres may also be non-metallic (e.g., N/S) or metallic (e.g., au/Ag/Cu/Al) or metal-nonmetal co-doped porous carbon spheres. The preparation method comprises the steps of preparing a carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor by using a carbon source, a template material and concentrated hydrochloric acid as raw materials, and performing heat treatment and template removal to obtain the carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor. The porous carbon spheres have excellent photo-thermal conversion efficiency, and can be used in the fields of seawater desalination, sewage purification, heavy metal recovery, sterilization and the like. The preparation method is simple, mild in condition, simple to operate, low in cost and suitable for large-scale production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of photo-thermal materials, and particularly relates to a photo-thermal material based on porous carbon spheres and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Water is one of the basic substances which depend on the survival and development of human society, and is a source of all lives and civilization. However, as the world economy is continuously developed, the population is continuously increased, the environment is continuously deteriorated, and the situation of water resources, particularly fresh water resources, is increasingly severe, which seriously affects the life of human beings. The desalination and purification of seawater can effectively increase desalination resources, is one of effective methods for solving the shortage and pollution of fresh water resources, and draws wide attention.
Solar energy is an important renewable energy source, and has the advantages of cleanness, no pollution, no damage to earth heat balance, abundant resources and the like. Therefore, solar energy is a new energy source, and a technology for desalinating seawater by using the solar energy is developed and receives close attention from various fields. The efficiency of the traditional solar-driven seawater evaporation technology is usually 30-45%. But the maximum solar interface photo-thermal evaporation effect can reach more than 90 percent. The photo-thermal conversion efficiency of the solar photo-thermal system is determined by the solar photo-thermal material, the hydrophilic porous material for transporting moisture and the thermal insulation material for blocking heat transfer. Therefore, designing a photothermal conversion material with high efficiency solar energy utilization and moisture evaporation interface properties is the key in this field.
Commonly used light absorbing materials are carbon materials, noble metal nanoparticles, semiconductor structures, etc. Although some progress has been made in the field of solar seawater desalination, the problems of poor hydrophilicity of photo-thermal materials, low photo-thermal conversion efficiency, expensive raw materials, complex preparation method, high cost and the like still exist at present, and the practical application of the technology is limited. The photo-thermal material with high efficiency, simple preparation and low cost is still a very urgent problem.
The porous carbon sphere material obtained by the invention can be used as a potential photo-thermal material due to the characteristics of unique pore structure, adjustable pore diameter, better heat conductivity and light absorption performance, high stability and the like. The synergistic effect among the multiple materials can show the performance superior to that of a single component, so that the photo-thermal conversion efficiency is improved. The nonmetal, metal or nonmetal and metal codoping effectively inhibits the compounding of charges due to the rapid transfer of electrons, and meanwhile, the plasma metal has a strong light absorption enhancement effect due to the local surface plasmon resonance characteristic, so that the photo-thermal conversion efficiency of the porous carbon ball can be greatly improved. Therefore, the invention provides a high-efficiency photo-thermal material based on porous carbon spheres or metal and nonmetal co-doped porous carbon spheres. And provides a simple method for preparing the porous carbon spheres, which is beneficial to the deep research, popularization and application of the porous carbon spheres.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a porous carbon sphere-based photo-thermal material and a preparation method thereof. The porous carbon sphere material has good photo-thermal conversion efficiency, and can be used in the fields of seawater desalination, sewage treatment, sterilization and the like. The preparation method adopted by the invention has the advantages of simple preparation process, convenient operation, low cost and the like, and is suitable for industrial production.
In order to achieve the technical purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that the photothermal material is based on porous carbon spheres, the material is a micron-sized porous carbon sphere structure, and the structure is formed by assembling carbon nano particles.
Furthermore, the diameter of the carbon sphere is 2-5 μm, and the diameter of the carbon nano-particle is 100-200 nm.
Further, the photo-thermal material is a doped carbon sphere structure, the doping is non-metal doping, metal doping or metal-non-metal co-doping, and the metal refers to metal with a plasma effect.
Further, the nonmetal comprises N or S, and the metal comprises Au, ag, cu or Al.
The invention also discloses a preparation method of the photo-thermal material based on the carbon spheres, which comprises the following steps:
firstly, dispersing a carbon source, a template material and concentrated hydrochloric acid (usually 37 mass percent) in deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment and stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform mixed solution; transferring the mixed solution into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 6-12 h at the constant temperature of 120-180 ℃, centrifuging, cleaning, and freeze-drying for 30-50 h at the temperature of-30 to-60 ℃ to obtain a carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor;
secondly, placing the precursor of the carbon sphere photo-thermal material into a tube furnace, annealing for 2-4 hours at 400-800 ℃ under the argon atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 2-5 ℃/min; then annealing for 2-4 hours at 200-400 ℃ in air atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 2-5 ℃/min; obtaining carbon spheres with templates;
and thirdly, removing the template from the obtained carbon spheres with the template, cleaning and drying to obtain the photo-thermal material based on the carbon spheres.
Further, a metal precursor is added into the mixed solution in the first step, and a metal-doped carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor is obtained after the first-step hydrothermal reaction, wherein the metal precursor is chloroauric acid, silver nitrate, copper nitrate or aluminum nitrate, and the mass ratio of metal in the precursor is 5% -10%.
And further, in the second step, the argon atmosphere is replaced by ammonia gas atmosphere for treatment, and the other treatment steps are not changed, so that the N-doped carbon spheres with the templates are obtained.
And further, after the third step is finished, mixing the obtained photo-thermal material based on the carbon spheres with sulfur, putting the mixture into a tubular furnace, and carrying out annealing treatment to obtain the S-doped carbon sphere photo-thermal material.
Further, in the first step, the template material is Na 2 MoO 3 ·2H 2 O, the template in the carbon ball with the template is MoO 3 (ii) a The carbon source is at least one of sucrose, glucose and oatmeal.
Furthermore, in the mixed solution of the first step, the concentration of the template material is 0.002-0.004 mol/L, the concentration of the carbon source is 0.02-0.05 mol/L, and the volume ratio of hydrochloric acid is 0.03-0.08.
The porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material disclosed by the invention has high-efficiency light evaporation efficiency and photo-thermal conversion efficiency, shows excellent photo-thermal performance in seawater desalination, sewage treatment and solution purification, and is a potential photo-thermal material.
Specifically, the preparation method of the porous carbon sphere-based photothermal material of the invention can adopt the following steps:
in the first step, 0.72g of Na is added 2 MoO 4 And 5.89g of glucose are dispersed in 57.5ml of deionized water, and are subjected to ultrasonic dispersion and magnetic stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform solution A; dripping 2.5ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid into the solution A, and magnetically stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform solution B; then transferring the mixed solution B into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 6h at the constant temperature of 180 ℃, cleaning, and freeze-drying for 35h at the temperature of-50 ℃ to obtain the carbon sphere photothermal materialAnd (3) precursor.
Secondly, placing the obtained carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor into a tube furnace, and annealing at 800 ℃ for 2 hours under the argon atmosphere at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min; then annealing for 2 hours at 300 ℃ in air atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 1 ℃/min; to obtain a band MoO 3 The porous carbon spheres of (1);
thirdly, the obtained belt is carried with MoO 3 The porous carbon spheres are dispersed in ammonia solution, magnetically stirred for 12 hours, and etched to remove MoO 3 And cleaning and drying to obtain the porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material.
Or, in the first step, chloroauric acid, silver nitrate, copper nitrate or aluminum nitrate are dispersed in the mixed solution B, and after hydrothermal reaction, moO is removed by heat treatment and etching 3 And obtaining the plasma metal Au/Ag/Cu/Al doped porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material.
Or in the second step, the obtained carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor is placed into a tube furnace, and MoO is removed through heat treatment and etching in the ammonia atmosphere 3 And obtaining the N-doped porous carbon spheres.
Or, in the third step, mixing the obtained porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material with sulfur, placing the mixture into a tubular furnace, and annealing to obtain the S-doped porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material.
The preparation method of the invention can prepare various products in one method by adjusting template materials (such as Na) 2 MoO 4 ) The porous form of the product is controlled by the usage amount of the carbon spheres to obtain porous carbon spheres or doped porous carbon spheres so as to meet different requirements. The preparation method is simple, the conditions are mild, the operation is convenient, the cost is low, and the prepared material has high-efficiency light evaporation efficiency and light-heat conversion efficiency and is suitable for industrial production and popularization.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of porous carbon spheres synthesized in example 1 (a) and example 2 (b) of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the porous carbon spheres synthesized in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a graph showing the change in the quality of water under solar irradiation of the porous carbon spheres synthesized in examples 1 to 5 of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the evaporation rate of the porous carbon spheres synthesized in examples 1 to 5 of the present invention under solar irradiation.
Fig. 5 is a graph showing cycle performance of the porous carbon spheres synthesized in example 2 of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a scanning electron micrograph (a) of a product made without the addition of a template material and its photothermal properties (b) with a variety of different carbon materials.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that various changes or modifications can be made by those skilled in the art after reading the disclosure of the present invention, and such equivalents also fall within the scope of the invention.
Example 1
0.54g of Na 2 MoO 4 And 5.89g of glucose are dispersed in 57.5ml of deionized water, and are subjected to ultrasonic dispersion and magnetic stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform solution A; dripping 2.5ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid into the solution A, and magnetically stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform solution B; and transferring the mixed solution B into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 6 hours at a constant temperature of 180 ℃, cleaning, and freeze-drying for 35 hours at a temperature of 50 ℃ below zero to obtain the carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor.
Putting the obtained carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor into a tube furnace, annealing for 2 hours at 800 ℃ under the argon atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 5 ℃/min; then annealing for 2 hours at 300 ℃ in air atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 1 ℃/min; to obtain a band MoO 3 The porous carbon spheres of (1); subsequently, the resulting tape was MoO 3 The porous carbon spheres are dispersed in ammonia solution, magnetically stirred for 12 hours, and etched to remove MoO 3 And cleaning and drying to obtain the porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material.
The test method is as follows: and dispersing the prepared porous carbon spheres in water, and preparing the porous carbon sphere-PVDF film by adopting a vacuum filtration method. The film is placed on a polytetrafluoroethylene bottle mouth foam substrate filled with 50ml of water, the thickness of the foam is 1cm, the foam is parallel to the bottle mouth, a xenon lamp is used for simulating the irradiation of 1 piece of sunlight, the mass change of the water is accurately observed through a precise electronic balance, and the mass change is recorded by a related instrument.
Example 2
0.72g of Na 2 MoO 4 And 5.89g of glucose is dispersed in 57.5ml of deionized water, and the mixture is subjected to ultrasonic dispersion and magnetic stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform solution A; dripping 2.5ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid into the solution A, and magnetically stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform solution B; and then transferring the mixed solution B into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 6h at the constant temperature of 180 ℃, cleaning, and freeze-drying for 35h at the temperature of 50 ℃ below zero to obtain the carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor.
Putting the obtained carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor into a tube furnace, annealing for 2 hours at 800 ℃ under the argon atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 5 ℃/min; then annealing for 2 hours at 300 ℃ in air atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 1 ℃/min; to obtain a band MoO 3 The porous carbon spheres of (1); subsequently, the resulting tape was MoO 3 The porous carbon spheres are dispersed in ammonia solution, magnetically stirred for 12 hours, and etched to remove MoO 3 And cleaning and drying to obtain the porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material.
The porous carbon spheres prepared in this example were tested for evaporation efficiency of pure water and seawater using the test method described in example 1.
Example 3
0.54g of Na 2 MoO 4 And 5.89g of glucose are dispersed in 57.5ml of deionized water, and are subjected to ultrasonic dispersion and magnetic stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform solution A; dripping 2.5ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid into the solution A, and magnetically stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform solution B; and transferring the mixed solution B into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 6 hours at a constant temperature of 180 ℃, cleaning, and freeze-drying for 35 hours at a temperature of 50 ℃ below zero to obtain the carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor.
Putting the obtained carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor into a tube furnace, annealing for 2 hours at 800 ℃ in an ammonia atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 5 ℃/min; then annealing for 2 hours at 300 ℃ in the air atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 1 ℃/min; to obtain a band MoO 3 The N-doped porous carbon spheres of (1); subsequently, the resulting tape was MoO 3 Dispersing the N-doped porous carbon spheres in an ammonia solution, and magnetically stirringStirring for 12 hours, and etching to remove MoO 3 And cleaning and drying to obtain the N-doped porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material.
The evaporation efficiency of the porous carbon spheres prepared in this example was tested for pure water and seawater using the test method described in example 1.
Example 4
0.54g of Na 2 MoO 4 5.89g glucose and 20mg Cu (NO) 3 ) 2 Dispersing in 57.5ml deionized water, performing ultrasonic dispersion, and magnetically stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform solution A; dripping 2.5ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid into the solution A, and magnetically stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform solution B; and then transferring the mixed solution B into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 6h at a constant temperature of 180 ℃, cleaning, and freeze-drying for 35h at a temperature of-50 ℃ to obtain the Cu-doped carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor.
Putting the obtained Cu-doped carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor into a tube furnace, and annealing at 800 ℃ for 2 hours in an ammonia atmosphere at the heating rate of 5 ℃/min; then annealing for 2 hours at 300 ℃ in the air atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 1 ℃/min; to obtain a band MoO 3 The N/Cu co-doped porous carbon spheres; subsequently, the resulting tape was MoO 3 Dispersing the N/Cu doped porous carbon spheres in an ammonia water solution, magnetically stirring for 12 hours, and etching to remove MoO 3 And cleaning and drying to obtain the N/Cu doped porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material.
The porous carbon spheres prepared in this example were tested for evaporation efficiency of pure water and seawater using the test method described in example 1.
Fig. 1 (a) is a scanning electron micrograph of the porous carbon sphere synthesized in example 1. As can be seen from the figure, the sample has a spherical porous carbon structure, surface roughness, relatively uniform particle size distribution, and an average diameter of about 3 μm. The porous carbon spheres are assembled by carbon nano-particles, and the diameter of the carbon nano-particles is about 100 nm.
Fig. 1 (b) is a scanning electron micrograph of the porous carbon sphere synthesized in example 2. As can be seen from the figure, the sample has a spherical porous carbon structure, a rough surface, a relatively uniform particle size distribution and an average diameter of about 4 μm. The porous carbon spheres are assembled by carbon nano-particles, and the diameter of the carbon nano-particles is about 200nm. The surface roughness was increased and the diameter was enlarged as compared with the porous carbon spheres obtained in example 1.
Fig. 2 is an X-ray diffraction pattern of the porous carbon sphere synthesized in example 1. Different Na 2 MoO 4 The X-ray diffraction patterns of the content-synthesized porous carbon spheres are similar, so that the X-ray patterns of other porous carbon spheres are not given here. In an X-ray diffraction pattern, two broadened diffraction peaks of about 22 ° and 43 ° correspond to (002) and (100) planes of a graphite-based structure, respectively, and are characteristic of a typical disordered carbon material.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the change in water quality under solar irradiation with the luminescent material of the present invention. Wherein, a, b, c and d represent the synthesized samples of example 1, example 2, example 3 and example 4, respectively. As can be seen from the figure, the non-metal N-doped porous carbon spheres exhibited superior photothermal conversion efficiency than the porous carbon spheres under solar irradiation. Meanwhile, the N and Cu co-doped porous carbon spheres exhibit more excellent photothermal conversion efficiency than pure porous carbon spheres.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the water evaporation rate under solar irradiation using the luminescent material of the present invention. Under 1 sun irradiation, the evaporation rate of the N and Cu co-doped porous carbon spheres reaches 1.33kg m -2 h -1 And the evaporation efficiency reaches 91.6%, excellent photo-thermal conversion performance is shown, a high-efficiency photo-thermal conversion effect is achieved, and photo-evaporation water is realized.
Fig. 5 shows the cyclicity of photothermal evaporation of water under solar irradiation for the porous carbon sphere photothermal material synthesized in example 2. As can be seen from the figure, the evaporation efficiency of the prepared porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material is basically not changed in the 5-cycle application process, which shows that the prepared porous carbon sphere photo-thermal material has good cycle stability.
Values of the surface temperature, evaporation rate and evaporation efficiency of the sample film under 1 sun irradiation for the samples synthesized in examples 1 to 4 are given in tables 1 and 2. As can be seen from the table, the N and Cu co-doped porous carbon spheres show excellent photo-thermal conversion performance, achieve high-efficiency photo-thermal conversion effect, and can realize photo-evaporation of water.
In addition, for the sake of comparison,in the absence of added Na 2 MoO 4 Then, the carbon spheres were prepared by the preparation method of example 1 of the present invention, and the photothermal properties of the carbon spheres were tested by the test method described in example 1. In addition, the photo-thermal properties of other carbon materials such as carbon tubes, graphene, graphite, and the like were also compared, see fig. 6. As can be seen from FIG. 6 (a), na was not added 2 MoO 4 In the process, the synthesized sample is of a spherical carbon structure, the surface is smooth, the particle size distribution is relatively uniform, and the average diameter is about 4 to 5 micrometers. However, in the presence of Na 2 MoO 4 Thereafter, the carbon spheres become rough surfaces, forming porous carbon spheres, thereby changing the light absorption properties of the carbon spheres. According to the experimental results of evaporation of pure water by different carbon materials, the porous carbon spheres prepared by the method have excellent photo-thermal evaporation performance.
Therefore, the porous carbon spheres and the doped porous carbon spheres are used as a photo-thermal material, have excellent photo-evaporation efficiency and photo-thermal conversion efficiency, and can be used in the fields of seawater desalination, sewage treatment, sterilization and the like. The preparation method of the invention has the advantages of easiness, mild reaction conditions, convenient operation and low cost, and is suitable for large-scale production.
The invention can be implemented in other ways than the embodiments described above, and any obvious alternatives are within the scope of the invention without departing from the invention.
TABLE 1 surface temperature of photothermal materials under solar radiation and Total enthalpy during evaporation
TABLE 2 Evaporation Rate and Evaporation efficiency of photothermal Material under solar radiation
Claims (2)
1. The photothermal material based on the porous carbon spheres is characterized in that the material is an N/Cu co-doped micron-sized porous carbon sphere structure, and the structure is formed by assembling carbon nano particles; the diameter of the carbon sphere is 2-5 mu m, and the diameter of the carbon nano-particle is 100-200 nm; the preparation method comprises the following steps:
dispersing a carbon source, a template material, concentrated hydrochloric acid and copper nitrate in deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment and stirring at normal temperature to obtain a uniform mixed solution; transferring the mixed solution into a hydrothermal reaction kettle, reacting for 6 to 12 hours at the constant temperature of 120-180 ℃, centrifuging, cleaning, and freeze-drying for 30 to 50 hours at the temperature of-30 to-60 ℃ to obtain a Cu-doped carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor;
secondly, putting the Cu-doped carbon sphere photo-thermal material precursor into a tube furnace, and annealing at 400-800 ℃ for 2-4 hours in an ammonia atmosphere at the heating rate of 2-5 ℃/min; then annealing for 2 to 4 hours at the temperature of 200 to 400 ℃ in an air atmosphere, wherein the heating rate is 2 to 5 ℃/min; obtaining N/Cu co-doped porous carbon spheres with templates;
removing the template from the obtained N/Cu co-doped porous carbon ball with the template, cleaning and drying to obtain a photo-thermal material based on the porous carbon ball;
the template material is Na 2 MoO 4 The template in the carbon ball with the template is MoO 3 (ii) a The carbon source is at least one of sucrose, glucose and oatmeal.
2. The method for preparing the porous carbon sphere-based photothermal material according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the template material in the mixed solution of the first step is 0.002 to 0.004mol/L, the concentration of the carbon source is 0.02 to 0.05mol/L, and the volume ratio of the hydrochloric acid is 0.03 to 0.08.
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| Porous carbon spheres as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries with high capacity and long cycling life;Hongmei Tang，等;《Ceramics International》;20161220;第4475-4482页 * |
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