CN112513716B - 用于平视显示器(HUD)的具有p偏振辐射的投影装置 - Google Patents

用于平视显示器(HUD)的具有p偏振辐射的投影装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112513716B
CN112513716B CN202080001542.4A CN202080001542A CN112513716B CN 112513716 B CN112513716 B CN 112513716B CN 202080001542 A CN202080001542 A CN 202080001542A CN 112513716 B CN112513716 B CN 112513716B
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China
Prior art keywords
layer
thickness
silicon nitride
hud
reflective coating
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CN202080001542.4A
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CN112513716A (zh
Inventor
K·菲舍尔
J·哈根
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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    • G02B5/08Mirrors
    • G02B5/0816Multilayer mirrors, i.e. having two or more reflecting layers
    • G02B5/085Multilayer mirrors, i.e. having two or more reflecting layers at least one of the reflecting layers comprising metal
    • G02B5/0875Multilayer mirrors, i.e. having two or more reflecting layers at least one of the reflecting layers comprising metal the reflecting layers comprising two or more metallic layers
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
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    • B32B17/10036Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于平视显示器(HUD)的投影装置,至少包括挡风玻璃(10),其包括外玻璃板(1)和内玻璃板(2),所述外玻璃板(1)和内玻璃板(2)通过热塑性中间层(3)彼此连接,其具有HUD区域(B);和对准所述HUD区域(B)的HUD投影仪(4);其中HUD投影仪(4)的辐射主要是p偏振的,和所述挡风玻璃(10)具有适合于反射p偏振辐射的反射涂层(20),并且其中所述反射涂层(20)具有恰好一个导电层(21),和在所述导电层(21)的上方和下方布置有介电层序列,所述介电层序列由n个折射率小于1.8的光学低折射层(22)和(n+1)个折射率大于1.8的光学高折射层(21)构成,它们各自交替布置,其中n是大于或等于1的整数。

Description

用于平视显示器(HUD)的具有p偏振辐射的投影装置
本发明涉及用于平视显示器的投影装置及其用途。
现代汽车越来越多地配备有所谓的平视显示器(HUD)。用投影仪,典型地在仪表板的区域中,将图像投影在挡风玻璃上,在那里被反射并且被驾驶员感知为(从他看来)在挡风玻璃后面的虚拟图像。如此,可以将驾驶员可以感知的重要信息,例如当前的驾驶速度、导航-或警告通知,投影到驾驶员的视野中,而不必使他的视线离开道路。平视显示器因此可以为提高交通安全性做出显著贡献。
HUD投影仪主要用s偏振辐射来操作并且以大约65%的入射角照射挡风玻璃,这接近空气-玻璃-过渡的布鲁斯特角(对于钠钙玻璃而言为57.2°)。在此出现了在挡风玻璃的两个外表面上反射投影仪图像的问题。由此,除了所希望的主图像之外,还出现轻微错位的副图像,即所谓的重影图像(“重影”)。该问题通常通过如下方式来减轻,即,将表面彼此以一定的角度来布置,尤其通过使用楔形的中间层用于层压作为复合玻璃板形成的挡风玻璃,从而使得主图像和重影图像彼此重叠。用于HUD的具有楔形薄膜的复合玻璃例如由WO2009/071135A1、EP1800855B1或EP1880243A2已知。
楔形薄膜是昂贵的,因此制造这种用于HUD的复合玻璃板相当昂贵。因此存在对使用没有楔形薄膜的挡风玻璃就足以够用的HUD投影装置的需求。因此,例如可以用在玻璃板表面上基本上不反射的p偏振辐射来操作HUD投影仪。作为p偏振辐射用反射面,挡风玻璃具有反射涂层作为替代。DE102014220189A1公开了一种这样的HUD投影装置,其用p偏振辐射来操作。作为反射结构,此外建议了厚度为5 nm至9 nm的金属单层,例如由银或铝制成的。WO2019046157A1也公开了一种具有p偏振辐射的HUD,其中使用具有至少两个金属层的反射涂层。由US2017242247A1已知另一种具有p偏振辐射和反射涂层的HUD。
US2014340759A1公开了一种配备有反射涂层的头戴式显示器的组合器。该反射涂层在导电层之上和之下具有介电层序列。在实施方式中,该介电层序列是由交替布置的n个光学高折射层和(n + 1)个光学低折射层形成的。
US2009153962A1公开了一种具有p偏振辐射和一个涂层的HUD,该涂层由两个偏振改变层和一个位于其中的折射率不同于偏振改变层的折射率的层构成。在一种设计中,该位于其中的层可以是由氧化铟锡制成的导电层。偏振改变层是作为延伸的聚合物薄膜形成的。
EP3187917A2公开了一种具有p偏振辐射和反射涂层的HUD,该反射涂层包括至少一个在介电层之间的金属层。ZnSnMgOx、ZnSnOx、ZnO、SnO2、TiO2、Si3N4和AlN用作介电层的材料。这些是折射率大于1.8的光学高折射材料。
DE202019102388U1公开了一种具有导电涂层的挡风玻璃。该挡风玻璃配备有照相机/摄像机,并且在照相机/摄像机区域内具有介电超晶格,该介电超晶格充当照相机/摄像机前的带阻滤波器,以减少导电涂层对照相机/摄像机功能能力的负面影响。该超晶格是由交替布置的具有不同折射率的介电层形成的,并且不具有导电层。
WO2017198363A1公开了一种具有s偏振辐射和导电涂层的HUD。该导电涂层包括至少一个导电层和多个介电层,建议为此使用折射率大于1.8的常见光学高折射材料。
US2017361687A1公开了一种可用于HUD的复合板用热塑性中间层。该中间层包括两个聚乙烯醇缩醛制聚合物层和一个位于其中的偏振改变聚合物层。
存在对具有反射涂层的HUD用投影装置的需求,该反射涂层确保在可见光谱范围内的高透射率并且具有对p偏振辐射的高反射率并且允许颜色中性的显示。本发明的目的在于提供这种改进的投影装置。
根据本发明,本发明的目的通过根据权利要求1的投影装置来实现。优选的实施方案由从属权利要求得出。
根据本发明,使用p偏振辐射用于产生HUD图像,并且复合玻璃板具有足以反射p偏振辐射的反射涂层。因为对于HUD-投影装置而言典型的约65°的入射角相对接近空气-玻璃-过渡的布鲁斯特角(57.2°,钠钙玻璃),所以p偏振辐射几乎不被玻璃板表面反射,而是主要被导电涂层反射。因此,不可感知或几乎不可感知到出现重影图像,从而可以放弃使用昂贵的楔形薄膜。此外,HUD图像也可以被偏振选择性太阳镜的佩戴者看到,该太阳镜通常仅允许p偏振辐射通过并阻挡s偏振辐射。根据本发明的反射涂层在450 nm至650 nm的光谱范围内产生对p偏振辐射的高反射率,这与HUD显示相关(HUD投影仪通常用473 nm、550 nm和630 nm(RGB)的波长工作)。由此实现高强度的HUD图像。反射涂层的单独的导电层导致相关光谱范围内的反射光谱平滑,从而确保了颜色中性的显示。同时,单独的导电层不会过于降低透射率,因此该玻璃板可以继续用作挡风玻璃。这是本发明的大的优点。
根据本发明的用于平视显示器(HUD)的投影装置包括至少一个具有反射涂层的挡风玻璃和投影仪(HUD投影仪)。如在HUD中常见的那样,投影仪照射挡风玻璃的一个区域,在那里,辐射以朝向观察者(驾驶员)的方向被反射,由此产生一个虚拟图像,观察者感知到该虚拟图像在他看来在挡风玻璃后面。挡风玻璃的可被投影仪照射的区域被称为HUD区域。投影仪的照射方向典型地可以通过镜子来改变,特别是垂直地改变,以使投影匹配观察者的身体尺寸。在给定镜子位置的情况下,观察者的眼睛必须处于其中的区域被称为眼动范围窗口(Eyeboxfenster)。通过变换镜子的位置可以垂直移动眼动范围窗口,其中将整个由此可到达的区域(即所有可能的眼动范围窗口的叠加)称为眼动范围。位于眼动范围内的观察者可以感知该虚拟图像。这当然意味着观察者的眼睛,而不是整个身体,必须位于眼动范围内。
这里使用的得自HUD领域的专业术语是本领域技术人员通常已知的。有关详细说明,请参阅慕尼黑工业大学计算机科学研究所的Alexander Neumann的论文“Simulationsbasierte Messtechnik zur Prüfung von Head-Up Displays”(慕尼黑:慕尼黑工业大学图书馆,2012年),特别是第2章“Das Head-Up Display”。
该挡风玻璃包括外玻璃板和内玻璃板,它们通过热塑性中间层彼此连接。提供挡风玻璃用于在交通工具的窗户开口中将内部空间相对于外部环境分隔开。在本发明意义上,用内玻璃板指称挡风玻璃的朝向交通工具内部空间的玻璃板。用外玻璃板指称朝向外部环境的玻璃板。所述挡风玻璃优选是机动车的挡风玻璃,特别是乘用车或载货汽车的挡风玻璃。
挡风玻璃具有上棱边和下棱边以及在它们之间延伸的两个侧棱边。用上棱边指称提供用于在安装位置向上指向的那个棱边。用下棱边指称提供用于在安装位置向下指向的那个棱边。上棱边经常也被称为顶部棱边,下棱边经常也被称为发动机棱边。
外玻璃板和内玻璃板各自具有外侧和内部空间侧的表面和在它们之间延伸的围绕的侧棱边。在本发明意义上,用外侧表面指称提供用于在安装位置朝向外部环境的那个主要面。在本发明意义上,用内部空间侧表面指称提供用于在安装位置朝向内部空间的那个主要面。外玻璃板的内部空间侧表面和内玻璃板的外侧表面彼此面对,并通过热塑性中间层彼此连接。
投影仪对准挡风玻璃的HUD区域。它用电磁光谱的可见范围内的辐射照射该HUD区域,以产生HUD投影,特别是在450 nm至650 nm的光谱范围内,例如473 nm、550 nm和630 nm(RGB)的波长。投影仪的辐射主要是p偏振的。反射涂层适合反射p偏振辐射。由此,由投影仪辐射产生虚拟图像,交通工具驾驶员可以感知到在他看来在挡风玻璃后面的虚拟图像。
根据本发明的反射涂层具有恰好一个导电层。在该导电层之下和之上布置各一个介电层序列。这两个介电层序列包括n个折射率小于1.8的光学低折射层和(n+1)个折射率大于1.8的光学高折射层,它们各自交替布置。n是大于或等于1的整数。
在该介电层序列内,从下到上,首先是光学高折射层,然后是光学低折射层,然后是光学高折射层。如果n> 1,则相应地跟随另外的光学低折射层和高折射率层。在一个优选的实施方案中,反射涂层仅由导电层、n个光学低折射介电层和(n+1)个光学高折射介电层组成。然后,该光学低折射层与相邻的光学高折射层直接接触。导电层与下面的介电层序列的最上部的光学高折射层并且与上面的介电层序列的最下部的光学高折射层直接接触。
如果第一层布置在第二层之上,则在本发明的意义中意味着,第一层布置得比第二层更远离在其上施加涂层的基底。如果第一层布置在第二层之下,则在本发明的意义中意味着第二层布置得比第一层更远离基底。所给出的折射率的值是在550 nm的波长下测量的。
反射涂层优选施加在两个玻璃板的朝向中间层的表面之一上,即,外玻璃板的内部空间侧表面或内玻璃板的外侧表面上。替代地,也可以将反射涂层布置在热塑性中间层内,例如施加在布置在两个热塑性连接薄膜之间的载体薄膜上。反射涂层是透明的,这在本发明的意义上意味着,其在可见光谱范围内的平均透射率为至少70%,优选至少80%,并因此不会显著限制通过该玻璃板的透视。原则上,只要在挡风玻璃的HUD区域具有反射涂层即可。但其他区域也可以具有反射涂层,并且挡风玻璃可以基本上全面地具有反射涂层,由于制造造成的,这可能是优选的。在本发明的一个实施方案中,至少80%的玻璃板表面具有根据本发明的反射涂层。特别是,除了作为通信窗口、感应器窗口或照相机/摄像机窗口意在确保电磁辐射通过该挡风玻璃的透射率并因此不具有反射涂层的环绕的边缘区域和任选局部区域以外,在玻璃板表面上全面地施加该反射涂层。该环绕的没有涂覆的边缘区域具有例如至多20 cm的宽度。它阻止了反射涂层与周围大气的直接接触,从而保护挡风玻璃内部中的反射涂层免于腐蚀和损伤。
由于导电层,根据本发明的反射涂层具有IR反射性质,因此其用作防晒涂层,该防晒涂层通过反射热辐射减少了交通工具内部空间的加热。如果使反射涂层电接触,从而使得加热反射涂层的电流流过该涂层,它也可以用作加热涂层。
该配备有反射涂层的挡风玻璃优选在对于HUD投影仪的显示而言尤其令人感兴趣的450 nm至650 nm的光谱范围内具有至少10%,特别优选至少15%,非常特别优选至少20%的对p偏振辐射的平均反射率。由此产生强度足够高的投影图像。在此,以相对于内部空间侧的面法线呈65°的入射角测量反射率,该角度大致相应于常见的投影仪的辐射。在相对简单的层结构的情况下高的反射率是本发明的一大优点。当在450nm至650nm的整个光谱范围内的反射率为至少10%,优选至少15%,特别优选20%,从而在给定的光谱范围内的反射率不低于给出的值时,实现特别好的结果。
反射率描述了被反射的所有入射辐射的比例。其以%给出(基于100%入射辐射计)或作为从0到1的无单位数(基于入射辐射归一化)。它根据波长绘制形成反射光谱。在本发明范围内,关于对p偏振辐射的反射率的说明涉及用相对于内部空间侧的面法线呈65°的入射角测量的反射率。反射率或反射光谱的数据涉及用在观察的光谱范围内以100%归一化的辐射强度均匀地辐射的光源的反射测量。
为了实现投影仪图像的尽可能颜色中性的显示,反射光谱应尽可能平滑并且不具有显著的局部最小和最大。在450 nm至650 nm的光谱范围内,在一个优选的实施方案中,最大出现的反射率和反射率的平均值之间的差以及最小出现的反射率和反射率的平均值之间的差应当为最高5%,特别优选最高3%。在此,也可以又考虑用相对于内部空间侧的面法线呈65°的入射角测量的对p偏振辐射的反射率。所给出的差应理解为反射率的绝对偏差(以%给出),而应理解为相对于平均值的百分比偏差。由于根据本发明的反射涂层的导电层,所给出的反射光谱的平滑可以用根据本发明的反射涂层没有问题地实现。导电层导致光谱平滑。
上述期望的反射特性尤其通过选择各个层的材料和厚度以及介电层序列的结构来实现的。因此可以合适地设定反射涂层。
反射涂层是薄层堆叠,即多个薄的单层的层序列。该薄层堆叠包含恰好一个导电层。因此,该反射涂层包含不多于一个的导电层,并且在反射涂层之上或之下没有布置另外的导电层。本发明的一个特别的优点是可以用单个导电层实现所期望的反射性能,而不会如在使用多个导电层的情况中那样过于强烈地降低透射率。
导电层尤其是含金属的层。导电层是优选基于银形成的。导电层优选包含至少90重量%银,特别优选至少99重量%银,非常特别优选至少99.9重量%银。然而,替代地,也可以提供另外的导电材料,例如金、铜或铝,或透明导电氧化物(TCO),如氧化铟锡(ITO)。导电层的层厚度为优选最高15nm,特别优选最高14nm,非常特别优选最高13nm。由此可以实现对于反射光谱期望的平滑效果以及在IR范围内的有利反射率,而不会过于强烈地降低透射率。导电层的层厚度为优选至少5nm,特别优选至少8nm。更薄的银层会导致层结构去湿(Entnetzung)。导电层的层厚度特别优选为8nm至14nm或8nm至13nm。
在本发明范围内,厚度或层厚度涉及几何厚度,而非光学厚度,光学厚度为折射率和几何厚度的乘积。
如果一个层是基于一种材料形成的,则该层主要由该材料构成,尤其是除可能的杂质或掺杂物之外基本上由该材料构成。
导电层布置在反射涂层的中心,该反射涂层围绕导电层对称地构造。由此实现期望的反射特性。在导电层之上和之下布置各一个介电层序列,该介电层序列由n个折射率小于1.8的光学低折射层和(n+1)个折射率大于1.8的光学高折射层组成。所述高折射层和低折射层各自交替布置,其中n是大于或等于1的整数。因此,每个介电层序列至少具有以下结构,并且优选仅由所给出的层组成(从下向上,从基底开始):
- 光学高折射层(折射率大于1.8)
- 光学低折射层(折射率小于1.8)
- 光学高折射层(折射率大于1.8)
在一个优选的实施方案中,介电层序列的数量n为1。根据本发明的涂层的这种最简单的可能的结构是由于制造造成的,并且由于成本原因是优选的,并且用其可实现所追求的反射特性。然后,反射涂层具有以下层结构,并且优选仅由所给出的层组成(从在其上施加涂层的基底开始):
- 第一光学高折射层
- 第一光学低折射层
- 第二光学高折射层
- 导电层
- 第三光学高折射层
- 第二光学低折射层
- 第四光学高折射层
光学高折射层和低折射层是介电层。由于它们的交替结构,可以有针对性地设定由于干涉效应而导致的反射行为,特别是通过选择材料和层厚度。因此可以实现对可见光谱范围内的p偏振辐射具有有效反射的反射涂层。此外,导电层的材料的品质(例如金属的纯度)也影响反射特性。
光学高折射层是优选基于氮化硅、氧化锡锌、氮化硅锆、氧化锆、氧化铌、氧化铪、氧化钽、氧化钨、氧化钛、碳化硅或类金刚石碳(DLC)形成的,特别优选基于氮化硅。光学低折射层是优选基于氧化硅、氧化铝、镁萤石(Magnesiumfluorit)、氧氮化硅(Siliziumoxinitrid)或钙萤石(Calciumfluorit)形成的,特别优选基于氧化硅。由此实现好的结果。所提及的氧化物和氮化物可以是化学计量地、亚化学计量地或超化学计量地沉积的。它们可能具有掺杂物。
已经表明,如果相对薄地形成最下面的光学低折射层,具有最高50nm,优选最高30nm的层厚度,则实现特别好的结果。其余的介电层优选具有150nm至400nm的厚度。在此,介电层序列的数量n优选为1。
原则上,具有根据本发明的反射特性的反射涂层可以以各种方式来实现,优选使用上述的层,因此本发明不限于一种特定的层序列。下面介绍所述涂层的一个特别优选的实施方案,用该方案实现特别好的结果,特别是在典型的约65°的辐射入射角的情况下。在此,介电层序列的数量n为1,然后反射涂层具有以下层结构(从在其上施加涂层的基底开始):
- 第一光学高折射层,其基于氮化硅、氧化锡锌、氮化硅锆或氧化钛,特别是氮化硅,具有235 nm至355 nm,优选270 nm至320 nm,特别是295nm至300nm(例如约298nm)的厚度;
- 第一光学低折射层,其基于氧化硅,具有15 nm至30 nm,优选20至25 nm(例如约22nm)的厚度;
- 第二光学高折射层,其基于氮化硅、氧化锡锌、氮化硅锆或氧化钛,特别是氮化硅,具有165 nm至245 nm,优选185 nm至225 nm,特别是205nm至210nm(例如约206nm)的厚度;
- 导电层,其优选基于银并优选具有5 nm至15 nm,特别是8nm至13 nm的厚度;
- 第三光学高折射层,其基于氮化硅、氧化锡锌、氮化硅锆或氧化钛,特别是氮化硅,具有155 nm至235 nm,优选175 nm至215 nm,特别是195nm至200nm(例如约196nm)的厚度;
- 第二光学低折射层,其基于氧化硅,具有170 nm至255 nm,优选190至235 nm,特别是210nm至215nm(例如约214nm)的厚度;
- 第四光学高折射层,其基于氮化硅、氧化锡锌、氮化硅锆或氧化钛,特别是氮化硅,具有210 nm至315 nm,优选235 nm至290 nm,特别是260nm至265nm(例如约262nm)的厚度。
反射涂层优选由所给出的层组成并且没有其他层。
投影仪布置在挡风玻璃的内部空间侧,并通过内玻璃板的内部空间侧表面照射挡风玻璃。它对准HUD区域并照射其以产生HUD投影。根据本发明,投影仪的辐射主要是p偏振的,因此具有大于50%的p偏振辐射比例。P偏振辐射在投影仪的整个辐射中所占的比例越高,所期望的投影图像的强度就越高,并且挡风玻璃表面上不希望的反射的强度就越弱。投影仪的p偏振辐射比例为优选至少70%,特别优选至少80%,特别是至少90%。在一个特别有利的实施方案中,投影仪的辐射基本上是纯p偏振的-因此,p偏振辐射比例为100%或仅微不足道地与此偏离。偏振方向的数据在此与辐射在挡风玻璃上的入射平面有关。P偏振辐射是指其电场在入射平面内振动的辐射。s偏振辐射是指其电场垂直于入射平面振动的辐射。入射平面由入射矢量和挡风玻璃在被照射区域的几何中心的面法线来限定。
在HUD区域的一点处,优选在HUD区域的几何中心处,确定偏振,即特别是p偏振和s偏振辐射的比例。由于挡风玻璃通常是弯曲的,这影响投影仪辐射的入射平面,因此在其他区域中可能会出现与其略有偏离的偏振比例,由于物理原因,这是不可避免的。
投影仪的辐射优选以45°至70°,尤其是60°至70°的入射角射到挡风玻璃上。在一个有利的实施方案中,入射角与布鲁斯特角偏离最多10°。然后,p偏振辐射仅不显著地在挡风玻璃的表面上反射,因此不产生重影图像。入射角是在投影仪辐射的入射矢量和在HUD区域的几何中心中的内部空间侧的面法线(即,在挡风玻璃的内部空间侧的外表面上的面法线)之间的角度。在通常对于窗玻璃而言常用的钠钙玻璃的情况中,空气-玻璃-过渡的布鲁斯特角为57.2°。理想地,入射角应当尽可能接近布鲁斯特角。但是例如也可以使用65°的入射角,该入射角对于HUD投影装置而言是常用的,可以在交通工具中无问题地实现并且仅以微小的程度偏离布鲁斯特角,使得p偏振辐射的反射仅不显著地增加。
由于投影仪辐射的反射基本上在反射涂层上进行而不是在玻璃板外表面上,因此不需要为避免重影图像而将玻璃板外表面彼此成一定角度地布置。因此,挡风玻璃的外表面优选基本上彼此平行地布置。热塑性中间层为此优选地不形成楔形,而是具有基本上恒定的厚度,尤其也在挡风玻璃的上棱边和下棱边之间的垂直走向上,如同内玻璃板和外玻璃板一样。相反,楔形中间层在挡风玻璃的上棱边和下棱边之间的垂直走向上具有可变的厚度,特别是增加的厚度。中间层典型地由至少一个热塑性薄膜形成。因为标准薄膜比楔形薄膜明显更成本有利,因此挡风玻璃的制造更有利地进行。
外玻璃板和内玻璃板优选由玻璃制成,特别是由钠钙玻璃制成,这对于窗玻璃是常用的。但这些玻璃板原则上也可以由其它种类的玻璃(例如硼硅酸盐玻璃、石英玻璃、铝硅酸盐玻璃)或透明塑料(例如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或聚碳酸酯)制成。外玻璃板和内玻璃板的厚度可以宽泛地变化。优选使用厚度为0.8 mm至5 mm、优选1.4 mm至2.5 mm的玻璃板,例如具有标准厚度1.6 mm或2.1 mm的玻璃板。
外玻璃板、内玻璃板和热塑性中间层可以是透明无色的,但也可以着色或有色的。在一个优选的实施方案中,通过挡风玻璃(包括反射涂层)的总透射率大于70%。术语总透射率基于通过ECE-R 43,附录3,§ 9.1 确定的用于检测机动车玻璃板的透光性的方法。所述外玻璃板和内玻璃板可以彼此独立地是未施加预应力的、部分施加预应力的或施加预应力的。如果至少一个玻璃板应具有预应力,则其可以是热或化学预应力。
该挡风玻璃优选地在一个或多个空间方向上弯曲,如对于机动车玻璃板而言常用的那样,其中,典型的曲率半径为约10 cm至约40 m。然而,例如当将其提供为用于公共汽车、火车或拖拉机的玻璃板时,该挡风玻璃也可以是平面的。
热塑性中间层包含至少一种热塑性聚合物,优选乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)或聚氨酯(PU),或者它们的混合物或共聚物或衍生物,特别优选PVB。该中间层典型地由热塑性薄膜形成。该中间层的厚度为优选0.2 mm至2 mm,特别优选0.3 mm至1 mm。
该挡风玻璃可以通过本身已知的方法来制造。将外玻璃板和内玻璃板通过中间层彼此层压,例如,通过高压釜法、真空袋法、真空环法、压延法、真空层压机或其组合。外玻璃板和内玻璃板的连接在此通常在热、真空和/或压力的作用下进行。
反射涂层优选通过物理气相沉积(PVD),特别优选通过阴极溅射(“溅射”),非常特别优选通过磁场辅助的阴极溅射施加在玻璃板表面上。优选在层压之前施加涂层。代替将反射涂层施加在玻璃板表面上,原则上也可以将其提供在载体薄膜上,所述载体薄膜布置在中间层中。
如果挡风玻璃应该是弯曲的,则优选在层压之前和优选在可能的涂覆工艺之后使外玻璃板和内玻璃板经受弯曲工艺。优选地,将外玻璃板和内玻璃板一起(即,同时并且通过同一工具)完全相同地弯曲,因为由此玻璃板的形状对于随后进行的层压而言是彼此最佳匹配的。用于玻璃弯曲工艺的典型温度是,例如,500℃至700℃。该温度处理也提高了反射涂层的透明度并减小了表面电阻。
此外,本发明包括根据本发明形成的挡风玻璃作为用于平视显示器的投影装置的投影面的用途,其中投影仪对准HUD区域,其辐射主要是p-偏振的。前述优选的实施方案相应地适用于此用途。
本发明还包括根据本发明的投影装置作为机动车、尤其是乘用车或载货汽车中的HUD的用途。
在下文中借助于附图和实施例更详细地说明本发明。附图是示意图,而不是按比例绘制的。附图不以任何方式限制本发明。
其中:
图1示出了通用的(gattungsgemäß)投影装置的复合玻璃板的俯视图,
图2示出了通过通用的投影装置的横截面,
图3示出了通过根据本发明的投影装置的复合玻璃板的横截面,
图4示出了通过在内玻璃板上的根据本发明的反射涂层的实施方案的横截面,和
图5示出了根据五个根据本发明的实施例和两个对比例的复合玻璃板对p偏振辐射的反射光谱。
图1和图2示出了用于HUD的通用的投影装置的各一个细节。该投影装置包括挡风玻璃10,尤其是乘用车的挡风玻璃。此外,该投影装置包括投影仪4,其对准复合玻璃板10的一个区域。在通常被称为HUD区域B的该区域中,可以通过投影仪4产生图像,当观察者5 (交通工具驾驶员)的眼睛位于所谓的眼动范围E内时,所述图像被观察者5(交通工具驾驶员)感知为在复合玻璃板10的远离他的一侧上的虚拟图像。
挡风玻璃10由外玻璃板1和内玻璃板2构成,它们通过热塑性中间层3彼此连接。其下棱边U朝着乘用车的发动机的方向向下布置,其上棱边O朝着顶部的方向向上布置。外玻璃板1在安装位置上是朝向外部环境的,内玻璃板2朝向交通工具内部空间。
图3示出了根据本发明形成的挡风玻璃10的一个实施方案。外玻璃板1具有在安装位置上朝向外部环境的外侧表面I和在安装位置上朝向内部空间的内部空间侧表面II。同样地,内玻璃板2具有在安装位置上朝向外部环境的外侧表面III和在安装位置上朝向内部空间的内部空间侧表面IV。外玻璃板1和内玻璃板2例如由钠钙玻璃构成。外玻璃板1具有例如2.1 mm的厚度,内玻璃板2具有例如1.6 mm的厚度。中间层3例如由PVB薄膜形成,具有0.76 mm的厚度。除了可能的本领域常规的表面粗糙度之外,该PVB薄膜具有基本上恒定的厚度-其不是作为所谓的楔形薄膜形成的。
内玻璃板2的外侧表面III具有根据本发明的反射涂层20,将其提供作为用于投影仪辐射的反射面(和可能另外例如作为IR反射涂层)。
根据本发明,投影仪4的辐射是p偏振的,尤其基本上是纯p偏振的。由于投影仪4以接近布鲁斯特角的约65°的入射角照射挡风玻璃10,因此投影仪的辐射在复合玻璃板10的外表面I、IV上仅不显著地被反射。相反,根据本发明的反射涂层20针对p偏振辐射的反射进行了优化。它充当用于产生HUD投影的投影仪4的辐射的反射面。
图4示出了根据本发明的反射涂层20的一个有利的实施方案的层序列。反射涂层20是薄层的堆叠,其由导电层21,总共四个介电光学高折射层23(23.a.1、23.a.2、23.b.1、23.b.2)和总共两个光学低折射层22(22.a,22.b)组成。导电层21在薄层堆叠中居中布置。在导电层21之下,两个高折射层23.a.1、23.a.2和一个低折射层22.a交替沉积在基底(内玻璃板2)上。在导电层21之上,也交替地沉积了两个高折射层23.b.1、23.b.2和一个低折射层22.b。光学高折射层23.a.1、23.a.2、23.b.1、23.b.2是基于氮化硅(SiN)形成的,光学低折射层22.a、22.b是基于氧化硅(SiO)形成的和导电层21是基于银(Ag)形成的。
层顺序可示意性地由附图获悉。此外,在表1中与各个层的材料和层厚度一起示出了在根据本发明的实施例1至5的内玻璃板2 的外侧表面 III 上具有反射涂层20的挡风玻璃10的层序列。SiN层和SiO层可以彼此独立地掺杂,例如用硼或铝。
表1
图5示出了如图3中的复合玻璃板10的反射光谱,分别具有根据表1的根据本发明的实施例1至5以及根据表2的两个对比例(对比1,对比2)的层结构。对比例具有由交替布置的光学高折射层和光学低折射层组成的纯介电层结构作为反射涂层20。在此,使用与根据本发明的实施例的介电层相同的材料,并且同样针对在450nm至650nm的光谱范围内对p偏振辐射的尽可能好的反射性能优化层厚度。反射光谱用在通过内玻璃板(所谓的内部空间侧反射)在与内部空间侧的面法线成65°的入射角下照射的情况下在所考虑的光谱范围内以均匀强度发射p偏振辐射的光源来记录。因此,反射测量近似于投影装置中的情况。
表2
表3中汇总了实施例1至5的对p偏振辐射的平均反射率以及最大值和最小值与平均反射率之间的差,表4中汇总了对比例1和2的相应值。根据ISO 9050的复合玻璃板的光透射率的值也在表3中。
表3
实施例1 实施例2 实施例3 实施例4 实施例5
对p偏振辐射的平均反射率,450nm-650 nm 11.4% 16.0% 21.5% 24.4% 27.4%
最大出现的反射率与平均值之间的差 1.7% 1.9% 1.9% 1.8% 1.8%
最小出现的反射率与平均值之间的差 2.8% 2.6% 2.4% 2.2% 2.1%
光透射率T L 82.3% 78.4% 73.6% 71.0% 68.3
表4
对比例1 对比例2
对p偏振辐射的平均反射率,450nm-650 nm 15.0% 19.6%
最大出现的反射率与平均值之间的差 8.7% 4.3%
最小出现的反射率与平均值之间的差 10.0% 9.4%
尽管用对比例的纯介电结构也可以实现相对高的平均反射值,但在450 nm至650nm的相关光谱范围内的光谱发生强烈波动,这可能导致HUD图像出现不希望的色移。与此相反,根据本发明的实施例的导电层21产生明显平滑的反射光谱,这导致了投影仪图像的更颜色中性的再现。此外,还可以实现更高的反射值,尤其是随着导电层21的厚度的增加。
附图标记列表:
(10)挡风玻璃
(1)外玻璃板
(2)内玻璃板
(3)热塑性中间层
(4)投影仪/ HUD投影仪
(5)观察者/交通工具驾驶员
(20)反射涂层
(21)导电层
(22)光学低折射层
(22.a),(22.b)光学低折射层
(23)光学高折射层
(23.a.1),(23.a.2),(23.b.1),(23.b.2)光学高折射层
(O)挡风玻璃10的上棱边
(U)挡风玻璃10的下棱边
(B)挡风玻璃10的HUD区域
(E)眼动范围
(I)外玻璃板1的背向中间层3的外侧表面
(II)外玻璃板1的朝向中间层3的内部空间侧表面
(III)内玻璃板2的朝向中间层3的外侧表面
(IV)内玻璃板2的背向中间层3的内部空间侧表面

Claims (24)

1.用于平视显示器(HUD)的投影装置,至少包括
-挡风玻璃(10),其包括外玻璃板(1)和内玻璃板(2),所述外玻璃板(1)和内玻璃板(2)通过热塑性中间层(3)彼此连接,其具有HUD区域(B);和
-对准所述HUD区域(B)的HUD投影仪(4);
其中
-HUD投影仪(4)的辐射主要是p偏振的,和
-所述挡风玻璃(10)具有适合于反射p偏振辐射的反射涂层(20),
并且其中
-所述反射涂层(20)具有恰好一个导电层(21),和
-在所述导电层(21)的上方和下方各自布置有介电层序列,所述介电层序列由n个折射率小于1.8的光学低折射层(22)和(n+1)个折射率大于1.8的光学高折射层(21)构成,它们各自交替布置,其中n是大于或等于1的整数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的投影装置,其中具有反射涂层(20)的挡风玻璃(10)在450nm至650nm的光谱范围内对p偏振辐射的平均反射率为至少10%。
3.根据权利要求2所述的投影装置,其中具有反射涂层(20)的挡风玻璃(10)在450nm至650nm的光谱范围内对p偏振辐射的平均反射率为至少15%。
4.根据权利要求3所述的投影装置,其中具有反射涂层(20)的挡风玻璃(10)在450nm至650nm的光谱范围内对p偏振辐射的平均反射率为至少20%。
5.根据权利要求2所述的投影装置,其中在450nm至650nm的光谱范围内,在最大出现的反射率与反射率的平均值之间的差以及在最小出现的反射率与对p偏振辐射的反射率的平均值之间的差为最高5%。
6.根据权利要求5所述的投影装置,其中在450nm至650nm的光谱范围内,在最大出现的反射率与反射率的平均值之间的差以及在最小出现的反射率与对p偏振辐射的反射率的平均值之间的差为最高3%。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述HUD投影仪(4)的辐射基本上是纯p偏振的。
8.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述HUD投影仪(4)的辐射以60°至70°的入射角射在所述挡风玻璃(10)上。
9.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述导电层(21)是基于银形成的。
10.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述导电层(21)具有最高15nm的厚度。
11.根据权利要求10所述的投影装置,其中所述导电层(21)具有最高15nm并且至少5nm的厚度。
12.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述光学低折射层(22)是基于氧化硅、氧化铝、镁萤石、氧氮化硅或钙萤石形成的。
13.根据权利要求12所述的投影装置,其中所述光学低折射层(22)是基于氧化硅形成的。
14.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述光学高折射层(23)是基于氮化硅、氧化锡锌、氮化硅锆、氧化锆、氧化铌、氧化铪、氧化钽、氧化钨、氧化钛、碳化硅或类金刚石碳(DLC)形成的。
15.根据权利要求14所述的投影装置,其中所述光学高折射层(23)是基于氮化硅形成的。
16.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中n等于1。
17.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述反射涂层(20)包括以下层:
-光学高折射层(23.a.1),其基于氮化硅、氧化锡锌、氮化硅锆或氧化钛,具有235nm至355nm的厚度,
-在其上的光学低折射层(22.a),其基于二氧化硅,具有15nm至30nm的厚度,
-在其上的光学高折射层(23.a.2),其基于氮化硅、氧化锡锌、氮化硅锆或氧化钛,具有165nm至245nm的厚度,
-在其上的导电层(21),
-在其上的光学高折射层(23.b.1),其基于氮化硅、氧化锡锌、氮化硅锆或氧化钛,具有155nm至235nm的厚度,
-在其上的光学低折射层(22.b),其基于二氧化硅,具有170nm至255nm的厚度,
-在其上的光学高折射层(23.b.2),其基于氮化硅、氧化锡锌、氮化硅锆或氧化钛,具有210nm至315nm的厚度。
18.根据权利要求17所述的投影装置,其中所述反射涂层(20)包括以下层:
-光学高折射层(23.a.1),其基于氮化硅,和/或具有270nm至320nm的厚度,和/或
-在其上的光学低折射层(22.a),其基于二氧化硅,具有20至25nm的厚度,和/或
-在其上的光学高折射层(23.a.2),其基于氮化硅,和/或具有185nm至225nm的厚度,
-在其上的导电层(21),和/或
-在其上的光学高折射层(23.b.1),其基于氮化硅,和/或具有175nm至215nm的厚度,和/或
-在其上的光学低折射层(22.b),其基于二氧化硅,具有190至235nm的厚度,和/或
-在其上的光学高折射层(23.b.2),其基于氮化硅,和/或具有235nm至290nm的厚度。
19.根据权利要求17所述的投影装置,其中所述导电层(21)是基于银形成的,其具有5nm至15nm的厚度。
20.根据权利要求19所述的投影装置,其中所述导电层(21)是基于银形成的,其具有8nm至13nm的厚度。
21.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述挡风玻璃(10)的背向所述中间层(3)的外表面(I,IV)基本上彼此平行地布置。
22.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其中所述反射涂层(20)被布置在外玻璃板(1)或内玻璃板(2)的朝向所述中间层(3)的表面(II,III)上或在所述中间层(3)内。
23.根据权利要求1至22中任一项所述的投影装置作为机动车中的HUD的用途。
24.根据权利要求23所述的用途,其中所述的机动车为乘用车或载货汽车。
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