CN112931124A - Disease-resistant aroma-raising cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting - Google Patents
Disease-resistant aroma-raising cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
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Abstract
The invention discloses a disease-resistant aroma-improving cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting, and aims to solve the technical problem that disease-resistant aroma improvement is difficult to realize at low cost in the traditional ecological organic tobacco cultivation process. The invention breaks through the traditional tobacco planting concept and understanding, uses cheap and easily-obtained biological powder fertilizer as the additional fertilizer in the organic tobacco cultivation process, applies the additional fertilizer in the tobacco plant agglomeration period, fully utilizes the potassium source and organic components in the form of carbonate, and effectively supplements potassium element and various medium and trace elements required in the middle and later periods of tobacco plant production and development in time so as to improve the potassium content and the aroma substance content of organic tobacco and promote the production quality and the economic benefit of organic tobacco plants.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of tobacco planting, in particular to a disease-resistant aroma-raising cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting.
Background
Tobacco is one of the important agricultural economic crops in China. The sustainable development of agriculture is an important basis for the sustainable development of the current society, and in recent years, along with the more urgent need of the sustainable development of agriculture, the sustainable development of the tobacco industry is also valued. Tobacco, a special suction crop, is affected in safety and quality by soil and chemical fertilizers. With the acceptance of organic food by wide consumers at present, the organic production development of the tobacco industry is promoted.
In recent years, the crop yield is obviously pursued in tobacco planting, fertilizer and pesticide are applied blindly, economic growth is brought, and meanwhile, the problems of severe ecological environment, pesticide residue in soil, plant diseases and insect pests and pollution of agricultural and sideline products are accompanied. The ecological organic tobacco leaves are produced by planting according to the production standard of organic agriculture, a sustainable development mode is adopted in the tobacco leaf production process, substances such as chemically synthesized fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators cannot be applied in the production process, and only a series of sustainable comprehensive tobacco production technologies are adopted to produce the ecological organic tobacco leaves. In general agricultural organic production, fertilization modes such as straw returning, organic fertilizer application and the like are mostly adopted to increase soil nutrients and improve crop yield. However, from the actual production results, the effect of the fertilization mode is not obvious: firstly, the nutrient release of the organic fertilizer is slow; the two modes of returning the straws to the field are also easy to cause the breeding of field diseases and insect pests. Therefore, how to realize disease resistance and flavor improvement in the production process of organic tobacco is a difficult problem to be solved urgently in the current tobacco planting process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a disease-resistant aroma-improving cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting, and aims to solve the technical problem that disease resistance and aroma improvement are difficult to realize in the traditional ecological organic tobacco cultivation process.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a disease-resistant aroma-raising cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting is designed, and comprises the following steps:
(1) before transplanting the tobacco seedlings, integrally applying base fertilizer in the following mode:
ridging (ridging at the bottom of 4 months per year generally) is carried out on the front strips, and 150-250 parts of thoroughly decomposed sheep manure are appliedkg/666.7m240-60 kg/666.7m high-carbon-based fertilizer210-20 kg/666.7m cake fertilizer27-10.5 kg/666.7m of organic-inorganic integrated fertilizer2At the bottom of the ridge;
(2) after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to survive, additionally applying 8-15 kg/666.7m of biological powder fertilizer in the grain-gathering period23-4.5 kg/666.7m of organic-inorganic integrated fertilizer2Uniformly applying the fertilizer on the bottom of the ridge; the biological powder fertilizer is prepared by mixing plant ash, bone meal, fish meal, feather meal and shell powder in equal amount;
(3) except that no chemical pesticide and chemical fertilizer are applied, all other field cultivation and management measures are consistent with the conventional management measures of local tobacco planting.
The cake fertilizer is a tobacco sesame cake fertilizer with the total nutrient of N + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 6 percent, and the organic matter content is more than or equal to 75 percent.
The organic-inorganic integrated fertilizer is an organic-inorganic biosolid granular fertilizer produced by Sanmenxia Longfei bioengineering Co.
The high carbon-based soil remediation fertilizer is produced by Henan province Huinong soil conservation research and development Limited, and contains the total nutrient of N + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the organic matter content is more than or equal to 45 percent.
The tobacco seedlings are floating seedlings, the row spacing of the cultivation is 120 cm, the plant spacing is 55cm, and the density is 1100 plants/666.7 m2。
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the main beneficial technical effects that:
(1) the invention breaks through the traditional concept and understanding, takes the cheap and easily-obtained mixed biological powder fertilizer as a topdressing fertilizer source, topdresses in the most suitable period, can effectively supplement the nutrient components such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, medium and trace elements and the like required in the middle and later periods of the production and development of tobacco plants in time, can improve the ecological environment of the tobacco plants, inhibit diseases and pests, can eliminate soil hardening, improve the granular structure of soil, achieve the stress resistance effects such as ventilation, fertilizer conservation, water conservation, heat preservation, drought resistance, cold resistance and the like, and promote the production quality and the economic benefit of organic tobacco plants.
(2) The mixed biological powder fertilizer is used as additional fertilizer, not only is the fertilizer extractedPotassium in carbonate form (main component of plant ash is K)2CO3) And rich organic matter components (such as amino acid, chitin, polysaccharide and the like) and mineral components (such as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, silicon, iron and the like) are provided, so that the utilization degree of soil microorganisms on carbon sources can be enhanced, the metabolic diversity of microorganisms is increased, and the effects of improving and fertilizing the soil of the tobacco field are achieved; the mixed biological powder fertilizer can improve the growth ecological environment of tobacco plants, reduce the side effect brought by pesticide and chemical fertilizer, improve the granular structure of soil and achieve the anti-stress effects of ventilation, fertilizer retention, water retention, heat preservation, drought resistance, cold resistance and the like.
(3) The organic tobacco top dressing fertilizer is reasonably applied, meets the organic tobacco production standard and relevant specifications, can increase soil nutrient elements, fertilize soil, promote the growth and development of tobacco plants, improve the stress resistance of crops, further improve the yield and quality of tobacco leaves, increase the proportion of first-class tobacco leaves and further improve the planting benefit of organic tobacco.
(4) The method of the invention reasonably configures the top dressing type of the organic production standard, improves the quality of the tobacco leaves, leads the chemical components of the cured tobacco to be more coordinated and meets the requirements of high-quality tobacco leaves.
Detailed Description
The following examples are given to illustrate specific embodiments of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
The tests and the detection methods mentioned in the following examples are all conventional methods unless otherwise specified.
The test materials involved were:
testing a flue-cured tobacco variety LY 1306;
decomposed sheep manure (pure sheep manure organic fertilizer produced by Zhenghui fertilizer industry of Henan province, and the total nutrient is N + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the content of organic matters is more than or equal to 45 percent);
sesame cake fertilizer for tobacco (Zhengzhou Yuxin agricultural development company, total nutrient N + P2O5+K26% of O and 75% of organic matter);
high carbon baseFertilizer (provided by Henan province Huinong soil conservation research and development Limited, total nutrient is N + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 5 percent, 50kg per bag);
an organic-inorganic integrated fertilizer (provided by Sanmenxia Longfei bioengineering Co., Ltd. in Henan province, the biological organic granules mainly comprise functional microorganism strains, chicken manure and mineral raw materials, the organic matter content is more than or equal to 40 percent, the effective viable count is more than or equal to 0.2 hundred million/g, the organic matter content is more than or equal to 40 percent, the inorganic nutrient granules mainly comprise nitramine phosphorus, potassium sulfate, medium and trace elements and sustained release agents, and N + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 40 percent, and water is less than or equal to 5 percent; biological organic particles: inorganic nutrient particles =4: 6);
a plant ash fertilizer (provided by the chemical Limited of Jinan, the total potassium content is 4.92 percent, and the organic matter content is 4.39 percent);
biological powder fertilizer: the feed is prepared by mixing equivalent amounts of plant ash (powdery plant ash organic fertilizer provided by the chemical industry of Jinan Huiteng), bone meal (meat and bone meal high-protein feed raw material produced by Hengtai feed processing factories in Haixing county), fish meal (solid fish feed raw material produced by Hengtai feed processing factories in Haixing county), feather meal (solid powdery feather meal feed raw material produced by Hengtai feed processing factories in Haixing county), and shell powder (solid powdery shell powder feed raw material produced by Hengtai feed processing factories in Haixing county).
Example (b): aroma-improving cultivation fertilization verification test based on organic tobacco planting
1. General description of the test site
The test is carried out in 'organic tobacco leaf production demonstration area' of three villages and towns in Yiyang county of Luoyang city, Henan province in 2020, and the test is carried out on soil with moderate fertility, flat terrain and convenient irrigation and drainage. Before planting, the test land is subjected to foundation soil and water detection.
The cultivation method comprises the following steps: the total setting of the test field is 3 x 666.7m2The cultivation mode is a conventional organic cultivation mode, all tobacco seedlings are planted and float and grow seedlings uniformly and intensively, the planting row spacing is 120 cm, the planting spacing is 55cm, and the density is 1100 plants/666.7 m2。
Applying a soil base fertilizer: applying 200kg/666.7m of decomposed sheep manure250 kg/666.7m high-carbon base fertilizer2And 15kg/666 of sesame cake fertilizer for cigarettes.7m2Organic and inorganic integrated fertilizer 7kg/666.7m2. The sheep manure, the high-carbon base fertilizer, the tobacco sesame cake fertilizer and the organic and inorganic integrated fertilizer are applied to the bottom of the ridge before ridging.
2. Test set-up
Firstly, the cultivation (CK 1) is carried out by contrast without applying pesticide and chemical fertilizer, and the organic-inorganic integrated fertilizer (1 x 666.7 m) is applied in the base fertilizer application and the granulation period2）
② no additional fertilizer (1 x 666.7 m) compared with local conventional cultivation (CK 2) (the field cultivation and management measures are identical with the local tobacco planting conventional management production measures)2）
③ organically cultivating (T1), applying the base fertilizer and dressing in a cluster period (organic and inorganic integrated fertilizer is 3kg/666.7 m)2) + mixed biological powder fertilizer (10 kg/666.7 m)2）（1*666.7m2）
And other various field planting is carried out according to the organic tobacco leaf production standardized measures.
3. Analysis of measurement items and data
(1) Agronomic traits of tobacco plants
Investigating the growth conditions of tobacco plants at different growth and development stages, and measuring the length, width, height, circumference and effective leaves of the tobacco plants
Granulation period (40 days after transplantation): 1 fertilizer test field + 2 control fields;
vigorous long term (55 days after transplantation): 1 fertilizer test field + 2 control fields;
bud stage (70 days after transplantation): 1 fertilizer test field + 2 control fields;
dome stage (85 days post transplant): 1 fertilizer test field + 2 control fields;
lower leaf harvest and roasting period (100 days after transplantation): 1 fertilizer test field + 2 control fields.
And (5) investigating the field agronomic characters, which are shown in the table 1.
The method comprises the following steps of planting for about 40 days, wherein the plant height reaches 9.917-12.72 cm, the number of effective leaves is 8-10, the maximum leaf length is 42.12cm, the maximum leaf width is 25.03cm, tobacco plants are approximately hemispherical, the leaf color is green to dark green, and the tobacco plants grow neatly and consistently.
And about 55 days after planting, the plant height reaches 33.70-54.99 cm, the stem circumference is 8.49-9.51 cm, the number of effective leaves is 11-14, the leaves are green, the plant type is waist drum-shaped, the maximum leaf length is 67.92cm, the colony structure is reasonable, and the tobacco plants grow regularly and consistently.
About 70 days after planting, the stem circumference is 10.06-10.92 cm, the number of effective leaves is 17-18, the leaves are green, the maximum leaf length is 79.28cm, the colony structure is reasonable, and the tobacco plants grow neatly and consistently.
And fourthly, about 85 days after planting, 22-24 effective leaves of each plant, the stem circumference is 11.00-12.72 cm, the plant height is 160.72cm, the maximum leaf length is 81.36cm, the maximum leaf width is 47.61cm, the group structure is reasonable, and the tobacco leaves are obviously layered from bottom to top and yellow.
Fifthly, about 100 days after planting, 20-23 effective leaves of each plant are planted, the stem circumference is 12.63 cm-13.45 cm, the plant height is 171.85cm, the maximum leaf length is 82.64cm, and the maximum leaf width is 48.17 cm.
The results show that the maximum leaf length, leaf width, plant height, stem circumference and effective leaf number of the T1-treated tobacco plants after different transplanting time treatments are obviously higher than those of other treatments.
TABLE 1 questionnaire of agronomic traits at different periods under each treatment condition
Note: due to topping, the effective leaf number of the T1 treatment is lower than that of CK1 and CK2 treatment at 100 days of transplantation.
(2) Percentage of black shank, tobacco mosaic, root knot nematode, powdery mildew and root black rot in the lower leaf picking and baking period (100 days after transplanting). The test results are shown in table 2.
At 100 days after transplantation, the black shank of CK2 treatment is 4.17%, other treatments are not diseased, and CK2 treatment is obviously higher than other treatments; tobacco mosaic disease was found in each treatment, but CK2 treatment was significantly more diseased than the other treatments by 10.68%, with a minimum of 1.71% for T1 treatment; root knot nematode disease was significantly higher in CK2 treatment than the other treatments, 21.79%, with a minimum of 1.54% for T1 treatment; powdery mildew was significantly higher in CK2 treatment than other treatments, 26.59%, with T1 treatment being a minimum of 1.27%; the root black rot is significantly higher in CK2 treatment than other treatments, and is 15.38%, and neither T1 nor CK1 is diseased; the climatic blotch was significantly higher in the CK2 treatment than the other treatments at 6.29%, and the T1 treatment was significantly lower than 0.77% with the other treatments.
TABLE 2 investigation of field disease status under different treatments
(3) Measurement of aroma component after baking
Measuring the aroma components of the flue-cured tobacco leaves by a nitrobenzene internal standard method, and comparing the content component conditions of various neutral aroma substances treated differently; the results are shown in tables 3 and 4.
Analysis of the data in table 3 yields: the total amount of carotenoid aroma substances in each treatment was found to be T1> CK1> CK 2. The total amount of carotenoid aroma substances processed by T1 in the flue-cured tobacco under different cultivation and top dressing measures is the highest and is obviously higher than that of other treatments.
Secondly, the cembrane-like aromatic substances are relatively important aromatic components in the fragrance of the flue-cured tobacco, the components mainly comprise solanone, solanone oxide and the like, the cembrane-like aromatic substances measured in the test are only solanone, the solanone has the characteristic of faint scent, and can react under the catalysis of acid to form a heterooxygen bicyclic compound, and the compound with the structure has special fragrance and is very useful for changing the fragrance of the tobacco; as can be seen from Table 4, T1> CK2> CK1 is contained in the sabinane content. The solanone content of the T1 treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments.
Phenylalanine content CK1> T1> CK2 in each treatment, and phenylalanine content of CK2 treatment was significantly lower than other treatments. The organic and inorganic integrated fertilizer is applied to effectively increase the phenylalanine content of the flue-cured tobacco.
And thirdly, the total amount of the neutral aroma substances is represented as T1> CK2> CK1, the treatment mode adopted by the T1 treatment has the largest influence on the components of the flue-cured tobacco leaves, and the total amount of the neutral aroma substances is obviously higher than that of other treatments. The T1 treatment adopts an organic cultivation mode, the topdressing mode of biological powder fertilizer and organic-inorganic integrated fertilizer has the greatest influence on the components of the flue-cured tobacco leaves, and the total amount of neutral aroma substances is obviously higher than that of other treatments.
TABLE 3 measurement of aroma components of flue-cured tobacco leaves under different treatments
TABLE 4 measurement of aroma components of flue-cured tobacco leaves under different treatments (continuation TABLE 3)
The production practice shows that the biological powder fertilizer can be used as an additional fertilizer in the production process of high-quality organic tobacco leaves, and has the following functions: firstly, improving the soil nutrient capacity and promoting nutrient elements required by the growth and development of tobacco in soil; secondly, the growth environment of organic tobacco plants is improved, and the tobacco quality is improved; the disease and insect resistance of the organic tobacco plants is improved; and fourthly, the economic effect of organic tobacco production is improved.
While the present invention has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in the details of the above-described embodiments may be made, and equivalents of the methods, steps and materials may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the present invention, which is intended to encompass all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A disease-resistant aroma-raising cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) before transplanting the tobacco seedlings, integrally applying base fertilizer in the following mode:
150-250 kg/666.7m of decomposed sheep manure applied to strips before ridging240-60 kg/666.7m high-carbon-based fertilizer210-20 kg/666.7m cake fertilizer27-10.5 kg/666.7m of organic-inorganic integrated fertilizer2At the bottom of the ridge;
(2) after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to survive, additionally applying 8-15 kg/666.7m of biological powder fertilizer in the grain-gathering period23-4.5 kg/666.7m of organic-inorganic integrated fertilizer2Uniformly applying the fertilizer on the bottom of the ridge; the biological powder fertilizer is prepared by mixing plant ash, bone meal, fish meal, feather meal and shell powder in equal amount;
(3) other various field cultivation and management measures are the same as the conventional local tobacco planting.
2. The disease-resistant aroma-improving cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cake fertilizer is a tobacco sesame cake fertilizer with total nutrient of N + P2O5+K2O is more than or equal to 6 percent, and the organic matter content is more than or equal to 75 percent.
3. The disease-resistant aroma-improving cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic-inorganic integrated fertilizer is an organic-inorganic biosolid granular fertilizer produced by Sanxia Longfei bioengineering, Inc. of Henan province.
4. The disease-resistant aroma-improving cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting as claimed in claim 1, wherein the high-carbon base fertilizer is total nutrient N + P produced by Henan province Huimengsoil conservation research and development Limited2O5+K2The fertilizer contains more than or equal to 5 percent of O and more than or equal to 45 percent of organic matter.
5. The disease-resistant aroma-improving cultivation fertilizing method based on organic tobacco planting as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the tobacco seedlings are floating seedlings, the cultivation row spacing is 120 cm, the plant spacing is 55cm, and the density is 1100 plants/666.7 m2。
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| CN114902925B (en) * | 2022-05-13 | 2024-05-24 | 山东农业大学 | High-yield planting method for intercropping flue-cured tobacco and purple perilla |
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